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Two groups of cotton growers participated in this study; the first, referred as "conventional cotton producers" (CCPs), continues to use traditional techniques. The second group, known as sustainable cotton producers (SCPs), adheres to practices that are socially acceptable, economically feasible, and environment friendly. This study was designed to undertake a thorough socio-economic analysis of CCP and SCP in terms of cost of production, yield, and adaptations for climate change. The data were collected from a total of 275 farming households (138 SCPs and 137 CCPs) from two districts, namely, Bahawalpur and Rajanpur, Punjab, Pakistan. The data were analyzed using the benefit-cost ratio (BCR), paired sampled t-test, and log-log regression model in SPSS. The results of the study revealed that the cost of production for SCP was significantly less than CCP and the value of BCR for SCP is higher than CCP. The results of the study also revealed that the land preparation costs, irrigation costs, and fertilizer and pesticide costs decrease the cotton yield of CCP, while land area owned and picking costs showed no significant influence on the yield of CCP. On the other hand, all cost items except fertilizer cost have a positive impact on CCP's cotton yield. The results also indicated that SCP farmers adopted more of adaptation practices for climate change than CCP. This study concluded that SCP has significant advantages over CCP. Therefore, it is recommended that the government should prioritize incentives for SCP adoption to enhance yield and environmental sustainability in cotton farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India ranks second in the global cotton balance, next only China. Cotton is the mainstay of India's textile industry, accounting for roughly 74% of total textile mill usage. India's cotton production has increased due to the introduction and rapid geographical expansion of bollworm resistant Bt cotton. The objective of this paper is to compare cotton balance analyses and to investigate the factors that have influenced cotton development over the last 22 years. The pertinent arguments presented in this article support the analytical discussion of the cotton trade's yearly trends. Between 2000-01 and 2021-22, there will be an average of 30 million bales of cotton produced, 5.6 million exported and 1.4 million imported by India. By adding observable carryover stocks, the entire supply of cotton in India has consistently outperformed the total demand. However, Indian cotton farmers face a variety of issues, including increasing production costs, unmanageable debts, stagnant yields, constant pesticide use, inadequate irrigation, a lack of modern technology, manual picking, vulnerability to contamination, deterioration in genetic purity, competition from artificial fibres, particularly synthetic fibre, fluctuating market prices and lack of CCI participation. To boost cotton output, governments must provide high-yielding, high-quality hybrid seeds and appropriate irrigation infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bt technology has played significant role in controlling bollworms and increasing cotton yield in earlier days of its introduction, a subsequent decline in yield became apparent over time. This decline may be attributed to various environmental factors, pest dynamics, or combination of both. Therefore, the present biophysical survey and questionnaire were designed to evaluate the impact of Bt cotton on bollworms management and its effect on reducing spray costs, targeting farmers with varied landholdings and educational backgrounds. Additionally, data on farmers' cultivated varieties and the prevalence of bollworms and sucking insects in their fields were recorded. Subsequently, about eleven thousand cotton samples from farmer fields were tested for Cry1Ac, Cry2Ab and Vip3A genes by strip test. Results: In this analysis, 83% of the farmers planting approved varieties believe that Bt technology control bollworms, while 17% hold contradictory views. Similarly, among farmers cultivating unapproved varieties, 77% agree on effectiveness of Bt technology against bollworms, while 23% disagree. On the other hand, 67% of farmers planting approved varieties believe that Bt technology does not reduce spray costs, while 33% agree with the effectiveness. Similarly, 78% of farmers cultivating unapproved varieties express doubt regarding its role to reduce spray costs, while 22% are in favour of this notion. Differences in opinions on the effectiveness of Bt cotton in controlling bollworms and reducing spray cost between farmers planting unapproved and approved varieties may stem from several factors. One major cause is the heavy infestation of sucking insects, which is probably due to the narrow genetic variation of the cultivated varieties. Additionally, the widespread cultivation of unapproved varieties (21.67%) is also an important factor to cause different opinions on the effectiveness of Bt cotton. Conclusion: Based on our findings, we propose that the ineffective control of pests on cotton crop may be attributed to large scale cultivation of unapproved varieties and non-inclusion of double and triple transgene technologies in country's sowing plan. On the basis of our findings, we suggest cotton breeders, regulatory bodies and legislative bodies to discourage the cultivation of unapproved varieties and impure seed. Moreover, the adoption of double and triple Bt genes in cottons with a broad genetic variation could facilitate the revival of the cotton industry, and presenting a promising way forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With grower interest in skip and wide row cotton systems, varietal performance in such systems has become a major question. An experiment was conducted in 2022 and 2023 in Tifton and Midville, GA, evaluating three row arrangements (standard 91‐cm row spacing, 2 × 1 skip row, and 183‐cm row spacing or wide row) and four commercially available varieties (Stoneville [ST] 5091 Bollgard 3 Xtendflex [B3XF], Phytogen [PHY] 400 Widestrike 3 Roundup Flex Enlist [W3FE], DynaGro [DG] 3799 B3XF, and Deltapine [DP] 1840 B3XF). There were no interactions between variety and row arrangement for any response variable, indicating the best variety for standard row spacings would also be the best variety in alternative row arrangements. Plant populations were reduced 32% and 53% in 2 × 1 skip‐row and wide‐row systems, respectively, compared to standard row arrangements, which accomplishes the major goal of these systems in reducing seed cost. Boll rot and hard lock were reduced in wide row treatments only, which could benefit cotton growers in the lower Southeast. However, reductions in lint yield were associated with 2 × 1 skip row (all site years) and wide row arrangements (three out of four site‐years) compared to the grower standard. Differences among varieties were observed in plant heights, lint yield, and fiber quality, which is to be expected. These results confirm much of the work conducted on skip and wide row cotton systems and indicate that for growers in the lower Southeast to achieve maximum lint yields, standard row arrangements are superior to alternative row arrangements. Core Ideas: Cotton growers remain interested in skip‐ and wide‐row systems to reduce input costs.Plant population was reduced 32% and 53% in 2 × 1 skip and wide row treatments, respectively.Boll rot and hard lock was reduced in wide row arrangements, but not in 2 × 1 skip row treatments.In all four site‐years, lint yield was reduced in 2 × 1 skip row arrangements by 14%–32%.In three out of four site‐years, lint yield was reduced in wide row arrangements by 13%–31%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Respiratory diseases have been associated with the exposure of populations to some environmental pollutants such as pesticides. To assess effects of pesticides on farmers' respiratory health, this study aimed to evaluate the pulmonary function of cotton farmers exposed to synthetic and natural pesticides in the Central-West region of Burkina Faso. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from June to July 2022 among 281 conventional and 189 organic cotton farmers. After collecting information on pesticide use conditions, pulmonary function tests (PFTs) were performed on each farmer according to the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society guidelines, in order to assess chronic respiratory effects among cotton producers. Binary logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with the occurrence of ventilatory changes. Results: Both conventional and organic cotton farmers reported similar chronic respiratory symptoms in different proportions. The main reported were rhinitis (54.45% conventional vs. 34.92% organic), chest pains (41.28% conventional vs. 23.81% organic), cough (33.45% conventional, 24.34% organic), breathlessness (31.67% conventional, 4.23% organic) (p<0.05). 16.18% and 27.50% of conventional male and female cotton farmers, respectively, had a restrictive defect. Among organic cotton farmers, 15.85% and 18.69%, respectively, of males and females had a restrictive defect. Furthermore, a significant increase in the predicted average percentage of FEV1/FVC ratio was observed among organic cotton farmers after salbutamol's use (p = 0.039). The type of cultivated cotton was not associated with ventilatory changes neither in the univariate analysis, nor in the multivariate analysis. Other factors such as farmers' age, BMI and insecticides use frequency per year were also important. Farmers who used insecticides more than 6 times per season had an increased risk of developing an obstructive defect (OR = 1.603; 95%CI: 0.484–5.309) compared to those who used them 6 times or less. Conclusion: Chronic respiratory signs and ventilatory impairments were found among conventional and, to our knowledge, for the first time among organic cotton producers. However, these health effects were more prevalent among conventional cotton farmers than organic ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corn, Zea mays L. (Poales: Poaceae), growers in the US Cotton Belt are required to plant 20% of total corn acres to non-Bt hybrids for resistance management (non-Bt refuge). Most growers do not meet this requirement, in part, because they perceive non-Bt hybrids to yield less than Bt hybrids. We planted multiple non-Bt and Bt hybrids from a single company in small-plot replicated trials at a single location from 2019 to 2023, as well as in small-plot replicated trials at multiple locations during 2022 and 2023. In the single location, we measured kernel injury from corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea Boddie (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and we recorded yield at all locations. In the single location trial, yields only separated among hybrids in 3 out of 5 years. In the multiple location trial, yields were variable between both years. We found that Bt hybrids tended to yield higher than non-Bt hybrids overall, but this was influenced by the inclusion of non-Bt hybrids that had a lower overall genetic yield potential in the environments we tested them in. In both tests, when hybrids were analyzed during each year, both Bt and non-Bt hybrids were among the statistically highest yielders. Our study demonstrates the importance of comparing multiple Bt and non-Bt hybrids to draw yield comparisons. This highlights the need for corn seed company breeders to put effort into improving yield for non-Bt hybrids. Hopefully this effort will translate into increased planting of non-Bt refuge corn for growers in the US Cotton Belt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil health, how it is defined and characterized, has long been a topic of debate, but its importance has never been in doubt. The FAO has provided a unifying definition of what soil health is, but uncertainty remains as to how it will be measured. While finding suitable soil health indicators remains challenging, there is growing pressure from external drivers on land managers to demonstrate they are valuing their soil health. With these issues in mind, the Australian cotton industry developed a soil health framework with the potential to address both competing demands. Taking a lead from the human health management, which focuses on prevention through promotion of adoptable healthy activity principles, and incorporating principles from the existing soil frameworks, we conceived one that is relevant to Australian cotton farmers. The outcome promotes beneficial but non‐prescriptive land management practices, which have mechanisms in place to financially reward growers for adoption and facilitates industry monitoring. The Soil Health Framework, also has potential for other agricultural sectors and represents a solution to the current impasse over soil health assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainability in cotton production is inevitable because producing more cotton means more employment, economic acceleration, and industrial expansion. India, China, the United States, Brazil, and Pakistan contribute 74% of worldwide cotton production. Pakistan is contributing only 5%, despite the high potential of cotton. The average yield of cotton in Pakistan is stagnant at 570.99 kg hm−2, whereas it entails the highest cost of production among all other crops. The yield obtained in Pakistan is less than the potential, profitability is drastically lessening, and farmers are abandoning cotton for alternative kharif crops. Some traditional quantitative studies have unveiled different factors that affect cotton production. However, an in-depth qualitative study has never been conducted in Pakistan to explore the root causes of growing cotton crop failure. Following Moustakas's traditional phenomenological guidelines, this phenomenological study was conducted in the district of Rahim Yar Khan in the core cotton zone of Punjab province. A total of 10 interviews were conducted with purposively selected cotton growers based on a criterion: (i) having more than 10 years of cotton growing experience, (ii) being a cotton grower, and (iii) having at least 10 years of formal schooling. Interviews were conducted face to face on an interview guide. One interview lasted 45–50 min, and responses were recorded and analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. A total of 6 themes emerged from the collected data, including (i) climate change, (ii) varietal problems, (iii) pesticide usage, (iv) sense of institutional services, (v) attitude of farmers and (vi) soil health and environment. These six merging themes contributed to cotton crop failure and yield decline. The deep exploration further summarized that researchers, extensionists, and farmers need to seriously consider variety, sowing time, and the environment to revive cotton crops. The detailed recommendations and policy guidelines are presented in this paper, highlighting the cotton sector's research, development and investment areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the entire process of cotton growth and development, diseases and pests occur frequently. Therefore, effective prevention and control of them has always been a difficult problem for agricultural scientists and cotton farmers. This article designed a real-time monitoring and early warning system for cotton pests and diseases. The data processing and analysis module can process and analyze the collected data, and uses technologies such as image recognition and data mining to achieve real-time recognition of cotton diseases and pests. Real-time monitoring of its operation was achieved through the mobile display and management module, enabling users to timely grasp the situation of cotton fields and take corresponding measures. This article compared the monitoring effectiveness and efficiency of traditional manual monitoring methods and agricultural Internet of Things (IoT) based systems in the same farmland. The accuracy of traditional manual monitoring methods was 85%, while agricultural IoT systems showed higher accuracy, reaching 95%. Real-time monitoring and early warning of cotton diseases and pests based on the agricultural Internet of Things is helpful for the prevention and control of flower diseases and pests and cotton field management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton is one of the most important cash crop grown for its fibre, which is the raw material for the textile industry. In India, the average yield and profitability of cotton cultivation are low as compared to developing countries. The main reason for this is hand picking of bolls, which is labour intensive resulting into low income of cotton growers. Furthermore, in India, most of the cotton varieties are indeterminate where the bolls do not mature at the same time and thus requires repeated hand pickings. Whereas the developed countries have 100% mechanized cotton picking due to determinate or semi-determinate plant types. Adoption of mechanical harvesting in India is dependent upon the availability of suitable cotton varieties as well as defoliants, desiccants, boll openers, growth hormones and re-growth inhibitors (Thatikunta et al., 2018). Defoliation before cotton harvesting is very important to maintain the quality of produce. In this paper, a comprehensive review is presented on effect and timing of application of defoliants on physiological characteristics of cotton. This will help in developing further research proposals to develop plant types for mechanical harvesting and use of defoliates to produce good fiber quality and increased farm income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anbar Journal of Agricultural Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Agriculture has played an important role in the growth of the Indian economy. Water and electricity are essential inputs for agriculture today. India produces the third-largest amount of electricity in the world, behind China and the USA. As an incentive to increase production, most states provide free electricity to farmers. Free electricity has decreased groundwater levels and increased electricity consumption. The objective of this study was to find out the factors that influenced farmers to adopt a solar water-pumping system in Gujarat. The samples were randomly selected. This study examined the entire state of Gujarat. One hundred and fifty farmers who adopted solar water-pumping systems were interviewed, including 50 banana farmers, 50 cotton farmers and 50 groundnut farmers. Primary data were collected through an interview. The adoption of solar water-pumping systems by farmers was identified using factor analysis. SPSS software was used to analyse the data collected. In this study, only two factors contributed to the variance of 59.469%. The adoption of solar water pumps by farmers was influenced by government policy and economic benefits. An economic benefit variance of 33.20% was found, while a government policy variance was 26.27%. A solar water-pumping system has low initial costs, flexible credit policies motivate adoption, solar water-pumping systems can save electricity, and maintenance and repair costs are affordable. Government policy that includes solar water-pumping systems is motivated by awareness, subsidies for adoption and a fair price to sell energy surpluses. Farmers are recommended to adopt a solar water-pumping system in conjunction with a drip irrigation system to receive additional income. The successful scheme will be recommended to other states in India for implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mixing of cotton seeds of different cultivars and qualities can lead to differences in growth conditions and make field management difficult. In particular, except for yield loss, it can also lead to inconsistent cotton quality and poor textile product quality, causing huge economic losses to farmers and the cotton processing industry. However, traditional cultivar identification methods for cotton seeds are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and cumbersome, which cannot meet the needs of modern agriculture and modern cotton processing industry. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a fast, accurate, and non-destructive method for identifying cotton seed cultivars. In this study, hyperspectral images (397.32 nm—1003.58 nm) of five cotton cultivars, namely Jinke 20, Jinke 21, Xinluzao 64, Xinluzao 74, and Zhongmiansuo 5, were captured using a Specim IQ camera, and then the average spectral information of seeds of each cultivar was used for spectral analysis, aiming to estab-lish a cotton seed cultivar identification model. Due to the presence of many obvious noises in the < 400 nm and > 1000 nm regions of the collected spectral data, spectra from 400 nm to 1000 nm were selected as the representative spectra of the seed samples. Then, various denoising techniques, including Savitzky-Golay (SG), Standard Normal Variate (SNV), and First Derivative (FD), were applied individually and in combination to improve the quality of the spectra. Additionally, a successive projections algorithm (SPA) was employed for spectral feature selection. Based on the full-band spectra, a Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) model was established. Furthermore, spectral features and textural features were fused to create Random Forest (RF), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) identification models. The results showed that: (1) The SNV-FD preprocessing method showed the optimal denoising performance. (2) SPA highlighted the near-infrared region (800–1000 nm), red region (620–700 nm), and blue-green region (420–570 nm) for identifying cotton cultivar. (3) The fusion of spectral features and textural features did not consistently improve the accuracy of all modeling strategies, suggesting the need for further research on appropriate modeling strategies. (4) The ELM model had the highest cotton cultivar identification accuracy, with an accuracy of 100% for the training set and 98.89% for the test set. In conclusion, this study successfully developed a highly accurate cotton seed cultivar identification model (ELM model). This study provides a new method for the rapid and non-destructive identification of cotton seed cultivars, which will help ensure the cultivar consistency of seeds used in cotton planting, and improve the overall quality and yield of cotton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presently, the agricultural system and crops related to the environment are highly vulnerable to climatic variations in many regions of the world. Major crops are under serious threat due to floods and temperature variations in Pakistan. There is a serious need to disseminate climate smart agricultural knowledge for the farmers of Pakistan at urgency level for fast adoption of Climate Smart Agricultural Practices (CSAPs). This study mainly focuses on the adoption of CSAPs and associated constraints, which restrain the adoption rate. We selected 400 cotton farmers using a formula suggested by Kesley and Kumar (1989) for an unknown population from two very important cotton producing districts (Khanewal and Vehari). Interview schedule was used for data collection. The study explored that institutional role is very critical for adoption of CSAPs. In addition, economic barriers, lack of trained extension field staff, lack of training opportunities and lack of climate smart agricultural technologies and knowledge for cotton growers are the main constraints in the adoption of CSAPs. Hence, awareness, provision of timely information and training, continuous repeated coordination with cotton growers and reducing all constraints are the keys for approval of CSAPs to deal with climate variations. Policy recommendations included: government should provide policy support for research and development activities focusing on CSAPs. Government should provide support to extension services in order to educate and train farmers for CSAPs. The adoption of CSAPs may require additional financial resources. The government should provide financial support to farmers to encourage them to adopt these practices. This can be done through subsidies, grants and other financial incentives. Climate change is leading to water scarcity in Pakistan and this is affecting agricultural productivity. The government should promote water conservation practices such as rain water harvesting, drip irrigation and water efficient crops to ensure sustainable use of water resources. The adoption of CSAPs requires strong collaboration and partnerships among the stakeholders, including government, farmers, research institutions, NGOs and private sector. The government should promote collaboration and partnerships to facilitate the adoption of CSAPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pivotal role of farmers' cropland conservation behavior (CCB) in advancing green agricultural practices is well-recognized. This paper underscores the critical role of stable land tenure in enhancing farmers' CCB, exemplified by the practice of mulch recycling. Drawing on a survey of 349 cotton farmers in Xinjiang, Northwest China, it offers a systematic examination of how land tenure stability influences CCB and its underlying mechanisms. The findings reveal a significant positive correlation between land tenure stability and CCB. Notably, this relationship is mediated by the facilitation of land mortgages, wherein written contracts and extended land tenure durations enhance farmers' participation in land mortgages, thereby bolstering CCB. Furthermore, the stabilizing effect of land tenure on CCB also mitigates the negative impacts of risk aversion and time preference. The study additionally highlights the differential effects of land tenure stability based on farm size and technical training; its facilitative role in CCB is more pronounced among larger-scale farmers and those engaged in technical training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The average lint yield of irrigated cotton in Australia ranges from 2270 to 3700 kg/ha, but yields vary substantially between farms and also between fields on the same farm. Differences in soil properties may cause these yield variations. Identifying which factors are causal and what management can be implemented to mitigate the impacts should help optimize inputs and improve profits. During the 2018–2019 summer cotton‐growing season, a paired‐field comparison approach was used to investigate and improve the understanding of soil property‐induced irrigated cotton yield differences within five farms across three regions of NSW, Australia. The paired fields at each farm recorded an average lint yield difference of >284 kg/ha (measured in 2018–2019 or 5‐year average lint yield). Several soil properties differed between the paired fields at each farm comparison. The soil organic carbon stocks were higher in the higher‐yielding fields at all the farm comparisons and the normalized lint yield percentage was positively correlated with soil organic carbon stocks. Soil sodicity was higher in the lower‐yielding fields at 3 of the 5 comparisons. Results for most soil nutrient tests were above the recommended critical concentrations for Australian cotton production. A stepwise linear regression excluding soil nutrients that were above soil test critical values for crop response and below crop toxicity levels indicated the lint yield was positively correlated with SOC stocks and negatively correlated with sodicity and bulk density. No earthworms were detected during visual soil assessment or soil sampling across all the sites. Visual soil assessment was not a sensitive predictor of cotton crop performance. Comparing soil properties using a paired field approach may assist cotton growers in understanding the factors behind yield differences. A similar strip comparison approach could be adopted for within‐field variability by dividing the fields into discrete performance zones and assessing the soil properties of each zone separately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While Georgia is one of the top producers of cotton and peanuts in the Unites States, much attention has been centered on ensuring sustainability in the production of these crops. The need to understand what drives farmers' decision to utilize voluntary best management practices is critical for the improvement of strategies focused on increasing farmers' adoption of these practices. Empirical evidence that identifies influential factors in farmers' decision to adopt best management practices have yet to produce consistent predictors of adoption behavior. This has led to increased calls for unique approaches examining how farmers' views and motivations impact their adoption decisions regarding these practices. This study builds on previous research using Q methodology to provide an in-depth investigation of the differences in farmers' views on best management practices for cotton and peanut production in southwest Georgia. A purposive sample of 21 participants completed the Q sorting exercise and semi-structured interviews. Analysis of the data revealed three primary viewpoints that were identified and labeled as the: (1) land preservers, (2) ambitious self-starters, and (3) principled go-getters. These perspectives show the differences in motivations for adoption behavior and denote the range of influential factors on farm management decisions. The findings of this study reveal key viewpoints held by Georgia cotton and peanut farmers toward best management practices, which can inform the development of strategically tailored educational resources and opportunities. These targeted educational approaches must account for the specific needs and preferences of farmers found in this study to potentially increase adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The cotton cultivation in India is influenced by high inputs and expenditure. But the farmers do not get sufficient access to institutional credit; hence the farmers borrow money at the higher interest from other sources. Higher risks due to the impacts of climate change furtherincrease the economic burden and uncertainty of getting reasonable income to the farmers. Furthermore, the crop suffers due to incidence of pests and diseases. Because of this situation, farmers encounter risks and pressures, yet they seldom openly reveal the psychological strain that accompanies their agricultural work. Hence, the current study was carried to identify strategies to be adopted by cotton growers to manage risk and stress in crop management, agricultural extension and input arrangement. Methods: The study was conducted by collecting information from 240 cotton growers of four blocks in Gajapati and Rayagada districts of Odisha. The opinion on socio-psychological, technological competency and input supply strategies to be adopted was collected individually through a semi-structured schedule and analyzed. Result: The opinion of cotton growing farmers on the strategies to be adopted in minimizing the risks and stresses in cotton production on socio-psychological, technological competency and input supply showed that the farmers preferred to have participatory decision on cluster approach, developing good drainage facility and advance supply of inputs and materials, periodical visits by extension officials' to the farmers' field and create awareness on latest varieties availablewith high yield and training on latest technologies and ensuring quality and timely input supply, providing information on market price and immediate payment for their produce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nudging the adoption of agricultural green production technologies (AGPTs) by cotton farmers is a practical need to implement the national "green development" strategy. Based on the micro-survey data of 502 cotton farmers, this paper empirically analyzed the influence and driving mechanism of cotton farmers' participation in cooperatives on their adoption of green production technology from the perspective of their inner cognition and external regulation by using the propensity score matching (PSM) model and the intermediary effect model. The study found that (1) the importance of agricultural green production technology to cotton farmers was in the order of soil testing and formula fertilization technology, green prevention and control technology, deep tillage technology, water-saving irrigation technology, new variety technology, and straw-returning technology. (2) Participation in cooperatives can significantly improve the adoption of agricultural green production technologies by cotton farmers, with an increase of about 27.16%, and the improvement effect on technology-intensive production links is pronounced. (3) By improving the inner cognition and external regulation of cotton farmers, cooperatives can enhance the green endogenous power of cotton farmers, improve environmental external constraints, and become an intermediary path to guide cotton farmers to adopt agricultural green production technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smallholder farming systems are vulnerable to disruptions. The COVID-19 pandemic weakened the financial ability of the Malian government in the 2020–21 growing season to subsidize cotton farmers’ access to mineral fertilizers and the cotton company (CMDT) could not offer a good cotton price. Consequently, farmers refused to grow cotton, leading to a cotton crisis with implications on crop production and farmers’ livelihoods. We used data collected over three consecutive growing seasons in the old cotton basin of Koutiala and analysed them using two-way mixed ANOVA over selected indicators related to farm and household components. The analysis was done for farms of different resource endowment, through comparing the cotton crisis season to the two previous normal seasons. Besides the abandonment of cotton, the total cropped area and area devoted to maize reduced in 2020–21, while the area allocated to millet, sorghum and cowpea increased, especially for cotton farmers with medium and high resource endowments. In addition, the nitrogen use intensity dropped at the farm level and particularly for the cereal crops, but without negative effect on yields of maize, millet and sorghum. Food self-sufficiency and income per capita significantly increased for the medium resource farms, while income dropped for the high resource farms with large herds. The farming system was able to absorb the shock of limited access to fertilizer for one season, due to the elimination of otherwise strong labour competition between cotton and cereal crops, favourable weather conditions and farmers’ responsive coping with the cotton crisis. This study revealed the importance of disaggregated livelihood evaluations, because resource endowments have implications not only for the actual effect on livelihoods, but also for farmers’ adaptive capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing adoption of Bt cotton, known for its high productivity and resistance to pests, has prompted this investigation into its impact on farmers' earnings. This study aims to explore how the productivity of Bt cotton affects farmers' income in the Khanewal and Multan districts of Southern Punjab. To gather data, we employed a stratified random sampling method, targeting small, medium, and large-scale farmers in both districts. Using regression analysis, we assessed the influence of Bt cotton productivity, along with other relevant factors, on the annual gross income of these farmers. Results revealed that per acre revenue from Bt cotton, education of farmers, livestock ownership, tractor ownership and distance from the market have significant impacts on the annual gross income of the farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Escritos is the property of Escritos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A crucial crop in the world, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), is frequently harmed by pests and illnesses. Chemical pesticides are frequently effective, but repeated use of these chemicals often results in pests developing greater insecticide resistance, fewer natural enemies, less natural control, and a deteriorated ecosystem. It has been widely used to implement the integrated pest management (IPM) strategy, which heavily emphasizes biological control. The present piece of work was carried out from January 2022 to December 2022 at different sites in the vicinity of the Ghugus area in Chandrapur district. In all, 10 species of insect pests of cotton from 9 families and 3 orders were recorded. The knowledge, perceptions and practices of farmers growing cotton under different pest management regimes were analyzed. The methods used were open and semistructured interviews using questionnaire with groups and individuals. In general, farmers had a poor understanding of the key concepts underlying alternative pest control systems. Pest damage was considered important and farmers were eager to share their knowledge, perceptions and practices in pest management. This study provides the foundation for the creation of a learning platform for future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides are chemicals used to control pests with sometime harmful effects on human health. This paper presents results of self-reported health effects experienced by cotton farmers in the Central-West region of Burkina Faso. It was a cross-sectional survey conducted from October to December 2021 among 585 consenting conventional and organic cotton farmers. Data collected included pesticides used, they use conditions, farming practices, experienced health effects. Binary logistic regression was used to find relationships between self-reported health effects and the type of cotton produced. Results showed that all conventional cotton farmers (100%) reported using synthetic pesticides compared to organic ones who using only natural insecticides. Both conventional and organic farmers reported health effects that occurred at least once since they started using pesticides, involving skin effects (85.27% conventional, 65.52% organic), nervous (88.95% conventional, 48,71% organic), respiratory (88.10% conventional, 67.67% organic) systems. 99.72% of conventional farmers vs 46.98% of organic ones reported skin irritation following pesticide use. 69.97% of conventional vs 35.34% of organic cotton farmers reported acute signs such as severe headaches. In univariate and multivariate logistic regressions, severe headaches, dizziness, skin, and ocular effects were significantly associated with conventional farmers compared to organic ones (p

Introduction: In the face of escalating apprehensions surrounding food security, the sustainability of food systems, and food quality, the ingenuity of resource management strategies becomes paramount. A key component within these strategies is the enhancement of chemical fertilizer utilization, an element that bears significant weight on agricultural yields and the preservation of our environment. The emergence of Integrated Water-Fertilizer Systems (IWFS) thus presents a significant innovation in boosting the efficiency of chemical fertilizer usage, necessitating in-depth examination. Methods: Utilizing a rigorous analytical framework that combines meta-frontier production function with a Two-Stage Residual Inclusion model, this study delves into the multi-dimensional impacts of IWFS adoption on fertilizer use efficiency among cotton growers in Xinjiang, China. Results: Empirical evidence demonstrates that those who have adopted IWFS achieve a fertilizer use efficiency score of 0.452, markedly outstripping the mean score of 0.382 among non-adopters. Intriguingly, efficiency increases proportionately with the size of the farm, hinting at a sophisticated interplay between the adoption of technology and operational parameters. Discussion: The research further unveils additional benefits including augmented cotton yields and diminished labor inputs among adopters. These multifaceted outcomes bear significant policy implications, highlighting the transformative potential of IWFS in promoting sustainable food systems, bolstering food security, and enhancing food quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing allocation efficiency is vital for maintaining China’s position as a leading textile producer. The adoption of information and communication technology (ICT) can improve the efficiency of farmers’ input allocation. Nonetheless, limited evidence exists regarding the impact and extent of farmers’ access to digital agricultural extension through subscribing to agricultural WeChat public accounts (WPAs) on allocation inefficiency costs. Using a 2019 farm household survey of cotton farmers in Xinjiang, this paper employs a primal system model to calculate farmers’ allocation inefficiency costs and a two-stage residual inclusion approach model (2SRI) to estimate the effects of agricultural WPAs subscription on allocation inefficiency costs and allocation inefficiency. The empirical findings indicate that the average allocation inefficiency cost is 3.264 Yuan per kilogram, constituting 45.8% of cotton production cost. Our results demonstrate that subscribing to agricultural WPAs can significantly reduce farmers’ allocation inefficiency costs by 19.5% and decrease allocation inefficiency by 0.079. Consequently, promoting smallholder farmers’ access to digital agricultural extension serves as an effective strategy to enhance allocation efficiency and lower costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: The prevalence of cutaneous mycoses has been on the rise worldwide with an increased incidence of recurrent and recalcitrant infections. This study was conducted to assess the clinical patterns and etiological agents of dermatophytosis, at a tertiary care hospital in western India. Material and Method: One hundred clinically diagnosed cases of dermatophytosis attending the OPD of a tertiary care hospital were included in this cross-sectional study. Thorough history taking and detailed clinical examination were done for each patient. For studying the mycological profile, direct microscopy for fungal elements in KOH and fungal culture on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) was done for each patient. The growth on SDA plates was further mounted on lactophenol cotton blue mounts for species identification. Results: Our study found a male preponderance, and the majority of infections (36%) were in the 21–30 years age group. The most common clinical pattern was the mixed type of infections followed by T. corporis. Direct microscopy for fungal elements was positive in 71% but the culture positivity was only 35%. The most common species isolated in our study was T. mentagrophytes (62.8%). Conclusion: The present study highlights the bearing of factors like socioeconomic status and occupation on the clinical profile of dermatophytosis and reveals a changing trend in the etiological agent of dermatophyte species in this part of western India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton (Gossypium spp) remains a significant source of income in Africa. However, production is limited by high input costs that reduce profit margins. This study aimed to conduct cost analysis on field trials that were conducted to evaluate the effect of chemical insecticides, Chlorpyrifos® 480 EC, Karate® EC, and Bandit® 350 SC compared with biopesticides, Eco-Bb®, Bolldex®, Delfin®, NOMU-PROTEC® and Bb endophyte on the control of cotton insect pests. Delfin® (US$602) was the most expensive pesticide, followed by Bolldex® (US$495.74), while the cheapest pesticide was Chlorpyrifos® (US$28). Other input costs were US$1 396.50 per hectare, with the highest labor cost of US$544. The minimal cost of production from the bollworm trial was recorded from the application of Karate® (US$1 455), while Delfin® (US$1 999) was the highest. Maximum average seed cotton yield was recorded with Bolldex® (6 402 kg ha-1); however, the maximum net profit of up to US$1 445.26 per hectare was registered with Karate® with the highest cost-benefit ratio of 1.8. The average highest seed cotton yield was obtained with Bandit® (6 394 kg ha-1) followed by Bb endophyte (6 297 kg ha-1) in the leafhopper trial. Bandit® and Karate® had the highest net profits of US$ 1,712 and US$ 1,253, respectively. The Bandit® treatment had the highest costbenefit ratio of 2. Generally, biopesticide application was found to be more expensive than chemical insecticides; however, they were all profitable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the constraints faced by cotton growers in achieving livelihood security in the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, India. The investigation used a Livelihood Security (LS) index comprising seven elements, including food security, economic security, health security, educational security, social security, institutional security, and infrastructural security. Data were collected from 120 cotton farmers using structured interviews, and statistical analysis was employed to assess the level of livelihood security and identify constraints. The findings indicate that a substantial proportion of farmers have medium to high levels of livelihood security, but certain challenges persist. Among the constraints, lack of knowledge of technical skills and relevant technologies, low market prices for products and inadequate knowledge of marketing stand out as significant obstacles. Addressing these challenges can contribute to enhancing the overall well-being and livelihood security of cotton growers in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, each of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is discussed in the context of textiles and fashion. The necessity of collaborative efforts is accentuated to overcome the climate crisis and human health concerns encountered by the textiles and fashion industry. The concerns over poverty faced by cotton farmers, soil depletion, and toxicity to aquatic life due to microfibres and heavy metals are presented. The paper underlines numerous corrective practises such as the utilisation of African Organic Cotton, Better Initiative Cotton, and others that could enable curtailing poverty and hunger. The requirement for a more corporate and socially responsible textiles and fashion business that would propel SDGs is described with inspiring examples of Inditex, Culthread, Saint Basics, Flamingo's Life, etcetera. More, the greenwashing and ardent necessity of transparency across the fashion value chain is emphasised herein. The importance of reducing inequalities and working in partnership for innovation and justice is highlighted such as apple leather, algal foam, and others. Even more, the production waste and landfill disputes are reviewed. Eventually, the paper concludes with an appeal for mindful and diligent efforts from textiles and fashion consumers, designers, manufacturers, and traders to continually adapt to SDGs even after 2030 as there is no planet B. Also, abiding by the laws of nature as listed herein is found to be the key to reaching SDGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Recycling and converting textile waste into value-added products with enhanced functional properties pave the way toward a circular economy for sustainability. This research investigates the utilization of recycled cotton fiber from apparel cutting waste for fabricating high-performance thermal barrier fabrics. The physical characterization of the developed fabrics revealed a regular arrangement of fibers, consequently the uniform thickness of the fabric with no distortion on fiber surfaces due to the recycling operation of cotton waste. The developed fabrics also demonstrated a high softness index and low compression and bending average rigidity compared to the commercial fabric with similar thickness. The heat protection performance revealed an increase in fabric conductive and radiative heat resistance with increasing the amount of recycled cotton fiber in the fabrics. The inherent thermal resistance of cotton fiber and the low inter-fiber spacing because of their uniform orientation in the fabric lead to the high thermal resistance of developed fabrics. In the case of fabric air permeability concerning the clothing thermal comfort, no significant difference in breathability was observed among the test specimens. Besides, the moisture management profile of developed fabrics indicated the capability to create favorable thermal comfort within the clothing-skin microenvironment because of improved liquid transportation and diffusion of perspiration vapor through the fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This scoping review addresses bacterial contamination of antiseptics, low-level disinfectants, and hand hygiene products in healthcare settings in high-income countries. Over 70 years, 114 articles were found: 68 outbreaks, 13 pseudo-outbreaks and 33 cross-sectional surveys. Outbreaks affected median 29 (1–151) patients, extended for 26 (1–156) weeks and had a case fatality of 0.0% (0.0–60.0%). Most (72.8%) (pseudo-)outbreaks were caused by water-based chlorhexidine (CHG), quaternary ammonium compounds (QUAT) and the combination CHG–QUAT. Contaminating bacteria were nonfermentative Gram-negative rods (87.6% (pseudo-)outbreaks), mainly Burkholderia cepacia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Achromobacter spp.) and Enterobacterales (29.6%, 24/81), mostly Serratia spp.). Risk factors were at the level of the bacteria (natural resistance to CHG and QUAT), containers (design and functioning, presence of cork and cotton, biofilm formation), preparation (nonsterile water, overdilution) and practices (too long expiry dates, inappropriate container reprocessing, topping up of containers and deviation from procedures). Transmission occurred through direct contact (antiseptics), contact with semicritical items (disinfectants) and were handborne (soaps). During recent decades, reports of soap contaminated with Enterobacterales emerged and nationwide outbreaks of intrinsically contaminated CHG occurred. Outstanding issues comprise intrinsic contamination, implementation of antiseptic stewardship, the role of unit doses and sterile products, transmission studies, biofilm control and understanding healthcare providers' perceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop insurance is critical in risk management in global agricultural production (e.g. by helping stabilise farmers' incomes in the long term and reducing risk‐bearing costs). In this paper, using field survey data on cotton farmers in Xinjiang, China, we examine the influence of crop insurance on farmers' behaviours regarding agrochemical inputs and aim to investigate the synergy between crop insurance and reductions in fertiliser and pesticide usage. We find evidence that crop insurance significantly negatively affects farmers' use of fertilisers and pesticides, as well as significantly positively affects their adoption of green agricultural technologies (GAT) that can replace or complement traditional fertilisers and pesticides. Moreover, our results reveal that compared with small‐scale farmers, crop insurance has a stronger effect on large‐scale farmers' use of agrochemicals. Finally, when the insured amount is higher or the relative deductible is lower, farmers are more likely to reduce fertiliser and pesticide usage and adopt GAT. Overall, this paper scientifically identifies crop insurance can improve farmers' agrochemical input behaviour, by reducing farmers' use of traditional agrochemical inputs and increasing their adoption of GAT, which is of great significance for ensuring the safety of the agricultural ecological environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nudging the adoption of agricultural green production technologies (AGPTs) by cotton farmers is a practical need to implement the national “green development” strategy. Based on the micro-survey data of 502 cotton farmers, this paper empirically analyzed the influence and driving mechanism of cotton farmers’ participation in cooperatives on their adoption of green production technology from the perspective of their inner cognition and external regulation by using the propensity score matching (PSM) model and the intermediary effect model. The study found that (1) the importance of agricultural green production technology to cotton farmers was in the order of soil testing and formula fertilization technology, green prevention and control technology, deep tillage technology, water-saving irrigation technology, new variety technology, and straw-returning technology. (2) Participation in cooperatives can significantly improve the adoption of agricultural green production technologies by cotton farmers, with an increase of about 27.16%, and the improvement effect on technology-intensive production links is pronounced. (3) By improving the inner cognition and external regulation of cotton farmers, cooperatives can enhance the green endogenous power of cotton farmers, improve environmental external constraints, and become an intermediary path to guide cotton farmers to adopt agricultural green production technology.

Copyright of Agricultural Outlook (1673-3908) is the property of Institute of Agricultural Information, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study empirically investigates the factors influencing Pakistani cotton farmers' utilisation of marketing information sources. Data were collected by face-to-face, interviewing 399 cotton farmers. Factors and variations of the utilisation of marketing information sources were analysed using multivariate probit, chi-square, and descriptive statistics. The results revealed significant variations among farmers in the utilisation of mobile phones, internet, television, radio, newspapers, extension services, market commission agents, and fellow farmers. The findings highlighted the usage of several combinations of ICT, traditional media, extension services, and farmers' social relations. Furthermore, key socio-economic and institutional factors influencing marketing information utilisation were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study shows that farmers in arid and semi‐arid land can improve their efficiency if they have access to agricultural extension services. An exhaustive survey was used to obtain data from 423 cotton producers in the arid zones and 144 of wetlands in Burkina Faso. The method of the directional distance function modeling a multi‐output technology was used. The results show that cotton farmers in the arid zones are not technically more inefficient than those in wetlands. On average, arid zone producers have a technical inefficiency of 0.056 while that of wetland producers is around 0.052. The agricultural extension, defined as receiving visits and advice from technical agents, is important for producers because it helps farmers choose soil and water conservation techniques and fertilizers adapted to the Agro‐climatic conditions of their respective zones. Agriculture extension also helps farmers of the arid zones to reduce their technical inefficiency by advising them to cultivate small agricultural plots. On average, in these zones, the size of an agricultural plot is around 1.03 ha compared to those of wetlands which is about 1.6 ha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]