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The aim of this study is to analyse the cultivation areas, production amounts and foreign trade data of cotton plant in the world and Turkey from an economic point of view. The data on Turkey's cotton cultivation area, cotton production and fiber cotton import and export data for the 20-year period 2003-2022 were obtained from the Food Agricultural Organization (FAO). The data set was transferred to MS Excel spreadsheets and the trend analysis technique was used in MS Excel programme to obtain the trends in cotton cultivation area, cotton production amount and near future forecast values for eight years between 2023-2030. In addition, for the foreign trade balance data obtained from fiber cotton import and export data for the period 2000-2022, the change trends of the 23-year period and the eight-year near future forecast values between 2023-2030 were calculated. Cotton cultivation area has a decreasing trend between 2023-2030. While the forecast value of cotton cultivation area for 2023 is 417 thousand hectares, this value is predicted to decrease to 373 thousand 722 hectares in 2030. The trend in the amount of cotton production has a decreasing trend after 2022 and it is predicted that there will be no break in the amount of production between 2023-2030. The estimated foreign trade deficit in fiber cotton for 2023 is 964,516 tonnes and for 2030 is 1,106,672 tonnes. The main reasons for the decrease in cotton cultivation areas are the increases in input prices such as fertilisers, pesticides and seeds. In order to eliminate the foreign trade deficit in cotton, studies should be carried out to enter new markets and increase the share in existing markets. In addition, it should be aimed to create a sustainable cotton sector by investing in R&D activities and entering new markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1937, the Japanese government accelerated the expansion of its military expenditure and began to impose controls on the economy to maintain the balance of international payments. The controls were developed through trial and error. The cotton spinning industry was one of the industries most deeply affected by these controls. Initially, the government simply reduced the allocation of foreign exchange for raw cotton imports. However, because this measure prevented the export of cotton products, especially to countries outside the yen bloc, a new scheme of control, the 'export–import link system', was adopted from the second half of 1938. This scheme was intentionally designed to give firms incentives to export to non‐yen bloc countries and to incorporate elements of market mechanisms into the system of economic controls. Analysing firm‐level data, we find that under the link system, firms with higher labour productivity (LP) tended to grow faster, as occurs under a market economy. This relationship was not observed during the early stage of the controls. This difference is reflected in the pattern of change in aggregate LP. Under the export–import link system, the positive reallocation effect was substantial, similar to a market economy, whereas it was almost zero under the early controls. These findings indicate that the design of controls matters for the performance of controlled economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented which discusses Europe's trade with the U.S. during the mid 19th century, including the role that international trade played in British, French and German neutrality during the American Civil War. Europe's importing of cotton from the U.S. Southern States, including Bremen, Germany's importing of cotton, is discussed.

By presenting the understudied history of Médina Gounass and its offshoot, Madina Hudda, two Pulaar-speaking Sufi brotherhoods in southeastern Senegal, the article contributes to the scholarship on postcolonial cotton production, on Sufi orders and the secular state, and ethnic relations in Senegal. Whereas cotton industry practices in West Africa turned "brother against brother," farmers at Madina Hudda used cotton production to sustain their brotherhood. Yet this community ultimately coalesced around ethnicity, a phenomenon discordant with Senegal's reputation for cultural pluralism. The case thereby contrasts with the better-known history of peanut production, 'Wolofization,' and the Sufi Murid order's longevity and financial and political success. The literature on Senegalese brotherhoods considers the Umarian Tijani order of Médina Gounass peripheral to and isolated from the Senegalese state, but my research finds that they have profound connections to the state and privatized parastatals. The Umarian community of Upper Casamance produced remarkable quantities of cotton. Scholars questioned whether and how that production undermined the order's cohesion. The article argues that cotton was one reason for the schism, but more significantly, that for the members of Madina Hudda cotton represents the importance of collective struggle for a brotherhood. This case suggests that the cohesion of a Sufi order relies on disciples' sense of belonging to a community in which they share a concern for a common endeavor, earthly and/or divine. Not meekly deferential to their religious authorities, disciples defended their economic and political interests collectively. Although their actions could be interpreted as fighting for individual freedoms, they insisted that their efforts were centered on their shared identities as first-settlers, as essential workers, and most importantly as Sufi adepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazil's northern region supplied 40 per cent of the cotton imported into Liverpool during the last decade of the eighteenth century. In the following decades, however, cotton exports stagnated, and Brazil became the only major international cotton producer that decreased its exports to European countries. This article shows that the fiscal policies of Brazil's central government had a significant role on the decline of cotton exports. The central government set export taxes to maximize revenue from higher‐quality long‐staple cotton, decreasing the profitability of short staples, which saw the largest increase in demand during the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nigeria was a major global exporter of cotton lint to international market during the colonial and post-colonial era till late 70s when the country fully embraced oil exports to the detriment of the non-oil sector, cotton lint exports inclusive. However, Nigeria is gradually emphasizing agricultural exports again to earn huge foreign exchange, the oil sector having left the country in economic crises. This study utilized time series model particularly, Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) to make forecasting of cotton lint exports in Nigeria by using 46 yearly observations (1970-2015). The model went through series of investigative and diagnostic tests in order to observe the usefulness of the model. The fitting of the selected ARIMA (2,1,2) model to the time series data, means fitting ARIMA (2,1,2) model of one first order difference. Smaller RMSE, MAE as well as Theil Inequality coefficient are actually preferred and justified that ARIMA (2,1,2) model was justified as adequate for the forecasting of cotton lint exports in Nigeria with AIC value of 20.96771, SIC value of 21.04881, MAPE value of 6751.231, RMSE of 93303.67 and R² of 0.330951. A thirty-year period ahead of cotton lint exports is predicted. The observations signify a rising trend in exports hence; it will be available especially in the future for foreign trade in the next thirty years. The outcome from the study is valuable for trade organisations and investors in assessing the precariousness of the market structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study has examined the cotton export competitiveness of China, USA, India, Pakistan and Vietnam by using a set of Revealed comparative advantage (RCA) indices namely Balassa index(RCA), Revealed symmetric comparative advantage index(RSCA) and Vollrath index (RCA#) vis-a-vis global trade. Further, the study also aims at assessing export competitiveness of these countries and determining its dynamics in global trade with the world. The data were collected from the International Trade Center (ITC) UN-COMTRADE Statistics for the selected economies from 2003-17.The findings of the current study illustrate that China, USA, India and Pakistan had a comparative and competitive advantage from 2003-17, while Vietnam had a comparative disadvantage from 2003-07 and comparative advantage from 2008-17 in the cotton sector. Moreover, the results also indicate that Pakistan had a strong comparative advantage in the cotton sector as compared to other four economies. Likewise, these results highlight that Pakistan should lay emphasis on quality of cotton, Infrastructure, reduction in the cost of production, use of modern technology, investment in agricultural sector and marketing in the global market to enhance the export volume of cotton for foreign exchange earnings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When and why did Brazilian cotton become important to the Industrial Revolution in Britain? Between 1791 and 1801, Brazilian cotton represented 40 per cent of raw cotton imports in Liverpool, rivalling those from the West Indies. Using archival data between 1760 and 1808, this paper shows that Brazil benefitted from increasing British demand for a new variety of cotton staple that emerged with mechanised textile production. Previous explanations for the rise of Brazilian cotton trade attributed it to the revolutions in the Caribbean in the 1790s, and the American War of Independence, which ended in 1783. Evidence, however, suggests that these explanations are incomplete or incorrect. The United States did not export cotton to Britain before 1790, and British imports from the West Indies did not fall after the revolutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By comparing China's import of major imported agriculture textile material (cotton and wool), the characteristics of import are concluded. On this basis, a restricted version of source differentiated almost ideal demand system (KSDAIDS) is used to estimate the income and price elasticity of major imported agriculture textile material from the major sources based on the data from 1992 to 2015. The results are shown as follows. (1) Although the dependency on imported cotton is lower than wool, the fluctuation of cotton import is much more drastic ; China's demand for cotton is relatively price elastic with higher expenditure elasticity compared with wool; besides, the existence of complementarity is proved between imported cotton and wool. (2) According to the import elasticity of cotton, demand for cotton imported from India shows priority over cotton from other sources; demand for cotton imported from America is the most price-sensitive one; substitution among cotton from different sources is weak. (3) According to the import elasticity of wool, wool imported from Uruguay has bright market prospects. In addition, wool imported from Australia has irreplaceable advantage than that from New Zealand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton is one of the greatest gifts that India has given to the world, and its cultivation goes back to even before the Vedic period. Europeans came to know of cotton only in the 5th century, when Alexander the Great attacked India. Even before the arrival of the Mughals, India was trading cotton with countries in the Middle East, continental Europe, and Egypt through the Silk Route. For the Mughals, this was the major export commodity and the trade through the Silk Route continued until 1498 CE, when the Portuguese sailor Vasco da Gama landed at Kappadu near Kozhikode (formerly Calicut), in Kerala, and established the sea route for trade. The British East India Company established itself strongly after their victory over the Nawab of Bengal and his French associates in the Battle of Plassey on 23 June 1757. Export of cotton textiles and calico to Britain started in a big way and continued up to the end of the 18th century. However, the development of spinning and weaving machinery, during the late 18th century in Britain, reversed the trade by the early 19th century, and India became merely an exporter of raw cotton to Britain. During the late 18th century, the British cotton industry was the largest in the world, but the Anglo-French wars during 1778-83 reduced their trade with continental Europe, and USA became their major export market for cotton goods. Britain also started to import raw cotton from USA. India's cotton export to Britain suffered because of this. However, the American Civil War of 1861-65 blocked the supply of raw cotton from USA, and Britain again started imports from India. World War I (1914-17) completely shattered the British cotton industry and it never recovered, because other countries began to develop their textile industries. India now exports raw cotton mainly to neighboring Bangladesh and Pakistan, and to some Southeast Asian countries. India's exports in 2016-17 were estimated at US$ 6.3 billion (12.2% of the global exports). However, India is now the leading producer of organic cotton, the market for which is on the increase, but here again the trend is towards decline in area and production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the potential negative impacts of the uncertainty in trade policy between China and the U.S. with regards to U.S. cotton exports and the global cotton trade. It presents an analysis of the impact of Chinese tariffs through the examination of previous cases of Chinese cotton trade policy. The need for U.S. cotton producers and the global cotton industry to take actions to mitigate the potential impact of the proposed tariffs on cotton is also tackled.

Cotton is an important cash crop that provides financial assistance to many people across the world. Leaf morphology and physiology provides a balance between leaf temperature, leaf energy exchange and photosynthesis. The experiment was undertaken to study the association of leaf related traits i.e. leaf area (LA), leaf angle position (LP), number of lobes per leaf (NL), leaf chlorophyll contents (SV), relative water content (RWC), leaf hairiness (HL), leaf color (LC) and yield related traits i.e. boll weight (BW), number of seeds per boll (NS), number of locules per boll (NLB), seed index (SI) and seed volume (SEV). Twenty cotton genotypes were grown using randomized complete block design with three replications. Significant variation among the genotypes was observed for studied traits by analysis of variance. Pearson correlation analysis depicted significant positive association between NL and BW. SV also revealed positive association with SI. BW showed positive association with NLB, NS and SI. LA showed positive association with NL. Path coefficient analysis was utilized to partition the direct and indirect effects of different traits on BW. Path coefficient analysis revealed positive direct effect of NS on BW. Similarly, SI illustrated positive indirect effect on BW via LA. The genotype V-89 was found a best performing genotype with high yield and moderate leaf traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liverpool’s first cotton importers dealt in a range of commodities and this pattern continued until the late eighteenth century. As the British cotton industry grew and new sources of raw cotton – particularly the United States – emerged, some merchants specialized increasingly in cotton in the early decades of the nineteenth century. By the end of the century, the largest importers of cotton dealt in little besides cotton. The growing prosperity of Liverpool’s cotton trade drew companies from elsewhere in the United Kingdom to Liverpool to participate in this trade. By the mid nineteenth century, several key cotton importing houses had originated in the United States; by the end of the nineteenth century the largest importers there. The manner of importing cotton changed. At first, importers had to send a ship out with a captain or supercargo with broad instructions about what to freight the ship with. As communications improved, importers were able to control their purchases of cotton more closely. In the nineteenth century, a significant amount of cotton was imported through Liverpool by merchants acting on a commission basis but this form of importing declined in the later decades of the century. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Economic impact and the cost and risk of adaptation from future climate change (CC) are the key concern of primary industries including the Australian cotton industry. Utilising outputs from biophysical modelling studies, this study quantifies the economic impact of future CC on irrigated and rain-fed cotton production systems and evaluates the effectiveness of adaptation options in dealing with the projected negative impacts or in capturing the opportunity of future CC for the period centred on 2030. For irrigated cotton, three key cotton production areas in eastern Australia were considered: Dalby, Narrabri and Hillston with rain-fed cotton is also analysed at the first two sites. Adaptation options considered included changing planting time, row configurations, irrigation scheduling triggers and rotation patterns. For irrigated cotton under CC, results indicated that (1) gross margin (GM) would increase or decrease depending on location and across irrigation triggers when associated with normal planting times; (2) later plantings, especially + 15 d, would have positive impacts on GMs across all locations when compared with normal planting times; (3) overall, rotations of cotton three years in and one year out would perform the best in terms of GMs when compared with other rotation patterns across all locations; (4) the least negatively affected rotation strategy would be cotton 2 years in and 1 year out in terms of profitability and risk; and (5) later planting at + 30 d would increase whole farm profitability compared with normal planting across all irrigation triggers. It was found that the positive impacts of late plantings on GM and whole farm profitability could not offset the negative impacts of CC at Narrabri and Hillston, indicating that other adaptation options are maybe needed in order to maintain current profitability. For rain-fed cotton under CC, (1) GM would decrease or increase depending on locations when compared with the baseline and a normal planting time; (2) late plantings could compensate for the negative impacts of future CC on cotton GM at Dalby and would further enhance cotton GM at Narrabri; (3) solid row configurations would perform the best across most rotation patterns and locations; (4) cotton-long fallow would out-perform cotton-long fallow-wheat across all row configurations at Dalby; (5) in terms of whole farm profitability and risk, the adaptation strategy of 15 d later planting would further increase whole farm profitability in 2030 with reduced risk across all row configurations when compared with normal planting; and (6) the cotton-long fallow rotation system would be able to maintain higher levels of profitability and lower levels of risk than its counterpart. The increase in the variability of returns across all systems and adaptation strategies at the whole farm level under CC, indicates that the level of debt that Australian cotton farms are carrying into the future period will need to be reduced to avoid larger fluctuations in returns to owners' equity. Cotton growers at different locations will need to adopt different management strategies to deal with the risk or in taking the opportunities of future CC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper combines policy analysis matrix techniques to model the analysis of profitability from cotton cultivation. Policy analysis matrices are computed for a sample of cotton growers located in the dry land of the Tamil Nadu under observed conventional and profit-efficient farming conditions. In this study cotton had been not competitive for most of the period under consideration. EPC estimates showed that it was more than unity like DRC in the most of the study period. However it could be seen that these had been a decreasing trend in the values of EPC and DRC from 2007-08.Since NPC value are less than unity it indicates that the state had not protected the crop at the farmers level. The estimates of DRC revealed that the state had comparative advantage in cotton export. The main conclusion is that the usefulness of the policy analysis matrix might be substantially enhanced by simulating profitability after efficiencyimproving managerial decisions have been adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The success of Tory Democracy in Lancashire heightened its influence in Conservative party debates about tariff reform and India. New Delhi’s imposition of tariffs from 1917 prompted Lancashire Conservatives to gradually modify their position on free trade, so that by 1931 they supported imperial preference. India’s reluctance to lower tariffs led many to criticise the 1933 India white paper. Historians have examined front bench and die-hard conservative efforts to win over Lancashire, but they have overlooked the extent to which local feeling and activism on India was native to the county and not imported from Westminster. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Agriculture is the single largest shareholder to GDP and employment to labour force. It has major share in export but unfortunately unable to meet international standards. This study aims to analyze the pattern of Pakistan cotton export, and to explore sector's export potential and opportunities. This new research endeavor with well-tested analytical tools enabled the trade experts and policy makers to explore the answer of lackness for diversification in export, HS-2-digits aggregated data for cotton sub-sectors have been used with latest data from 2004 to 2013 for the panel of 39 countries. Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index and gravity model approach was employed considering country and time specific fixed effect. The RCA index revealed that cotton sub-sectors have competitive advantage in export and there is gradual gain in the competitiveness with time. The opportunity exists in the markets of low, lower-middle and upper-middle income countries and countries those have fair trade (low tariff and non-tariff barriers) for cotton export. Greater export potential lies with Malaysia, Kenya, Jordan, Thailand, Mauritius, Netherlands, Norway, Australia and Russian Federation for export of cotton, however, export potential for cotton has been exhausted with Canada, France, India, Iran and Saudi Arabia. The study provide the policy information that countries of Latin America, Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Northern Africa are virgin for export. Therefore, Pakistan should penetrate in these markets for export of cotton and other agricultural products. Cognizant to new trade theories, Pakistan should focus on quality to gain maximum trade volume in the markets of high-income countries. Pakistan may develop trade agreement with ASEAN, SAFTA, and EU-27for export of agricultural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African governments have intervened extensively in markets through regulations and other price, trade, or marketing policies to provide price incentives to farmers. Using data from the Monitoring and Analyzing Food and Agricultural Policies program, this paper reports nominal rates of protection (NRPs) for rice and cotton at wholesale and farm level in selected African countries between 2005 and 2010. Rice is an import that has received high levels of border protection by the governments concerned while cotton is a key export crop which has been the focus of direct and indirect public intervention. For both commodities, we provide evidence for both market and nonmarket failures. In the case of rice, these prevent border protection from reaching farmers while raising consumer prices. Cotton ginning and marketing is concentrated in a small number of private sector companies in most countries studied. The farm level NRPs provide evidence of market failure in these countries that may be mitigated by policies that set indicative prices and encourage competition. The NRPs indicate nonmarket failure in the two countries that maintain parastatal monopsonies for cotton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is the first cotton producer and importer in the world. This article investigates the impact its net imports have on the world cotton price. Using annual data from 1976 to 2009, the results show a strong positive and significant impact both in the short and in the long run. These findings are important as it helps policy makers and forecasters to improve the quality of their models. This work could also be extended to other commodity markets as China becomes a major player in the world economy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper provides a detailed analysis of the cotton sector reform process in Mali from 2000 to 2011, explaining reform delays and ambiguities in terms of the wider political and socio-economic context and aid relationships. Contrary to arguments pointing to lack of state commitment and ownership, domestic stakeholders increasingly worked towards finding an acceptable and consensual reform package. The process encountered quite serious obstacles, however, due to divergent actors' incentives, and the existence of opposing philosophies about what a restructured cotton sector should look like. As a consequence of donors' misjudgement of the political and social realities underlying the Malian cotton sector, dialogue among stakeholders was difficult and polarised, forcing the government to spend considerable time and resources to find a suitable compromise. This paper contributes to a better understanding of the merits and limits of pursuing consensual policy processes against the constraints posed by divergent donors' policy paradigms. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The present paper develops a model with US cotton exports depending on the stock-to-use ratio, trade weighted exchange rates, and the relative cotton prices. The role of inventories in cotton consumption is examined in five textile producing cotton importers, China, Indonesia, Thailand, South Korea, and Taiwan. Cotton inventory dynamics is diverse among Asian textile producers. Relative prices have negative effect in all markets as expected. Exchange rate elasticities show that effects should be examined for each separate market. Changes in rates of depreciation also have stronger effects than exchange rate. Results reveal that these countries are not all that homogenous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute between Brazil and the U.S. over U.S. agricultural products export credit guarantees that violated the General Sales Manager 102 program (GSM-102) program. It mentions that the Brazil claimed that U.S. Cotton Program provisions were not in compliance with WTO requirements, and negotiations between Brazil and the U.S.

The upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) industry in the United States has shifted from a domestic market to an export-based market that mandates simultaneous improvements of yield and various fiber traits to maintain competitiveness. Fiber elongation (ability to stretch before breaking) is one of the key fiber parameters in determining yarn quality. It is a trait that is largely understudied due to an absence of monetary incentives for growers to produce high-elongation cotton fibers. Five upland genotypes were selected as representatives of major upland cotton germplasm pools in the United States. These genotypes and their 10 F1 progenies were grown in College Station, TX, in 2010 and 2011, and fiber properties were tested in a diallel analysis. Overall, general combining ability was greater than specific combining ability for fiber elongation, suggesting the predominance of additive gene action. Two parental lines, cultivar PSC 355 and germplasm line Dever Line 8, were identified as good combiners for fiber elongation when fibers were measured with the High Volume Instrument (HVI) and the Stelometer. A highly significant negative correlation was observed between fiber upper-half mean length and elongation, whereas a slight negative correlation was observed for elongation and strength. Stelometer and HVI readings for elongation were correlated with r value of 0.69. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the day before Brazil was to start imposing retaliatory sanctions against the United States in the WTO dispute settlement case regarding unfair domestic and export upland cotton subsidies, the parties have reached a preliminary concession aimed at settling this eight-year-long trade dispute. In this paper, we explore the economywide impacts of a no deal with specific emphasis on intellectual property retaliation in a computable general equilibrium framework. As awarded by a WTO dispute settlement panel, Brazil would have been entitled to $591 million in retaliatory sanctions in goods sectors and $238 million in intellectual property sanctions. We find that retaliation by Brazil would have led to welfare gains for all countries except the United States. Most importantly, however, had Brazil not been allowed to retaliate in the form of suspension of intellectual property rights, the impact of trade retaliation alone would have been negative for both Brazil and the United States, a case of shooting oneself in the foot to shoot at the other person's foot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]