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Michael Faraday's laboratory experiments have dominated traditional histories of the electrical sciences in 1820s and 1830s Britain. However, as this article demonstrates, in the mining region of Cornwall, Robert Were Fox fashioned a very different approach to the study of electromagnetic phenomena. Here, it was the mine that provided the foremost site of scientific experimentation, with Fox employing these underground locations to measure the Earth's heat and make claims over the existence of subterranean electrical currents. Yet securing philosophical claims cultivated in mines proved challenging for Fox, with metropolitan audiences, including Faraday, loath to give credit to the results of these underground experiments. This article explores how Fox developed a way of modeling his mine experiments, using clay samples, to communicate knowledge from industrial Cornwall to urban centers of elite science. It argues that the mine was an epistemologically complex venue of scientific activity, at once seeming to provide a way of examining nature directly, without recourse to laboratory contrivance, while simultaneously being a place where knowledge claims were hard to verify without access to these physically challenging locations. In exploring Fox's work, this study contributes to a growing literature of spatial investigation that takes the vertical as its unit of analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasingly there is an understanding of the complexities of heritage within UK research, practice and policy. This has contributed to a growing recognition of intangible heritage, however there remains low awareness, and lack of sustained support, for Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH). This paper outlines a case study - 'The Man Engine Pilgrimage' a popular performative heritage event in 2016 that celebrated the ten-year anniversary of Cornwall as a WHS, designated 'Outstanding Universal Value'. Central to this heritage performance was a twelve metre tall mechanical puppet, replicating parts of the mining process, which made a pilgrimage across the Cornish landscape, visiting old mining sites as an act of community remembrance, spatial identity and celebration. These events called attention to ways that 'heritage' was used and celebrated through formal and informal processes and practices. The study in particular provided insight into structural changes in official heritage processes in Cornwall that facilitated bridging processes or entry points for 'from-below' voices and intangible heritage. The latter included performing Cornishness, which is explored as the living, sensorial embodied performance of heritage in public. This is a reflexive cultural process, where values and symbolic meanings are seen in action – a 'loose' space. Within this performativity meanings and values are created, negotiated, confirmed or refuted in this process of heritage making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated the myogenic potential of muscle stem cells (MuSCs) derived from three distinct chicken purebreds—Rhode Island Red (RIR), White Leghorn (WL), and Cornish (CN). Chicken MuSCs were isolated from the breast muscles of chicken embryos on embryonic day 18 using a pre-plating method. Subsequently, the cells underwent a three-day proliferation period, followed by a three-day differentiation phase. WL MuSCs exhibited higher myogenic potential initially compared to RIR and CN. Despite a relatively lower proliferation rate, WL demonstrated a higher proportion of PAX7-positive cells and showed higher expression of myogenic regulatory factor genes than the other breeds. During differentiation, MuSCs from WL formed thicker muscle fibers and showed the highest proportion of myosin-heavy chain-positive cells than MuSCs from other breeds. Additionally, the expression of MYH1, associated with muscle maturation, was highest in WL. Overall, this finding suggests that the myogenic potential of MuSCs from WL surpasses those of RIR and CN. Given the fact that WL is primarily used for egg laying with a low growth rate in the traditional poultry industry, the present study highlights the crucial distinction between selecting production characteristics in conventional animal husbandry and those desirable for cultured meat production.

This article is centred around a detailed review of D.H. Frost's new (2023) critical edition and translation of the Cornish and Latin text Sacrament an Alter, in both its theological/historical and its philological/linguistic aspects. First, Dr Frost's exposition of his text's remarkable background is placed against the constantly changing character of official Tudor ideology, and the ecclesiological lens through which he views his material discussed. Points from his linguistic analysis (including revivalist reconstructions) are then examined and, prompted by Frost's portrayal of the state of Cornish-language literacy in the last quarter of the sixteenth century, similarities are adduced with the known situation of near-contemporary Manx Gaelic. Traditional Cornish went into ultimately terminal decline, but Manx went on to receive both the Prayer Book and the Bible in translation; Cornwall's disadvantage in not constituting a diocese in its own right is suggested as a significant factor in the contrasting fates of the two small Celtic languages in question. Finally, attention is drawn to the potentially striking efficacy of small networks of dedicated scholars, whatever their time and place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the inaugural issue of Past and Present , Eric Hobsbawm cautioned historians against the assumption that a capitalist economy has an inherent tendency to cost-saving and technological innovation, emphasizing that 'It has a bias only towards profit'. Inspired by Hobsbawm, this article shows how a history of profit can elucidate the economic and social history of machines. Beginning with miners' protests at the stoppage of Boulton & Watt steam engines in Cornish copper mines in the late 1780s, it shows that these engines' implications for the people who invested in, and worked, the mines were conditioned by a complex relationship between profit and power: mechanical power, which was crucial to the mining of copper and the costs of its production; imperial power, given fluctuating demand for copper from different parts of the British empire; and market power, since control over price setting on the British copper market was crucial for Cornish mining profits. Understanding what determined mines' profits helps to account for capitalists' decisions to stop their engines as well as copper miners' protests at their actions. More generally, it suggests the potential of studying the economic and social history of new machines through the lens of profit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Languages are subject to increasingly complex market conditions. This presents opportunities and challenges for sustainable development within minority communities, given tensions between identity and profit, particularly within regional tourism. Through a social sustainability lens, this article compares the opportunities and challenges for sustainable linguistic and cultural practices across two contexts: Cornish and Silesian. It seeks to answer the extent to which these cultures are sustainable, and how their futures could look. We focus on two distinct yet broadly interrelated themes, predominantly within Cornwall and Silesia: (old and new) media and commodification. For commodification, we also integrate a dialogue on Cornish-Mexican and Silesian-Texan heritage. Whilst we see the increased presence of old media in both Silesian and Cornish, there appear to be challenges - across both contexts - in terms of new media resourcing. Whilst commodification is a dynamic present across both contexts, it seems to have accrued more momentum in Cornwall than Silesia. In diverse ways, both cultures appear to show different commodification dynamics in the Mexican and Texan overseas communities, when compared with Cornwall and Silesia. In concluding, this article poses questions around the increased visibility of small languages and cultures: how they may be made more visible without falling into the trap of misrepresenting communities' culture(s) and language(s). Reaching across sites helps us sketch avenues for future exploration and policy innovation. The focus on sustainable growth kindled by this paper is important to empower minority communities, scope out new possibilities, and ensure long-term conservation of minority futures both within and beyond Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that affect the body weight of chickens. Analysis of body weight showed that the Cornish breed had the highest body weight, and the Korean native chicken (Gray Brown) had the lowest body weight. TSH is composed of an α-subunit and a β-subunit, and the TSH-β gene encoding the β-subunit has been reported to be associated with obesity. In chickens, it is located on chromosome 26 and is reported to be associated with growth. The calcium-sensing receptor gene (CaSR) plays a role in the regulation of extracellular calcium homeostasis and is responsible for calcium absorption in the urinary tract, which affects the eggshell quality in poultry. It was shown that TSH-β was strongly correlated with weight in Cornish and Korean native (Gray Brown) chickens, particularly in those with the CC trait. However, CaSR showed no association with body weight in poultry; it was associated with calcium and the eggshell. Thus, selection for TSH-β can be used to produce individuals with more favorable traits in terms of body weight.

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The implementation of Cornish as a community language in Cornwall has become more evident, especially during the last two decades. However, since Cornish speakers constitute not much more than one percent of the total population, it is important to take into account not only their position but also the attitudes of the non-Cornish speakers in order to achieve some success. The literature about attitudes towards the implementation of Cornish is very scarce. SGRÙD Research provided some details about the use of Cornish amongst the speakers in 2000. PFA Research (2007) described general apathy and rather weak opposition to the implementation of Cornish while the Cornish Language Partnership (2013b) presented some positive data amongst the employees of Cornwall Council. The present study, based on the answers of 367 individuals to a questionnaire, provides a more detailed and updated vision on the people’s views. It describes a very different panorama from those outlined previously, with attitudes radically opposed between Cornish and non-Cornish nationals. It is expected that these results may serve to implement a more people friendly language policy which may benefit Cornish and its speakers without encouraging opposition from the rest of the population.

This article investigates the significance of the Cornish setting in Thomas Hardy's A Pair of Blue Eyes. Given a long tradition of marginalizing the region in literary and cultural histories, Hardy's use of Cornwall in his writing is more than just an incidental product of his personal experiences. This analysis illuminates Cornwall's significance in the Victorian popular imagination as a seemingly barbarous, uncivilized space, arguing that Hardy's familiarity with a haunted Cornwall influences his use of Gothic tropes in the novel. Hardy's Cornwall is a distinct region with a distinct history, part of but separate from England. An understanding of contemporaneous cultural changes in Cornwall at the time--with which Hardy would have been familiar--enriches and informs our understanding of the author's use of genre and regionality in this novel and in his wider oeuvre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Middle Breton (MB) presents a singular anomaly of pronominal argument coding. Objects are accusative proclitics save in two constructions, where coding is split by person: 3rd unique enclitics ~ 1st/2nd accusative proclitics. The constructions are HAVE, from Insular Celtic mihi est, where the new coding replaces inflectional nominatives (cf. Latin mihi est ~ sunt); and imperatives, where it replaces accusative enclitics in V1 (cf. French aide-moi ~ ne m'aide pas). The evolution is traced in light of a crosslinguistic construction type that suggests its nature, noncanonical subject + 3rd nominative ~ 1st/2nd accusative object. Part I: (1) Decomposition of HAVE as dative clitic + BE from Brythonic throughout "conservative" varieties of Breton. (2) Breton-Cornish innovation of nonclitic datives for mihi est and their subjecthood. Part II: (3) Brythonic unavailibility of mesoclisis in V1 and Breton-Cornish nonagreement with nominative objects, resulting in independent > enclitic pronouns for accusative objects of imperatives and nominative objects of mihi est. (4) MB alignment of imperatives with mihi est in 3rd person, restriction on nominative enclitics, and recruitment of 1st/2nd person accusative proclitics upon loss of mesoclisis. (5) Transition to accusative objects in "innovative" varieties and subject-object case interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Situated at the extreme south west periphery of the British Isles, Cornwall's territorial isolation bred cultural isolation which has been construed and reconstrued over time, giving Cornwall a distinctive cultural flavour. Initially borne out by facts of geography, Cornwall, or 'Kernow', experiences a dynamic yet enduring peripheral existence (see Payton, 1992). This article explores how Anglo-Cornish dialect words can be used as a means of identity construction, that is, how a Cornish way of speaking is used to construct identities associated with a Cornish way of being. I hypothesise that those who desire greater Cornish autonomy are more likely to use Anglo-Cornish dialect lexis than those who favour further socio-cultural assimilation with England. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Railways have contributed to the complex mosaic of Cornish identity in three ways. First, as a holiday destination promoted from late Victorian times until the Second World War by companies such as the Great Western Railway, London and South Western Railway and Southern. Initially marketing its mild climate and health benefits as an alternative to holidaying abroad evolved, from the 1920s, into an enduring tourist gaze of romantic landscapes, myth and legend. Second, structural changes in the Cornish economy in association with a decline in metal mining precipitated large-scale emigration which continued until the start of the First World War. Railways represented the initial phase of the emigrant journey and the volume of migration was such that their role has become part of a cultural text signifying both loss and opportunity. Lastly, their physical presence and contribution to the landscape adds a further layer of social and cultural significance to Cornish identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After over twenty years of debate over Cornish orthographies, recognition by the UK government according to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in 2003 led to the creation of what was initially intended as a "single written form" for use in official contexts. However, the inevitable impossibility of finding a compromise that pleased opposing groups of speakers with differing ideologies meant that the eventual Standard Written Form (SWF) was pluricentric, comprising two "main forms". While these were initially stated to be of equal status, this has been hard to maintain since the SWF's implementation: with more speakers using Middle Cornish forms, the Late Cornish forms are less visible and commonly believed to be subsidiary. Drawing on such perceptions, along with learning materials and other resources, this paper examines the status of the SWF today and offers some reflections on this unsuccessful attempt at pluricentricity in a minoritised language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perhaps the greatest misconception about cultural diversity is that the Internet has been a barrier to its sustenance by swallowing up smaller cultures in a torrent of English, Spanish and other mass media languages. However, the Internet has equipped people with the possibility of sustaining their ancestral tongues by expanding media access and creation, making it possible to use minoritized languages on a daily basis and promote them in a global context without external support. This article explores the historical relationship between language assimilation and colonization and, by extension, the central role that language reclamation plays in decolonization; and the recent groundswell of online language activism through geographically diverse case studies, including Tunica, Kernowek and Võro. This article initiates an unwritten history of language activism in the twenty-first century and demonstrates the foundation of a roadmap for leveraging the Internet in contemporary language revival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Of the four unrounded front vowels in Primitive Cornish, /i/, /ε/ and /a/ remained stable when long in closed syllables, but /I/ had a tendency to fall together with /ε/. Jackson (1953) and Williams (1995) dated this change to the twelfth century, but the present research indicates that in most words, the change took place substantially later. An analysis of spellings and of rhymes show that not all words changed at the same time. Most stressed monosyllables in historical /-Iz/ were pronounced [-I:z] in Middle Cornish and [-ε:z] in Late Cornish. Those with historical /-Ið/ and /-Iθ/ were dimorphic in Middle Cornish (i.e. they were spelled with both and ), showing the sound-change in progress during that time. The process of change from [I:] to [ε] was one of lexical diffusion. The implications for the revived language are briefly examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Develop a closed-form estimation of the travel time percentile function. • Circumvent the issues associated with distribution fitting method. • Sufficiently adaptable to capturing heterogeneous travel time distributions. • Integrate two improvements with proven foundation for high-quality estimation. • Demonstrate the accuracy and flexibility of the proposed method using real datasets. Abstract Travel time reliability (TTR) has received great attention in the past decades. The majority of TTR measures rely on the travel time percentile function as a basic element for performance evaluation. There are two main approaches for deriving the travel time percentile function: simple unimodal probability distribution models and mixture/nonparametric models. Despite the tractability of the former approach, they cannot sufficiently capture the travel time distributions (TTDs) due to their heterogeneity, and also often encounters many issues such as the failure of significance tests and the indecisiveness among multiple fitted distributions. On the other hand, the latter approach possesses greater flexibility for capturing diverse TTDs, but it does not have a simple and closed-form travel time percentile function. Motivated by the above drawbacks, this paper proposes a closed-form and flexible approach for estimating the travel time percentile function of diverse TTDs based on the Cornish–Fisher expansion without the need to assume/fit a certain distribution type. To ensure a high-quality estimation, we introduce and integrate two improvements with theoretically proven foundation into the Cornish–Fisher expansion while guaranteeing a closed-form expression of the travel time percentile function. Specifically, the first improvement, logarithm transformation, increases the probability of satisfying the validity domain of the Cornish–Fisher expansion; while the second improvement, rearrangement, guarantees a monotone travel time percentile function when travel time datasets cannot satisfy the validity domain after the logarithm transformation. Realistic travel time datasets are used to examine the accuracy and robustness of the proposed method. Compared to five widely-used probability distributions, the proposed method is sufficiently adaptable to estimating percentile function of diverse TTDs with lower estimation error. More importantly, it has a closed-form expression of the travel time percentile function, which would facilitate characterizing TTR in large-scale network applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copy number variation (CNV) has great significance both functionally and evolutionally. Various CNV studies are in progress to find the cause of human disease and to understand the population structure of livestock. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology have made CNV detection more reliable and accurate at whole-genome level. However, there is a lack of CNV studies on chickens using NGS. Therefore, we obtained whole-genome sequencing data of 65 chickens including Red Jungle Fowl, Cornish (broiler), Rhode Island Red (hybrid), and White Leghorn (layer) from the public databases for CNV region (CNVR) detection. Using CNVnator, a read-depth based software, a total of 663 domesticated-specific CNVRs were identified across autosomes. Gene ontology analysis of genes annotated in CNVRs showed that mainly enriched terms involved in organ development, metabolism, and immune regulation. Population analysis revealed that CN and RIR are closer to each other than WL, and many genes (LOC772271, OR52R1, RD3, ADH6, TLR2B, PRSS2, TPK1, POPDC3, etc.) with different copy numbers between breeds found. In conclusion, this study has helped to understand the genetic characteristics of domestic chickens at CNV level, which may provide useful information for the development of breeding systems in chickens.

Czech small city with a relatively young name ‒ Košťany ‒ was called entirely differently in the past. There were converging artificial streams that contained tin ore. Not far from these watercourses several Celtic artifacts were found and a world-renowned Celtic treasure was placed into a nearly water spring. Therefore, the search for the origin of the name of the village focused on a possible Celtic origin. The original name of the village was Costen or Kosten. And in the Cornish language (originally surviving Celtic language on the peninsula Cornwall) there exists a word costean ‒ it is read kosten. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper compares efforts to revive the spoken use of two European languages which have fallen into disuse: Cornish, spoken in the southwest of England, and Livonian in Latvia. Different approaches have been taken in encouraging heritage learners to use the languages again, but there are points in common, and each has something to learn from the other. The work of the Cornish Language Partnership in organizing and encouraging Cornish learners is compared with the courses run by the branch of the Livonian Association in Kolka, Kurzeme. Kokkuvõte. Christopher Moseley: Kogukonna keele revitaliseerimine: liivi ja teised keelekogukonnad. Käesolev artikkel võrdleb jõupingutusi velmata keele suulist kasutust kahe Euroopa keele puhul, mida ei ole enam igapäevaselt kasutatud: need on korni keel Edela-Inglismaal ja liivi keel Lätis. Erinevaid lähenemisi on rakendatud, et julgustada pärimuskeele õppijaid kasutama jälle neid keeli, kuid on ka ühisjooni ning ikka on midagi õppida ka üksteiselt. Korni Keele Ühingu tööd keeleõppe korraldamisel ja õppijate motiveerimisel on võrreldud kursustega, mida on läbi viinud Liivi Liidu Kolka osakond Kuramaal. Märksõnad: Liivi keel, taaselustamine, korni keel, kogukond, õpetamine, õppimine Kubbõvõttõks. Christopher Moseley: Kubgõn kīel ūdpǟl jelstõmi: liivõ ja munt kīelkubgõnd. Kēra ītlõb kīel sūliz kȭlbatimiz jelātimiz vingõrtõkši kǭd Eirōp kīel pǟl, mis jemīņ äb ūotõ jegā pǟva kȭlbatõd: ne ātõ korn kēļ lǟnd Englišmǭl ja līvõ kēļ Lețmǭl. Vaitiži ležgõldõkši um kȭlbatõd jūlgastõmõks pierāndkīeld oppijid ūdpǟl kȭlbatõm nēḑi kēļi, agā um ka ītiži nǟdõkši ja īdõkabāl um mis oppõ īdtuoiz kädst. Korn Kīel Īt tīedõ kīeloppimiz sǟdlõmiz ja oppijid motivīerimiz jūs um ītõltõd kursõdõks, mis um lebbõ vīnd Līvõd Īt Kūolka jag Kurmǭl.

The article discusses tradition and cultural resistance in Cornwall, which was part of the canton of Dumnonia, an administrative district which had its centre in Exeter. Topics discussed include the period of transition from an independent state to a remote colony, the development of the Tudor nation state that made Cornwall a part of England, and the Cornish language and culture.

Linguistic diversity is complicated. It involves two main elements: a headcount of "languages", plus variation and variability within and between them. In this article we show how language policy in Europe claims to protect diversity but falls short on these two measures. Our legal analysis examines the institutional politics of the European Union, details of accession, and institutionalisation of multilingualism. We describe the manifestation of a multilevel language hierarchy: working languages are topmost, then official languages, then non-official languages. This largely privileges national languages, principally English. Meanwhile allochthonous ('immigrant') languages are discounted, despite outnumbering autochthonous ('indigenous') languages. Our legal analysis therefore suggests an early stumble for linguistic diversity: even limited to a headcount of "languages", most are neglected. Next, our sociolinguistic analysis examines the Council of Europe's approach to protecting minority languages. We show how diversity can decline even among protected languages, using two case studies: Cornish, a young revival; and Welsh, an older, more established revival. The Cornish revival could only proceed after agreement on singular standardisation. Meanwhile the internal diversity of Welsh has declined significantly, fuelled by the normative reproduction of its standard form in education, and by sharpened social pressures against local dialects. Moreover, by comparing the EU and the Council of Europe, we aim for an overarching argument about "European language policy". We conclude that linguistic diversity is neglected, through exclusion of most of the languages spoken in Europe, and pressures on language-internal diversity within protected languages. Linguistic diversity is something richer and more complex than the limited goals of existing policies; it transcends language boundaries, and may be damaged by planned intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of Cornish's crime-scripts approach in situational crime prevention grows apace. However, we believe the conceptual foundation of cognitive scripts imported from Abelson and colleagues was rather unclear and is too narrow to support current script research. We therefore review the notion of scripts to both promote clarity and better connect it to mainstream situational prevention and criminology more generally. We also seek to broaden the approach by exploring additional cross-disciplinary links. We believe all this will support the progressively more demanding uses to which the procedural analysis of crime may be put in research and practice and-more broadly-challenge how human behaviour in crime is analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]