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Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is an important freshwater teleost pathogen that often leads to significant economic losses to food and ornamental fish industry. The purpose of this study was to assess the acute toxicity of copper naphthenate to the free-living stages of I. multifiliis (theronts and protomonts). The results obtained showed that the administration of low doses (4, 6, 8, 10 mg/l) of 2.4 % copper naphthenate during a 4 h exposure killed nearly all free-living stages of I. multifiliis (theronts, protomonts). The demonstrated in vitro efficacy of copper naphthenate suggests its great potential to control I. multifiliis infections in commercial aquaculture systems.

Two formulations of wood preservative one containing water-dispersible copper naphthenate (CuN) alone and in combination with sodium fluoride (NaF) were used to treat southern pine sapwood blocks to determine the effect of the addition of sodium fluoride in the QNS on the protection against wood decay fungi using laboratory soil block tests following AWPA (American Wood protection Association) standard E10-16 [American Wood Protection Association AWPA-E10. (2016) Laboratory Method for Evaluating the Decay Resistance of Wood-based Materials Against Pure Basidiomycete Cultures: Soil/Block Test]. The standard consists in exposing treated blocks to pure monoculture of white rot (Irpex lacteus (FP-105915) and Trametes versicolor (R-105)) and brown rot fungi (Gloeophyllum trabeum (Madison 617) and Postia placenta (Madison 698) during a specific period. The weight loss (WL) in percentage of treated blocks was used as an indicator of the biological performance of treated blocks against basidiomycetes at specific retentions. Minimum WL was obtained with blocks treated with the formulation containing mixture of QNS and sodium fluoride with the retention of 0.29 kg/m3 Cu and 0.51 kg/m3 of fluorine in treated blocks. A copper retention of 1.65 kg/m3 from blocks treated with formulations containing only QNS was needed to obtain similar WL to blocks containing blocks Cu++ and F− (fluorine). The lower Cu retention is attributed to a combination of the presence of the fluorine with some toxic activities against bacteria and decay and the interaction of anions fluorine and ionic Cu (II) in the aqueous treating solutions to form more soluble biological toxic hydrate of copper fluoride ((H2O Cu (II) F2) in treated blocks compared to copper complexes less biological available in water-dispersible CuN-treated bocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Low-cost and facile preparation of high-performance nanomaterials has aroused research passion to build non-enzymatic glucose sensor. In this work, uniform and dense Cu nanoparticles were immobilized on ITO electrode by one-step electrochemical deposition, where the Cu nanoparticles/ITO (Cu NPs/ITO) electrode were directly employed for glucose sensing without additional binder. During the deposition, the complexing agent and deposition potential were adjusted to realize the morphology-controlled of Cu NPs and further decrease the aggregation of nanoparticles. Subsequently, the concentration of sodium citrate, deposition potential, NaOH concentration and detection potential on the electrooxidation performances of Cu NPs/ITO were investigated systematically by electrochemical analysis. Under the optimal conditions, the sensor exhibited a high sensitivity of 1005.09 μA mM−1 cm−2 and a wide linear range of 0.0033–3.9019 mM (R2 = 0.998), benefiting from the high conductivity, large surface area and directly electron transfer of binder-free Cu nanoparticles with uniform and dense morphology. Great stability, reproducibility, selectivity and feasible human serum analysis of Cu NPs/ITO were also demonstrated in glucose sensing. Owing to its low-cost, one-step preparation and great performance, this Cu NPs/ITO electrode can be a promising candidate for the construction of non-enzymatic glucose sensor. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Low-cost and one-step preparation of binder-free Cu NPs/ITO electrode for non-enzymatic glucose sensing. • Complexing agent and deposition potential are adjusted to realize the morphology-controlled of Cu NPs. • A simple sensor base on uniform and dense Cu NPs exhibits great sensing performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creosote-treated wooden bridge ties in the South-Eastern U.S.A. last about 15-20 years, which falls well below the national average of 40 years for crossties. It was demonstrated that diffusion of inserted liquid disodium octaborate tetrahydrate within wooden bridge ties was dramatically increased during Boulton treatment. The objective of this study was to determine how much diffusion of borate inside the bridge tie occurred over time, after initial treatment. Green hardwood bridge ties were ported, borate treated and then Boulton treated with copper naphthenate at a commercial tie treatment plant. Retention and location of borate within the wood was tested at 3, 14 and 40 weeks after the treatment. As previously found, movement of borate within the wood was significantly enhanced by the elevated temperature and steam generated during the Boulton cycle. It appeared that borate continued to diffuse inside of the tie and would likely treat and protect a significant volume of the heartwood over time and thus increase bridge tie life in a similar way to crossties. It is hoped that the results will reduce environmental impact, improve safety and enable railroads to continue to use wood with confidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual-treatment technology combining diffusible preservatives with oil-borne preservatives, widely used for crossties in the USA, has now also been commercialized with bridge ties/timbers. In order to understand the implications of these changes, the historic service life of creosote-treated bridge timbers in northern and southeastern USA were considered as well as field-test data for both creosote and copper naphthenate. These were used to estimate potential future service life. Estimates on life expectancy with added borates were also made from published data on performance. Cost-benefit analysis based on creosote and copper naphthenate costs as well as assumptions made from field-test efficacy data suggest cost savings of up to $20 per timber per year of additional service. Service life extension and the resulting cost savings could be achieved in a number of ways: change preservative from creosote to copper naphthenate; increase active ingredient retention; and/or add dual-treatment protection. A preservative change from creosote to copper naphthenate would be the simplest and lowest cost way of increasing service life of bridge timbers, with potential savings to both treater and railroad. An increase in copper retention could also give significant life extension, could be carried out at little additional cost and without increasing bleeding. The addition of borate to protect the heartwood also provides significant assumed increase bridge tie life, and can be used with either creosote or copper naphthenate treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential for migration of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and copper naphthenate (CuNaph) from Douglas-fir was assessed in a bridge over a stream located in Western Oregon in the United States. All rainfall runoff was collected from a portion of the bridge on 15 occasions over a 27 month period and analyzed for pentachlorophenol or copper. PCP and copper were detected at every time point. PCP concentrations ranged from 0.296 to 6.183 μg/mL, while those for copper ranged from 0.37 to 7.80 μg/mL. These data were then used to estimate PCP and Cu inputs in runoff from the entire bridge. Stream flow data were then used to predict the concentrations that would develop in the receiving stream. The results showed that runoff from the bridge would result in PCP and copper concentrations that were 500–1000 times lower than the reported levels of effect for each component. The results are discussed in the context of this location as well as other sites with lower stream flow conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigations of a biaryl ether scaffold identified tetrahydronaphthalene Raf inhibitors with good in vivo activity; however these compounds had affinity toward the hERG potassium channel. Herein we describe our work to eliminate this hERG activity via alteration of the substituents on the benzoic amide functionality. The resulting compounds have improved selectivity against the hERG channel, good pharmacokinetic properties and potently inhibit the Raf pathway in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aim of the present study is investigation of free convection cooling in an L-shape enclosure filled with copper–water nanofluid. The governing equations are solved numerically using finite volume approach. The effects of the volume fraction of the Cu nanoparticles, Rayleigh number and the aspect ratio of the L-shaped enclosure on the heat transfer coefficient, temperature and velocity profiles are studied. The results show that at high Rayleigh numbers, the dominant heat transfer mechanism shifts from conduction to free convection. By increasing Rayleigh number, the numbers of eddies will increase, but the maximum heat transfer coefficient will decrease. For all ranges of Rayleigh number, increasing the volume fraction of the Cu nanoparticles enhances heat transfer coefficient. The simulation results show that inclusion of a number of pins inside the enclosure has a significant effect on increasing the heat transfer coefficient. Also, inclination angle is another important improvement factor for increasing free convection in the enclosures. The numerical results demonstrate that the enclosure with an inclination angle of ω = 225°, has the maximum heat transfer coefficient. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The oscillations of liquid slugs and vapor plugs inside an oscillating heat pipe (OHP) are captured and shown in terms of pressure frequency spectrum. Pressure fluctuation inside a single loop OHP between the evaporative and the condensing sections is analyzed to evaluate thermal performance. De-Ionized (DI) water and Cu/water nanofluid with different mass fractions (0.5 wt%, 1 wt%, 2 wt% and 3 wt%) are studied subjected to the evaporative heat load of 20–120 W. Swirling, bubble creation and bubble growth phenomena are observed inside OHP integrated with circulation and oscillating motion of vapor plug and liquid slug. Furthermore, deposition of nanoparticles is found on the surface of the evaporative section of OHP when charged with nanofluid. Experimental results show that Cu/Water nanofluid containing 2 wt% of Cu nanoparticles facilitates lowest thermal resistance and highest magnitude of pressure fluctuation inside OHP. Maximum 22% efficiency is achieved by Cu/Water nanofluid with 2 wt% of Cu nanoparticles at 80 W of evaporative power input. However, thermal performance is found significantly interrelated with inside pressure fluctuation of OHP. Cu/water nanofluid is found to promote circulation and oscillation of the liquid slug and the vapor plug rather than reinforcing bubble formation and bubble growth inside OHP. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The reactions of ligand N'-[(pyridin-2-yl)methylene]-pyrazine-2-carbohydrazide (pped) with different copper salts (l, acetate; 2, perchlorate; 3, sulfate) in MeOH could afford one acetate-bridge tetranudear discrete [Cu2(ppcd)(ac)2(H2O)(0H)]2.H2O (l), one-dimen-sional (ID) chiral chain [Cu(ppcd)]ClO4 (2), and a ID-decker complex of a trinudear copper(II) subunit, Cu3(ppcd)2(H2O)4(SO4)2 (3). Single-crystal X-ray analysis revealed diat conformation isomerism of the pped ligand was assodated with the configuration of --N--N-- (trans or eis) and could induce the versatile coordination mode in the presence of different anions. The ID chiral diain was interestingly obtained from the achiral rigid ligand in complex 2. Magnetic studies indicated that the magnitude of the antiferromagnetic coupling can be timed because of the configuration isomerism [compound 1 is practically diamagnetic at room temperature (J ≈ --1000 cm-1), with a strong antiferromagnetic one (J = --255.4 cm-1) for 2 in the ID uniform chain and an antiferromagnetic one (J = --123.6 cm-1) for 3 within the trinudear copper subunit]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract: CuS hollow spheres have been synthesized through a facile microemulsion template route at room temperature using copper naphthenate as metal precursor and thioacetamide as the source of S2−. In our method, the metal precursor and sulfur source dissolved in two different phases; the reaction only occurs at oil/water interface. Thus, hollow spheres can be fabricated more easily. The CuS hollow spheres prepared at room temperature are loose aggregates which are composed of small primary nanoparticles. To form stable hollow spheres it is a key to ensure the growth of nanoparticles at initial stage of reaction by a high interfacial reaction rate. So the reaction conditions that can control interfacial reaction rate are important factors for forming hollow spheres. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: CuS hollow spheres have been successfully synthesized through a facile microemulsion-template-interfacial-reaction route using copper naphthenate as metal precursor and thioacetamide as the source of S2−. In this way, hollow spheres could be obtained directly since the reaction of two reactants respectively dissolved in two different phases of an oil-in-water (o/w) microemulsion only occurs at the oil/water interface. Therefore, it is a key for forming hollow spheres to optimize the interfacial reaction rate by controlling reaction conditions. Furthermore, the size of the hollow spheres can be tailored by changing the content of oil phase. In this study, the average diameter of the CuS hollow spheres can be adjusted from 110 to 280nm by changing the content of oil phase from 0.5ml to 1.5ml. In addition, the reaction temperature is a very important factor for forming CuS hollow spheres and the appropriate reaction temperature is about 50°C. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

End-sealed rubberwood blocks were impregnated with a 1:l v/v mixture of 1-bromopropane and cyclohexane via their radial and tangential surfaces and allowed to dry slowly at 20 °C. X-radiography through the transverse surface showed that the concentrations of 1-bromopropane were consistently higher in the centre than in the periphery of the block. A similar impregnation using cyclohexane alone resulted in the concentration at the centre of the block being initially somewhat lower than that at the periphery. However, after part of the solvent had evaporated, the concentration at the centre was relatively much higher. Two rubberwood blocks were impregnated via their radial and tangential, and transverse surfaces with a solution of copper naphthenate in cyclohexane. The blocks were then covered so that evaporation of the solvent from one block took place only via the radial and tangential surfaces and from the other only via the transverse surfaces. Radiography of the former showed that copper concentration was high at the periphery and low at the centre of the block. Radiography of the latter block showed uniform copper distribution across the transverse section. The substitution of an aqueous solution of copper sulphate resulted in a similar behaviour. These observations support the view that rubberwood offers little resistance to impregnation by liquids. Drying of the treated wood is accompanied by considerable movement of the liquid to the periphery where evaporation takes place. Any involatile solute present is deposited at or near the surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reaction of 2,3-dibromo-1,4-naphthoquinone with 2-aminothiazole in MeONa/MeOH at 60oC for 3 h gave naphtho[2',3':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole-5,10-dione in 64% yield. The reaction of 2,3-dibromo-1,4-naphthoquinone with 2-aminobenzothiazole under the above-mentioned conditions gave 2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylamino)-3-bromonaphthalene-1,4-dione in 64% yield, which on treatment with Na/THF or NaN/acetone under reflux conditions gave naphtho[2',3':4,5]imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]- benzothiazole-7,12-dione in 69 and 56% yields, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of copper naphthenate and trimethyl borate within four Malaysian woods, namely, rubberwood, kempas, keruing and dark red meranti. The impregnation of end-sealed blocks of rubberwood and kempas by copper naphthenate in white spirit was much more rapid, and the fractions of the void volumes filled were greater than was observed with keruing and dark red meranti. After oven-drying all four species treated showed higher concentrations of copper in the peripheral regions of the blocks compared with the centre. Kempas contained an extractive which formed a brown copper complex. Gaseous trimethyl borate (MeO)3B and its methanol azeotrope (MeO)3B,MeOH were absorbed by end-sealed rubberwood blocks having moisture contents below the fibre saturation point with the formation, initially, of boric acid and methanol. After oven-drying the boric acid equivalent (BAE) of the peripheral region of the blocks was greater than that of the central portion and the gaseous azeotrope had higher values than the pure ester. The use of the liquid azeotrope resulted in higher BAE values. After being oven-dried the weight increase of treated blocks suggested that the final impregnation product was not boric acid itself but a mixture of esters formed from boric acid and the polyhydroxy components of the wood. Only part of the water present in the wood appeared to react with trimethyl borate, the rest presumably being sequestered in the microvoids of the cell walls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contents of dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), serotonin (5HT), and some related metabolites were studied in different brain regions of rainbow trout at two different stages of sexual maturation (at the beginning of vitellogenesis), after naphthalene (NAP) administration. The effects of NAP varied according to duration of exposure, brain region and vitellogenesis stage of the trout, and were more significant during previtellogenesis. The changes observed in DA metabolism were generally stimulatory after exposure for 3 h, and either stimulatory or inhibitory (depending on the brain regions) after exposure for 3 days to NAP. NA levels were altered by NAP in various brain regions, but only during previtellogenesis. With respect to 5HT, treatment with NAP reduced levels of the amine and/or its main metabolite in most of the brain regions studied, particularly 3 h after treatment. The results suggest that NAP might interfere with the processes regulating brain monoamine metabolism, either locally or indirectly by altering steroid feedback to brain centres, and thus disrupt endocrine control of reproductive development through the brain–pituitary axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel conjugated materials, poly(4,8-dialkoxy-1,5-naphthalenevinylene)s (OCn-PNV, n = 4, 6, 8, and 12), have been prepared by a method similar to the Gilch procedure. The structure, optical and thermal properties of these polymers with various alkoxy side chain lengths have been evaluated by IR, UV-Vis absorption, fluorescence emission and thermogravimetric analysis. The band gap of OCn-PNV increases with increasing side chain length. Moreover, wavelengths of the photoluminescence (PL) emission peaks (λmax) of OCn-PNV solutions decrease with increasing alkoxy side chain length. This is probably due to the entanglement of long side chains that causes distortion of the conjugated main chains and thereby raises band gap of the polymer. PL λmax's of these polymers in film state are red-shifted by 14-59 nm than those in solution state. The red-shift is due to the more chain aggregations after spin coating from solution into film state and consequently the lower band gap in the film state. Besides, the polymer with shorter side chains is more thermally stable than that with longer side chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A reliable and sensitive competitive fluorescence immunoassay for the quantitative determination of naphthalene (NA) was developed. 2-naphthoxy acetic acid (NAA) was selected as the hapten of naphthalene. Active ester method (AEM) was used to couple the NAA to carrier proteins (bovine serum albumin) to form artificial immune antigen. Male New Zealand white rabbits were immunized with this antigen to obtain polyclonal antibodies, with which, a novel fluorescence immunoassay for detection of NA was described. Under best conditions, NA can be determined in the concentration range of 0.1–100 µg/L with a detection limit of 0.05 μg/L. The cross-reactivities of the anti-NA antibody to seven structurally related compounds were below 15%. Some environmental samples were analyzed with satisfactory results. It shows a good accuracy and suitability to analyze NA in environmental water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this investigation, a novel one-step fabrication of Ag-deposited Fe2O3particles and their application as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates in chemical analyses are demonstrated. To deposit Ag onto them, Fe2O3particles were dispersed in a reaction mixture consisting of ethanolic AgNO3and butylamine, and then the reaction mixture was incubated and shaken for 40 min at 50 °C. The Ag-deposited Fe2O3particles are found to be efficient SERS substrates for the vibrational spectroscopic characterization of molecular adsorbates prepared in a similar way on silver surfaces; the enhancement factor of benzenethiol adsorbed on Ag-deposited Fe2O3was estimated to be about 3 × 106. Since the magnetic particles are readily recovered from the solution phase without centrifugation and/or filtering, the SERS-active magnetic particles are useful especially in the Raman spectroscopic analysis of dissolved organic species. We evaluate their performance as SERS substrates using benzenethiol, adenine, riboflavin, and naphthalene as model compounds; thereby, for instance, adenine could be detected down to 10 nM concentrations, and naphthalene was also able to be detected down to 200 nM by using pentachlorobenzenethiol-adsorbed Ag-deposited Fe2O3particles as the adsorbent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Synergic effect of iron and copper salts as catalysts for the Sonogashira–Hagihara cross-couplings of aryl iodides with terminal alkynes is demonstrated. High yields of cross-coupled products are obtained under conditions that are smoother than those using only CuI as catalyst. Furthermore no expensive or/and toxic ligand is required. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The potential of ionic liquids (ILs) to dissolve soil contaminants at ambient conditions and the ability of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) to recover these contaminants from IL extracts are utilized serially to clean contaminated soils. Naphthalene is used as the model component to represent a group of soil contaminants, i.e. PAHs, and 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim][PF6]) is used as the IL. Naphthalene is extracted from soil by the IL, and then recovered from the IL extract by scCO2 extraction. The feasibility of using scCO2 to recover the naphthalene dissolved in the IL is investigated at 25, 35, 40°C and 80, 100, 120, 140bar conditions and for 2, 4 and 6h extraction times. ILs cleaned by scCO2 under different conditions are re-used in soil-sample extractions to observe the efficiency of IL recycling. The results show that naphthalene-contaminated soil is cleaned using [bmim][PF6], and the amount of naphthalene remaining in the soil is below the allowable contamination limit. The extraction pressure, temperature and extraction time positively affect naphthalene recovery from IL. At 140bar, 40°C and 4h extraction conditions, the naphthalene recovery from the IL by scCO2 reaches a value of 83.8%, whereas at 80bar, 25°C and 4h extraction conditions, the recovery is 12.0%. This study is novel as it investigates a soil/model-contaminant/IL/dense-CO2 system. On the basis of the findings a process flowsheet for the IL extraction of contaminated soils and continuous scCO2 extraction of the contaminants from IL extracts is also suggested. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The composition and persistence of dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) released to the water column during oil spills are altered by weathering, tidal transport, and addition of dispersants. Conventional toxicity effect metrics, such as the median lethal concentration (LC50), are inaccurate predictors of mortality from all toxicant exposure duration/concentration combinations likely to occur during spills. In contrast, survival models can predict the proportions of animals dying as a consequence of exposures differing in duration and intensity. Extending previous work with ethylnaphthalene, dimethylnaphthalene, and phenanthrene, survival time models were developed that include exposure duration and concentration to predict time to death for grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio). Two additional PAHs (naphthalene and fluorene) and a heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (dibenzothiophene) were evaluated for the present study. Preliminary explorations of these models confirmed that quantitative structure-activity regression models were possible for predicting survival model parameters from compound characteristics. Conventional 48-h LC50s also were calculated for the compounds and combined with published LC50s to predict relative PAH toxicity to P. pugio based on octanol-water partitioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Atropisomeric naphthalene proton sponges (R,S)-3 (meso), (R,R + S,S)-3 (racemic) and (S,S)-3 (enantiopure) were prepared by bis-N,N-dialkylation of 1,8-diaminonaphthalene, using both racemic (R + S)- and enantiopure (S)-2,2′-bis(bromomethyl)-1,1′-binaphthyl, respectively, as alkylating agents. The amino function of the corresponding mono-binaphthyl substituted tertiary/primary diamines (R + S)-4 (racemic) and (S)-4 (enantiopure), obtained as side products, was N,N-dimethylated to give the corresponding bis(tertiary) diamines (R + S)-2 and (S)-2, respectively. Thermal isomerisation of the meso adduct (R,S)-3 to the corresponding racemic adduct (R,R + S,S)-3 occurred in the solid state. Reversible evolution of the 1H NMR spectra of (R,S)-3, (R,R + S,S)-3 and (R + S)-2 in toluene-d 8 solution as a function of temperature was observed, showing conformational changes but no isomerisation of the binaphthyl skeleton. 1H NMR of the protonated diamines showed the resonance of a single proton at very low field (18.7–20.2ppm) in all cases. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The presence of mercaptans (RSH) can usually be detected by their inherent noxious odour but there is a need to quantify the concentration within effluent and hence allow an assessment of the latent hazard to be made prior to disposal. The versatility of using naphthoquinone as a rapid derivatising agent through which to trap such species has been evaluated. The quinone moiety provides a label that can be quantified using colorimetric, electrochemical and chromatographic means and offers a significant advantage over conventional thiol labelling agents. The analytical characteristics of each approach have been investigated and the selectivity, sensitivity and applicability of the reaction system critically assessed for a range of model compounds. The naphthoquinone system has a detection limit in the low micromolar range with little interference from other components common to discharge water with 96% recovery of mercaptopropionate. The reaction to sulfide (HS−) has also been assessed and a disparity in response between the detection methods observed and a possible reaction pathway outlined. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In order to ensure high quality and competitiveness of domestic electrical ropes and steel rope, the authors have developed ASKM-1A, a new, highly effective biological corrosion resistant compound to replace copper naphthenate as a preservative for impregnation of fibrous materials. This new preservative, used in much smaller doses than copper naphthenate, has improved preservative properties, and is not hazardous to humans or the environment. ASKM-1A compound can also be used as a corrosion inhibitor and antioxidant for ferrous and non-ferrous metals. The SK-1 grease based on ASKM-1A is easy to use, and enables fibrous materials to remain frost resistant down to −60°C. The ASKM-1A biological contamination and corrosion resistant compound has undergone extensive testing in specialized laboratories in Germany and Russia, and has come into widespread use in the Russian rope industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract  Addition of HCl to 2-amino-3-(4-methyl-3-oxopentynyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone in CHCl3 at 20 °C is followed by its cyclization to 4-chloro-2-isopropylbenzo[g]quinoline-5,10-dione. Chlorine atom in this compound can be easily replaced by dialkylamino group upon treatment with secondary amines. 4-Dialkylamino-2-isopropylbenzo[g]quinoline-5,10-dione is also formed by the direct reaction of the starting ketone with secondary amines. Syntheses of 2-amino-3-(4-methyl-3-oxopentynyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone from 2-bromo-and 2-amino-3-iodo-1,4-naphthoquinones are also described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the application of trifluoroacetate (TFA)-based metalorganic deposition (MOD) for the production of thin film YBCO superconductors. A brief review of relevant studies leading to modern processing techniques is followed by a description of the present understanding of chemical and physical changes between decomposition and YBCO formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research introduces a new analytical methodology for measuring chemical activity of nonpolar (semi)volatile organic compounds in different sample matrices using automated solid-phase microextraction (SPME). The chemical activity of an analyte is known to determine its equilibrium concentration in the SPME fiber coating. On this basis, SPME was utilized for the analytical determination of chemical activity, fugacity, and freely dissolved concentration using these steps: (1) a sample is brought into a vial, (2) the SPME fiber is introduced into the headspace and equilibrated with the sample, (3) the SPME fiber is injected into the GC for thermal desorption and analysis, and (4) the method is calibrated by SPME above partitioning standards in methanol. Model substances were BTEX, naphthalene, and alkanes, which were measured in a variety of sample types: liquid polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), wood, soil, and nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL). Variable sample types (i.e., matrices) had no influence on sampling kinetics because diffusion through the headspace was rate limiting for the overall sampling process. Sampling lime was 30 min, and relative standard deviations were generally below 5% for homogeneous solutions and somewhat higher for soil and NAPL. This type of activity measurement is fast, reliable, almost solvent free, and applicable for mixed-media sampling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver(i) nitrate complexes of six isomeric bis(2-pyridyloxy)naphthalenes, differing only in the substitution pattern within the central naphthalene unit, have been shown to have an unexpected assortment of supramolecular architectures, including dimetallocyclophanes, linear coordination polymers and a single-stranded helicate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractAn accelerated method to evaluate wood preservatives for soil contact was explored using thin (4 mm) pine sticks in small decay cups containing non-sterile soil and wood compost-amended soil. The extent of wood decay was measured by monitoring changes in the bending elasticity (MOE) of the test samples, which was found to be a sensitive measure of the decay extent for both chromated copper arsenate (CCA)- and copper naphthenate (CuNap)-treated wood, and untreated wood. The decay rate was rapid, with significant decay detected in untreated wood after only 2 months of exposure. Decay in both treated and untreated wood samples was observed sooner when the soil was amended with wood compost. The compost-amended soil also gave significantly higher copper depletion for CCA- but not CuNap-treated wood. Although the results from this test should not be extrapolated to predict field test performance, it does appear to be applicable for rapid comparison of the performance of new and established preservative systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the synthesis of benzo1,4oxazin-3-one-based compounds from 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (1), including benzo1,4oxazin-3-ones (5−11) and five novel benzo1,4oxazin-3-one-based tricycles:  6-hydroxy-4H-1-oxa-4,5,8-triazaanthracen-3-one (14), 3,8-dihydro-5-oxa-1,3,8-triazacyclopentab-naphthalene-7-one (15, 17, 21), 3,8-dihydro-5-oxa-1,2,3,8-tetraazacylopentab-naphthalene-7-one (16, 20), 3,8-dihydro-1H-5-oxa-1,3,8-triazacyclopentab-naphthalene-2,7-dione (18, 22), and 5,8-dihydro-4H-1-oxa-4,5,8-triazaanthracene-3,6,7-trione (19). Finally, a chemical library based on 15was synthesized in parallel solution-phase reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread and toxic pollutants. Naphthalene is the most abundant PAH found in polluted urban areas. In this Letter, we studied the mechanism for the NO3-initiated atmospheric oxidation reactions of naphthalene, using high-level molecular orbital theory. Geometries of the reactants, intermediates, transition states, and products have been optimized at the BB1K level with the 6-31+G(d,p) basis set. The single-point energy calculations have been carried out at the BB1K/6-311+G(3df,2p) level. Several energetically favorable reaction pathways were revealed for the first time. The calculated results were compared with the available experimental observation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper reports on preliminary investigation of the properties of randomly oriented strandboard which had waterborne or powdered copper naphthenate incorporated into the board during manufacture. When compared to zinc borate-treated controls, the mechanical properties of strandboard were not adversely affected by treatment with either form of copper naphthenate. In general, values for mechanical properties followed the trend untreated controls>waterborne CuN=powdered CuN>ZnB. Water absorption and dimensional properties followed a similar trend. This preliminary study suggests that CuN is a viable alternative treatment for engineered wood composites. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The location of naphthalene in the zeolite ZSM-5 has been determined from solid-state 1H/29Si cross-polarization (CP) magic-angle-spinning (MAS) NMR data alone. With the peaks in the 29Si spectrum assigned to the inequivalent Si sites in the zeolite from a two-dimensional INADEQUATE spectrum, the rates of cross polarization between the 1H nuclei of the guest sorbate molecules and the 29Si nuclei of the zeolite framework were used to determine the location of the naphthalene molecules by exploiting the proportional relationship between cross-polarization rate constants and 1H/29Si dipolar coupling second moments. The NMR structure determination was carried out on three different selectively deuterium-labeled naphthalene molecules (naphthalene-d0, α-naphthalene-d4, and β-naphthalene-d4). The average of the molecule locations in agreement with all three sets of NMR data was found to be in excellent agreement with an existing single crystal XRD structure of the naphthalene–ZSM-5 complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The allergenicity and the cross-reactivity of naphthenic acid (NA) and its metallic salts were evaluated in experimental animals. In the guinea pig maximization test, sensitizing skin reactions were observed with cobalt naphthenate (CoN), zinc naphthenate (ZnN) and NA, but not with copper naphthenate, with CoN being the most potent sensitizer. Animals sensitized with 1 naphthenic compound cross-reacted to the other 3 as well. Furthermore, animals in the CoN-sensitized group reacted to the relevant metallic salt cobalt chloride (CoCl2). A dose–response study using the CoN-sensitized group showed that the concentration of CoCl2 required to elicit a skin reaction of similar extent in comparison with CoN was more than 10 times higher, when skin-reaction scores were compared on the basis of cobalt content. In the local lymph node assay, significant increases in stimulation index values without skin irritation were observed with CoN and ZnN, where the former was more potent than the latter. Although CoN is a reported skin sensitizer, this study showed that skin allergenicity of naphthenic compounds is not restricted solely to CoN. In addition, the results suggest the main antigenic determinant of naphthenic compounds to be the structure of NA, even though metal moieties modulate their allergenicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Treatment of resin-bound primary or secondary alkyl and arylamines with 2,3-dichloro-5-nitro-1,4-naphthoquinone leads to the rapid formation of intensely colored (red) beads. The resulting 2-amino-3-chloro-5- and 8-nitro-1,4-naphthoquinones can be cleaved rapidly from acid-labile supports in high yields and purities. The reaction is of value as a sensitive and general qualitative test for amino groups on-resin that can be followed by cleavage for characterization and quantification of the chromogen(s) responsible for the color. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

NPL-1 and its derivative plasmid pBS106, which control the degradation of naphthalene and salicylate, were found to contain class II transposons of theTn3 family. These transposons are involved in intraplasmid rearrangements, such as deletions and inversions, and can influence the expression of the catabolic and regulatory genes borne by biodegradation plasmids. The formation of a strong NahR-independent constitutive promoter by the inversion of a DNA fragment may be responsible for changing the character of naphthalene dioxygenase synthesis from inducible (in the case of plasmid NPL-1) to constitutive (in the case of plasmid NPL-41). The stability of plasmids NPL-1 and NPL-41 inPseudomonas putidastrains grown on different substrates depends on the expression of thenahandtnpgenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genetic systems that are responsible for naphthalene catabolism were analyzed in 18 naphthalene-degradingPseudomonas fluorescensstrains isolated from oil-contaminated soils in different regions of Russia. It was found that 13 strains contain plasmids, from 20 to 120 kb in size, at least 5 of which are conjugative and bear the catabolic genes responsible for the complete utilization of naphthalene and salicylate. Five plasmids belong to the P-7 incompatibility group, and two plasmids belong to the P-9 incompatibility group. The naphthalene biodegradation genes ofP. fluorescensare highly homologous to each other. The study revealed a new group of thenahAcgenes and two new variants of thenahGgene. The suggestion is made that the key genes of naphthalene biodegradation,nahAcandnahG, evolve independently and occur inP. fluorescensstrains in different combinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite widespread industrial use of copper naphthenate, there are no reports of the relationship of copper naphthenate and copper absorption in humans or animals. We report a family of three individuals who lived in a home where copper naphthenate was sprayed on the inner foundation. Subsequently, these individuals developed non-specific complaints. In two of these individuals, serum copper levels were elevated when first measured months after copper naphthenate was sprayed in the home. A gradual decline over several years in urine and serum copper levels was observed in the individual who maintained follow-up. It is not known if symptoms reflected exposure to naphthenate, the solvent vehicle, volatilized copper, or the stress of exposure to a malodorous compound perceived as toxic. Exposure to copper naphthenate may be another cause of an elevated serum and urine copper level but the interpretation of these levels as 'normal' or 'toxic' requires additional study for clarification. This report suggests the need for further study of the absorption and relative toxicity of copper naphthenate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical degradative processes used for shrink proofing treatment improve significantly the soiling properties of wool, presumably by smoothening the fiber surface and increasing its hydrophilic properties. The improvement depends on the level of shrink resistance.Resin-shrinkproofing treatments often impair the good natural soiling properties of wool, depending on the surface energy, hardness, and zeta potential of the resin.Bleaching wool by hydrogen peroxide also improves significantly its resistance to soiling and ease of soil release in wash ing. Reductive bleaching has a slightly lower beneficial effect. Flat-setting treatments with reducing agents also slightly improve the soiling properties of wool fabrics.In order to obtain the optimal soil release properties in washing, the pH of wool and the washing liquor should be > 7.The oil content of wool fibers has an important influence on soiling, increasing soil retention and improving soil release in washing or dry-cleaning. From the point of view of soiling, wool garments should not have more than 0.5% oil content.Due to their strongly hydrophobic properties, water-repellent agents, with the exception of fluorocarbons, significantly impair soiling, desoiling, and soil redeposition in washing.Block copolymers of fluorocabrons and polyethyleneoxides are the only repellents which do not impair the good, natural soiling properties of wool. In fact, they possess a certain degree of soil repettency. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Mediated by CuCl, 1,4-dilithio-1,3-dienes reacted with carbon monoxide (CO) to generate multi-substituted cyclopentadienones and/or their head-to-head dimers, via tandem CO insertion and intra/intermolecular cycloaddition of organocopper compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]