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The diploma thesis focuses on project-based learning and its implementation in the 4th grade of primary school. The theoretical part deals with creation of project-based learning and its definition. Continues to describe the main features and characteristics, summarises the benefits, highlights the pitfalls that may arise and how to prevent them. In the last section, the characteristics of the younger school-age child are presented and summarized. The aim of the action research is to determine how to appropriately introduce project-based learning in the 4th grade and on what topics. At the same time, to create cooperatively functioning Teams. The data is collected through the teachers own teaching activities, in-depth unstructured interviews, and focus group. KEYWORDS Project-based learning, cooperative activity, intersubject relations, realization of project-based learning, action research, 4th grade

Afin d’évaluer l’utilisation de nouvelles technologies de communication, non seulement les processus cognitifs mais également les processus affectifs sont pertinents. Dans cet article est décrit l’intérêt d’étudier la dimension subjective des processus cognitifs et émotionnels des utilisateurs par une méthode expérientielle basée sur la description de leur vécu par les utilisateurs. Une étude de cas décrit l’utilisation effective d’un instrument de communication audio et vidéo pour les interactions mobiles à distance. Les données, obtenues par des entretiens approfondis (explicitation et autoconfrontation) et l’enregistrement vidéo de l’activité, sont analysées en termes de mouvements cognitifs et émotionnels des utilisateurs durant trois séquences d’interaction. L’analyse de ces données met en évidence l’inconfortable dissymétrie générée par l’outil dans le contrôle de l’exploration visuelle, la difficulté à suivre les mouvements imprévisibles de l’autre, et la compensation d’états affectifs co-occurents. La discussion développe l’apport d’une méthodologie expérientielle pour étudier l’émergence des affects et leur rôle fonctionnel pendant l’activité, en regard de l’action et de la décision. In order to assess the use of new technologies, not only cognitive processes should be taken into account but emotional processes too. This article describes the advantage of studying the subjective dimension of users’ emotions using an experiential method based on the users describing their experience. A case study portrays the effective use of an audio and video communication instrument for remote mobile interaction. The data obtained from in-depth interviewing (clarification and self‑confrontation) and video recording of the activity are analysed in terms of the users’ emotional movements during three interaction sequences. An analysis of these data emphasises the uncomfortable dissymmetry generated by the tool in terms of controlling visual exploration, the difficulty following the unexpected movements of the other person and the off-setting of concurrent emotional states. The paper explores the contribution of experiential methodology in order to study the emergence of affects and their functional role during activity, in relation to the action and the decision. Con el fin de evaluar la utilización de nuevas tecnologías de comunicación, en donde no solamente los procesos cognoscitivos sino que los procesos afectivos son pertinentes. En este artículo esta descrito el interés en estudiar la dimensión subjetiva de las emociones de los utilizadores por un método experimental, basado en la descripción de lo vivido por los utilizadores. Un estudio de caso describe la utilización efectiva de un instrumento de comunicación audio y vídeo para las interacciones móviles a distancia. Los datos, obtenidos por entrevistas profundas (explicitación y auto‑confrontación) y el registro en vídeo de la actividad, son analizados en término de movimientos emocionales de los utilizadores durante tres secuencias de interacción. El análisis de estos datos pone en evidencia la inconfortable disimetría generada por la herramienta en el control de la exploración visual, la dificultad en seguir los movimientos imprevisibles del otro, y la compensación de estados afectivos co-ocurrentes. La discusión desarrolla el aporte de una metodología experimental para estudiar la emergencia de afectos y su papel funcional durante la actividad, mirando la acción y la decisión.

Цель статьи - проанализировать феномен вовлеченности ученика в совместную образовательную деятельность на учебном занятии, что позволит по-другому посмотреть на проблему активизации учения: не через метод обучения, а через способ организации взаимодействия педагога и обучающихся. The purpose of the article is to analyze the phenomenon of the student involvement in joint educational activities in the classroom, which will allow us to look at the problem of activating learning in a different way: not through the learning method, but through the way of organizing interaction between the teacher and students.

El aprendizaje cooperativo organiza a los estudiantes en grupos en los que trabajan conjunta y coordinadamente para realizar actividades académicas de modo que el aprendizaje individual y el aprendizaje colectivo se refuerzan entre sí. Se describe el desarrollo de una actividad cooperativa que integra los contenidos de la asignatura universitaria “Ingeniería del Producto”. Se presenta un modelo para estructurar la actividad y un conjunto de dinámicas cooperativas para motivar y promover la participación del estudiante, potenciar el aprendizaje y desarrollar competencias transversales como el aprendizaje permanente y la competencia social. Para recoger la percepción estudiantil en relación a la actividad se aplicó un cuestionario; se concluye que los estudiantes valoran positivamente esta forma de trabajo, a pesar de que reconocen que implica una mayor carga de trabajo, consideran que les ayudó a relacionar la teoría con la práctica y a lograr una mejor comprensión de los conceptos y procedimientos, Cooperative learning organizes students into groups where they work together and in coordination to conduct academic activities so that individual learning and collective learning reinforce each other. It describes the development of a cooperative activity that integrates the contents of the university subject "Product Engineering". A model is presented to structure the activity and a set of cooperative dynamics to motivate and promote student participation, enhance learning and develop cross-cutting competencies such as lifelong learning and social competence. A questionnaire was applied to collect student perception in relation to the activity; it is concluded that students value this way of work positively, although they recognize that it involves a higher workload, they believe that it helped them relate theory to practice and achieve a better understanding of concepts and procedures

El aprendizaje cooperativo organiza a los estudiantes en grupos en los que trabajan conjunta y coordinadamente para realizar actividades académicas de modo que el aprendizaje individual y el aprendizaje colectivo se refuerzan entre sí. Se describe el desarrollo de una actividad cooperativa que integra los contenidos de la asignatura universitaria “Ingeniería del Producto”. Se presenta un modelo para estructurar la actividad y un conjunto de dinámicas cooperativas para motivar y promover la participación del estudiante, potenciar el aprendizaje y desarrollar competencias transversales como el aprendizaje permanente y la competencia social. Para recoger la percepción estudiantil en relación a la actividad se aplicó un cuestionario; se concluye que los estudiantes valoran positivamente esta forma de trabajo, a pesar de que reconocen que implica una mayor carga de trabajo, consideran que les ayudó a relacionar la teoría con la práctica y a lograr una mejor comprensión de los conceptos y procedimientos Cooperative learning organizes students into groups where they work together and in coordination to conduct academic activities so that individual learning and collective learning reinforce each other. It describes the development of a cooperative activity that integrates the contents of the university subject "Product Engineering". A model is presented to structure the activity and a set of cooperative dynamics to motivate and promote student participation, enhance learning and develop cross-cutting competencies such as lifelong learning and social competence. A questionnaire was applied to collect student perception in relation to the activity; it is concluded that students value this way of work positively, although they recognize that it involves a higher workload, they believe that it helped them relate theory to practice and achieve a better understanding of concepts and procedures

Usutu virus (USUV) has become increasingly relevant in recent years, with large outbreaks that sporadically have affected humans being reported in wildlife. Similarly to the rest of flaviviruses, USUV contains a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome which is replicated by the activity of nonstructural protein 5 (NS5). USUV NS5 shows high sequence identity with the remaining viruses in this genus., Usutu virus (USUV) has become increasingly relevant in recent years, with large outbreaks that sporadically have affected humans being reported in wildlife. Similarly to the rest of flaviviruses, USUV contains a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome which is replicated by the activity of nonstructural protein 5 (NS5). USUV NS5 shows high sequence identity with the remaining viruses in this genus. This permitted us to identify the predicted methyltransferase domain and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase domain (RdRpD). Owing to their high degree of conservation, viral polymerases are considered priority targets for the development of antiviral compounds. In the present study, we cloned and expressed the entire NS5 and the RdRpD in a heterologous system and used purified preparations for protein characterizations. We determined the optimal reaction conditions by investigating how variations in different physicochemical parameters, such as buffer concentration, temperature, and pH, affect RNA polymerization activity. We also found that USUV polymerase, but not the full-length NS5, exhibits cooperative activity in the synthesis of RNA and that the RdRp activity is not inhibited by sofosbuvir. To further examine the characteristics of USUV polymerase in a more specifically biological context, we have expressed NS5 and the RdRpD in eukaryotic cells and analyzed their subcellular location. NS5 is predominantly found in the cytoplasm; a significant proportion is directed to the nucleus, and this translocation involves nuclear location signals (NLS) located at least between the MTase and RdRpD domains.

Social adjustment is one of the most difficult and long-lasting challenges for international students who study in a new country. This paper uses a case study of cooperative painting activity conducted in Australian setting, in which two Chinese and three other students from different countries participated, in order to assess the efficiency of cooperative activity in mediating the social adjustment of international students. It argues that three factors determine its mediating function: namely, 1) the relaxing, pushy, and thematic setting, 2) the mediator’s role, and 3) communications and interactions. The study provides a new approach to future practices aiming to support the social adjustment of international students.

International audience; The purpose of this paper is to identify the dynamic adjustment of the cognitive control modes used by three professional head coaches during the defensive part of a handball match and, in particular, to highlight the contextual factors that have an effect on these modes. Two main aspects characterize cognitive control modes: the level of abstraction (symbolic/subsymbolic) and the origin (internal-anticipative/external-reactive) of the data used for control. Verbal communications between three coaches and their teams were recorded during 15 matches. The verbal meaningful units were encoded using a general cognitive method introduced by Amalberti and Hoc and coded using a predicate–argument format with MacSHAPA software. Analysis shows relationships between the mode of cognitive control used by coaches and the level of difficulty characterizing the situation. When the level of difficulty is low, coaches favor a reactive mode of control guided by external and subsymbolic data, whereas they favor a more abstract level of control and more internal data when facing a difficult situation. In the latter case, different coaching styles are in evidence.

本研究の目的は,目的と手段との相互作用性,保育者のかかわりとその役割の多様性に着目し,子どもの協同的な活動のあり方を探ることである。本研究では幼稚園の5 歳児クラスでの遊園地作りの活動を自然観察し,事例の分析を行った。その結果,全体の目的がめざされつつも,個々の活動のなかで目的と手段とを行きつ戻りつすることで,子どもたちの協同的な活動が豊かなものになっていた。また,保育者は様々な形で子どもたちを全体の目的へと促す一方で,目的とは異なる子どもたちからのアイデアを包含しながら,集団での協同性を育むような働きかけを行っていた。, The purpose of this study was to examine about nature of young children's cooperative activity, focused on "interactions between goals and means" and "diverseness of relationship of teacher and her roles." For this purpose, a case of handmade amusement park building process in five year old classes of kindergarten was researched, by naturally observation as frequently as twice a week during June 2003 to March 2005, and analyzed. As a result, actively cooperating experience of children was enriched by interaction between goals and means, in heading toward the grand goal. And teacher played diverse roles. Sometimes, she strongly oriented cooperation of children to the grand goal, on the other hand, her little piece of advices promoting cooperative experience comprising children's ideas., 1, KJ00005656259

There is much in common between the agricultural sectors of the United States and Canada. This chapter begins with a brief background on the two sectors, then reviews their histories of farm policy developments before reporting new estimates of rates of assistance to their farmers and their consequences for taxpayers and consumers. This is followed by an explanation of the politics behind the evolution and gyrations in farm policies in the two countries, and some speculation on the prospect for reform. Since the policy histories and their effects in the two countries are somewhat different, they are discussed sequentially in those sections.

Dans cet article nous presentons une etude de terrain des activites de cooperation qui ont lieu dans un cafe-restaurant entre serveurs et cuisiniers.Plus particulierement, nous montrons comment le niveau de conscience peripherique (awareness) de ce qui se passe dans l’environnement immediat de travail varie continuellement et est lie aux mecanismes d’attention des participants. Dans un premier temps, a partir de quelques sequences video, cet article analyse les fonctions de la conscience peripherique entre coequipiers grâce a l’ecoute flottante, la vision peripherique et les perceptions kinesthesiques : leur besoin d’accomplir de courts deplacements et de communiquer rapidement pour gagner du temps, leur besoin d’eviter des collisions dans un espace etroit, etc.Dans un deuxieme temps, grâce aux entretiens d’explicitation menes avec deux serveuses, nous presentons une analyse detaillee des variations de l’attention qui sont liees a la surcharge cognitive de l’activite en cours de realisation, et aux objets et personnes pertinents pour cette meme activite.

Article dans revue scientifique avec comité de lecture. internationale.; International audience; Virtual enterprises gather partners distributed in space, time and organizations, in order to achieve a common goal. Their business process realization needs the coordination of their distributed interactions. This paper presents the Synchronization Point model. It provides support for cooperative process management and coordination. It offers pertinent information about work progress while maintaining adequate privacy of information, and supports both long-time transactions and dynamic process definition. Then, its data repository and activity manager helps human interactions in cross-organizational applications.