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A transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) is characterized by the application of medications onto the skin's surface to deliver drugs at a controlled and predefined rate through the skin. Spanlastics, an elastic nanovesicle capable of transporting various pharmacological substances, shows promise as a drug delivery carrier. It offers numerous advantages over traditional vesicular systems applied topically, including enhanced stability, flexibility in penetration, and improved targeting capabilities. This study aims to develop meloxicam (MX)-loaded spanlastics gel as skin delivery carriers and to look into the effects of formulation factors like Tween80, Brij 35, and carbopol concentration on the properties of spanlastics gel, like pH, drug content, extrudability, spreadability diameter, viscosity, and release profiles in addition to Ex vivo skin permeation for optimal formula. The optimal formula of spanlastics gel (GF1) shows acceptable pH (6.2±0.14), excellent extrudability( 92%), drug content (97.1±0.14), spreadability diameter (cm) (10.8±0.28), sustained release 70.7±0.57% for six hours and the steady-state flux of meloxicam through rat skin was increased 83.52- fold as a result of spanlastics in comparison to the plain gel. The vesicles produced in this investigation could potentially interact with or merge with the stratum corneum as a result of their elasticity, which may also be the mechanism that increases the penetration into the skin. According to our findings, dermal delivery vehicles for MX may be provided via spanlastics gel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microsponges are promising drug delivery carriers with versatile characteristics and controlled release properties for the delivery of a wide range of drugs. The microsponges will provide an optimized therapeutic effect, when delivered at the site of action without rupturing, then releasing the cargo at the predetermined time and area. The ability of the microsponges to effectively deliver the drug in a controlled manner depends on the material composition. This comprehensive review entails knowledge on the design parameters of an optimized microsponge drug delivery system and the controlled release properties of microsponges that reduces the side effects of drugs. Furthermore, the review delves into the fabrication techniques of microsponges, the mechanism of drug release from the microsponges, and the regulatory requirements of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the successful marketing of microsponge formulation. The review also examines the patented formulations of microsponges. The prospects of these sophisticated drug delivery systems for improved clinical outcomes are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inorganic metal oxide ZnO in the form of nano particles can change the way diseases are diagnosed and treated. ZnO Nps are selective in targeting cancer cells and due to its nano size can enter into cells and destroy it. Drugs, fluorescent agents (for imaging), targeting agents (to target diseased cells only) etc. be loaded on ZnO Nps to deliver drugs selectively in a controlled manner to specific site. ZnO Nps is non toxic as declared by medical community and hence can replace the inaccuracy and harmful side effects of conventional medicine in bulk form. In this review we have discussed about the preparation and characterization of ZnO Nps. Later part concentrated on applications in various fields including biomedical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stabilization of pharmaceuticals means that the drug product is physically, chemically and microbiologically stable at the recommended storage condition throughout the predefined shelf life of the product. Pharmaceutical formulations irrespective of its physical states have been used for their efficacy and safety so for as its therapeutic activity is concern. Stability of dosage forms is the ability of drugs to remains unaffected by environmental condition viz. temperature, humidity and microbiological contamination. This research work is an attempt to stabilize the drug product at controlled room temperature for the drug product which is stable at refrigerated storage condition. Hence the aim of present study was development and stabilization of the drug product at room temperature. Investigation of alternate manufacturing processes for stabilization of the drug product at controlled room temperature was one of the objectives of the work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the economic disparities created and augmented by the Pandemic and implores the state to adopt redistribution schemes based on the philosophy of distributive justice. The pandemic created and augmented gaping class inequalities, by pushing some into unemployment and poverty, while catalysing others' prosperity. This may or may not have involved a fault element on the part of those that profited from the pandemic, which is to say, while some may have actively exploited the situation to increase their profits at the cost of general interests, others may have simply gained profits while retaining ethical practices in their conduct of business. This Paper argues that, irrespective of the fault element, States must implement a special financial scheme that necessitates companies that gained enormous profits from the pandemic to contribute towards assisting those who were financially crushed by the pandemic. The paper will build this on the philosophy of distributive justice, examining the 'difference principle' as well as 'luck and responsibility egalitarianism'. Simply put, this means that States must enforce a system that neutralizes the 'luck' element that the pandemic induced in the society, through a financial scheme best suited for its situation. This may be achieved through levying a special tax for a period of time on particular business entities and/or by requiring companies to include a special corporate social responsibility project in line with the quantum of additional profits owing to the pandemic. Arguably, corporate houses that exploited the pandemic must not be placed at par with those that merely happened to profit from it (say, for instance, a pharmaceutical company that may have manipulated the drug market to increase prices and limit supply of an important drug, as opposed to a food/essentials delivery chain that naturally saw an increase in the number of consumers ordering deliveries online). But the obligation to carve out a part of their profits for social redistribution is not founded on whether they are at fault or not. Any fault may, of course, be used as a basis for levying a higher penalty or other legal measure, apart and distinct from the obligation that this paper builds on. The scheme that is proposed by the Paper is not to penalize but is based on the philosophy of distributive justice and thus does not require that the company was ever in violation of laws, but merely that the pandemic that devastated most people happened to be a profitable enterprise for others in contrast. It is in the State's interests to negate the widened gap of economic disparities thus created, and this justifies that the Government would require such corporate houses to carve out a fraction of their fortunes for those who suffered severely. The Paper builds primarily on the philosophical foundations of distributive justice, urging its practical implementation in post-pandemic the economy. States must adopt creative measures to restructure patterns of privileges created or amplified by such unprecedented (at least in recent history) circumstances, as the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hungarian Medical Journal / Orvosi Hetilap is the property of Akademiai Kiado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride being a fluoroquinolone antibacterial drug is very frequently preferred in the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis by the eye specialists. Addition of loteprednol etabonate only adds up to the anti-inflammatory activity of the developed formulation. The objective of the present work was to develop ocular inserts of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride with loteprednol etabonate and further evaluate its potential as a sustained novel ocular drug delivery system. Ophthalmic solutions, suspensions are known for its poor bioavailability and poor therapeutic responses due to many pre-corneal constraints. The researchers usually get triggered with these constrains and strive to formulate controlled and sustained drug delivery system. Ocular inserts based on solvent cast technique were formulated and characterized for in vitro drug release studies using a flow through apparatus that simulated the eye conditions. Compatibility of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, loteprednol etabonate, polymer and excipients were checked as preliminary preformulation studies. Different combinations of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, loteprednol etabonate, carbopol 974, 980, 981, polyethylene glycol 400 and glycerine were formulated by solvent cast method and optimized on was evaluated. Fabricated ocuserts were evaluated for its clarity, smoothness, surface pH, drug content and in vitro drug release study to find the optimized film. Formula ciprofloxacin hydrochloride with loteprednol etabonate and carbopol 980 was found to be the best formulation fulfilling the needs of all organoleptic parameters and also the in vitro release study. Based on in vitro correlation and stability studies, it was concluded that this ocular insert formulation could be a promising controlled release formulation for the researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Human defense against infection remains a global topic. In addition to developing novel anti-infection drugs, therapeutic drug delivery strategies are also crucial to achieving a higher efficacy and lower toxicity of these drugs for treatment. The application of hydrogels has been proven to be an effective localized drug delivery approach to treating infections without generating significant systemic adverse effects. The recent emerging dynamic hydrogels further show power as injectable formulations, giving new tools for clinical treatments. In this review, we delve into the potential applications of dynamic hydrogels in antibacterial and antiviral treatments and elaborate on their molecular designs and practical implementations. By outlining the chemical designs underlying these hydrogels, we discuss how the choice of dynamic chemical bonds affects their stimulus responsiveness, self-healing capabilities, and mechanical properties. Afterwards, we focus on how to endow dynamic hydrogels with anti-infection properties. By comparing different drug-loading methods, we highlight the advantages of dynamic chemical bonds in achieving sustained and controlled drug release. Moreover, we also include the design principles and uses of hydrogels that possess inherent anti-infective properties. Furthermore, we explore the design principles and applications of hydrogels with inherent anti-infective properties. Finally, we briefly summarize the current challenges faced by dynamic hydrogels and present a forward-looking vision for their future development. Through this review, we expect to draw more attention to these therapeutic strategies among scientists working with chemistry, materials, as well as pharmaceutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The anticipatory prescribing of injectable controlled drugs (ICDs) by general practitioners (GPs) to care home residents is common practice and is believed to reduce emergency hospital transfers at the end-of-life. However, evidence about the process of ICD prescribing and how it affects residents' hospital transfer is limited. The study examined how care home nurses and senior carers (senior staff) describe their role in ICDs prescribing and identify that role to affect residents' hospital transfers at the end-of-life. Methods: 1,440 h of participant observation in five care homes in England between May 2019 and March 2020. Semi-structured interviews with a range of staff. Interviews (n = 25) and fieldnotes (2,761 handwritten A5 pages) were analysed thematically. Results: Senior staff request GPs to prescribe ICDs ahead of residents' expected death and review prescribed ICDs for as long as residents survive. Senior staff use this mechanism to ascertain the clinical appropriateness of withholding potentially life-extending emergency care (which usually led to hospital transfer) and demonstrate safe care provision to GPs certifying the medical cause of death. This enables senior staff to facilitate a care home death for residents experiencing uncertain dying trajectories. Conclusion: Senior staff use GPs' prescriptions and reviews of ICDs to pre-empt hospital transfers at the end-of-life. Policy should indicate a clear timeframe for ICD review to make hospital transfer avoidance less reliant on trust between senior staff and GPs. The timeframe should match the period before death allowing GPs to certify death without triggering a Coroner's referral. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many efforts are continuously undertaken to develop glucose-sensitive biomaterials able of controlling glucose levels in the body and self-regulating insulin delivery. Hydrogels that swell or shrink as a function of the environmental free glucose content are suitable systems for monitoring blood glucose, delivering insulin doses adapted to the glucose concentration. In this context, the development of sensors based on reversible binding to glucose molecules represents a continuous challenge. Concanavalin A (Con A) is a bioactive protein isolated from sword bean plants (Canavalia ensiformis) and contains four sugar-binding sites. The high affinity for reversibly and specifically binding glucose and mannose makes Con A as a suitable natural receptor for the development of smart glucose-responsive materials. During the last few years, Con A was used to develop smart materials, such as hydrogels, microgels, nanoparticles and films, for producing glucose biosensors or drug delivery devices. This review is focused on Con A-based materials suitable in the diagnosis and therapeutics of diabetes. A brief outlook on glucose-derived theranostics of cancer is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visible particles are a critical quality attribute for parenteral products and must be monitored. A carefully designed, executed, and controlled drug product manufacturing process including a final 100 % visual inspection and appropriate end-product controls ensures that visible particles are consistently minimized and demonstrates that the injectable DP is practically free from visible particles. Visual inspection, albeit appearing as a simple analytical procedure, requires several technical and operational controls to ensure adequate performance. To gather new data on particle visibility and shed light on this decade-old challenge, a multi-company blinded visual inspection threshold study was conducted. A major goal of the study was visual assessment of several particle types of different sizes in small volume vials, as a challenging configuration for visual inspection, across 9 biopharmaceutical companies in order to determine the visibility limit. The study results provide key insights into limitations and challenges of visual inspection, namely, no universal visibility limit can be applied to all particle types as the detectability varies with particle type, number, and size. The study findings underscore the necessity of setting realistic expectations on size-based visibility limits in visual inspection, robust procedures for analyst training and qualification, and harmonization of guidelines globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2011, the misuse or abuse of etomidate has gradually increased when propofol was designated a controlled drug under the Narcotics Control Act in Korea. Accordingly, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety announced that etomidate would be under the 'Regulation on the designation of drugs that may cause concerns of misuse or abuse' rule in June 2020, which is less stringent than the Narcotics Control Act. Therefore, this review investigates potential misuse or abuse cases of etomidate to consider strengthening its management. A literature search was conducted to compare etomidate with other sedatives in their efficacy and side effects, as well as identify the adverse health outcomes, abuse cases, and analytical methods of etomidate. Etomidate has an equal or higher sedative efficacy and lower risk of adverse cardiopulmonary events than propofol. However, major adverse effects of etomidate include adrenocortical suppression and unproven associated deaths, as well as myoclonus requiring pre-treatment. Although the issue of abuse and misuse of etomidate is emerging in recent years, there are few academic reports on these issues and analytical methods in the forensic field. In order to effectively manage the misuse or abuse of etomidate, it is necessary to continuously monitor related cases with great interest and to be more intensively studied on its abuse potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complex anatomy and physiological barriers of the eye make delivering ocular therapeutics challenging. Generally, effective drug delivery to the eye is hindered by rapid clearance and limited drug bioavailability. Biomaterial‐based approaches have emerged to enhance drug delivery to ocular tissues and overcome existing limitations. In this review, some of the most promising long‐acting injectables (LAIs) in ocular drug delivery are explored, focusing on novel design strategies to improve therapeutic outcomes. LAIs are designed to enable sustained therapeutic effects, thereby extending local drug residence time and facilitating controlled and targeted drug delivery. Moreover, LAIs can be engineered to enhance drug targeting and penetration across ocular physiological barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The United Nations has adopted a set of 17 interlocking Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for 2015–2030. This commentary discusses how alcohol and other drugs have been dealt with and discussed in the context of the Goals, and issues raised by the relationship and history of how alcohol and other drug use and problems relate to development. Material and methods: A cross-section of discussions of alcohol and drugs in the context of the SDGs is considered, and evidence considered on the relationship and history of alcohol and drug use and problems to development. Results: While alcohol and narcotic drugs are mentioned in the SDG Targets, there has been little consideration of what effects attaining the goals may have on levels of alcohol and other drug consumption and problems. In cross-sectional comparisons, there are higher average levels of consumption of alcohol and controlled drugs in richer societies, and among richer than poorer individuals. But the harm per unit of use tends to be lower for richer individuals, and in richer societies. We consider how these two contrary trends may apply with socioeconomic development, given that development has often brought increases in substance use, and societal responses to limit the harms are often delayed by a generation or more, often resulting in 'long waves' of consumption and associated harms. Conclusions: To take alcohol and other drugs coherently into account in the Sustainable Development Goals, along with recognising that they are marketable and sometimes useful products, and thus involved to some extent in economic development, there needs to be action at national and international levels which recognises their double-sided nature—including market controls on commercial products to channel and limit availability and minimise harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Trends in NHS opioid prescribing have been well published, yet trends in private prescribing of opioids have not been widely established. Aim: To assess trends and geographical variation in controlled opioids prescribed by private prescribers in England. Design and setting: This was a retrospective observational study in English primary health care. Method: Data on Schedule 2 and 3 controlled opioids ('controlled opioids') were obtained from the NHS Business Services Authority (BSA) using Freedom of Information (FOI) requests between 1 January 2014 and 30 November 2021. Absolute counts and rates of the number of items dispensed per cumulative number of registered private prescribers were calculated and stratified over time, by opioid type, and geographical region. Results: This study found that 128 341 items of controlled opioids were prescribed by private prescribers in England between January 2014 and November 2021, which decreased by 50% from 23 339 items (4.09 items/prescriber) in 2014 to 11 573 items (1.49 items/prescriber) in 2020. Methadone (36%, n = 46 660) was the most common controlled opioid prescribed privately, followed by morphine (18%, n = 22 543), buprenorphine (16%, n = 20 521), and oxycodone (12%, n = 15 319). Prescriptions were highest in London (74%, n = 94 438), followed by the South-East of England (7%, n = 9237). A proportion of items (n = 462; 0.36%) were prescribed by 'unidentified doctors' where the prescription is not readily attributable to an individual prescriber by the BSA. Conclusion: Controlled opioids prescribed by private prescribers in England decreased and were primarily prescribed in London. To ensure patient safety, the monitoring and surveillance of controlled opioids dispensed privately should continue and items linked to 'unidentified doctors' should be addressed further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cyclic oligosaccharide β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) can be widely employed for the preparation of controlled drug delivery systems. Hence, we synthesized a novel β-CD-based magnetic nanocarrier with superparamagnetic and molecular recognition properties for the controlled release of doxorubicin (DOX) drug. The magnetic nanocarrier was prepared by using a facile ultrasonic-assisted method and through surface reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer copolymerization of core–shell Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles onto vinylated β-CD. The spherical amino-functionalized Fe3O4@SiO2 nanomaterials were synthesized easily by a co-condensation green reaction between Fe3O4 nanoparticles with tetraethyl orthosilicate and (3-Aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane. In the next age, the structure and composition of the as-prepared magnetic drug delivery nanocarriers were studied by FTIR, SEM, TEM, XRD, and VSM analysis methods. Then, the loading and releasing behaviors of DOX drug have been investigated in detail. The loading of DOX was proved by UV–Vis, SEM, TEM, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis techniques. The results also exhibited that the drug loading efficiency is found to be dependent on initial drug concentration, β-CD content and temperature. Moreover, the drug loading capacity of magnetic nanocarrier was compared with pure β-CD. Further, it was found that the in vitro release rate of DOX depends on the pH of the physiological solution. In addition, the drug release kinetics data were well fitted to the Higuchi model. Finally, the biological characterizations were tested by MTT assay, which approved the high performance of the magnetic nanocarriers in killing cancerous cells. Due to its unique and distinct advantageous, the synthesized magnetic nanocarriers can be utilized as a potential and promising biodegradable drug carrier for controlled and sustained release of various drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The skin is the body's largest organ and serves as a site of administration for various medications. Transdermal drug delivery systems have several advantages over traditional delivery systems. It has both local and systemic therapeutic properties. Controlled plasma drug levels, reduced dosing frequency, and avoidance of hepatic first-pass metabolism are just a few of these systems' advantages. To achieve maximum efficacy, it is critical to understand the kinetics, physiochemical properties of the drug moiety, and drug transport route. This manuscript focused on the principles of various physical means to facilitate transdermal drug delivery. Some examples are iontophoresis, electrophoresis, photomechanical waves, ultrasound, needleless injections, and microneedles. Mechanical, chemical, magnetic, and electrical energy are all used in physical methods. A major advantage of physical methods is their capability to abbreviate pain, which can be used for effective disease management. Further investigation should be carried out at the clinical level to understand these methods for effective drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of controlled targeted drug delivery systems for personalized cancer therapy is one of the most important tasks of modern medicine. Controlled delivery and releasing of antitumor drugs provide a reduction in their toxicity to normal human cells and reduce the severity of side effects of cancer therapy. Multilayer polymeric capsules (MPCs) are promising potential candidates for the development of delivery systems based on them. MPCs are produced by layer-by-layer adsorption of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes on the surface of a charged microsubstrate of spherical shape. This method allows to obtain MPCs of different structures and functionalize them with antitumor agents and biomolecules for cancer targeted delivery. The paper presents the main stages of the production of MPCs and analyzes the efficiency of loading the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) within the MPCs using passive diffusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HIV is one of the worst infections and the sixth biggest cause of mortality. First pass metabolism, protein binding, and enzyme metabolism contribute to the low bioavailability of HIV-treating non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. They also have lower blood-brain barrier permeability. Central nervous system is HIV's main reservoir. The biocompatible lipid content and nano size of efavirenz lipid nanoparticles increased medication permeability and protection in this investigation. The formulation has improved absorption and brain targeting. Using a systematic set of experiments, high-pressure homogenization was used to generate solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and analyse particle size, PDI, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency. The average particle size was 108.5 nm, the PDI was 0.172, and the capture factor was 64.9%. The stable drug has a zeta potential of -21.2 mV. Transmission electron microscopy and histopathology revealed spherical and irregular lipid nanoparticles. An in situ temperature-sensitive gel system using optimal SLNs. Gel temperature, pH, viscosity, light transmittance, muco-adhesive strength, diffusion, and in vitro and ex vivo dissolution experiments were assessed for Efavirenz SLN gel. Optimisation for zero-order release kinetics (R2 = 0.3) suggests concentration-sensitive and diffusion-controlled drug release. Nanotechnology-developed anti-inflammatory medications may overcome many of these issues and eliminate HIV in the brain and cure HIV patients following intranasal delivery, according to in vivo pharmacokinetic studies. These delivery techniques distribute antibodies in synthetic or natural nanoparticles. Interest in producing antibiotics from natural materials such lipids, phospholipids, surfactants, proteins, and polysaccharides stems from health and environmental concerns. Nanoparticle composition, shape, size, and characteristics may increase antibacterial activity, stability, and effectiveness. This article discusses the different types of antiviral medications, their efficacy concerns, and how nanoparticles might help. Current nano particle-based antibody delivery studies and future perspectives are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug nanofibers play a crucial role in ameliorating therapeutic effects, reducing toxicity, and increasing the bioavailability of drugs. This study was aimed at the fabrication of isotretinoin-loaded MMT-reinforced bi-polymeric (PAN/PU) nanofibers with varying concentrations of isotretinoin. In this study, montmorillonite (MMT)-reinforced cross-linked polyacrylonitrile and pullulan nanofibers combined with varying amounts of isotretinoin were fabricated through an electrospinning approach and investigated for their drug permeation potential. PAN-PU nanofibers were successfully integrated with the isotretinoin. The incorporation of isotretinoin into the nanofibrous structure was confirmed by FTIR and XRD. TGA study indicated the stability of the fabricated nanoparticles. The SEM results showed the beaded and smooth morphology of nanofibers. Formulation with a higher drug concentration had a non-significantly (p > 0.05) higher swelling ratio. Drug-loaded polymeric nanofiber erodes at a slower rate as compared to drug-free nanofibers. The ex-vivo permeation study of nanofibers revealed that the drug was not released all at once, but rather gradually and consistently over the period of 24 h, indicating a controlled release of the drug. In addition, the drug concentration in the nanofibers affected the permeation of the drug. According to the findings, isotretinoin-loaded MMT-reinforced bi-polymeric (PAN/PU) nanofibers with varying concentrations of isotretinoin were successfully fabricated. The fabricated nanofibers (PAN/PU) showed a promising potential for controlled permeation of drugs through rabbit skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrospun nanofibers for drug delivery systems (DDS) introduce a revolutionary means of administering pharmaceuticals, holding promise for both improved drug efficacy and reduced side effects. These biopolymer nanofiber membranes, distinguished by their high surface area-to-volume ratio, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, are ideally suited for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. One of their standout attributes is the capability to offer the controlled release of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), allowing custom-tailored release profiles to address specific diseases and administration routes. Moreover, stimuli-responsive electrospun DDS can adapt to conditions at the drug target, enhancing the precision and selectivity of drug delivery. Such localized API delivery paves the way for superior therapeutic efficiency while diminishing the risk of side effects and systemic toxicity. Electrospun nanofibers can foster better patient compliance and enhanced clinical outcomes by amplifying the therapeutic efficiency of routinely prescribed medications. This review delves into the design principles and techniques central to achieving controlled API release using electrospun membranes. The advanced drug release mechanisms of electrospun DDS highlighted in this review illustrate their versatility and potential to improve the efficacy of medical treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incorporation of drug molecules into layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assemblies attracts great interest in biomedical applications. This work describes the preparation and characterization of LbL multilayers including drugs, namely ibuprofen (IBF‐Na) and Diclofenac sodium salt (DCF‐Na) as anionic molecules. The main aim is to enhance the drug loading capacity within the LbL assembly. The effects of drug‐LbL multilayered films obtained from poly(diallyl dimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC)/IBF‐Na and PDADMAC/DCF‐Na interactions on multilayer growth and loading of model molecules are examined using UV‐Visible and Quartz‐Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation (QCM‐D). The wet mass of PDADMAC/IBF‐Na is found to be 67.2 ng/cm2, while PDADMAC/DCF‐Na film exhibits 201.6 ng/cm2 mass adsorption. Furthermore, the multilayer stabilities are assessed against neutral, acidic, and basic solutions. The results demonstrate that the LbL films have robustness, without any signs of multilayer degradation. By the way, the incorporation of IBF‐Na into the feed solution leads to the formation of a rigid structure, whereas the inclusion of DCF‐Na results in a comparatively flexible structure. The use of a higher molecular weight and more polar drug in the feed causes a noticeable rise in surface hydrophilicity and surface roughness. PDADMAC/IBF‐Na and PDADMAC/DCF‐Na display average contact angles of 46 ± 1.3° and 76 ± 2° while they have roughness values of 5.9 and 8.0 nm, respectively. LbL multilayers fabricated from a polycation and anionic drug can be considered as a promising material platform for controlled drug loading due to their tunable physicochemical and morphological properties as well as surface wettability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of new psychoactive substances into the global drug market has presented challenges for effective drug legislation and enforcement. One approach to prohibition uses controlled drug analogue legislation, which involves assessing the structural similarity of new substances compared to listed controlled drugs, as opposed to the new substance being specifically listed in legislation itself. An issue arises of there being no clear definition for what constitutes similarity between two substances, and as such, there is level of subjectivity in any decision made. This paper outlines the global and local drug scene in New Zealand, including the emergence of new psychoactive substances, and the legislation that is available for the control of illicit substances in a New Zealand context and the current method for considering new psychoactive substances as potential controlled drug analogues. The authors go on to propose an alternative method to this assessment process, which involves an objective and reproducible similarity scoring mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effective administration of medication has advanced over decades, but the medical community still faces significant demand. Burst release and inadequate assimilation are major drawbacks that affect wound healing efficiency, leading to therapy failure. The widespread application of polymers in biomedical research is significant. The polyether ether ketone (PEEK) family is known for its biocompatibility, inertness, and semi-crystalline thermoplastic properties. In our present studies, we have chosen a member of this family, polyether ketone (PEK), to explore its role as a drug carrier. The PEK backbone was subjected to sulfonation to increase its hydrophilicity. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the sulfonation process based on the time, degree of sulfonation, and temperature. The PEK polymer was sulfonated using sulfuric acid at 150 °C for 6 h; back titration was performed to quantify the degree of sulfonation, with 69% representing the maximum sulfonation. SPEK and nalidixic sodium salt were dissolved in dichloroacetic acid to create a thin membrane. The physiological and morphological properties were assessed for the SPEK membrane. The studies on drug release in distilled water and a simulated body fluid over the course of 24 h revealed a controlled, gradual increase in the release rate, correlating with a mathematical model and demonstrating the zero-order nature of the drug release. Hemolysis on the SPEK membrane revealed lower toxicity. The SPEK membrane's biocompatibility was established using in vitro cytotoxicity tests on the Vero (IC50: 137.85 g/mL) cell lines. These results confirm that the SPEK membranes are suitable for sustained drug release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the present study, we aimed to develop a novel isotretinoin delivery model for treating skin diseases, revealing its potential advantages in drug delivery and targeted therapy. Using a self-assembly strategy, we grafted a dendrimer, based on a well-defined branched structure for nanomedical devices, with a well-defined nanoarchitecture, yielding spherical, highly homogeneous molecules with multiple surface functionalities. Accordingly, a self-assembled dendrimer-conjugated system was developed to achieve the transdermal delivery of isotretinoin (13cRA-D). Results: Herein, 13cRA-D showed remarkable controlled release, characterized by slow release in normal tissues but accelerated release in tissues with low pH, such as sites of inflammation. These release characteristics could abrogate the nonteratogenic side effects of isotretinoin and allow efficient skin permeation. Moreover, 13cRA-D exhibited high therapeutic efficacy in acne models. Based on in vitro and in vivo experimental results, 13cRA-D afforded better skin penetration than isotretinoin and allowed lesion targeting. Additionally, 13cRA-D induced minimal skin irritation. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that 13cRA-D is a safe and effective isotretinoin formulation for treating patients with skin disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present studies, polysaccharide was extracted from 6 varieties of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. and its potential to form hydrogel was evaluated. The hydrogel formation was not observed in Desi and Neelam 51 variety but it formed particulate matter. Parasiya 954 and Maharani 92 formed intact, sticky, and watery gel whereas Swati and Nylon 55 formed intact, dense, and sticky gel with high water absorbing and swelling property. The rheological analysis of hydrogels (C, Pr2A, Mh2A, Sw2A, & Ny2A) suggested that they had a weak, flexible network structure and behaved as dilatant shear thickening fluid. The strength of Ny2A and Sw2A was high as compared to C, Pr2A, and Mh2A. The FESEM, FTIR, and XRD analysis of drug-loaded hydrogels confirmed the formation of polymerization in intact and sticky hydrogels, porous morphology, entrapment of insulin in hydrogels, the stable structure of insulin is retained and its amorphous dispersion in hydrogels, respectively. The in vitro controlled drug release was evaluated from each hydrogel by using insulin as a model drug using the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. The controlled drug (insulin) release was observed in formulations C, Pr2A, Mh2A, Sw2A, Ny2A, and Mh3A whereas controlled drug release was not observed in formulations Pr3A, Sw3A, Ny3A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As known, the benefits of photothermal therapy (PTT) are greatly limited by the heat tolerance of cancer cells resulting from overexpressed heat shock proteins (HSPs). Then HSPs further trigger the formation of stress granules (SGs) that regulate protein expression and cell viability under various stress conditions. Inhibition of SG formation can sensitize tumor cells to PTT. Herein, we developed PEGylated pH (low) insertion peptide (PEG-pHLIP)-modified hollow copper sulfide nanoparticles (HCuS NPs) encapsulating the SG inhibitor ISRIB, with the phase-change material lauric acid (LA) as a gate-keeper, to construct a pH-driven and NIR photo-responsive controlled smart drug delivery system (IL@H-PP). The nanomedicine could specifically target slightly acidic tumor sites. Upon irradiation, IL@H-PP realized PTT, and the light-controlled release of ISRIB could effectively inhibit the formation of PTT-induced SG to sensitize tumor cells to PTT, thereby increasing the antitumor effect and inducing potent immunogenic cell death (ICD). Moreover, IL@H-PP could promote the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), repolarizing them towards the M1 phenotype and remodeling the immunosuppressive microenvironment. In vitro / vivo results revealed the potential of PTT combined with SG inhibitors, which provides a new paradigm for antitumor and anti-metastases. A pH-driven active targeted delivery system with thermal responsiveness was constructed to inhibit the development and metastases of breast cancer through stress granules (SG) inhibition-sensitized photothermal therapy (PTT) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) repolarization-enhanced immunotherapy. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precision medicine aims to optimize pharmacological treatments by considering patients' genetic, phenotypic, and environmental factors, enabling dosages personalized to the individual. To address challenges associated with oral and injectable administration approaches, implantable drug delivery systems have been developed. These systems overcome issues like patient adherence, bioavailability, and first-pass metabolism. Utilizing new combinations of biodegradable polymers, the proposed solution, a Polymeric Controlled Release System (PCRS), allows minimally invasive placement and controlled drug administration over several weeks. This study's objective was to show that the PCRS exhibits a linear biphasic controlled release profile, which would indicate potential as an effective treatment vehicle for cervical malignancies. An injection mold technique was developed for batch manufacturing of devices, and in vitro experiments demonstrated that the device's geometry and surface area could be varied to achieve various drug release profiles. This study's results motivate additional development of the PCRS to treat cervical cancer, as well as other malignancies, such as lung, testicular, and ovarian cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Injectable hydrogels have gained popularity for their controlled release, targeted delivery, and enhanced mechanical properties. They hold promise in cardiac regeneration, joint diseases, postoperative analgesia, and ocular disorder treatment. Hydrogels enriched with nano-hydroxyapatite show potential in bone regeneration, addressing challenges of bone defects, osteoporosis, and tumor-associated regeneration. In wound management and cancer therapy, they enable controlled release, accelerated wound closure, and targeted drug delivery. Injectable hydrogels also find applications in ischemic brain injury, tissue regeneration, cardiovascular diseases, and personalized cancer immunotherapy. This manuscript highlights the versatility and potential of injectable hydrogel nanocomposites in biomedical research. Moreover, it includes a perspective section that explores future prospects, emphasizes interdisciplinary collaboration, and underscores the promising future potential of injectable hydrogel nanocomposites in biomedical research and applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In May 2022, Health Canada approved a three-year exemption from the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act decriminalizing possession of certain illegal substances for personal use among adults in the province of British Columbia. The exemption explicitly includes a cumulative threshold of 2.5 g of opioids, cocaine, methamphetamine, and MDMA. Threshold quantities are commonly included in decriminalization policies and justified within law enforcement systems to delineate personal use among people who use drugs versus drug dealers who are carrying for trafficking purposes. Understanding the impact of the 2.5g threshold can help define the extent to which people who use drugs will be decriminalized. Methods: From June-October 2022, 45 people who use drugs from British Columbia were interviewed to gain an understanding of their perceptions on decriminalization, particularly on the proposed threshold of 2.5 g. We conduced descriptive thematic analyses to synthesize common interview responses. Results: Results are displayed under two categories: 1) Implications for substance use profiles and purchasing patterns, including implications on the cumulative nature of the threshold and impacts on bulk purchasing, and 2) Implications of police enforcement, including distrust of police use of discretion, potential for net widening and jurisdictional discrepancies in enforcing the threshold. Results illustrate the need for the decriminalization policy to consider diversity in consumption patterns and frequency of use among people who use drugs, the inclination to purchase larger quantities of substances for reduced costs and to guarantee a safe and available supply, and the role police will play in delineating between possession for personal use or trafficking purposes. Conclusions: The findings underscore the importance of monitoring the impact of the threshold on people who use drugs and whether it is countering the goals of the policy. Consultations with people who use drugs can help policymakers understand the challenges they may face when trying to abide by this threshold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Spatiotemporal regulation is one of the major considerations for developing a controlled and targeted drug delivery system to treat diseases efficiently. Light-responsive plasmonic nanostructures take advantage due to their tunable optical and photothermal properties by changing size, shape, and spatial arrangement. Results: In this study, self-integrated plasmonic hybrid nanogels (PHNs) are developed for spatiotemporally controllable drug delivery through light-driven conformational change and photothermally-boosted endosomal escape. PHNs are easily synthesized through the simultaneous integration of gold nanoparticles (GNPs), thermo-responsive poly (N-isopropyl acrylamide), and linker molecules during polymerization. Wave-optic simulations reveal that the size of the PHNs and the density of the integrated GNPs are crucial factors in modulating photothermal conversion. Several linkers with varying molecular weights are inserted for the optimal PHNs, and the alginate-linked PHN (A-PHN) achieves more than twofold enhanced heat conversion compared with others. Since light-mediated conformational changes occur transiently, drug delivery is achieved in a spatiotemporally controlled manner. Furthermore, light-induced heat generation from cellular internalized A-PHNs enables pinpoint cytosolic delivery through the endosomal rupture. Finally, the deeper penetration for the enhanced delivery efficiency by A-PHNs is validated using multicellular spheroid. Conclusion: This study offers a strategy for synthesizing light-responsive nanocarriers and an in-depth understanding of light-modulated site-specific drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wake of emerging antimicrobial resistance, antibacterial drug development has become more critical. At the same time, development of antibacterial drugs targeting specific pathogens or resistance phenotypes that may have low prevalence presents challenges because it is difficult to conduct large, randomized controlled trials for such drugs. Animal models have increasingly supported clinical development of antibacterials; however, more work is needed to optimize the design and application of these animal models to ensure clear and actionable translation to further human investigation. This review discusses recent case studies of animal infection models used to support antibacterial drug development in order to illuminate considerations for future development of novel antibacterial drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adherence to prescribed treatment in chronic diseases, as occurs in multiple sclerosis (MS), is a critical factor for a successful therapeutic response. This study aimed to investigate the effect of educational program based on Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) on treatment adherence in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) receiving injectable immunomodulatory drugs. Methods: The present study is an educational randomized controlled trial research that was conducted on 100 patients with MS who had gone to MS clinic in Tehran city (Iran). The samples were randomly assigned to the intervention (N = 50) and control groups (N = 50). Data collection instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire based on TPB. Then, educational program was performed for the intervention group through four educational sessions. After three months, data collection was repeated for the two groups and data were analyzed. Results: The knowledge and performance of the intervention group on treatment adherence drugs increased from 56.25 ± 20.3 to 78.31 ± 15.57 and 56.22 ± 5.76 to 71.62 ± 12.01 after the education respectively (p < 0.001). The mean of construct of TPB in the intervention group also increased after the intervention (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Applying the TPB model proved is very effective in developing an educational program for patients with MS, to enhance treatment adherence drugs. Besides such programs, follow-up education for controlling and monitoring are highly recommended. Trial registration: This trial has been registered at Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials, IRCT20210808052109N1. Prospectively registered at 12-Aug-2021, (12/8/2021) available at: URL: https://en.irct.ir/trial/57994 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is characterized by a cascade of events that lead to sensory and motor disabilities. To date, this condition is irreversible, and no cure exists. To improve myelin repair and limit secondary degeneration, we developed a multitherapy based on nanomedicines (NMeds) loaded with the promyelinating agent triiodothyronine (T3), used in combination with systemic ibuprofen and mouse nerve growth factor (mNGF). Poly-L-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) NMeds were optimized and loaded with T3 to promote sustained release. In vitro experiments confirmed the efficacy of T3-NMeds to differentiate oligodendrocyte precursor cells. In vivo rat experiments were performed in contusion SCI to explore the NMed biodistribution and efficacy of combo drugs at short- and long-term post-lesion. A strong anti-inflammatory effect was observed in the short term with a reduction of type M1 microglia and glutamate levels, but with a subsequent increase of TREM2. In the long term, an improvement of myelination in NG2-IR, an increase in MBP content, and a reduction of the demyelination area were observed. These data demonstrated that NMeds can successfully be used to obtain more controlled local drug delivery and that this multiple treatment could be effective in improving the outcome of SCIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conventional routes of drug administration has limited control over drug release and maintaining constant plasma therapeutic drug concentrations for longer periods of time. To avoid these problems associated with utilization of traditional dosage forms, there was essential need for development of new dosage forms which would discharge drugs at controlled rate for local activity. This led to improvement of Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) that offers optimisation of therapeutic properties of drugs and makes them safer, productive and dependable over traditional ways of administration. Implantable drug delivery system (IDDS) forms a part of novel drug delivery system. This route of administering medications allows targeted distribution, location specificity, constant release rate, low amount of drug requirements, and minimisation of adverse effects with improved efficacy. It provides possibility of administering drugs once weekly to yearly which otherwise previously require frequent daily dosing. Different implantable technologies are currently in use for many therapeutic applications such as in dentistry, ophthalmology, contraception and oncology. However, the expensiveness of this newly improved drug delivery system is quite high which hinders its large scale use. Moreover, the recently developed devices require further enhancement and hence thorough scientific trials are needed before wide implementation in populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary liver cancer, with the predominant form as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), remains a worldwide health problem due to its aggressive and lethal nature. Transarterial chemoembolization, the first‐line treatment option of unresectable HCC that employs drug‐loaded embolic agents to occlude tumor‐feeding arteries and concomitantly delivers chemotherapeutic drugs into the tumor, is still under fierce debate in terms of the treatment parameters. The models that can produce in‐depth knowledge of the overall intratumoral drug release behavior are lacking. This study engineers a 3D tumor‐mimicking drug release model, which successfully overcomes the substantial limitations of conventional in vitro models through utilizing decellularized liver organ as a drug‐testing platform that uniquely incorporates three key features, i.e., complex vasculature systems, drug‐diffusible electronegative extracellular matrix, and controlled drug depletion. This drug release model combining with deep learning‐based computational analyses for the first time permits quantitative evaluation of all important parameters associated with locoregional drug release, including endovascular embolization distribution, intravascular drug retention, and extravascular drug diffusion, and establishes long‐term in vitro–in vivo correlations with in‐human results up to 80 d. This model offers a versatile platform incorporating both tumor‐specific drug diffusion and elimination settings for quantitative evaluation of spatiotemporal drug release kinetics within solid tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Etizolam is a benzodiazepine (BZD). Etizolam is structurally different from BZDs as a thiophene replaces the benzene ring and a triazole ring is fused to the diazepine ring, but etizolam's pharmacological profile is similar. Etizolam has been used to treat anxiety and panic disorders, to reduce depressive and somatization symptoms and to induce muscle relaxation. Etizolam is used recreationally due to its reinforcing and sedative effects. Etizolam is available in tablet or powder form or administered on blotter paper that can be placed on the tongue for oral absorption. Etizolam metabolizes into two major metabolites: α-hydroxyetizolam and 8-hydroxyetizolam, and all three compounds can be detected in different biological specimens using various common analytical techniques such as immunoassay, chromatography and mass spectrometry. Etizolam is a controlled drug in many countries around the globe but is approved for medical use in some countries, such as Japan, South Korea and Italy. This work is a collation and review of available literature on etizolam to help improve the fundamental understanding of its toxicology, outline best analytical practice, and aid interpretation of toxicology results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unique structural characteristics of three‐dimensional (3D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) like high surface areas, interconnected pore system and readily accessible active sites render them promising platforms for a wide set of functional applications. Albeit promising, the reticular construction of 3D COFs with large pores is a very demanding task owing to the formation of interpenetrated frameworks. Herein we report the designed synthesis of a 3D non‐interpenetrated stp net COF, namely TUS‐64, with the largest pore size of all 3D COFs (47 Å) and record‐low density (0.106 g cm−3) by reticulating a 6‐connected triptycene‐based linker with a 4‐connected porphyrin‐based linker. Characterized with a highly interconnected mesoporous scaffold and good stability, TUS‐64 shows efficient drug loading and controlled release for five different drugs in simulated body fluid environment, demonstrating the competency of TUS‐64 as drug nanocarriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) have shown promise in biomedical applications such as drug delivery and imaging due to their versatile synthetic methods, tunable physicochemical properties, and ability to load both hydrophilic and hydrophobic cargo with high efficiency. To improve the utility of these nanostructures, there is a need to control the degradation profile relative to specific microenvironments. The design of such nanostructures for controlled combination drug delivery would benefit from minimizing degradation and cargo release in circulation while increasing intracellular biodegradation. Herein, we fabricated two types of layer-by-layer hollow mesoporous SNPs (HMSNPs) containing two and three layers with variations in disulfide precursor ratios. These disulfide bonds are redox-sensitive, resulting in a controllable degradation profile relative to the number of disulfide bonds present. Particles were characterized for morphology, size and size distribution, atomic composition, pore structure, and surface area. No difference was observed between in vitro cytotoxicity profiles of the fabricated nanoparticles at 24 h in the concentration range below 100 µg mL−1. The degradation profiles of particles were evaluated in simulated body fluid in the presence of glutathione. The results demonstrate that the composition and number of layers influence degradation rates, and particles containing a higher number of disulfide bridges were more responsive to enzymatic degradation. These results indicate the potential utility of layer-by-layer HMSNPs for delivery applications where tunable degradation is desired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionic hydrogels are favorable for drug delivery applications, and fluorescence probes have been employed to analyze drug carriers. In this work, we studied swelling properties of pH-sensitive poly (acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) P(AAc-co-AAm) hydrogels in the presence of 30 vol% AAc at different pH values by steady-state fluorescence technique. We introduced a hydrophilic fluorescence probe, pyranine 4 (4sPy), due to its emission spectrum independent of pH. 4sPy molecules were trapped in the P(AAc-co-AAm) hydrogel network during the gelation before the swelling process. We monitored the effect of pH on fluorescence intensities of 4sPy during in situ swelling processes and also compared the behavior of trapped 4sPy molecules with the behavior of trapped drug carriers in a controlled drug delivery system. Most of the 4sPy molecules were released out from the hydrogels at high pH, such as drug molecules in the drug delivery system. Our results indicated that these hydrogels reached the maximum swelling ratio at pH = 9. The cooperative diffusion coefficient, D, was found using in situ fluorescence and gravimetric results as nearly 10−8 m2/s for different pH values that are comparable to the diffusion coefficient of drug molecules in drug delivery systems in the literature. Scanning electron microscope results indicated the change in morphology of anionic hydrogels swollen at different pH values. These results showed that P(AAc-co-AAm) hydrogels could be applicable for jejunum targeted drug delivery systems, and the 4sPy can be a candidate probe to monitor the drug carriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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[Display omitted] • The drug delivery system (Fe 3 O 4 @LDH/PDA) has high drug loading for curcumin. • Fe 3 O 4 @Cur-LDH/PDA has excellent magnetic property and pH-responsiveness performance. • Fe 3 O 4 @Cur-LDH/PDA can inhibit tumor cell growth by releasing Cur after endocytosis. In recent years, using magnetic nanocomposites for controlled release of drugs and target-specific drug delivery has great potential in exploring a new method for cancer chemotherapy. Nevertheless, the low loading rate of insoluble drugs greatly restricts their efficacy and clinical application. Here, an efficient magnetic nanostructure combining Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles and layered double hydroxide (LDH) was developed and used for tumor cell inhibition. LDH was first deposited on Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles (Fe 3 O 4 @LDH), curcumin (Cur) was then loaded and polydopamine (PDA) eventually formed a PDA-coating on Fe 3 O 4 @Cur-LDH via self-polymerization. The Fe 3 O 4 @Cur-LDH/PDA nanostructure showed a suitable nano-meter size, excellent magnetic property, and high drug loading rate (up to 38 %). In vitro release results implied that Fe 3 O 4 @Cur-LDH/PDA nanostructure had good pH-responsive performance and excellent controlled-release behaviors due to the introduction of PDA. The cellular experiments demonstrated that Fe 3 O 4 @Cur-LDH/PDA nanostructure had good biocompatibility. In addition, Fe 3 O 4 @Cur-LDH/PDA entered into the cells mainly through endocytosis and had excellent inhibition on HepG2 cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. Therefore, Fe 3 O 4 @Cur-LDH/PDA nanostructure has a prospective application in cancer therapy as a controlled drug delivery system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Psychedelics are an increasingly active area of research and pharmaceutical development. This includes abuse potential assessment to better understand their pharmacological mechanisms and effects and guide controlled substance regulation. Psychedelics pose challenges to abuse assessments to ensure valid, reliable, and generalizable outcomes and safe study conduct. Findings: Key nonclinical techniques, for example, receptor binding and functional assays in vitro, and nonclinical physical dependence determinations, are easily adaptable to psychedelics. However, the entactogens (weak reinforcers) and hallucinogens (non-reinforcers) require more flexible approaches than typically recommended by regulatory agencies. Phase 1 pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic safety studies and Phases 2/3 efficacy/safety trials with systematic monitoring of abuse-related adverse events are readily applicable to psychedelics. Human abuse trials require modification because supratherapeutic doses may not be safe and procedures, for example, personal monitors to manage serious adverse events, might bias outcomes. Recommendations: Abuse-related studies for psychedelics requiring approval by Food and Drug Administration and other agencies should take into consideration existing knowledge that will vary from extensive, for example, psilocybin, to zero for novel hallucinogens and entactogens. Many abuse assessments can be reasonably applied to animals and humans without compromising scientific integrity. Modification of existing techniques and incorporating a broader range of nonclinical tests should ensure generalizable outcomes. Human abuse studies merit reconsideration and possible modification to ensure safety and validity for psychedelic drug evaluation. Other nonclinical and clinical methods can provide evaluations of the pharmacological equivalence of test drugs to known drugs of abuse to provide context to the abuse assessment and guide drug scheduling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past decade a plethora of drugs with similar effects to controlled psychoactive drugs, like cannabis, amfetamine (amphetamine), or lysergic acid diethylamide, have been synthesized. These drugs can collectively be classified under the term new psychoactive substances (NPS) and are used for recreational purposes. The novelty of the substances, alongside the rapid rate of emergence and structural variability, makes their detection as well as their legal control highly challenging, increasing the demand for rapid and easy‐to‐use analytical techniques for their detection and identification. Therefore, interest in ambient ionization mass spectrometry applied to NPS has grown in recent years, which is largely because it is relatively fast and simple to use and has a low operating cost. This review aims to provide a critique of the suitability of current ambient ionization techniques for the analysis of NPS in the forensic and clinical toxicology fields. Consideration is given to analytical performance and ease of implementation, including ionization efficiency, selectivity, sensitivity, quantification, analyte chemistry, molecular coverage, validation, and practicality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of the present research work was to investigate the potential of emulgel in enhancing the topical delivery of Ketoconazole. To formulate Ketoconazole emulgel, two gelling agents were used: Carbopol-934 and Carbopol-940. The emulgel which were prepared are evaluated for their physical appearance, pH measurement, spreadability, viscosity, drug release, antifungal test, skin irritation test, and stability. Comparison was done by using commercially available Ketoconazole cream. The prepared formulation of emulgel showed acceptable physical properties including color, homogeneity, consistency, pH value and spreadability. It was found that the antifungal property and drug release for optimized formulation is higher than the marketed Ketoconazole cream. The highest activity was observed with F2 formulation, where percentage inhibition found to be 71.53% than the marketed product, which was found 45.43%. The cumulative amount of drug release range varied between 76.69% to 66.13%. at 24 hrs. As all the evaluation parameters were performed, so there was no skin irritation seen. It was also observed that, after storage of formulation for 3 months, stability study showed that the physical appearance, rheological study, in vitro drug release, and antifungal activity of emulgel remains unchanged. In general conclusion, it was suggested that the prepared formulation (emulgel) of drug release for sustained drug delivery in a controlled manner is succeed in comparison with cream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious global public health threat. It remains elusive to achieve a functional HBV cure with currently available antivirals. Herein, a photo‐responsive delivery vehicle composed of Nd3+‐sensitized core–shell upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP), mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN), antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), and capsid‐binding inhibitor C39 was established, which was named UMAC according to the initials of its components. Subsequently, the as‐synthesized delivery vehicle was encapsulated by β‐ D‐galactopyranoside (Gal) modified red blood cell (RBC) membrane vesicles, which enabled precise targeting of the liver cells (UMAC‐M‐Gal). Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that this biomimetic system could successfully achieve controlled drug release under light conditions at 808 nm, leading to effective suppression of HBV replication in this dual‐targeted therapeutic approach. Together, these results substantiate the system has huge prospects for application to achieve functional HBV cure, and provides a promising novel strategy for drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles act as antitumor agents because of their antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing properties. The present study aims to develop silver nanoparticle-loaded liposomes for the effective management of cancer. Silver nanoparticle-encapsulated liposomes were prepared using the thin-film hydration method coupled with sonication. The prepared liposomes were characterized by DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering analysis), FESEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope), and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy). The in vitro drug release profile of the silver nanoparticle-loaded liposomes was carried out using the dialysis bag method and the drug release profile was validated using various mathematical models. A high encapsulation efficiency of silver nanoparticle-loaded liposome was observed (82.25%). A particle size and polydispersity index of 172.1 nm and 0.381, respectively, and the zeta potential of −21.5 mV were recorded. FESEM analysis revealed spherical-shaped nanoparticles in the size range of 80–97 nm. The in vitro drug release profile of the silver nanoparticle-loaded liposomes was carried out using the dialysis bag method in three different pHs: pH 5.5, pH 6.8, and pH 7.4. A high silver nanoparticle release was observed in pH 5.5 which corresponds to the mature endosomes of tumor cells; 73.32 ± 0.68% nanoparticle was released at 72 h in pH 5.5. Among the various mathematical models analyzed, the Higuchi model was the best-fitted model as there is the highest value of the correlation coefficient which confirms that the drug release follows the diffusion-controlled process. From the Korsmeyer–Peppas model, it was confirmed that the drug release is based on anomalous non-Fickian diffusion. The results indicate that the silver nanoparticle-loaded liposomes can be used as an efficient drug delivery carrier to target cancer cells of various types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]