Search

Tax buoyancy exhibits unique behaviour in nations facing specific challenges. This phenomenon is particularly pronounced in sub-Saharan countries which often implement tax exemptions to boost investment and facilitate trade. This study investigates tax buoyancy in Rwanda. It uses government administrative data and rigorous statistical techniques. The Engle-Granger test for co-integration and Ordinary Least Squares regression techniques were used to assess long-term relationships and models. The study findings revealed that the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was co-integrated with Direct Taxes while the Total Consumption correlates with Taxes on Goods and Services. The study revealed that there was no sustained correlation between s and international trade taxes in Rwanda. This was attributed to the increasing use of customs tax exemptions for trade facilitation and investment promotion. The GDP emerged as a reliable predictor for international trade taxes. The findings revealed the dynamic tax system in Rwanda was characterized by substantial buoyancy rates. Crucially, the study recommends not relying on import volumes for forecasting international trade taxes, not only in Rwanda but also in other countries adopting similar tax policies. The lessons drawn from Rwanda’s experience offer valuable insight for policymakers confronting similar challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of ecological civilization has put forward new requirements for the market-oriented reform of ecological products, and pricing is the most effective mechanism for marketization. This paper actively expands on the definition of ecological products and considers two game models to compare different consumption preferences and tax/subsidy policies. The results show that, under a static game, ecological products pose a disadvantage, which can lead to negative profits. In a dynamic game, an ecological firm can obtain higher profits by virtue of the positive externalities of its products. Changes in subsidies and taxes can achieve the expected effect of policies, which may reduce the price of ecological products and thus improve competitiveness. Meanwhile, we found that tax policy regulation plays a more significant role than a supporting subsidy, but the ecological degree effect may be the opposite under extreme conditions. This research provides theoretical guidance for promoting the use of ecological products for environmental improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on fiscal policy has identified wealth elasticity of labor supply and agent heterogeneity as the linchpin of shaping different transmission mechanisms for fiscal policy. In this paper, I build these two important edifices on an otherwise canonical business-cycle model to conduct quantitative analyses of various fiscal policies. To underscore the relative importance of agent heterogeneity, I compare results from the model with agent heterogeneity with those from a standard model without agent heterogeneity. I also compare results from changes in wealth elasticity to analyze how the model ingredient delivers different macroeconomic and fiscal dynamics. The main finding reveals that in the context of the model formulated in this paper, the capital tax is the least detrimental to business cycles and fiscal states and the consumption tax is the most appropriate policy tool since it yields positive output and tax-revenue multipliers in the short and long runs. All the results from counterfactual experiments suggest that macroeconomic and fiscal outcomes hinge fundamentally on agent heterogeneity and wealth elasticity. An important value that this paper adds to the literature is to offer results from a comprehensive analysis of all possible fiscal policies by considering both essential forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, human rights scholarship has progressively turned its gaze to the topic of taxation. As a growing body of literature has shown, both the tasks of raising and spending tax revenue may impinge on the realisation of socio-economic rights, a relationship here termed tax and human rights nexus. Notably, however, sovereigns' fiscal powers are, to a large extent, curtailed by the international tax regime. Whereas appeals for a normative alignment between international tax law and human rights are mounting, a closer look at what exactly international human rights frameworks allow with respect to taxation is still largely missing. This article seeks to fill this gap by systematically analysing regional human rights court's jurisprudence on taxation where it intersects socio-economic rights. In doing so, it aims at illuminating the opportunities and challenges for human rights judicial review of international fiscal policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the results of an online survey on the impact of the global food crisis on Germany's food aid measures. The global food crisis has left Germans food insecure, leading them to seek additional financial support to increase food production, including lower sales tax and aid for vulnerable groups. Perception of the causes of the food crisis differ across socio-economic groups, such as age, education, and income. Older participants were dissatisfied with the measures taken by the government and European Union to secure the functioning of the food security system. This group was also supportive of reduced consumption tax on food and increased charitable assistance for vulnerable groups. In Germany, where the birthrate is steadily declining and the population is aging, social security system reform is underway, with hope for stable and sustainable food assistance supported by older generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is associated with obesity, metabolic diseases, and incremental healthcare costs. Given their health consequences, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that countries implement taxes on SSB. Over the last 10 years, obesity prevalence has almost doubled in Brazil, yet, in 2016, the Brazilian government cut the existing federal SSB taxes to their current 4%. Since 2022, a bill to impose a 20% tax on SSB has been under discussion in the Brazilian Senate. To simulate the potential impact of increasing taxes on SSB in Brazil, we aimed to estimate the price-elasticity of SSB and the potential impact of a new 20% or 30% excise SSB tax on consumption, obesity prevalence, and cost savings. Methods and findings: Using household purchases data from the Brazilian Household Budget Survey (POF) from 2017/2018, we estimated constant elasticity regressions. We used a log-log specification by income level for all beverage categories: (1) sugar-sweetened beverages; (2) alcoholic beverages; (3) unsweetened beverages; and (4) low-calorie or artificially sweetened beverages. We estimated the adult nationwide baseline intake for each beverage category using 24-h dietary recall data collected in 2017/2018. Taking group one as the taxed beverages, we applied the price and cross-price elasticities to the baseline intake data, we obtained changes in caloric intake. The caloric reduction was introduced into an individual dynamic model to estimate changes in weight and obesity prevalence. No benefits on cost savings were modeled during the first 3 years of intervention to account for the time lag in obesity cases to reduce costs. We multiplied the reduction in obesity cases during 7 years by the obesity costs per capita to predict the costs savings attributable to the sweetened beverage tax. SSB price elasticities were higher among the lowest tertile of income (−1.24) than in the highest income tertile (−1.13), and cross-price elasticities suggest SSB were weakly substituted by milk, water, and 100% fruit juices. We estimated a caloric change of −17.3 kcal/day/person under a 20% excise tax and −25.9 kcal/day/person under a 30% tax. Ten years after implementation, a 20% tax is expected to reduce obesity prevalence by 6.7%; 9.1% for a 30% tax. These reductions translate into a −2.8 million and −3.8 million obesity cases for a 20% and 30% tax, respectively, and a reduction of $US 13.3 billion and $US 17.9 billion in obesity costs over 10 years for a 20% and 30% tax, respectively. Study limitations include using a quantile distribution method to adjust self-reported baseline weight and height, which could be insufficient to correct for reporting bias; also, weight, height, and physical activity were assumed to be steady over time. Conclusions: Adding a 20% to 30% excise tax on top of Brazil's current federal tax could help to reduce the consumption of ultra-processed beverages, empty calories, and body weight while avoiding large health-related costs. Given the recent cuts to SSB taxes in Brazil, a program to revise and implement excise taxes could prove beneficial for the Brazilian population. Using the context of the proposed Sugar-Sweetened-Beverages tax in Brazil, Ana Basto-Abreu and colleagues model the estimated reduction in obesity prevalence and savings in health-related costs. Author summary: Why was this study done?: The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is associated with obesity, metabolic diseases, and incremental healthcare costs. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends governments to tax SSB to improve diet and reduce chronic diseases. Since 2022, a bill to impose a 20% tax on SSB is under discussion in the Brazilian Senate. What did the researchers do and find?: We estimated SSB own- and cross-price elasticities by socioeconomic status and simulated the potential effects of introducing a 20% excise tax to SSB in consumption. If a 20% tax is introduced, we would expect a 16.9 kcal/day/person caloric reduction among Brazilian adults. We used an individual dynamic weight change model to translate caloric reductions into obesity reductions. We estimated an expected 6.7% reduction in obesity, which could lead to USD 13.3 billion healthcare cost savings over 10 years. Larger benefits of the tax are expected to be experienced by younger adults and by people from high-income groups. What do these findings mean?: The implementation of the SSB tax is expected to produce important reductions in population weight and obesity prevalence, while saving health-related costs. Limitations of our analysis include assuming no change in weight under the no-intervention scenario and using a quantile distribution method to adjust self-reported baseline weight and height. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important tools for adjusting the income distribution is tax. By imposing taxes on the income and wealth of individuals, governments can, in addition to financing their own expenses, use this tool to reduce the income gap and make the necessary adjustments in the distribution of income. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the income distribution by emphasizing the types of taxes in the Afghan economy. In this research, data collected by library and statistical methods, WDI 2021 and Global Inequality Database during 1971 to 2020, and for data analysis, OLS and GMM time series econometric models use in this research. The results of different research models show that the tax on the consumption of a tax is on the path of injustice and inequality, because it receives a tax in equal proportions from all members of society. The most important proposal in this regard is to create an exponential tax mechanism. The research also shows that trade taxes will increase the price of domestic consumer goods, resulting in inflation and increased income inequality. The results also show that increasing profit tax will reduce corporate profits and, of course, reduce income inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Christians and Jews in fourteenth- and fifteenth-century Castile relied on income from local taxes levied on commercial transactions to maintain the fabric and the effective administration of their communities. The consumption tax imposed by the crown, the alcabala (also known as the sisa), was a major source of royal revenue so that traders were doubly taxed on the sales of their produce. The mechanism for the collection of these taxes and the way in which the tax-farmers were appointed to these lucrative posts showed some similarities between the two faith communities. A dispute described in a fourteenth-century rabbinic responsum reveals, however, that the process within one Jewish community (aljama) was less structured than that followed in the Christian municipalities (concejos). Furthermore, it portrays the considerable emphasis placed by the protagonists on the legal injunctions of Jewish law (halakha). The conflict between the various elements within the Jewish leadership and their attempts to influence rabbinic authority are an illustration of rivalry and contention and of the bids to dominate judicial process within a late-medieval Jewish community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can taxes on consumption redistribute in developing countries? Contrary to consensus, we show that taxing consumption is progressive once we account for informal consumption. Using household expenditure surveys in 32 countries, we proxy for informal consumption using the type of store where purchases occur. We establish that the budget share spent in informal stores steeply declines with income, so that richer households pay a substantially larger share of their income in taxes. Our findings imply that the widespread policy of exempting food from taxation is hard to justify on equity grounds in low-income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing carbon dioxide emissions and achieving carbon neutrality have become hot topics of global concern. China has elevated its response to climate change to a national strategic level, where the green tax system plays a crucial role in implementing the dual-carbon strategy. This paper systematically analyzes the green tax systems of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)--encompassing environmental pollution taxes, energy taxes, vehicle and transportation taxes, and resource taxes. Based on this analysis, it proposes that China should establish a multifaceted green tax system including environmental protection tax, resource tax, and farmland occupation tax. Furthermore, it suggests an integrated approach combining systematic tax incentives such as corporate income tax, value-added tax, consumption tax, and vehicle purchase tax. This comprehensive green taxation framework, covering development, production, consumption, and emission stages, aims to drive high-quality green economic and social development through both tax incentives and restrictions, implementing a "dual-driving" mechanism. This study provides a basic framework and practical path for building a green tax system in China, especially studying the sources of different green taxes and their interrelationships, which enriches the theoretical and practical values related to taxation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of a 'green' value‐added tax in the competitive environment of firms. Using data on firms in Romania and leveraging the introduction of a tax reduction on organic products in 2019, I show that although the overall market for organic goods grows and potential to generate windfall profit exists, the market share of incumbent firms decreases because of intensified competition post‐reform driven by new entrants competing for profits in the market. The market share decreases by about 2 percentage points after the reform. The effect depends on the relative elasticity of demand vis‐à‐vis supply in the market and the ability of a firm to protect its sales from new market entrants. Firms operating geographically further from the main consumer (i.e., more rural firms) and further upstream from the retail sector are more vulnerable to losing market share because urban demand is less elastic than rural demand and retail demand is less elastic than primary demand. Firms that are in markets where it is easier to switch from non‐organic to organic and that are less capital intensive (i.e., have fewer fixed costs) are more vulnerable to losing market share to new market entrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tax expenditure management is one of the tools for conducting responsible fiscal policy. Unlike direct expenditures, tax expenditures do not consume resources, but allow the achievement of certain social and economic goals. The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis of the expediency of using the mechanism of tax expenditures to influence investment activities and the development of priority sectors of the economy. The object of this study was a sample of nine countries of the G-20 group, whose reports provided data on the share of tax expenditures related to investment support and stimulating the development of priority sectors of the economy. The practice of generating reports on tax expenditures is quite common in developed countries, but there are several limitations for cross-country comparison: national characteristics of fiscal elements, and the level of openness and transparency of data on tax expenditures. The scale of using tax expenditures is determined by the multidimensional average method; countries are rated according to the value of the integral indicator. The scale of tax breaks determines the position in the ranking. The effectiveness of using tax breaks is assessed through the coefficient of increase in investment and the coefficient of increase in industrial production. The assessment results show whether economic indicators are outpacing the growth rate of tax benefits and preferences. A study of panel data revealed the average degree of influence of the total amount of tax expenditures on the dynamics of capital investments. The allocation of a target group of tax expenditures related to investment support showed a weak degree of influence on the dynamics of capital investment volumes. The results obtained can be explained by the fact that the allocation of a target group of tax expenditures may not reflect the full range of tax benefits provided to support investments, which is due to the peculiarities of the system of accounting and assessment of tax expenditures in a particular country. In addition, the contribution of tax expenditures may be insignificant if direct forms of support prevail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that a consumer price-neutral reform of consumption taxes and import tariffs is welfare-improving. This paper shows that such price controls are inferior to quantity controls in terms of welfare improvement. The paper next turns to a comparison of different abatement strategies. Whether or not policy changes should fix private abatement or public abatement relates to the level of earmarking, and depends on the relationship between private production and public abatement. There are cases in which increased public abatement only improves welfare by more than both increased private and public abatement together. The paper recommends that environmental earmarking in the form of public abatement should be delivered to cushion price hikes and sustain private energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses and compares the performance of resource taxes and capital taxes in financing public goods while considering the positive effects of public expenditure on firm productivity. It is motivated by Franks et al. (2017), who argue that the advantage of the resource tax consists in its potential to reap foreign resource rents. I employ an analytical general equilibrium framework of n $n$ identical resource‐poor countries, where local firms use internationally mobile capital and a net imported resource in production as well as local public infrastructure. The latter is financed solely by either taxing the input of the resource or capital. The choice of the policy instrument is exogenous to policy makers and symmetric across countries. I find that expenditure on infrastructure renders the impact of fiscal policy on the terms of trade ambiguous under resource taxation and negative under capital taxation. Moreover, public expenditure weakens the outflow of factors moderating the deficit of public spending caused by tax competition. This holds for both policy scenarios. Considering both effects simultaneously, resource taxation cannot generally be identified as the policy to provide higher provision or efficiency. A numerical exercise shows cases for higher provision of either policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given high long-term interest rates, most industrial countries have to either cut spending or increase taxes to contain government debt. As an immediate fiscal consolidation would cause economic and political harm, adjustment must be steady and slow, based on a credible plan. This implies that government debt levels have to increase before falling. This is not good, but not catastrophic, as advanced economies can sustain a higher debt ratio, so long as it is not exploding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors sought to characterize perceptions of the impacts, attributes, and support for taxes earmarked for behavioral health services and to compare perceptions of the taxes among professionals in California and Washington, two states differing in earmarked tax designs. Surveys were completed by 155 public agency and community organization professionals involved in tax implementation in California (N=87) and Washington State (N=68) during 2022–2023 (29% response rate). Respondents indicated their perceptions of the taxes' impacts, attributes, and support. Responses were summed as aggregate scores and were also analyzed as individual items. Bivariate analyses were used to compare responses of professionals in California versus Washington State. Earmarked taxes were generally regarded positively. Of the respondents, >80% strongly agreed that the taxes increased funding for services and were helpful, and only 10% strongly agreed that the taxes decreased behavioral health funding from other sources. Substantially more respondents in California than in Washington State strongly agreed that taxes' reporting requirements were complicated (45% vs. 5%, p<0.001) and that the taxes increased unjustified scrutiny of services or systems (33% vs. 2%, p<0.001). However, more respondents in California than in Washington State also strongly agreed that the taxes increased public awareness about behavioral health (56% vs. 15%, p<0.001) and decreased behavioral health stigma (47% vs. 14%, p<0.001). Perceptions of the strengths and weaknesses of taxes earmarked for behavioral health services may vary by design features of the tax. Such features include stigma-reduction initiatives and tax spending and reporting requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Property transaction taxes—also known as stamp duty—are widely viewed as an inefficient form of taxation. In this paper, we examine the welfare implications of removing stamp duty in a general equilibrium overlapping generation model with heterogeneous agents. Our model features an idiosyncratic shock to housing preferences, which may create mismatch or induce households to move. We calibrate the model to the Australian housing market, and conduct counterfactual policy experiments where stamp duty is replaced with recurrent property or consumption taxes. We find that removing stamp duty raises household mobility and reduces the degree of housing mismatch substantially. When examining steady states, we find that newborn households prefer entering an economy with a recurring property tax rather than one with stamp duty. In contrast, when examining the transition we find that existing households prefer replacing stamp duty with a consumption tax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With massive greenhouse gas emissions causing global warming, emissions reduction and economic growth are essential objectives that must be balanced in sustainable development worldwide. The tax policy is an effective tool for environmental protection and economic regulation. Over the years, China has continuously adjusted tax policies, and the tax structure has tended to be optimized, but there is still no carbon tax. In this regard, based on the purpose of promoting the harmonious development of the environment and economy, this article builds a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model with five scenarios to assess the economic, energy, and environmental effects of the consumption tax, the carbon tax as well as their combination in China during 2022 to 2035. The results show that lowering the consumption tax on non-energy-intensive commodities boosts long-term economic growth but is not conducive to emissions reduction. Additionally, a separate carbon tax promotes a cleaner energy transition, reducing emissions while harming the economy. In contrast to the stand-alone policy treatment, the combination of lower consumption taxes on non-energy-intensive commodities with the medium carbon tax rate could have a "double dividend" effect, with long-term economic growth and consistently reduced pollution emissions. In the future, it will be essential to implement the appropriate policy combination to reduce fossil energy consumption and increase clean energy share. Thus, it would help to achieve China's 2030 peak carbon target and promote green economic development effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) is a major global public health problem. Increasing the price of SSBs through taxation is an effective tool to reduce SSB consumption. Price-elasticity estimates are useful in measuring the effect of taxation on consumption. We estimated the own price elasticities of demand for SSBs in Bangladesh, which will inform how SSB taxes could affect behaviour. Methods: We used Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2016 data, which is a nationally representative dataset at the household level across the country and is conducted using stratified random sampling method. Deaton's method was used to estimate the price elasticities for SSBs in Bangladesh. Results: We found that the own price elasticity for SSBs varied between − 0.53% to -1.17% by types of SSBs in Bangladesh. The price elasticity for soft drinks was − 1.17, indicating that if the price of soft drinks increases by 10% via taxes, the quantity consumed of these beverages would reduce by 11.7%. Conclusion: This is the first study that estimates the own price elasticities of demand for SSBs in Bangladesh. Our results suggest to raise SSB prices through increased taxation in order to reduce SSB consumption and ensure public health gains in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effects of environmental tax and environmental spending on CO2 emissions of 27 countries of the European Union EU27 countries using annual time series data from 1995 to 2022. The study used linear and non-linear autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL and NARDL) to examine the relationship. Estimates claim that the variables have a symmetric and asymmetric long-term and short-term relationship. The negative impacts of environmental taxes on CO2 emissions prove that emissions are reduced when polluting activities are taxed. Fiscal policy instrument such as taxation changes the behaviour of the private sector in the EU27 nations by disincentivizing polluting activities. On the other hand, government investment in environmental protection has encouraged the private sector in the EU27 nations to embrace and invest in green technologies, decreasing CO2 emissions. The ECM term is negative and statistically significant at a 1 percent significance level for ARDL and NARDL models, implying a stable long-run relationship between variables. It demonstrates that short-run disequilibrium converges to long-run equilibrium at a speed of 9.2% (in the ARDL model) and 22.7% (in the NARDL model). The study also sheds fresh light on the effectiveness of environmental taxes vs. expenditure, where taxes serve as a counter-incentive policy for CO2 emissions, and spending is a positive policy intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Soziologische Revue is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Accounting & Financial Studies Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper compares the effects of two different health taxes on soda consumption and the body mass index (BMI) of school children in Europe. Hungary imposed a comprehensive tax on several unhealthy products in 2011. In contrast, France introduced a tax on sodas with sugar or artificial sweeteners, in 2012. To evaluate these taxation designs, I use a flexible semi-parametric difference-in-differences (DID) approach. The results suggest a counter-intuitive increase in soda consumption caused by the tax in Hungary. The effect of the soda tax on soda consumption in France is insignificant. The BMI is not affected by any tax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to analyze the influence of economic growth, industrialization, government spending, and environmental taxes on environmental quality as well as the influence of environmental quality, unemployment, and inflation on Indonesia's economic growth. This condition is important to maintain environmentally friendly economic development to achieve sustainable development. METHODS: The study was conducted using simultaneous equation model analysis considering classical assumption tests such as normality tests, granger causality and heteroscedasticity. This study data began in 2015 to 2021 in 34 provinces in Indonesia. In this study, the determinants of environmental quality used were industrialization, government spending and environmental taxes, whereas those of economic growth were unemployment and inflation. FINDINGS: The results of the study indicate that economic growth, industrialization, government spending and environmental taxes have a significant effect on Indonesia's environmental quality. Collectively, these determinants account for 22.18 percent of the variance. However, environmental quality and unemployment do not have a significant effect on Indonesia's economic growth. Meanwhile, inflation has a significant effect on economic growth. Simultaneously, the influence of the determinants of economic growth is 33.52 percent. CONCLUSION: Economic growth, industrialization, government spending and environmental taxes have a significant influence on Indonesia's environmental quality. On the other hand, environmental quality and unemployment do not have a significant effect on Indonesia's economic growth. Meanwhile, inflation has a significant effect on economic growth. The policies suggested, include the following 1) the government must be able to maintain environmental quality while still encouraging economic growth, implemented by creating an environmentally sound growth concept or applying the green economic concept to harmonize growth and the environment; 2) the industrialization process must be maintained so that it does not damage the environment, and pollution threshold rules created in the industrialization process must be applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous economic literature finds that race diversity is associated with increased tax collection and expenditure per capita, but relative under-provision of important public goods and services. Using a panel data set covering Census "Places" of over 25k population 1980–2010, I verify this conclusion in a cross section for the 2010 US Census data. I then show that the measure of racial heterogeneity commonly used throughout the literature is endogenous over time due to omitted variables, and potential reverse causality or simultaneity. As a result, cross section and pooled results are likely to be biased. Using predicted race composition from national trends as an instrumental variable, I show that the relationship between changes in race heterogeneity and both tax and spending per capita is negative. This result suggests a potential reversal of the findings following of the influential paper by Alesina et al. (Q J Econ 114:1243–1284, 1999). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines two different fiscal competition games under labor market imperfections. Given that capital moves across regions and affects regional employment, governments must choose the expenditure level and tax rate on such mobile capital by accounting for the effects of fiscal variables on both capital and labor. Therefore, governments may play these games with either the tax rates on mobile capital or with public expenditures. The presence/absence of absentee ownership of capital and employment externalities are significant factors that characterize two distinct Nash equilibria, one that occurs with tax competition and the other with expenditure competition. Contrary to the existing literature, tax rates under tax competition are likely to be lower than those under expenditure competition owing to employment externalities. In some cases, governments prefer to choose government expenditure as their strategic variable rather than the tax rate. The presence of employment externalities motivates governments to use such expenditure as the variable through which it may strengthen strategic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Umsatzsteuer-Rundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigates the impact of state fiscal preemption on local governance structure. Specifically, it focuses on state-imposed tax and expenditure limits (TELs), which constrain local governments' ability to raise property tax revenues. Using a unique data set on millage rates levied by all local governments in Michigan from 2011 to 2017, the study examines how the state-imposed limitation on local property taxable values affects local taxing efforts. The findings show that the assessment limit results in higher taxing power by cities and special districts. It also indicates local residents' preferences to be drivers for the greater taxing efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tax law has never been a neutral field. On the contrary, it impacts a range of identity axes, including socioeconomic class, race, and gender, and can act as a mechanism for maintaining the status quo or as a catalyst for social change. By examining the ongoing debate on critical tax theory in the United States, Australia, and Brazil, this Article shows that, no matter the differences found in distinct tax systems, tax law functions as a mirror of a country’s values and can be employed either to support or to disadvantage minorities. American critical tax scholars have consistently highlighted the role of tax law in creating barriers to disadvantaged groups, whether with discriminatory intent or embedded in implicit biases. One example is recent data on how tax audits conducted by the IRS disproportionately impact Black Americans. With the growing findings in the field come several challenges still to be addressed, such as the need to provide guidance on policymaking. On the other hand, despite evolving at a slower pace, a careful look at critical tax scholarship in Australia and Brazil reveals a flourishing literature on the role of tax law in increasing inequality. Australian scholars have drawn particular attention to the gender gap, e.g., by evaluating the impact of tax expenditures on women. Brazilian scholars have explored the role of tax law in widening gender and racial inequalities, for example, by assessing regressive taxes, such as the VAT, through feminist and critical race lenses. This Article aims to contextualize the study of critical tax theory and expound on it from the viewpoints of American, Australian, and Brazilian scholars, looking closely at the concrete perspectives taken by them and challenges they might share today and in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the lens of a life cycle model, we argue that an administrative failure of a wage payment delay in a workfare programme could adversely affect the welfare of the poor through two channels. First, it imposes an implicit consumption tax on the household. Second, it changes the status of labour from a "cash" to a credit" good and encourages workers with negative net worth to work harder to clear off the debt. The loss of welfare persists even when the worker has outside employment options. The model's prediction accords well with India's flagship National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), where payment delay to workers participating in the programme has been endemic. Our empirical evidence suggests that, contrary to conventional wisdom, worker participation in the MGNREGA programme is positively associated with a wage payment delay. However, such increased worker participation instead of signalling success of the programme points to a deeper problem of this workfare programme because of the welfare loss suffered by asset‐poor households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides evidence of the relationship between adopting a value-added tax (VAT) and corporate income tax avoidance. Our analysis exploits the staggered replacement of retail sales tax with VAT in China between 2012 and 2019. Based on a sample of 6,948 firm-years, we find that firms affected by the VAT reform are associated with an increase in their book (cash) effective income tax rates by 1.4 (2.2) percentage points. Such an effect is more pronounced among firms that make the most of their sales to businesses than individuals and among those that are located in regions with low social trust and tax enforcement levels. Additional test results show that changes in ETRs are not mechanically driven by changes in sales and costs and consumption taxes brought about by the reform. While aiming to eliminate double taxation, the VAT reform generates a positive externality for income tax collection. JEL Classifications: H25; H26; K42. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public budgeting scholars and practitioners have developed an approach to formulating and analyzing public expenditures and taxation that has come to be called gender-based budgeting. The case for taking a gender perspective in public budgeting also applies to the explicit consideration of race and ethnicity in addition to gender. However, unlike the case of gender-based budgeting, there does not yet exist a broad conceptual framework for racial equity public budgeting. The purpose of this research is to remedy this gap. The article addresses the following questions: (1) What are the main insights from the development of gender-based budgeting that apply to viewing public budgets with a racial lens? (2) What are the data and administrative requirements of applying a racially-sensitive lens to public budgets? (3) What are the experiences of local governments that have tried to implement various features of racial equity budgeting? We identify several local jurisdictions that are attempting to incorporate racial equity more explicitly into local budgeting. We extract lessons and insights from each of these cases. Particular attention will be given to how adopting a more racially-sensitive lens might lead to changes in budgetary decisions and priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I study the effectiveness of temporary cuts to consumption tax rates as fiscal stimulus instruments during recessions using a structural life‐cycle model with multiple consumption categories. I find tax elasticities of 0.4 for nondurable luxuries and of 10.5 for durables. I show that the tax cut on nondurables has an intratemporal substitution effect, whereas the tax cut on durables acts through an intertemporal substitution mechanism that is stronger for high‐income, liquidity‐unconstrained, and younger households. This mechanism is amplified in less persistent recessions and dampened in absence of recessions due to durables' partial irreversibility and precautionary saving motives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the impact of tax policy on income inequality in the European Union (EU). Each EU member-state has adopted a distinct set of fiscal policies. Although most member-states have coordinated their tax systems to promote economic growth, EU countries hold politically divergent views about income inequality and the power of taxation to redress inequality. This research applies linear regressionmethods incorporating regularization as well as fixed and random effects. Stacking generalization produces a composite model that dramatically improves predictive accuracy while aggregating causal inferences from simpler models. Social contributions, income taxes, and consumption taxes ameliorate inequality. Government spending, however, exacerbates inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Estimate the impact of 20 % flat-rate and tiered sugary drink tax structures on the consumption of sugary drinks, sugar-sweetened beverages and 100 % juice by age, sex and socio-economic position. Design: We modelled the impact of price changes – for each tax structure – on the demand for sugary drinks by applying own- and cross-price elasticities to self-report sugary drink consumption measured using single-day 24-h dietary recalls from the cross-sectional, nationally representative 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey-Nutrition. For both 20 % flat-rate and tiered sugary drink tax scenarios, we used linear regression to estimate differences in mean energy intake and proportion of energy intake from sugary drinks by age, sex, education, food security and income. Setting: Canada. Participants: 19 742 respondents aged 2 and over. Results: In the 20 % flat-rate scenario, we estimated mean energy intake and proportion of daily energy intake from sugary drinks on a given day would be reduced by 29 kcal/d (95 % UI: 18, 41) and 1·3 % (95 % UI: 0·8, 1·8), respectively. Similarly, in the tiered tax scenario, additional small, but meaningful reductions were estimated in mean energy intake (40 kcal/d, 95 % UI: 24, 55) and proportion of daily energy intake (1·8 %, 95 % UI: 1·1, 2·5). Both tax structures reduced, but did not eliminate, inequities in mean energy intake from sugary drinks despite larger consumption reductions in children/adolescents, males and individuals with lower education, food security and income. Conclusions: Sugary drink taxation, including the additional benefit of taxing 100 % juice, could reduce overall and inequities in mean energy intake from sugary drinks in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to examine the effects of fiscal policy on economic growth in Brazil between 1999 and 2017. For this purpose, a novel methodology is applied, using a Vector Autoregressive with Mixed Frequency (MIDAS-VAR) model, proposed by Ghysels (2016), which allows for the estimation of the spending multiplier by measuring the impact of high-frequency data at low-frequency and vice versa. The impact of various types of spending on the gross domestic product (GDP) is analyzed, including primary expenditure, personnel, social benefits, subsidies, investment, and costing, while the central government's primary revenue is used as the revenue variable. The expenditure and tax revenue are the high-frequency variables (monthly observations), whereas GDP is a low-frequency series (quarterly). The estimated fiscal multipliers for primary spending are less than one, suggesting no significant Keynesian effect on output, with particular attention given to the investment multiplier, which is estimated to be close to zero. Our results suggest that the frequency of data matters, and government expenditure has no significant impact on real GDP growth in Brazil. Therefore, the ability of Brazilian fiscal policy to influence economic growth may be limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The taxation of new technologies in the digital economy, considered by many scholars as the Fourth Industrial Revolution, represents a challenge for the whole world. Studies have been developed in order to avoid the erosion of the tax bases of the States, through the implementation of a single tax based on consumption and a permanent establishment based on significant economic presence. Brazil has also been facing the same challenges with regard to the digital economy. And, one of Brazil's biggest challenges when it comes to tax issues is related to technologies, is related to the service of cloud computing, especially SaaS. The present work seeks to elucidate the issues related to this, elucidating its main characteristics. After analyzing its legal nature, the premises made there will be applied for an analysis of the compatibility of this new technology with the Brazilian Constitutional System regent, proposing a solution to the apparent conflict of competence between States (ICMS) and Municipalities (ISS). The present work is qualitative and legal-expositive, and adopts bibliographic and documentary methodology, consistent in the analysis of doctrine, legislation and judicial decisions on the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The relationship between public expenditure and revenue that determines the budget balance in the explanation of budget deficits is very important. This study aimed to examine the association between public spending and income in Turkey. Methodology: This article applies the continuous wavelet transform method (CWT) to study the relationship between government revenues and expenditures in Turkey. The study, which covers the period 2006-2020, consists of monthly data. The following four CWT tools were used in the analysis: Wavelet Power Spectrum, Cross Wavelet Power, Wavelet Coherence, and Phase Difference. Results: The results of the study, controlling taxes rather than expenditures, play a key role in reducing fiscal deficits in Turkey in the short term. It is revealed that the dynamics of the budget balance in the medium term can be explained by the spend-tax hypothesis and that the tax burden can be alleviated by spending cuts. In the long term, results were obtained that support the spend-tax hypothesis. Conclusion: The paper reveals that taxes play an important role in controlling budget deficits in the short run. It turns out that the dynamics of the budget balance can be explained in the medium term by expenditure cuts and then the tax burden can be alleviated. In the long run, implementing fiscal policies based on public spending rather than taxation will be more effective against budget deficits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tobacco taxes in Indonesia have always been increasing over the past period. However, little was known about the impact of increasing tobacco taxes on cigarette consumption in urban and rural communities. Therefore, we examine the impact of implementing tobacco taxation policies in Indonesia on cigarette consumption levels in urban and rural areas. This study uses panel data for the 2007–2022 period from 33 provinces in Indonesia. Data were sourced from the Central Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Indonesia and the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia and were analyzed using the two-stage least squares (2SLS) model and the propensity score matching (PSM) model. Our finding shows that increased tobacco taxes negatively impact cigarette consumption in urban and rural areas. Even so, the decline in cigarette consumption in urban areas is still much lower than the reduction in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discuss the reasons for the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in Malaysia, its subsequent abolition, and the factors to consider if it is to be reinstated. The GST was implemented hastily to rein in mounting government deficits and debt. The lack of preparation to address its impact on the general price level, and incomes of poorer households in an economy already predisposed to inflation, led to widespread public discontent. The high compliance costs borne by smaller firms, delays in providing tax refunds to businesses, and the wasteful use of the additional revenues the tax generated strengthened the anti-GST sentiment. Any attempt to bring back the GST must focus on gaining acceptance rather than the revenue it generates. This is best achieved by timing its reintroduction correctly, keeping the rate low, the base broad, and implementing parallel measures to supplement the incomes of households seriously undermined by the tax on the consumption side. Additionally, addressing leakages, waste, and corruption in the public sector will strengthen public acceptance of the tax and instill confidence in public sector fiscal management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financing needs present a significant challenge for companies launching investment projects, as they require innovative solutions. These solutions may include optimizing internal processes or seeking external funding sources. Calculating the funding gap involves evaluating investments, cash flows, and the weighted average cost of capital. An accurate assessment is crucial for financial management and claiming State aid. This article explores the concept of the funding gap in the context of State aid legislation and the specific requirements for calculating this gap for different types of State aid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the impact of institutional quality and fiscal policy represented by Country Policy Institutional Assessment indicators, Total government expenditure and tax. The study applied the Pooled OLS to the data sourced from World Development Indicators (WDI) and Country Policy Institutional Assessment (CPIA) for the period of 2005 to 2020. The study found that institutional quality is negative and significant to economic growth in Sub-Saharan African Countries. This implies that institutional quality is significant to economic growth but the values of the Country Policy Institutional Assessment indicators have been negatively significant from 2005 to 2020 in Sub-Saharan African Countries. This study also found fiscal policy to be positively significant to economic growth in Sub-Saharan African Countries. This implies that a unit increase in Total government expenditure will result in a 0.5289 to 1.5074 increase in Gross Domestic Product per Capita, while a unit increase in tax will result in a 0.3127 to 1.3088 increase in Gross Domestic Product per Capita. The study concludes that the state of institutional quality is crucial to the advancement of economic growth in Sub-Saharan African Countries as it would prevent corruption and the implementation of ineffective policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2022, inflation and interest rates in Germany have noticeably increased. We examine the impact of heightened inflation and interest rates on the financial balances of municipalities in North Rhine-Westphalia. In our scenario analysis, we consider systematic differences between highly and less indebted municipalities. While there are positive effects on the revenue side that offset the higher costs on the expenditure side, such as some taxes being tied to nominal values, the analysis suggests that the overall effect on the financial balance is likely to be negative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of sources of tourists on local revenue (PAD) through entertainment tax, hotel tax and district/cit restaurant tax in Aceh province for the period 2013-2017. Sample was obtained using all population which are districts/cities in Aceh province as many as 92 observations. The type of data used in this research is secondary data. The findings showed that number of tourists has no effect on PAD. This is because the main source of PAD does not come from the number of tourists alone but also comes from other local revenue receipts so that the number of tourists does not directly affect PAD. On the other hand, the number of tourists affects entertainment tax, hotel tax, and restaurant tax in the districts/cities of Aceh province. A number of tourists are assumed to spend on financial satisfaction in traveling which is directly followed by spending on entertainment taxes, hotel taxes, and restaurant taxes. Furthermore, entertainment tax, hotel tax, and restaurant tax have no contribution as an intervening variable on the effect of number of tourists on PAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Accounting & Financial History Research Journal / Muhasebe ve Finans Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi. is the property of Association of Accounting & Financial History Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper investigates recent developments in meta-analysis, the tool to quantitatively synthesize research in a certain body of literature. After providing a brief overview on how to do a meta-analysis and discussing recent methodological advancements, I review applied contributions to the field of macroeconomics. It turns out that meta-analyses have often questioned the conventional wisdom and established new consensuses in fiscal, monetary, and labor market policies by uncovering substantial publication bias and unexpected determining factors in many bodies of literature—in particular those dominated by policy conclusions in the neoclassical tradition like minimum wages, central bank strategies, financial regulation and the relative effects of tax and spending policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global trend of diets high in sugar sweetened beverages (SSB) is associated with a high risk of obesity and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). To reduce SSB consumption on a population level, SSB taxes have become a popular policy solution. In Indonesia, although the prevalence of obesity has doubled in the past decade (11.7% in 2010 to 21.8% in 2018), SSB taxes have not yet been implemented. Utilizing the 2021 Indonesian household socioeconomic survey (SUSENAS), this study estimated price elasticities and projected the plausible effects of implementing an SSB tax on consumers' demand for SSBs and the associated government revenue using the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) model. Five SSB groups were studied: 1) manufactured liquid milk; 2) sweetened condense milk; 3) instant coffee; 4) tea drinks and fizzy drinks with CO2; 5) fruit juices, "health" drinks, and energy drinks. The overall results showed that the non-milk SSB groups were price elastic. Probing deeper into the substitutions for SSB across categories, we found both substitutionary and complementary effects. Our analysis revealed that increasing SSB prices by 20% would reduce the demand for SSBs on average by 17.5% (14.3%-18.6% for each SSB group) and generate additional state revenue up to IDR 3,628.3 billion per year (approximately US$ 238.5 million or 0.2% of total tax revenue in 2022). Considering the health and economic impacts of high consumption of SSBs, this study provides empirical evidence that imposing taxes on SSBs could be an effective measure to reduce public consumption and to generate tax revenue for financing health programs that address obesity and NCDs in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Rentier State Hypothesis states that taxation promotes government accountability. The argument is that citizens demand more accountability for spending of tax revenue than for spending of windfall revenue (e.g., natural resource revenue and aid). This paper presents causal evidence from a between-subject experiment that tests the effect of taxation on demand for accountability. To investigate the underlying mechanisms of the effect, the design focuses on two main features that distinguish tax from windfall revenue: Tax revenue is produced by citizens' work and has been in their possession before it is collected as tax. The main finding is that taxation causes a higher demand for accountability when both features of taxation are present, consistent with the Rentier State Hypothesis. The paper sheds light on the political economy of government revenues, and contributes to our understanding of how features of the tax system shape behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]