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This article deals with the possibilities the lighting retrofit and the life cycle cost analysis economic analysis in the process of increasing the energy efficiency of buildings. It contains basic information about lighting retrofit and the life cycle cost analysis and its implementation for cost estimation for a building lighting system. The accuracy of the life cycle cost analysis was verified on three lighting systems. The first system consisted of an old (original) lighting system that was commonly used in office buildings. The other two lighting systems are based on the concept of retrofit lighting. One system is based on switching according to the movement of people and the other system is based on sensing daylight and maintaining the intensity of lighting at the prescribed level. By measuring the power consumption of these systems, data of power consumption were obtained. The data from life cycle cost analysis were obtained by calculation. Finally, the results between each measurement and data from life cycle cost analysis were evaluated and compared. After compared the data, the resulting accuracy of life cycle cost analysis was determined. The last aim was to determine its suitability for other use in modernization, retrofit, design of new lighting systems, and in the process of increasing energy efficiency of buildings.

Для промышленных предприятий с многономенклатурным производством разработан метод распределения условно-постоянной составляющей общезаводского расхода электрической энергии по видам продукции, основанный на построении многофакторной математической модели электропотребления и учитывающий энергоемкость каждого вида продукции. For industrial enterprises with multi-item production, a method has been developed for distribution of the conditionally constant component of the plant-wide electric energy consumption by types of products, based on the construction of a multifactor mathematical model of power consumption and taking into account the energy intensity of each type of product.

On 11 March 2020, the WHO declared the COVID-19 epidemic to be a global pandemic. This was a consequence of the rapid increase in the number of people with positive test results, the increase in deaths due to COVID-19, and the lack of pharmaceutical drugs. Governments introduced national lockdowns, which have impacted both energy consumption and economies. The purpose of this paper is to answer the following question: do COVID-19 lockdowns affect the business cycle? We used the cycle clock approach to assess the magnitude of decrease in electricity consumption in the three waves of the epidemic, namely, April 2020, November 2021, and April 2021. Additionally, we checked the relation between energy consumption and GDP by means of spectral analysis. Results for selected 28 European countries confirm an impact of the introduced non-pharmaceutical interventions on both energy consumption and business cycle. The reduction of restrictions in subsequent pandemic waves increased electricity consumption, which suggests movement out of the economic recession.

Energy isan important in put for economic and industrial development and anindispensable production input for the continuation of the production process.In a very large part of economic and social life, electrical energy is widelyused because of its easy usage and other advantages. The aim of this study isto investigate the effect of the production of paper and paper products and thegross national product, which is an indicator of economic growth, on theconsumption of electricity by panel data analysis. For this purpose, a paneldata set was established for 20 OECD countries between 2006 and 2016 fromEurostat and Wordbank. Cross-sectional dependence, heteroskedasticity andautocorrelation assumptions were tested for the model and deviations from theassumptions were observed. Parameters were estimated using the Driscoll-Kraayestimators, which are resistant to these deviations. As a result of theanalysis, it was found that an increase of 1% in the production of paper andpaper products increased the electrical energy consumption by 0.22%, the increaseof 1% in the per capita gross domestic product increased approximately 0.62% inelectricity consumption., Enerji,ekonomik ve endüstriyel kalkınma için önemli ve üretim sürecinin devamı içinvazgeçilmez bir üretim girdisidir. Kolay kullanım ve diğer avantajlarısebebiyle ekonomik ve sosyal yaşamın oldukça geniş bir bölümünde yaygın olarakelektrik enerjisinden yararlanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, kağıt ve kağıtürünleri üretimi ve ekonomik büyümenin bir göstergesi olan gayri safi millihasılanın elektrik enerjisi tüketimi üzerindeki etkisini panel veri analizi ileincelemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, Eurostat ve Wordbank’tan elde edilen2006-2016 yılları arasında 20 OECD ülkesi için panel veri seti oluşturulmuştur.Model için yatay kesit bağımlılığı, değişen varyans ve otokorelasyonvarsayımları sınanmış ve varsayımlardan sapma olduğu görülmüştür. Bu sapmalaradirençli Driscoll-Kraay tahmin edici kullanılarak parametreler tahminedilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda, kağıt ve kağıt ürünleri üretiminde meydana gelecek%1’lik bir artış elektrik enerjisi tüketimini %0.22 oranında, kişi başıgayri safi milli hasıladaki %1’lik bir artışın ise elektrik tüketimindeyaklaşık olarak %0.62 dolayında arttırdığı bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır.

The needing of using clean energy increases every year because of the negative impact of emissions from electricity power plant and to reduce the costs of generating power by using natural energies like solar, wind, and other sources. The availability of using solar energy as source of producing electricity in Al-Hilla city by using Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) was investigated in this research. The major parameters in this study were the city position, and the annually amount of solar received, also, number of charts related to solar parameters for the management of CSP were derived and showed in this research. The using of CSP as electricity power can be important solution to force the problem of high cost of electricity power fuel needed and the lack of power produced because of increasing of power consumed specially in summer season.

Розглядаються тенденції розвитку світової енергетики, ризики та загрози окремих держав, питання безпеки. We consider world energy trends, risks and threats to individual countries, the issue of security.

V diplomskem delu je opisana izgradnja glavnega črpališča jamske vode na k.-41,5 in povezava s črpališčem na k.-130 v jami Premogovnika Velenje. Namen naloge je izbrati ustrezne črpalke jih pravilno namestiti, da bodo črpale pod čim večjim izkoristkom in čim manjšo porabo električne energije. V zadnjih letih so se zaradi vplivov odkopavanja v strojnici glavnega jamskega črpališča na k.-130 pričele pojavljati deformacije na podgradnji strojnice in temeljih črpalk, zato so se na Premogovniku Velenje odločili za izgradnjo novega glavnega črpališča. Novo črpališče bo na lokaciji k.-41,5. Najprej sem na kratko opisal stanje črpališč v jami Premogovnika Velenje pred izgradnjo črpališča k.-41,5. V nadaljevanju je opisano črpališče na k.-130. Črpališče k.-130 je bilo glavno črpališče pred izgradnjo črpališča k.-41,5. Diplomska naloga je osredotočena na črpališče k.-41,5. V tem črpališču bodo vgrajeni trije črpalni agregati (črpalka in motor), ki bodo delovali v povezavi s črpališčem k.-130. Naprave v črpališču k.-130 se bodo posodobile in to črpališče k.-130 bo postalo pomožno črpališče. Črpalke v črpališču k.-41,5 bodo obratovale v dveh režimih, v avtomatskem in ročnem načinu obratovanja. Črpalke se bodo priključile na že obstoječ cevovod. V diplomski nalogi so na koncu prikazani izračuni lokalnih, linijskih in iztočnih izgub v cevovodih. Rezultati izračunanih izgub so potrebni za določitev obratovalne točke črpalk. Obratovalna točka črpalke je tista točka v kateri se sekata karakteristika cevovoda in karakteristika črpalke. Na koncu je izračunana poraba električne energije v odprtem in zaprtem sistemu delovanja črpalk med črpališčema k.-41,5 in k.-130. Diploma work describes the construction of the mine’s main water pumping station k.-41,5, and a link to the pumping station k.-130 in the Velenje Coal Mine Cave. The purpose of the diploma work is to select and properly install the appropriate water pump while maximizing efficiency and minimizing power consumption. Velenje Coal Mine decided to build a new pumping station located on the site k.-41,5 because in recent years deformations begun to form due to cave excavation on the under construction of the engine room and main water pumps of the pumping station k.-130. Diploma work initially describes the state of the pumping stations in the mine at the Velenje Coal Mine prior to construction of the k.-41,5 pumping station. Following is the description of the pumping station k.-130, the main pumping station prior to construction of the pumping station k-41,5. Diploma work is focused on pumping station k.-41,5. This pumping station will have three pump units (pump and motor) built in that will operate in conjunction with the k.-130 pumping station. Equipment at k.-130 pumping station will be updated and k.-130 will become an auxiliary pumping station. Pumps at the pumping station k.-41,5, will be operated in two regimes, the automatic and manual mode of operation. Pumps will be connected to an existing pipeline. Diploma work at the end presents the calculations of local, regular and outflow losses in the pipeline. Calculations of losses are necessary to determine the operating point of the pump. The operating point of the pump is the point where the pipeline characteristics intersect the pump characteristics. At the end consumption of electricity in the open and closed system of the pumps is calculated at pumping stations k.-41,5 and k.-130.

Better access to improved infrastructure services is an important engine for economic growth. The poor state of infrastructure is a key bottleneck to growth in African countries, and Cameroon is no exception. Between 2000 and 2005, improvements in information and communication technologies boosted Cameroon's growth performance by 1.26 percentage points per capita, while deficient power infrastructure held growth back by 0.28 percentage points. If Cameroon could improve its infrastructure to the level of the middle-income countries of Africa, the growth effect could be on the order of 3.3 percentage points. Cameroon has made significant progress in many aspects of infrastructure. Across a broad range of sectors, the country has made serious efforts to implement institutional reforms with a view to attracting private sector investment. Private sector concessions have been awarded for the Port of Douala, the CAMRAIL railway, the national power utility, and the national water utility (CDE). These arrangements have generally led to performance improvements and attracted significant volumes of finance. Power supply remains expensive and unreliable. Cameroon needs to accelerate the development of some of its prime hydropower sites, which would greatly improve the domestic power situation and potentially allow Cameroon to play its natural role as hydropower exporter to the Central African Power Pool. Cameroon's information and communication technology (ICT) reform remains frozen at an early stage. The telecom incumbent, CAMTEL, remains state-owned and receives substantial public subsidy. The mobile sector is relatively uncompetitive, operating as a duopoly. Moreover, while Cameroon enjoys access to a submarine cable, CAMTEL's monopoly control over the international gateway has prevented consumers from benefiting.

Between 2000 and 2005 infrastructure made a modest net contribution of less than one percentage point to the improved per capita growth performance of the Central African Republic (CAR), despite high expenses in the road sector. Raising the country's infrastructure endowment to that of the region's middle-income countries could boost annual growth by about 3.5 percentage points. Assuming that the inefficiencies are fully captured, comparing spending needs against existing spending and potential efficiency gains leaves an annual funding gap of $183 million per year. By far the largest gap exists in transport. The CAR has the potential to close this gap by raising additional public funding for infrastructure from increased fiscal receipts of various kinds. Furthermore, the CAR has not captured as much private finance for infrastructure (measured as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product, or GDP) as many of its neighbors. This scope for improvement, coupled with the prospect of an economic rebound and prudent policies, could lift the country from it fragile state back to and beyond the prosperity standards it once enjoyed.

Infrastructure contributed 0.6 percentage points to Ethiopia's annual per capita gross domestic product (GDP) growth over the last decade. Raising the country's infrastructure endowment level to that of the region's middle-income countries could lift annual growth by an additional 3 percentage points. This will represent a significant boost over the growth performance of the mid-2000s, which averaged around 5 percent. The Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic (AICD) has collected and analyzed extensive infrastructure data for more than 40 Sub-Saharan countries, including Ethiopia. The results are presented in reports on various infrastructure sectors Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), irrigation, power, transport, water and sanitation and policy areas, including investment needs, fiscal costs, and sector performance. This country report presents the key AICD findings for Ethiopia. This will allow its infrastructure situation to be benchmarked against that of other African nations that, like Ethiopia, are low-income countries, with particular emphasis on immediate regional neighbors in East Africa. Several methodological issues should be borne in mind. First, the cross country nature of the data collection creates an inevitable time lag. The period covered by the AICD runs from 2001 to 2006. Most technical data are presented for 2006 (or the most recent year available), while financial data typically are averaged over the available period to smooth out the effect of short term fluctuations. Second, cross country comparisons require standardization of the indicators and the analysis to ensure consistency. Therefore, some of the indicators may be slightly different from those that are routinely reported and discussed at the country level. During the 2000s, Ethiopia's annual economic growth has averaged 4.8 percent, compared with only 0.5 percent in the previous decade. Notwithstanding this improvement, current annual growth levels still fall short of the sustained 7 percent needed to meet the Millennium Development Goals. Improved structural and stabilization policies generated an estimated 4.2 percent of Ethiopia's improved per capita growth performance during the 2000s, and improvements in the country's infrastructure platform over that period contributed up to 0.6 percentage points to growth. This was due almost entirely to the introduction of mobile telephony in Ethiopia. Simulations suggest that if Ethiopia's infrastructure platform could be improved to the level of the African leader, Mauritius, annual per capita growth rates could increase by 3.8 percent. This potential impact would come equally from improvements to transport, power, and ICT infrastructure.

Infrastructure improvements contributed 0.6 percentage points to the annual per capita growth of Zambia's gross domestic product (GDP) over the past decade, mostly because of the exponential growth of information and communication technology (ICT) services. Poor performance of the power sector reduced the per capita growth rate by 0.1 percentage point. Simulations suggest that if Zambia's infrastructure platform could be improved to the level of the African leader, Mauritius, per capita growth rates could increase by two percentage points per year. Zambia's high generation capacity and relatively high power consumption are accompanied by fewer power outages than its neighbors. But Zambia's power sector is primarily oriented toward the mining industry, while household electrification, at 20 percent, is about half that in other resource-rich countries. Zambia's power tariffs are among the lowest in Africa and are less than half the level needed to accelerate electrification and keep pace with mining sector demands. Meeting future power demands and raising electrification rates will be difficult without increasing power tariffs. Zambia's infrastructure situation is more hopeful than that of many other African countries. Infrastructure spending needs, though large, are not beyond the realm of possibility, and Zambia's resource wealth and relatively well-off population provide a more solid financing basis than is available to many other countries. Zambia's infrastructure funding gap, though substantial, can be dramatically reduced through measures to stem inefficiencies and lower costs.

The paper deals with the effect of a change in the weaving speed of double-sided terry fabric on the total consumption of electricity. Measurements were made using a specially designed measurement system consisting of: portable computer with necessary programs, A/D converter, current measurement transformers with measuring rectifiers, operational amplifiers and battery backup, voltage transformers with measuring rectifiers, three-phase digital meter of power and consumed electricity, unit with photosensitive element to detect the number of rotations, the circuit to avoid the influence of transient (when starting the machine), ammeters and voltmeters. Voltages, currents and electric power of each phase, speed of the main shaft of the weaving machine were measured, and all values were stored in the computer. Measurements, calculations and data processing as well as discussion and conclusion indicate a linear increase in consumption of electricity with increasing the machine speed, resulting in a higher production of the weaving machine.