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Developed from a collaborative transdisciplinary analysis of transfer scholarship, we redefine transfer as a relational phenomenon to capture the "dynamic, emergent, embodied, messy" elements of writing transfer (Prior and Olinger 137). Relationality also highlights conceptual relationships in transfer research that produce seeming contradictions but are more often complementary than confounding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the place of the Misunderstanding in the thought and in the literary work of Baudelaire. Starting from a posthumous fragment, we approach the universality of the Misunderstanding to that of the original sin. This is then developed in the sense of the confusion of languages ​​after the fall, according to the reflections of the young Walter Benjamin. Finally, we try to show that the Misunderstanding is incorporated as a theme and as a structural element of some poems by Baudelaire.

Remembrances in history as close as the 1930's and the link between austerity and blame are leading again to a wholesale diminutions of our humanity now made worse by the worldwide pandemic. The repression of traumatic histories in the individual as well in society require exploration today in order to expose the current alteric attacks on citizens as totalitarian regimes become more the norm and kindness and love are treated with contempt as selfishness prevails. Ferenczi's theory in Confusion of Tongues is relevant in the dynamics of prejudice in racism, misogyny and, of course about the Jew. Analytic knowledge is an essential tool for citizens in society to understand transgenerational trauma, large group paranoia and prejudice in our current politics and culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the psychological sources of support for a leader, and unwavering belief in the illusions he promotes, which persists despite confrontation with reality. Lonely passion is an oxymoron. It is passion because of the intensity of the supporters' longing which is partially shaped by fear and loss. Their passion is lonely because they appear to be left empty with their love unrequited, having given their selves up and only having an illusion in return. It explores the effects of socio-economic disruption in creating or contributing to the development of a "social character" and threatening the integrity of the self. It explores the characteristics of the leader, including methods of manipulation, in eliciting passionate devotion. It uses Ferenczi's Confusion of Tongues situation as a model for understanding the relationship between leader and follower. The idealization of the leader as a power to be feared and a savior from the imagined threats he has created, and the dynamics of identification, masochism and victimization are invoked. The only remedy for the toxicity of the situation is empathy, which is understood in a historical as well as psychological context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An attentional control setting (ACS), which is based on the task goal, induces involuntary attentional capture by a stimulus possessing a target-defining feature. It is unclear whether ACSs are maintained for multiple targets defined as conjunctions of a color and location. In the present study we examined the possibility of local ACSs for dual targets defined as combinations of color and location, using different paradigms: visual search in Experiment 1, and spatial cueing in Experiment 2. In Experiment 1, a distractor captured attention only when its features matched the ACSs. Likewise, in Experiment 2, a significant attentional capture effect was found only with a matching cue, whose color and location were in line with the conjunction of the target definition. Importantly, the identical pattern of attentional capture was also obtained for a neutral-color target, which was unlikely to be primed by any color of the cue. Thus, these findings imply that the attentional bias depending on the match between the cue and target did not result from cue-target repetition priming. The present study highlights that top-down attentional control can be set flexibly to accomplish a complex task goal efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the relationship between early maternal employment history and children's vocabulary and inductive reasoning ability at age 5, drawing on longitudinal information on 2,200 children from the Growing Up in Scotland data. Prior research rarely addresses dynamics in maternal employment and the methodological ramifications of time-variant confounding. The present study proposes various measures to capture duration, timing, and stability of early maternal employment and uses inverse probability of treatment weighting to control for time-variant confounders that may partially mediate the effect of maternal employment on cognitive scores. The findings suggest only modest differences in the above ability measures between children who have been exposed to very different patterns of eary maternal employment, but with similar observed covariate history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a poststructuralist model, this article explores the lecture given by Ferenczi and published under the title “Confusion of Tongues between Adults and the Child—(The Language of Tenderness and Passion).” By initially focusing on the closed structure of the text, the author identifies two types of confusion of tongues that are closely interlinked: the confusion between adults and the child, and that between the analyst and the analysand. By then placing the manuscript within the corpus of Ferenczi, he connects it to the latter’s multilingualism and pleads in favour of autobiographical determinants for psychoanalytic conceptualizations. This positioning of the text in its historical framework also enables it to be situated in the context of the metapsychological confusion of tongues between Freud and Ferenczi, and to delimit the influence of Ferenczi’s ideas in psychoanalytic posterity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research in evolutionary psychology, and life history theory in particular, has yielded important insights into the developmental processes that underpin variation in growth, psychological functioning, and behavioral outcomes across individuals. Yet, there are methodological concerns that limit the ability to draw causal inferences about human development and psychological functioning within a life history framework. The current study used a simulation-based modeling approach to estimate the degree of genetic confounding in tests of a well-researched life history hypothesis: that father absence ( X ) is associated with earlier age at menarche ( Y ). The results demonstrate that the genetic correlation between X and Y can confound the phenotypic association between the two variables, even if the genetic correlation is small—suggesting that failure to control for the genetic correlation between X and Y could produce a spurious phenotypic correlation. We discuss the implications of these results for research on human life history, and highlight the utility of incorporating genetically sensitive tests into future life history research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies of bilingualism as a protective factor in cognitive aging have reported conflicting findings, and researchers have begun to explore the methodological complications that may explain differences across studies. This article details the current research landscape and addresses several issues relevant to the study of bilingualism and late-life cognitive function: study design, establishing causal relationships, confounding factors, operationalizing bilingualism, predicting cognitive level versus cognitive change, and incorporating brain structural variables to interrogate cognitive reserve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Language mixing in a given class is often avoided in bilingual education because of the generally held belief that one subject should be taught in only one language and one person should stick to one language in order to minimize confusion. Here, we compared the effects of mixing two languages and monolingual functioning on memory performance in immediate recall as a proxy for comprehension and attention during learning. In Experiment 1, nonbalanced bilingual youngsters were provided with definition pairs introducing familiar objects in a single-language context (SLC) or in a mixed-language context (MLC). After each definition block, participants were asked to identify previously introduced objects presented among a stream of Old and New items. In Experiment 2, the same speaker produced the two definitions in the mixed-language context, thus violating the second principle introduced above. In both experiments we found no advantage for the SLC over the MLC of exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the aspects of trauma and language considering the aspects of the traumatic dimension of language anticipated from the work of psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan. Topics discussed include the theory of trauma according to the work of psychoanalyst Sándor Ferenczi, the division of the orders under the Lacan theory which includes imaginary, symbolic, and real (RSI) orders, and the various levels of trauma such as the violent and intense and the symbolic order.

Starting from the concept of confusion of tongues between passion and tenderness, the authors illustrate two clinical situations of traumatized children and adults and try to show how these kinds of patient are not able to give voice to and symbolically represent their archaic anxieties connected with their having been Ferenczian “unwelcome children.” Therefore, in the therapeutic situation, they often make use of the language of “passion” and sexualization in order to communicate to the analyst their early broken intimacy and their traumatized “tenderness,” related to a lack of parental libidinal involvement and of maternal permeability to their raw emotions, which gave rise to their “passion of death.” Sketching out two clinical cases (an adolescent and an adult), the authors describe how, in their opinion, this confusion of tongues may be the only way for some patients to represent and share the traumatic events of their past, while at the same time it may become a deep-rooted, strong, rigid, and exciting defense mechanism against an early child depression connected with devitalizing unconscious identifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a letter of May 31, 1931, Ferenczi sent Freud a set of “Preliminary Communications” containing the substance of a lecture that he was planning to give at the International Psychoanalytic Congress to be held later that year. Although the Congress was postponed until the following year, the ideas contained in these communications form the basis for the controversial “Confusion of Tongues” paper that Ferenczi delivered, over the protestations of Freud and his closest associates, at the Twelfth International Psychoanalytic Congress in Wiesbaden, Germany, in September 1932. With reference to primary sources, chiefly letters, original papers, and commentaries, my paper will chart the course of the intensifying dispute between Freud and Ferenczi over the conception of psychic reality contained in their respective views on the nature of trauma. Although the controversy over the “Confusion of Tongues” paper marks a crisis in the personal relations between Freud and Ferenczi – and a turning point in the history of psychoanalysis – I will attempt to show that Freud's and Ferenczi's divergent views of trauma are not irreconcilable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article deals with concepts proposed by Sándor Ferenczi: confusion of tongues, disavowal and progressive trauma, illustrated by a clinical example, in which excessive life experiences deeply determined the psychic construction, compromising the integrity of the self-image and the potentiality of egoic capacities. We attempt to understand the uniqueness of the patient's history, and the ethical practice of deep analytic listening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sándor Ferenczi's Confusion of Tongues paradigm, first introduced to explain the psychological effects of childhood sexual trauma on personality development, also presented a blueprint for a relational view vide of the analytic encounter. We have extrapolated Ferenczi's two-person psychology in his Confusion of Tongues paradigm to discuss the “necessary and sufficient conditions” for an analytic encounter, which can present retraumatization in the psychoanalytic situation. This relational approach monitors the functioning of the analyst as well as the analysand by establishing several important conditions: (1) It is the analyst who provides a different kind of relationship for the analysand to experience; (2) the nature of the relationship is paramount for changes; (3) all transactions in the analytic encounter are functions of the two parties; (4) the analyst must regularly analyze his or her contribution to the relationship; (5) “judicious self-disclosure” is used to differentiate between the traumatic parent image and the empathic analyst; (6) emotional honesty, responsiveness and empathic understanding contribute to resolving the Confusion of Tongues emotional trauma with the parent; and (7) the analyst learns to speak and relate in a “trauma-free” (nonerotic, nonrejecting, etc.) manner. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article focuses on the themes of the myth of Tower of Babel in relation to languages. It mentions that in the myth, God inflicted a punishment to the people through confusion of languages wherein all people could not understand each other. It says that the myth concerns the complexes of Jewish hermeneutics. It argues that the Jews become confuse of the languages in the Babylon because it is where languages and dialects interlace. It states that as a consequence of the construction of the tower, the people know and confess only the Name of God who redeemed Himself for the people.

This paper examines the origin of Barth's understanding of sin and grace in his reading of Dostoevsky in 1915. It is essentially the theological portrait of Sonya & Raskólnikov ( Crime & Punishment) that regrounds Barth's understanding of sin and grace in an orthodox forensic model, which in turn develops into the mature doctrine we see in Die Kirchliche Dogmatik IV. The young Barth is exposed to many influences in his move away from nineteenth-century neo-Protestant liberal theology (characterized by a sociological-humanistic model of sin). Mediated by his theological colleague Eduard Thurneysen, Dostoevsky is one such influence amongst many. Barth's reading has a profound effect on him: sin becomes defined by and in relation to God – eritis sicut deus. This sublapsarian perspective can then be discerned in his seminal paper ‘Die Gerechtigkeit Gottes’, delivered within months of his reading of Crime & Punishment, particularly in the Dostoevsky motif of the Tower of Babel (this reading occurs five to seven years prior to the generally accepted period of the influence of Dostoevsky). Barth's understanding then develops through his study of Romans ( Der Römerbrief ) and by rediscovering a traditional approach in the Reformed Confessions in the 1920s; however, it is his reading of Crime and Punishment that initiates this model of sin and grace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With his conception of a utopia of translation, Walter Benjamin makes a unique contribution to Translation Studies. His elaboration can be reduced to a translation dyad, that is, the fact that translation is positioned between thing language and human languages, as well as between human languages. The significance of Benjamin's model of translation is, firstly, that he places translation immediately after the creation of Man, long before the construction of the tower of Babel, thus elevating the role of translation to a very high phone, and, secondly, that the emphasises the non-communicability of translation to readers. In this way, Benjamin assigns much room to the readers" interpretation. Thirdly, by positing that translation is not supposed to carry across meaning, Benjamin, at a very early stage, orients the academic world to the remarkable potential of translation for différance, in language, planting the seed for the deconstructionist trend of modern times. Fourthly, in Benjamin's framework, translation has a similar position to that of manual reproduction of art, which eventually leads to ‘pure language’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on Ferenczi's Confusion of Tongues theory of trauma we proposed the following hypothesis: “An erotic transference is an enactment in the here-and-now of the psychoanalytic situation of a childhood seduction of sexual trauma”. We delineate the relational approach to the analysis of the incest trauma, both theoretically and clinically. The concept of enactment helps us understand the emergence of the incest trauma in the psychoanalytic situation as an indication of an earlier childhood experience. Three clinical examples are discussed which illustrate ways of using the hypothesis within the analytic process. The clinical examples demonstrate the value of enactments that are contained in the unconscious communication that the erotic transference represents. Rachman AWM et al. Die Rolle sexueller Verführung in der Kindheit bei der Entwicklung einer erotischen Übertragungsperversion in der psychoanalytischen Situation Basierend auf Ferenczi's Konfusion der Zungen Trauma Theorie schlugen wir die folgende Hypothese vor: Eine erotische Übertragung ist eine Inszenierung im Hier und Jetzt der psychoanalytischen Situation einer Kindheits Verführung als sexuellem Trauma. Wir entwerfen den relationalen Ansatz theoretisch und klinisch in Bezug auf die Analyse des Inzest Traumas. Das Konzept der Reinszenierung hilft uns das Auftauchen des Inzest Traumas als ein Anzeichen einer früheren Kindheitserfahrung in der psychoanalytischen Situation zu verstehen. Es werden drei klinische Beispiele diskutiert, die die Wege illustrieren, die Hypothese innerhalb des analytischen Prozesses anzuwenden. Die klinischen Beispiele zeigen den Wert von (Re-) Inszenierungen, die in der unbewußten Kommunikaton enthalten sind, welche die erotische Übertragung repräsentieren. Rachman A WM et. al. El rol de la seducción sexual infantil en el desarrollo de una transferencia erótica: perversión en la situación analítica. Basado en la teoría del trauma de la confusión de lenguas de Ferenczi, proponemos la siguiente hipótesis: una transferencia erótica es un enactment en el aquí y el ahora de la situación analítica del trauma de la seducción sexual infantil. Trazamos la aproximación relacional del análisis del trauma del incesto. El concepto de enactment nos ayuda a entender la emergencia del trauma del incesto en la situación psicoanalitica, como indicación de una experiencia infantil temprana. Se presentan tres ejemplos clínicos que ilustran formas de uso de la hipótesis desde el proceso analítico. Estos ejemplos clínicos demuestran el valor de los enactments contenidos en la comunicación inconsciente que representa la transferencia erótica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1923, Sandor Ferenczi wrote a paper entitled 'The dream of the clever baby', in which he identified a phenomenon he discovered through his clinical work: the notion that young children who had been traumatized often had accelerated developmental characteristics that led them to acquire highly acute sensitivities and intuitions--in short, wisdom beyond their years. He characterized them as 'wise' babies. Similarly, C. G. Jung, with Karl Kerenyi, (1949) elaborated a myth known as the 'divine child'--identifying an archetype which activates healing and intuitive understanding in children and adults. In their work, Jung (and Kerenyi) explored the 'divine child' archetype from a mythological and a psychological perspective. The following paper elaborates aspects of Ferenczi's 'wise child' and Jung's 'divine child', comparing and contrasting them, and suggesting new perspectives on the connections between Ferenczi's and Jung's theoretical and clinical perspectives, and the two men themselves. As well, and specifically, the paper explores a comparative understanding of the development of two different modalities of early psychodynamic concepts with regard to children and their response to trauma, aspects that continue through theoretical and clinical practice today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESISFor reconstruction after subtotal or total glossectomy, both preserving the larynx and maintaining postoperative swallowing and speech functions can greatly improve quality of life; however, postoperative functional results are often unstable. Our experiences suggest that insufficient flap volume in the oral area and postoperative prolapse of the preserved larynx affect postoperative function. The objective was to investigate the relations of the shape of the reconstructed tongue to postoperative swallowing and speech functions.STUDY DESIGNThe shape of the reconstructed tongue was classified on the basis of magnetic resonance and intraoral inspection as protuberant, semi-protuberant, flat, or depressed. Speech intelligibility was evaluated, and body weight, which might affect the shape of the transferred flap, was measured before and after surgery.METHODSThirty patients who had undergone subtotal or total glossectomy and subsequent reconstruction were reviewed.RESULTSWe found that speech intelligibility (P <.001), food (P <.01), and deglutition (P <.003) scores were significantly lower in patients with flat or depressed tongues than in patients with semi-protuberant or protuberant tongues. Weight loss after surgery was significantly greater in patients with depressed tongues than in other patients (P <.013). Our results indicate that postoperative function is related to the shape of the reconstructed tongue.CONCLUSIONSWe suggest that 1) wider and thicker flaps, such as rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flaps, be used; 2) flaps be designed to be approximately 30% wider than the defect; 3) laryngeal suspension be used to prevent prolapse of the transferred flap; and 4) careful general management and sufficient nutrition are important in the early postoperative period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports the author's opinions regarding a U.S. Air Force conference held at the Air Academy. The author focuses on difficulties he had understanding some of the language used by speakers at the conference. It is suggested that the current usage of acronyms, abbreviations, and initials within the U.S. Air Force is creating a situation comparable to that of the Biblical story of the Tower of Babel.

A reply to a letter to the editor in response to the article "Confounding by Indication," that was published in a previous issue of the journal is presented.

A letter to the editor in response to the article "Confounding by Indication," that was published in a previous issue of the journal is presented.

The article presents information on foreign languages learned by doctors. Many times, doctors have to work abroad to have experience. For this, they have to learn a few words of foreign languages. However, if the words are not pronounced correctly, there may be some misunderstandings, which can be confusing, amusing, embarrassing, or rude. The article also presents several instances of misunderstandings caused due to language problems.

When round numbers reach thousands or millions, they can cause confusion when expressed with multiple zeros, leading to errors. Compare 1, 000 to 10,000, and 1,000,000 with 1 thou- sand, 10 thousand, and 1 million. Because the words "thousand" and "million" are so different, they're more easily distinguished than a series of zeros. A number followed by a word is the safer option. Don't abbreviate "million" or "thousand" because the meaning could he misunderstood.

The author reflects on the English language and pronunciation in the U.S. He argues that the movement to standardize the spoken language resulted to adverse influences such as the persistence of conflicting methods of pronunciation all over the country. Particularly, Southerners are said to talk of "ion" when they mean iron, and the cities of New York and Boston have uncertain distinction of having dialects of their own that differ from the speech of the neighboring nations.