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Information on soil nutrition level or soil pollution level can lead to the establishment of some recommendations or a strategic decision-making program for the reference area development. The specific soil analysis is essential both from an economic point of view and from an environmental point of view. To achieve an adequate management of the nutrients into an agricultural field, it is necessary to conduct an agrochemical study at an interval of 3-5 years, in which, the relevant agrochemical indicators for the evaluation of the nutrient supply state must be analysed, to determine fertilizer doses and/or recommended amendments for the expected crops. The agrochemical study must contain the analysis bulletin that provides the following information: pH value, humus and total nitrogen content, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) content, C/N ratio (carbon / nitrogen), nitrogen index (NI), as well as the main microelements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents results of the testing of some physical laws of the phenomenon of interaction between soil and the working parts of agricultural machines destined to the soil tillage. The authors try, gradually, to clarify the quality of the approximation of the tillage draft forces of the tillage machines, offered by the multitude of mathematical models and their variants from the literature. The presented material reflects the situation that the authors consider to be characterized, apparently, by heterogeneity regarding the use of formulas for the draft soil tillage force. In essence, a disputed response between the practical and didactic utility is outlined, that is simple formulas (which are very particular, because they take into account few parameters of the phenomenon) that approximate very well the experimental values, vs. complex formulas, with a large number of parameters that characterize (explain) the phenomenon well, but which require a large number of data for application and have lower accuracy than simple formulas. A third way, also with great age, namely, that of statistical interpolation formulas, with high accuracy, but small generality, based on concrete experiences (which are difficult to generalize) and which often do not fully satisfy dimensionality requirements (for the physical correctitude). It is presented in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents results obtained by the author in an attempt to introduce new parameters that influence the working process of agricultural soil working machines, in the classical formulas that mathematically model the tillage draft force. This article naturally introduces soil moisture. To introduce soil moisture into the calculation formulas of the tillage draft force, other physical parameters affected by soil moisture were used: density, cohesion, adhesion, etc. In this article, is explicitly describes, only the variation of soil density with its moisture. Considering some phenomena such as soil swelling or shrinkage, required the development of an adequate mathematical model of the expression of the density of soil-water mixture, concerning the concentration of water and the densities of dry soil and water. The final formulas obtained are tested to experimental results from the literature. Finally, the author sets out his opinion regarding the use of the results in design calculations and regarding the elevation to the rank of physical law of a mathematical model represented by a formula with a large number of parameters, which in turn are still dependent on many others parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of computers has become very popular, the interaction between man and machine is indispensable every day. People's need and desire to communicate with machines naturally led to the evolution of natural language processing. While progress is being made in this area, it is likely that voice interaction systems will replace most portable and digital devices such as keyboards, card readers, etc. This paper presents the main paradigms for speaker recognition, being one of the most important and needed biometric feature and it also focuses on the use of these biometric technology for interactive voice response system for agriculture assistance to farmers. Agriculture has been the primary occupation of human being. Generally farmers do not have the scientific information or competence to find out the cause and solution of any situation that could appear as diseases of their animals or even crops, behavioral features etc. They could have difficulties with understanding machine language or even typing. To facilitate the farmer’s access to information regarding the solution of a specific kind of livestock or crops matter this paper proposes a concept of an interactive voice response system through their mobile phones; a model with voice response in many languages. This model will be advantageous in following conditions: for people with disabilities, people with few PC knowledge or even those who are very busy. Biometric recognition or, simply, biometrics refers to the automatic recognition of individuals based on their physiological and/or behavioral characteristics. The voice is a physiological feature (each person has a different vocal tract), but the recognition of a speaker is mainly based on the study of how it speaks, usually classified as behavioral. Speech recognition is a multi-application domain: security of any kind, telecommunication, daily activities, and now it could be used in agricultural situation. Speech Recognition summarizes a variety of issues such as recognizing isolated words, identifying speakers based on their voice tag, recognizing phonemes, etc. The utility of identifying people based on their voice is growing with the development of automation and telecommunication, and, also regarding the new-entry telephone line applications, the need to recognize the speaker has become more pressing. Speech recognition has a particularly high applicability due to the fact that this method is non-intrusive, universally accepted, with acceptable accuracy, and speech samples are easily sampled either by phone or by microphone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The entrepreneurship is regarded as one of the most important sources of competitive advantage for all countries. The development of entrepreneurship has important benefits, both economically and socially. The relevance of entrepreneurship for national economy is expressed by Michael Porter "invention and entrepreneurship are at the heart of national advantage" [1]. This research paper aims to present the challenges of entrepreneurship in Romania in the context of smart specialization process as basis for the next EU programming period 2021-2027. The capacity of facing the challenges and learning from any defeat is a component part of the entrepreneurial spirit that signifies innovation, flexibility, and adaptability to change, dedication, self-discipline, initiative and vision. The used research methodology was based on analysis and synthesis of the information on the decision to start a business, the risks in business development and the barriers to entrepreneurship development. In conclusion, the authors of this paper wanted to emphasize the necessity of the entrepreneurial discovery process based on approaches at a macro, mezzo and micro-levels of innovation environments, on the stakeholders involved in the different phases of this process and on measurement of outcomes. Without these elements the economic and social prosperity in the EU regions is not possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents researches on the use of drones in agriculture. Going away from military and espionage applications, like many other inventions of mankind, drones have finally come to peaceful applications. The inclusion of top technologies in the construction and endowment of drones has made these devices very useful in many applications, such as: industry, agriculture, health, civil engineering, environmental protection, local administrations, security and guarding, transport, etc. In the literature, various methods of using drones that will revolutionize agriculture are formulated, as follows: soil and field analysis, planting, spraying crops, crop monitoring, irrigation, crop health assessment and remote sensing. Agricultural drones ensure permanent crop monitoring from planting to harvesting. Data collected by drones is translated into useful and easy to understand information by farmers, due to specific algorithms. Highresolution images and data taken by drones that fly over farmland are collected and transmitted in cloud, or are provided to customers, who can analyze them using their own instruments or specialized software. Due to these data, the user can select the desired information and can perform different treatment maps, depending on the operation, which the farmer wishes to perform in the field. Maps can then be loaded on the agricultural equipment, which will adjust accordingly, the amount of raw materials (seeds, fertilizers, pesticides) applied in the field. The mapping tasks and the management of the activities of the crops administration treatment have been partly taken over by drones from the GPS satellite systems. The crops most closely supervised with drones are: cereals, legumes, rapeseed and sunflower, then orchards and vineyards. The drones collect information about plant status and perform analyzes of these stages. The resulting data is communicated to farmers, in order to quickly assess the situation in the field and apply appropriate treatments when is needed, in order to reduce the damage caused by diseases or pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clusters play an important role in driving competitiveness, innovation and jobs creation in the EU. Romania currently has successful clusters in various economic sectors and services, including 7 clusters in agro-food. Agriculture has been and remains the support of the human existence, which is an important pillar of the Romanian rural economy. The agro-food sector had oscillating evolutions in the post-accession period, mainly generated by the need to get in line with the EU requirements. Stimulating smart technology assimilation across all economic sectors including agro-food value chains, promoting enterprise growth and clusters 4.0 is critical to many EU Member States. Partnerships between countries, regions, cities and clusters are essential in the next industrial modernization process, based on innovation. Clusters 4.0 calls for development of a generation of advanced cluster policies to respond to these new industrial challenges by facilitating cross-sectoral value chains, fostering internationalization, stimulating inter-regional investment and accelerating entrepreneurship and skills in digital production, environmental production, circular economy, service innovation and creative economy. In order to be ready for the future, clusters must be geared towards creating a smart value chains, international cooperation and cross-sectoral partnerships. This research paper proposes a model as a tool for agro-clusters to become "smart", also this proposal providing information on the most important steps in the creation and development of smart agro-clusters. The used research methodology was based on analysis and synthesis of the information on the economic and social aspects of the development of the agro-food sector and of clusters in Romania. In conclusion, the authors of this paper wanted to emphasize the necessity of the development of smart agro-clusters for the future smart specialization of the regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Enterprise Europe Network (EEN) is a collaborative instrument for developing business/technological/research partnerships for entities around the world especially SME's (Small and Medium sized Enterprises). One of the key factors for business development is innovation. Innovation management can be assessed using specific methods and instruments. One of these methods is the approach developed by the ImP3ove Academy. The ImP3ove methodology is based on an on-line questionnaire which is filled out by the entity. The questionnaire contains a set of questions from different innovation management dimensions. These dimensions are: Innovation Strategy, Organization and culture, Innovation life cycle processes, Enabling factors and Innovation results. After filling the questionnaire, according to the entity's needs regarding to innovation management, a customized benchmark can be applied. Based on ImP3ove database the benchmark can be generated for industry sectors, countries and company size or age classes. Using the filled questionnaire and the benchmarking selection the on-line software based on the ImP3ove methodology can generate a report. This report contains the relevant elements of the innovation management assessment structured on the innovation management dimensions. The paper also presents the results and analysis of the innovation management assessment for various Romanian entities. The results of the innovation management assessment can contribute to the business development, increasing market visibility and increasing client confidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]