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We address the problem of Byzantine agreement, to bring processors to agreement on a bit in the presence of a strong adversary. This adversary has full information of the state of all processors, the ability to control message scheduling in an asynchronous model, and the ability to control the behavior of a constant fraction of processors that it may choose to corrupt adaptively. In 1983, Ben-Or proposed an algorithm for solving this problem with expected exponential communication time. In this article, we improve that result to require expected polynomial communication time and computation time. Like Ben-Or's algorithm, our algorithm uses coinflips from individual processors to repeatedly try to generate a fair global coin. We introduce a method that uses spectral analysis to identify processors that have thwarted this goal by flipping biased coins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show unconditionally that the existence of commitment schemes implies the existence of constant-round nonmalleable commitments; earlier protocols required additional assumptions such as collision-resistant hash functions or subexponential one-way functions. Our protocol also satisfies the stronger notions of concurrent nonmalleability and robustness. As a corollary, we establish that constant-round nonmalleable zero-knowledge arguments for NP can be based on one-way functions and constant-round secure multiparty computation can be based on enhanced trapdoor permutations; also here, earlier protocols additionally required either collision-resistant hash functions or subexponential one-way functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth of computer networks has led to a proliferation of information security standards. To meet these security standards, some organizations outsource security protection to a managed security service provider (MSSP). However, this may give rise to system interdependency risks. This paper analyzes how such system interdependency risks interact with a mandatory security requirement to affect the equilibrium behaviors of an MSSP and its clients. We show that a mandatory security requirement will increase the MSSP's effort and motivate it to serve more clients. Although more clients can benefit from the MSSP's protection, they are also subjected to greater system interdependency risks. Social welfare will decrease if the mandatory security requirement is high, and imposing verifiability may exacerbate social welfare losses. Our results imply that recent initiatives such as issuing certification to enforce computer security protection, or encouraging auditing of managed security services, may not be advisable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

End users are said to be "the weakest link" in information systems (IS) security management in the workplace. They often knowingly engage in certain insecure uses of IS and violate security policies without malicious intentions. Few studies, however, have examined end user motivation to engage in such behavior. To fill this research gap, in the present study we propose and test empirically a nonmalicious security violation (NMSV) model with data from a survey of end users at work. The results suggest that utilitarian outcomes (relative advantage for job performance, perceived security risk), normative outcomes (workgroup norms), and self-identity outcomes (perceived identity match) are key determinants of end user intentions to engage in NMSVs. In contrast, the influences of attitudes toward security policy and perceived sanctions are not significant. This study makes several significant contributions to research on security-related behavior by (1) highlighting the importance of job performance goals and security risk perceptions on shaping user attitudes, (2) demonstrating the effect of workgroup norms on both user attitudes and behavioral intentions, (3) introducing and testing the effect of perceived identity match on user attitudes and behavioral intentions, and (4) identifying nonlinear relationships between constructs. This study also informs security management practices on the importance of linking security and business objectives, obtaining user buy-in of security measures, and cultivating a culture of secure behavior at local workgroup levels in organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Privacy is a significant concern of customers in the business-to-consumer online environment. Several technical, economic, and regulatory mechanisms have been proposed to address online privacy. A current market-based mechanism is the privacy seal, under which a third party assures adherence by a vendor to its posted privacy policy. In this paper, we present empirical evidence of the effect of displaying a privacy seal on the product prices of online vendors of electronic books, downloadable audiobooks, and textbooks. Using data collected on these relatively homogeneous products sold by online vendors, we find that while controlling for vendor-specific characteristics, vendors bearing privacy seals charge a premium for such products compared to vendors not bearing a seal. The paper provides empirical evidence of the economic value of privacy assurance from the customers' perspective as measured by the price premium charged for products. The research has implications for researchers and policymakers by providing evidence that privacy is another factor that creates friction in e-commerce, and that prices on the Internet for homogeneous products need not converge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mutual authentication and authenticated key exchange are fundamental techniques for enabling secure communication over public, insecure networks. It is well known how to design secure protocols for achieving these goals when parties share high-entropy cryptographic keys in advance of the authentication stage. Unfortunately, it is much more common for users to share weak, low-entropy passwords which furthermore may be chosen from a known space of possibilities (say, a dictionary of English words). In this case, the problem becomes much more difficult as one must ensure that protocols are immune to off-line dictionary attacks in which an adversary exhaustively enumerates all possible passwords in an attempt to determine the correct one. We propose a 3-round protocol for password-only authenticated key exchange, and provide a rigorous proof of security for our protocol based on the decisional Diffie-Hellman assumption. The protocol assumes only public parameters—specifically, a "common reference string"—which can be "hardcoded" into an implementation of the protocol; in particular, and in contrast to some previous work, our protocol does not require either party to pre-share a public key. The protocol is also remarkably efficient, requiring computation only (roughly) 4 times greater than "classical" Diffie-Hellman key exchange that provides no authentication at all. Ours is the first protocol for password-only authentication that is both practical and provably-secure using standard cryptographic assumptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT It is essential to study an effective approach of security testing for third-party component. In this paper, to effectively trigger implicit vulnerabilities of third-party components, an approach of security testing for third-party component is proposed based on state mutation. To start with, executable method sequences of components are transformed into extended finite state machine. Then, according to characteristics of condition conflict and behavior conflict, two test case generation algorithms are addressed, that is, Operations Conflict Sequences Generation Algorithm and Conditions Conflict Sequences Generation Algorithm, which are designed to generate inaccessible sequences of behavior and condition conflicts. These conflict sequences are run. Furthermore, the security detecting algorithms are addressed to detect implicit vulnerabilities of third-party components, and then, testing report of component security is obtained. In the end, some experiments are conducted on the basis of the proposed approach, and the experimental results show that the proposed approach can effectively detect security exceptions of third-party components. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantum key distribution (QKD) technology is achieving a growing interest in both the scientific and industrial communities. Based on principles of quantum mechanics, it can provide unconditional security in key exchanges over end-to-end communication channels. Information-theoretically secure (ITS) authentication, the compulsory procedure of QKD systems, avoids the man-in-the-middle attack during the security key generation. In this paper, we propose a novel family of almost strongly universal (ASU) hash functions based on number-theoretic transforms (N-ASU), and prove that N-ASU hash functions can meet the high security requirement of an ITS authentication procedure. With such N-ASU hash functions, we propose a novel efficient NTT-based authentication algorithm (N-Auth) for QKD systems. Such a solution offers nearly the same security guarantees provided by the available authentication algorithms built upon ASU hash functions, but is characterized by a much lower computational complexity. The experimental results show that the N-Auth algorithm can fully meet the real-time and high-performance demands of modern 10-GHz QKD systems, making it a viable solution for the implementation of industrial-strength unconditionally secure broadband communication solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Recently, due to the interoperation of distributed information, the task and task analysis requiring the information connection in the distributed environment increases, and the decision support using the system becomes more important. As the centralized structure of the multi-agent based information interoperability system is composed of master and slave, it is vulnerable to impersonation attack, integrity, non-repudiation, and privacy security. Therefore, this paper adopted EMAF for information interoperability to propose an information interoperability system with security. In addition, to overcome the security vulnerability that may happen to the proposed system based on multi-agent, we are going to propose an agent mutual authentication method where certificates and session keys are combined together. When the proposed method is applied to the information interoperation between the national R&D report registration management system and the project management organization research report management system, not only the information interoperations in the distributed environment but also the safe information interoperability are supplied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the wireless communication allows all of the information to be saved in the digital storage device rapidly. Due to this, hacking and information leakage incidents are rapidly increasing. The scale of the problem however has gradually increased and the targeted industries have become much more diverse, which further points to the severity of the issue. Consequently, there are efforts to develop a security system in order to protect the information, yet at the same time the hacking technology has also advanced, causing an astronomical damage at an increasing state. This has led to the demand for a more convenient and cutting-edge enhanced security solutions. This demand has birthed the security authentication technology which merges biometrics and ICT capabilities. However, numerous biometrics technologies carry problems when deployed as means of security authentication solution for financial services due to their low level of recognition success rate, easy duplication, avoid recognition, terminal minimization difficulties and more. Finger vein recognition technology which is impossible to duplicate with a very high level of recognition rate has emerged as the biometrics authentication solution for financial services. This study recommended an authentication security model for financial services that use finger vein solution to strengthen financial services' safety and to protect information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Threat to security has been increasing along with proliferation of service through the Web. Multi-attribute risk assessment serves as a useful tool to assess risk quantitatively by prioritizing sets of threats and security requirements. The case study presents decision-making methods as to the selection of information security technology and solution through the process of identifying risk and quantifying threat index. Since the intrusion types and analysis data was analyzed based on the statistics of multiple enterprises, it is advisable to classify the types into more detailed types suitable to the target company, and to reasonably reflect the characteristics of the organization through accumulation and utilization of the company's own data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The virtualization techniques are receiving more attention lately in mobile device security. In this study, we present SecureDom which is the device security of data-centric that aims to protect private, enterprise or sensitive data from various attacks and threats. To achieve it, we provide the mobile device security platform based on domain separation and suggests three essential secure functions which should be offered for secure domain: authentication/access control (AAC) module, secure storage (STR) module and encryption/key management (EKM) module. In secure functions, the AAC module applies two-factor authentication by user and app to access SD, the STR module introduces the enhanced abilities of secure filesystem and EKM module is in charge of security algorithms for data encryption, integrity validation or key generation. Here, EKM module can utilize the existing encryption module that is certified by cryptographic validation program. In the experiment, it demonstrates that some notable overheads are caused in the performance of virtualization engine and inter-domain communication (IDC) performance based on hypervisor, while it provides the strong isolation in domain, IDC, filesystem and resource and the separation of processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cloud storages in cloud data centers can be used for enterprises and individuals to store and access their data remotely anywhere anytime without any additional burden. By data outsourcing, users can be relieved from the burden of local data storage and maintenance. However, the major problem of cloud data storage is security. Moreover, cloud users must be able to use the cloud storage just like the local storage, without worrying about the need to verify the data integrity and data consistency. Some researchers have been conducted with the aid of a third party auditor (TPA) to verify the data stored in the cloud and be sure that it is not tampered. However, the TPA is leased by the provider, and after a time, a cloud service provider may contract with the TPA to conceal the loss of data from the user to prevent the defamation. This paper presents a novel secure cloud storage system to ensure the protection of organizations' data from the cloud provider, the third party auditor, and some users who may use their old accounts to access the data stored on the cloud. The proposed system enhances the authentication level of security by using two authentication techniques; time-based one-time password (TOTP) for cloud users verification and automatic blocker protocol (ABP) to fully protect the system from unauthorized third party auditor. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed system when auditing shared data integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hash function secure in the indifferentiability framework (TCC 2004) is able to resist all meaningful generic attacks. Such hash functions also play a crucial role in establishing the security of protocols that use them as random functions. To eliminate multi-collision type attacks on the Merkle-Damgård mode (Crypto 1989), Lucks proposed widening the size of the internal state of hash functions (Asiacrypt 2005). The fast wide pipe (FWP) hash mode was introduced by Nandi and Paul at Indocrypt 2010, as a faster variant of Lucks' wide pipe mode. Despite the higher speed, the proven indifferentiability bound of the FWP mode has so far been only up to the birthday barrier of n/2 bits. The main result of this paper is the improvement of the FWP bound to 2n/3 bits (up to an additive constant). We also provide evidence that the bound may be extended beyond 2n/3 bits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present scalable and parallel versions of Lipmaa's computationally-private information retrieval (CPIR) scheme [20] , which provides log-squared communication complexity. In the proposed schemes, instead of binary decision diagrams utilized in the original CPIR, we employ an octal tree based approach, in which non-sink nodes have eight child nodes. Using octal trees offers two advantages: i) a serial implementation of the proposed scheme in software is faster than the original scheme and ii) its bandwidth usage becomes less than the original scheme when the number of items in the data set is moderately high (e.g., 4,096 for 80-bit security level using Damgård-Jurik cryptosystem). In addition, we present a highly-optimized parallel algorithm for shared-memory multi-core/processor architectures, which minimizes the number of synchronization points between the cores. We show that the parallel implementation is about 50 times faster than the serial implementation for a data set with 4,096 items on an eight-core machine. Finally, we propose a hybrid algorithm that scales the CPIR scheme to larger data sets with small overhead in bandwidth complexity. We demonstrate that the hybrid scheme based on octal trees can lead to more than two orders of magnitude faster parallel implementations than serial implementations based on binary trees. Comparison with the original as well as the other schemes in the literature reveals that our scheme is the best in terms of bandwidth requirement. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The detection of BGP prefix hijacking attacks has been the focus of research for more than a decade. However, the state-of-the-art techniques fall short of detecting more elaborate types of attack. To study such attacks, we devise a novel formalization of Internet routing, and apply this model to routing anomalies in order to establish a comprehensive attacker model. We use this model to precisely classify attacks and to evaluate their impact and detectability. We analyze the eligibility of attack tactics that suit an attacker’s goals and demonstrate that related work mostly focuses on less impactful kinds of attacks. We further propose, implement, and test the Hijacking Event Analysis Program (HEAP), a new approach to investigate hijacking alarms. Our approach is designed to seamlessly integrate with the previous work in order to reduce the high rates of false alarms inherent to these techniques. We leverage several unique data sources that can reliably disprove malicious intent. First, we make use of an Internet routing registry to derive business or organizational relationships between the parties involved in an event. Second, we use a topology-based reasoning algorithm to rule out events caused by legitimate operational practice. Finally, we use Internet-wide network scans to identify SSL/TLS-enabled hosts, which helps to identify non-malicious events by comparing public keys prior to and during an event. In our evaluation, we prove the effectiveness of our approach, and show that day-to-day routing anomalies are harmless for the most part. More importantly, we use HEAP to assess the validity of publicly reported alarms. We invite researchers to interface with HEAP in order to crosscheck and narrow down their hijacking alerts. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We propose a loss tolerant quantum private query (QPQ) protocol based on two non-orthogonal states and unambiguous state discrimination (USD) measurement. By analyzing a two-point attack by a third party, we find that our protocol has a stronger ability to resist external attacks than G-protocol and Y-protocol. Our protocol requires a smaller number of compressions than that in G-protocol (Gao et al., Opt. Exp. 2012, 20, 17411-17420) and Y-protocol (Yan et al. Quant. Inf. Process. 2014, 13, 805-813), which means less post-processing. Our protocol shows better database security and user privacy compared with G-protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open Source Website Projects are widely spread among web developers and web users. The ease of installing and handling Open Source Web Site Platforms is known to be a handy solution but also a risky one. The use of such platforms is under heavy discussion because of the transparency that not only a normal user sees but also a hacker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secret sharing (SS) schemes based on cellular automata (CA) are considered as secure encrypting algorithms, where several secret data can be shared among some persons. Recently the SS schemes can be applied to solve real-world problems, such as security in cloud computing. The principal obstacle of use of the SS scheme is its considerably high computational cost; especially if a large amount of secret data must be encrypted and shared. In this work, we propose a parallel CA-based SS scheme suitable for any kinds of digital data in the graphic processing unit using compute unified device architecture technology. The uses of global memory and shared memory are analyzed from computational effectiveness and security points of view. The experimental results show the proposed parallel implementation provides a speedup rate more than 18-fold compared with its sequential implementation. Also we show the increase of the security level of the parallel implementation with respect to the sequential implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of applications loaded with malware is rapidly increasing in Android operating system (OS). These malwares spread through the official Android market 'Play Store', unofficial 'black market', and private web pages. Once the malware activates, personal information can be extracted and some data can be deleted, causing tremendous damage to users. In order to provide reliability on Android OS, there is a need to analyze and address these malwares and recover the modified data. In this paper, we propose an enhanced security framework for a reliable Android OS. The framework provides means to prevent influx of malware by examining the Android OS and file system. In addition, it recovers data once deleted by security breaches. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keystroke dynamics is a well-investigated behavioural biometric based on the way and rhythm in which someone interacts with a keyboard or keypad when typing characters. This paper explores the potential of this modality but for touchscreen-equipped smartphones. The main research question posed is whether 'touchstroking' can be effective in building the biometric profile of a user, in terms of typing pattern, for future authentication. To reach this goal, we implemented a touchstroke system in the Android platform and executed different scenarios under disparate methodologies to estimate its effectiveness in authenticating the end-user. Apart from typical classification features used in legacy keystroke systems, we introduce two novel ones, namely, speed and distance. From the experiments, it can be argued that touchstroke dynamics can be quite competitive, at least when compared to similar results obtained from keystroke evaluation studies. As far as we are aware of, this is the first time this newly arisen behavioural trait is put into focus. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a new small target detection system that detects small target candidates based on morphology operations and detects actual targets using a modified Gaussian distance function. To reduce clutter on the edges of clouds, a median filter is applied as preprocessing. Two kinds of images are calculated with closing and opening morphological operators, respectively. In the morphology operations, various sizes of structure elements that are used to consider the sizes of targets and candidate targets are extracted from different images between the two images in the closing and opening operations. With a modified Gaussian distance function, small targets are detected from the candidate targets. The proposed method is less sensitive to clutters than existing methods and has a detection rate of 98%. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the convergence of IT space and physical space is increasingly studied. In the legacy IT-based systems, developments of services were focusing on just the cyber space. However, as ubiquitous computing environment is expanding into the real world, considerations about how to design and develop the systems for ensuring the interoperability between two spaces must be taken. For indeed converging IT/physical spaces and ensuring the ubiquity, a new model to efficiently identify a moving object needs to be established. Although the identifier information resulted from successful authentication procedure is used in the most security systems, each authentication method adopts a variety of identifiable information (II) specification. So in this paper, we suggest a scheme to access any ubiquitous service with single authentication at initial stage for efficiently identifying an object moving multiple convergence spaces by relaying the II along the movement. This is performed by enabling distributed smart cameras to deliver II of the identified moving object. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In service-oriented environments, service providers orchestrate distributed services from other providers to create new composite enterprise services. A component service can be invoked jointly by several distributed composite service providers. However, because a composite service is provided to the consumers as an integrated service, when failures or dissatisfaction of the consumers occurs, it is not possible to directly identify the untrustworthy component. In this paper, we describe a collaborative trustworthiness determination approach using optimisation that can provide a solution to selecting trustworthy component service constructs based on monitoring and consumer quality of experience reporting of existing composite services from peer providers. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to secure the content of simple object access protocol (SOAP) messages in Web services, several security standards of Web service security, such as XML digital signature, are used. However, the content of a SOAP message, protected with XML digital signature, can be altered without invalidating the signature. Existing methods for detecting XML rewriting attacks are inefficient because the cost of performing detection operation is linear to the height of the SOAP message tree. Thus, each element of SOAP message needs to be accessed and checked. In this paper, we propose an efficient method for detecting XML rewriting attacks on SOAP messages using a histogram. With our method, once the source of attacks is identified, we save it in the form of a histogram, which enables us to maintain a statistical information about the location of the attack in the SOAP message. We can use this information to detect attacks in the future and thus avoid unnecessary check of all elements in the SOAP message. Experiments show that our methods outperform existing methods by several times in many cases. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is easy to decompile Android applications (or apps) owing to the structural characteristics of the app building process, but this ease makes them quite vulnerable to forgery or modification attacks. In particular, users may suffer direct financial loss if this vulnerability is exploited in security-critical private and business applications, such as online banking. One of the solutions to these problems is a code obfuscation technique. In this regard, DexGuard, which is based on ProGuard, which is integrated into the Android software development kit build system, has recently been introduced. Although DexGuard protects Android applications more effectively, an attacker is still able to analyze the hex code of a Dalvix Executable file. To resolve this weakness, we begin by analyzing the DexGuard tool from both a static and dynamic point of view. Our analysis reveals that DexGuard has some weaknesses. In this paper, we propose an obfuscation technique based on a client/server model with one-time secret key delivery using short message service or network protocol. The main concept is to store the core execute class file through obfuscation on the server, so when a program needs to execute core routines, it must request these routines from the server. In this way, we can protect Android apps from reverse engineering. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cloud computing is very emerging area in IT industries. In a cloud environment, many distributed systems are interconnected to provide software, hardware and resources over the internet. Since this new paradigm requires users to ensure the security of their personal data, there are gradually increasing security and privacy issues on outsourced data. A natural way to keep the data in a confidential manner is to encrypt it before storing on cloud server. The main problems of this process include building scalable access control for storing data and revoking access rights from users if they are revoked from the system. Many access control schemes have been already developed. In this paper, a taxonomy and brief survey of secure data access control schemes in cloud environment have been presented. The current research issues and future work directions are also presented in this paper in the area of security of cloud computing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Security in computer systems has been a major concern since the very beginning. Although security has been addressed in various aspects, accountability is one of the main facets of security that is lacking in today's computer systems. The ability not only to detect errors but also to find the responsible entity/entities for the failure is crucial. In this paper, we intend to provide a comprehensive investigation of the state-of-the-art accountability research issues in current information systems. Also, we study the various accountability tactics that are available and how each one of them contributes to providing strong accountability of different aspects. Finally, we examine the various merits and tradeoffs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kernel rootkits are formidable threats to computer systems. They are stealthy and can have unrestricted access to system resources. This paper presents NumChecker, a new virtual machine (VM) monitor based framework to detect and identify control-flow modifying kernel rootkits in a guest VM. NumChecker detects and identifies malicious modifications to a system call in the guest VM by measuring the number of certain hardware events that occur during the system call’s execution. To automatically count these events, NumChecker leverages the hardware performance counters (HPCs), which exist in modern processors. By using HPCs, the checking cost is significantly reduced and the tamper-resistance is enhanced. We implement a prototype of NumChecker on Linux with the kernel-based VM. An HPC-based two-phase kernel rootkit detection and identification technique is presented and evaluated on a number of real-world kernel rootkits. The results demonstrate its practicality and effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

During the design of an integrated circuit, there are several opportunities for adversaries to make malicious modifications or insertions to a design. These attacks, known as hardware Trojans, can have catastrophic effects on a circuit if left undetected. This paper describes a technique for identifying hardware Trojans with logic-based payloads that are hidden within third-party intellectual property. Through comparison of two similar but untrusted designs, functional differences can be identified for all possible input combinations within a window of time. This technique was tested on multiple Trojan benchmarks and was found to be very effective, both in detectability and in speed of testing. As this technique has very low costs to implement, it represents an easy way for designers to gain a level of trust in previously untrusted designs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The purpose of this research is to examine how demographics variables interact with factors such as online lifestyle, digital-capable guardianship, computer security management, and levels of individual computer crime victimization. The current study used a secondary data which was a self-report survey ( $$N=204$$ ) contained items intended to measure the major constructs of routine activities theory. The findings of SEM (structural equation modeling) analysis showed that: (1) gender did not substantially influence on digital guardian factor and computer crime victimization. However, males are more likely to be engaging in online risky leisure activities such as visiting unknown Web sites, downloading free games, free music, and free movies than females. Simultaneously, males tended to update computer security, change the passwords for e-mail account, search for more effective computer security software, check the operation of computer security online, and use different passwords and user IDs for their Internet accounts than females; (2) individuals with older age are less likely to equip the number of computer security software with less duration; (3) race does not have any statistically significant impact on computer crime victimization. Lastly, the policy implications and the limitations of the current research were discussed at the last part of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite its many technology maturity and significant advantages, the cloud services are still far from success in the market. In accordance with some research, security risks have been regarded as the main factors that impede activating cloud service. Accordingly, this study divides the factors of security risk into Information leakage risk, Fault recovery risk, Compliance risk, Service interruption risk and made an empirical analysis of the impact of these four factors on continuous adoption intention. The effects of security risk and adoption intention of cloud service were analyzed via the moderation effects of trust. The analytical results of China data show that bo th Information Leakage Risk and Compliance Risk have negative impact on continuous adoption intention of cloud service. Neither Fault Recovery Risk nor Service Interruption Risk is significantly related with continuous adoption intention of cloud service. The analytical results of Korea data show that Fault Recovery Risk, Compliance Risk and Service Interruption Risk significantly impact continuous adoption intention of cloud service, whereas Information Leakage Risk insignificantly impact continuous adoption intention of the cloud service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Control flow graphs (CFG) and OpCodes extracted from disassembled executable files are widely used for malware detection. Most of the research in static analysis is focused on binary class malware detection which only classifies an executable as benign or malware. To overcome this issue, CFG based multiclass malware detection system that automatically classifies the malware into their respective families is proposed. The use Bi-normal separation (BNS) as a feature scoring metric. Experimental results show that proposed method using BNS outperforms compared to hitherto use technique of document Frequency for multiclass metamorphic malware detection and achieves detection accuracy of 99.5 per cent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Threshold public-key encryption can control decryption abilities of an authorized user group in such a way that each user of the group can produce only a decryption share and at least t of them should collect decryption shares to recover a message. We present a new threshold public-key encryption that is secure against selectively chosen ciphertext attacks. Semantic security against chosen ciphertext adversaries is the de facto level of security for public-key encryption deployed in practice because many encryption systems are broken in a model of chosen ciphertext security. The security of the proposed system is formally proved without random oracles under a new assumption. We also provide proof of the intractability of our assumption in the generic group model. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an increasing trend for data owners to outsource their data to an untrusted cloud provider. Besides providing the storage for the data, the service provider could allow the data owner or authorized clients to search over the data. To guarantee the data secure, the owner must encrypt his or her data before sending to the cloud. However, traditional encryption does not allow searching without decrypting the data. Searchable symmetric encryption is one approach that allows users to search over the encrypted data. For data applications, various different functional search have been proposed, such as wildcard search, similarity keyword search and fuzzy keyword search. Moreover, dynamic addition and removal of files should be supported in practice. However, to our knowledge, there does not exist a searchable symmetric encryption scheme that can support many properties such as more than three functions in all the aforementioned operations. In this paper, we propose an efficient multi-functional searchable symmetric encryption scheme that can support wildcard search, similarity search (including hamming distance and edit distance), fuzzy keyword search and disjunctive keyword search simultaneously. In the new scheme, the trapdoor changes with various search requests and it enumerates all possibilities of the keyword of the trapdoor. Moreover, we use an array instead of a matrix to reduce the storage, and the scheme can be constructed efficiently in terms of both computational and space complexity. Our scheme is based on the Bloom filter, and it is secure against non-adaptive chosen keyword attack. With the dynamic technique for the inverted index, our scheme can support dynamic operation such as addition and removal of data files, which can also be secure against adaptive chosen keyword attack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers security analysis of the YAK, a public key-based authenticated key agreement protocol. The YAK protocol is a variant of the two-pass HMQV protocol but uses zero-knowledge proofs for proving knowledge of ephemeral values. In this paper, we show that the YAK protocol lacks joint key control and perfect forward secrecy attributes and is vulnerable to some attacks including unknown key-share and key-replication attacks. This invalidates the semantic security of the protocol in several security models. There are also other considerations regarding the impersonation and small subgroup attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delay tolerant networks are resource-constrained networks, where nodes are required to cooperate with each other to relay messages (bundles) in a store-carry-forward fashion. Because of the constrained resources, some selfish nodes are reluctant to relay bundles for other nodes in order to save their own resources. Previous studies focus on one kind of creditbased incentive schemes in which a source pays credits (virtual coins) to intermediates to compensate for their resources consumption. Although these schemes can restrain selfish behaviors to a certain extent, they may cause an undesirable effect on some honest nodes, especially on boundary nodes and inactive nodes. To mitigate this issue, first we propose a service priority-based incentive scheme (SIS) where a relaying (viewed as a service) priority, instead of credits, is used as an incentive metric to stimulate nodes to fairly cooperate. In the SIS, a node which relayed more bundles is granted a higher service priority, and it will obtain a higher bundle delivery ratio correspondingly. Then, to deal with the potential attacks against the SIS, we also present three security solutions including the signature chain, cooperation frequency statistics, and combination clearance. We evaluate the proposed scheme on the opportunistic network environment simulator. The extensive results show that the SIS is able to improve the bundle delivery ratio of honest nodes and efficiently inhibits the selfish behaviors in comparison with credit-based incentive schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Software defined wireless networking (SDWN) is a new paradigm of wireless networking, physically separating the data and control planes of various elements in the wireless infrastructure. Similar to its wired counterpart, SDWN is expected to introduce a wide range of benefits to the operation and management of wireless networks. Security is always important to any network. On one hand, SDWN enables new security mechanisms. On the other hand, some new threats are introduced due to the separation of the control and data planes and the introduction of the logically centralized controller. In this article, we discuss its security threat vectors as well as design issues in making it secure. Also, we analyze the security requirements of SDWN, and then summarize the security attacks and countermeasures in this area and suggest some future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article discusses two applications of propagation-based concepts for predictive analytics: marrying epidemiological models with statistical topic models to tease out user phases for better flu-trends prediction, and using propagation-based models to generatively model estimates of malware attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study was designed to examine the impacts of employees’ cost–benefit analysis, deterrence considerations, and top management support and beliefs on information systems security policy compliance. Surveys of Canadian professionals’ perceptions were carried out. A research model was proposed and tested. The results confirmed that top management support and beliefs, sanction severity, and cost–benefit analysis significantly influenced employees’ information systems security policy compliance. The implications of the study findings are discussed, and conclusions are drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]