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This study investigates the role of morphology during speech planning in Mandarin Chinese. In a long-lag priming experiment, thirty-two Mandarin Chinese native speakers were asked to name target pictures (e.g., "山" /shan1/ "mountain"). The design involved pictures referring to morpheme-related compound words (e.g., "山羊" /shan1yang2/ "goat") sharing a morpheme with the first (e.g., "山" /shan1/ "mountain") or the second position of the targets (e.g., 脑 /nao3/ "brain" with prime电脑 /dian4nao3/ "computer"), as well as unrelated control items. Behavioral and electrophysiological data were collected. Interestingly, the behavioral results went against earlier findings in Indo-European languages, showing that the target picture naming was not facilitated by morphologically related primes. This suggests no morphological priming for individual constituents in producing Mandarin Chinese disyllabic compound words. However, targets in the morpheme-related word condition did elicit a reduced N400 compared with targets in the morpheme-unrelated condition for the first position overlap in the ERP analyses but not for the second, suggesting automatic activation of the first individual constituent in noun compound production. Implications of these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI) has shown promise in enhancing English as a second language (ESL) writing skills by providing personalized feedback and targeted corrections, thereby facilitating improved grammar and composition proficiency. Despite the potential of AI tools like ChatGPT, their impact on common writing errors in ESL contexts has yet to be explored. This study employed a quasi-experimental design to compare the efficacy of ChatGPT's mobile application feedback against traditional teacher feedback in a senior secondary public school in India. Over eight weeks, the experimental group received feedback on their writing error corrections through the ChatGPT application, while the control group received feedback from teachers. Additionally, participants' attitudes towards using ChatGPT for language learning were assessed through a questionnaire administered post-intervention to 132 students. Data was collected using pre- and post-tests that involved writing stories based on pictures. The study results demonstrated that the experimental group significantly improved writing proficiency, showing a reduction in common errors (third-person singular present, past tense, progressive, past participle, plural, possessive, comparative, and superlative) compared to the control group. Furthermore, most students preferred AI feedback, associating it with noticeable improvements in their writing skills and grammatical accuracy. These findings support the integration of AI tools like ChatGPT into language learning curricula as effective supplements to traditional teaching methods, offering personalized and immediate corrections that enhance learning outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to analyze and elaborate on the dimensions of meaning in the floral lexicons in Javanese proverbs. Employing an ecolinguistic approach, this study focused on the expressions in Javanese proverbs that entail floral lexicons. The data were collected using an uninvolved observation method, as well as documentation, observation, and interviews with relevant informants. The data were then analyzed using the referential identity method, translational identity method, and immediate constituent analysis or distributional technique. Further, data triangulation was also conducted to validate the data with the following steps: discussion, re-checking, and expert consultation. The result shows that the floral lexicons entailed in Javanese traditional proverbs take the form of words and phrases. In word or morpheme form, the lexicons are categorized as nouns and polymorphemic expressions consisting of affix, reduplicative, and compound words. The floral lexicons in Javanese proverbs, in accordance with the cultural values they embody, include depicting attitudes and worldviews; reflecting negative attitudes; being related to strong determination; portraying the relationship between humans and God; and illustrating human interactions with other humans, as well as their connection with nature. The lexicons also represent the thought process and cultural values of Javanese society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present article, different types of semantic relationships between the components of endocentric compound words in Gahvarehei Kurdish are investigated. The corpus of the research data includes endocentric compounds that have been obtained from the everyday speech of native speakers of Gahvarehei Kurdish, which is one of the dialects of the southern Kurdish branch and is common in Gahvareh section in Dalahoo County, Kermanshah province, Iran. The results of the research show that endocentric compound words in Gahvarehei Kurdish in terms of structure include: noun -noun head -initial, noun -noun head -final, noun -adjective, adjective -noun and preposition -noun. Various semantic relationships between the components of these structures can be found, such as origin, material, gender, content, possession, use, type, dependence, similarity, instrument, kinship, manner, time, amalgamation, taste, physical condition, age, function, production tools and place. The research findings, which include a list of semantic relationships between the components of endocentric compound words in Southern Kurdish, can be a complement for other lists provided by researchers in other Iranian languages as well as other languages in the world and lead us to a comprehensive classification of different types of semantic relations in compound words. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Writing stands as one of humanity's most profound inventions, facilitating the efficient sharing and transmission of vast amounts of information. Similar to images and facial expressions, visual (written) words possess the ability to evoke emotional connotations. Understanding how the brain perceives these emotional nuances encoded in highly symbolic visual words is a key focus of the emerging field of "affective neurolinguistics." At the core of this inquiry lies the examination of the early posterior negativity (EPN), an event-related potentials (ERPs) component peaking around 300 ms after stimulus onset in the occipitotemporal scalp region. EPN has consistently emerged in response to emotional stimuli, encompassing pictures, faces, and visual words. However, prior research has notably lacked observation of EPN in response to Chinese emotional words, raising questions about potential differences in emotional processing between Chinese and other languages. Given the logographic nature of the Chinese writing system and the prevalence of compound words in the Chinese lexicon, this study aims to explore whether the emotional processing of Chinese monomorphic and compound words elicits an EPN response. Two experiments were conducted: Experiment 1 utilized one-character words (monomorphic words), while Experiment 2 employed two-character words (compound words). Participants were assigned a go/no-go task, instructed to respond to unknown words (word recognition task) or blue stimuli (color decision task). Data analysis using a data-driven mass univariate approach revealed significant ERP differences between emotional and neutral words. Notably, the time course, scalp topography, and cortical generators of the difference ERP presented a characteristic EPN response in both experiments. These findings strongly support the notion that the processing of emotional connotations in both Chinese monomorphic and compound words is reflected by the EPN, paving the way for future research using EPN as an emotion-related ERP component for investigating emotional processing of Chinese words. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This quantitative descriptive study aimed to investigate how Project DICE (DICE IT, CREATE, AND ENUNCIATE) affects pronunciation competence among Grade 7 Rose students at Baltazar Nicor Valenzuela National High School, Kapalong, Davao del Norte. It measured Strategies in Talking, Stress on Compound Words, and Strategies for Stress Intonation. Forty-four students participated by completing a survey questionnaire before and after the intervention. Before the intervention, scores were 1.89 for Strategies in Talking, 1.92 for Stress on Compound Words, and 1.90 for Strategies for Stress Intonation, with an average mean of 1.90, indicating low pronunciation competence. After the intervention, scores increased to 4.39 for Strategies in Talking, 4.40 for Stress on Compound Words, and 4.60 for Strategies for Stress Intonation, with an overall average of 4.46, indicating significant improvement. This demonstrated that Project DICE (DICE IT, CREATE, AND ENUNCIATE) effectively enhanced students' pronunciation competence. Additionally, the study investigated the effectiveness of Project DICE (DICE IT, CREATE, AND ENUNCIATE) and gathered insights from teachers and students. Fourteen participants, including students and teachers from the same school, took part in in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The data revealed three themes regarding the effectiveness of Project DICE (DICE IT, CREATE, AND ENUNCIATE) in developing pronunciation competence: Enhancement of Communication Skills, Increased Student Confidence, and Improved Reading Skills. Furthermore, four themes emerged from the insights shared by teachers and students: Improving Students' Pronunciation Skills, Enhancing Reading Competence, serving as a Teacher's Tool for Effective English Teaching, and Encouraging Dedication and Self-Motivation. These findings confirmed that Project DICE (DICE IT, CREATE, AND ENUNCIATE) significantly improved the pronunciation competence of Grade 7 Rose students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a long-standing argument about whether words or character morphemes are the functional units in reading Chinese. We propose a Character-Word Dual Function (CWDF) model of reading Chinese in which both characters and words are functional units that contribute differentially to orthographic and meaning processes in reading Chinese. Two masked constituent priming experiments examined one of the model's predictions by testing orthographic and meaning priming effects in reading Chinese compounds. The meaning transparency of the prime (a constituent character) and the target (a compound word) was manipulated to distinguish meaning effects from orthographic effects. In transparent pairs, the prime and target were orthographically and semantically related (e.g., 家-家庭 [home-family]); in opaque pairs, the prime and target shared orthography only (e.g., 家-家伙 [home-guy]). Exposure durations of the prime were varied (50ms and 216ms) to allow orthographic and meaning priming, respectively. We manipulated word frequency to reflect the accessibility of word-level representations. The results are as follows: (1) Sharing character level orthography facilitated word reading for both high- and low-frequency words, supporting the assumption of an important role for the character level in orthographic processes. (2) The meaning priming effect was found with the longer exposure duration and only for low-frequency words. High-frequency words produced rapid access, which was not enhanced by the meaning priming of its constituent characters, suggesting that the word functions as the primary meaning provider in reading. These findings are congruent with the CWDF model, which posits that characters are the fundamental orthographic units of written Chinese and that words are primary meaning providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Ablai Khan KazUIRandWL: Series 'Philological sciences' is the property of Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations & World Languages and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Karelian and a number of Finnic languages, a common lexical fund can be traced, including the names of a number of ailments, reflecting ancient religious and mythological ideas of the people about the causes of their occurrence. This article discusses the Karelian designations of some diseases containing the component nenä. It is noted that all the designations are compound words with a mythological meaning, which are of interest in relation to the principles of nomination. The names under consideration include two components: the first, as a rule, is the "subject of influence", and the second is the "result of the influence". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of meaning-bearing units (e.g., words) into higher-order structures (e.g., compound words and phrases) is integral to human language. Despite this central role of syntax in language, little is known about its evolutionary progression. Comparative data using animal communication systems offer potential insights, but only a handful of species have been identified to combine meaningful calls together into larger signals. We investigated a candidate for syntax-like structure in the highly social chestnut-crowned babbler (Pomatostomus ruficeps). Using a combination of behavioral observations, acoustic analyses, and playback experiments, we test whether the form and function of maternal contact calls is modified by combining the core "piping" elements of such calls with at least one other call element or call. Results from the acoustic analyses (236 analysed calls from 10 individuals) suggested that piping call elements can be flexibly initiated with either "peow" elements from middle-distance contact calls or adult "begging" calls to form "peow-pipe" and "beg-pipe" calls. Behavioral responses to playbacks (20 trials to 7 groups) of natural peow-pipe and beg-pipe calls were comparable to those of artificially generated versions of each call using peow elements and begging calls from other contexts. Furthermore, responses to playbacks (34 trials to 7 groups) of the three forms of maternal contact calls (piping alone, peow-pipe, beg-pipe) differed. Together these data suggest that meaning encoded in piping calls is modified by combining such calls with begging calls or peow elements used in other contexts and so provide rare empirical evidence for syntactic-like structuring in a nonhuman animal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have indicated decreased students' proficiency in Arabic composition writing. A survey showed that 63.4% of students received a "fragile" score on an Arabic composition test. Numerous factors contribute to this deterioration, such as a limited vocabulary, ineffective reading skills, and a poor ability to organize thoughts. Gaining proficiency in strategic reading is essential for enhancing writing skills. Thus, this study aims to investigate how students perceive the use of Collaborative Strategic Reading to develop Arabic composition writing skills. This quantitative study relies on a questionnaire for data collection, with a sample size of 25 fourth-year secondary school students from Sekolah Agama Menengah Sungai Merab Luar. According to the study, students feel optimistic about utilizing this reading strategy in terms of interest, motivation, and vocabulary expansion. Additionally, the strategy helped students improve their Arabic composition writing skills by assisting them in selecting relevant topics and writing in an appropriate Arabic style. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Embedded morphemes are thought to become available during the processing of multi-morphemic words, and impact access to the whole word. According to the edge-aligned embedded word activation theory Grainger & Beyersmann, (2017), embedded morphemes receive activation when the whole word can be decomposed into constituent morphemes. Thus, interfering with morphological decomposition also interferes with access to the embedded morphemes. Numerous studies have examined the effects of interfering with boundary and constituent-internal letters on morphological decomposition by comparing the effect of transposing letters at the morphemic boundary to constituent-internal letters. These studies, which report inconsistent findings, have typically used derived multi-morphemic words (e.g., cleaner), and sometimes use a control replacement letter condition that is not matched to the transposed letter conditions in terms of location. Across five experiments, we test the edge-aligned activation theory by examining the effects of replacing and transposing boundary and constituent-internal letters of compounds. Our findings suggest that replacing boundary letters interferes with access to both embedded constituents, while replacing constituent-internal letters still allows for access to the unaltered constituent, thus compensating for the interference in the altered constituent. Our findings are consistent with the edge-aligned theory with respect to letter replacement, and also imply that letter replacement must match the position of letter transposition when it is used as a control condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spanish verb-complement (VC) compounds, one of the most common compound types in Spanish, raise interesting questions, because they are inflected, prototypically containing a verb in the third-person singular of the present indicative. This complexity seems paradoxical, given the strong restrictions of Romance languages on word compounding. Based on a self-compiled corpus of over 1,400 VC compounds, we show that the compound's verb may display different persons and illocutionary forces. We claim that all Spanish VC compounds can be parsimoniously accounted for as involving a grammaticalized perspective-indexing structure, setting up a non-actual enunciation. We identify three subtypes of nominal VC compounds according to whether they refer to: (i) the fictive addresser of the non-actual enunciation it is composed of (e.g. metomentodo [I+put+myself+into+everything], 'meddler'), (ii) the fictive addressee (e.g. tentetieso [hold+yourself+upright], 'tilting doll'), or (iii) the fictive conversational topic (e.g. pintalabios [paints+lips], 'lipstick'). We further argue that, despite undeniable morphological constraints, Spanish VC compounds involve a similarly complex semantic and morphological structure as English multi-word compounds like ' wanna-be (s)', ' forget-me-not (s)', or ' bring-and-buy sale'. This reveals that intersubjectivity can be central to word formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the theoretical models of morphological processing in Roman alphabets indicate prelexical activation, a model established in Korean suggests postlexical activation. To extend the model of Korean morphological processing, this study examined within-scriptal (Hangul-Hangul prime-target pairs) and cross-scriptal (Hanja-Hangul prime-target pairs) priming effects on the recognition of Sino-Korean compound words in Hangul as a function of adult readers' Hanja proficiency using priming lexical decision tasks. Experiment 1 (n = 54) examined the constituent morphemic effects of Hangul and Hanja primes, while Experiment 2 (n = 67) investigated morphemic decomposition in Hangul and Hanja primes. Participants with skilled Hanja proficiency showed robust constituent morphemic effects with both Hangul and Hanja primes in isolation, while less-skilled participants did not show the effects with Hangul and Hanja primes (Experiment 1). The skilled group showed efficient morphological decomposition in both within- and cross-script conditions. However, the less-skilled group did not show morphological effects in the cross-script condition but the same effect in the within-script condition (Experiment 2). The skilled group showed ortho-phonological inhibitory effects on Hangul recognition resulting from competitions among activated neighbors, but the less-skilled counterpart did not show the effect. Based on the findings of this study, two differing pathway models of morphological processing in Hangul are proposed for readers with different Hanja proficiency. Morphological processing in Sino-Korean compound words seems to be prelexical for skilled readers, whereas it is postlexical for less-skilled readers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the success of Transformer-based language models in a wide variety of natural language processing tasks, our understanding of how these models process a given input in order to represent task-relevant information remains incomplete. In this work, we focus on semantic composition and examine how Transformer-based language models represent semantic information related to the meaning of English noun-noun compounds. We probe Transformer-based language models for their knowledge of the thematic relations that link the head nouns and modifier words of compounds (e.g., KITCHEN CHAIR: a chair located in a kitchen). Firstly, using a dataset featuring groups of compounds with shared lexical or semantic features, we find that token representations of six Transformer-based language models distinguish between pairs of compounds based on whether they use the same thematic relation. Secondly, we utilize fine-grained vector representations of compound semantics derived from human annotations, and find that token vectors from several models elicit a strong signal of the semantic relations used in the compounds. In a novel "compositional probe" setting, where we compare the semantic relation signal in mean-pooled token vectors of compounds to mean-pooled token vectors when the two constituent words appear in separate sentences, we find that the Transformer-based language models that best represent the semantics of noun-noun compounds also do so substantially better than in the control condition where the two constituent works are processed separately. Overall, our results shed light on the ability of Transformer-based language models to support compositional semantic processes in representing the meaning of noun-noun compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Large Database of English Pseudo-compounds (LaDEP) contains nearly 7500 English words which mimic, but do not truly possess, a compound morphemic structure. These pseudo-compounds can be parsed into two free morpheme constituents (e.g., car-pet), but neither constituent functions as a morpheme within the overall word structure. The items were manually coded as pseudo-compounds, further coded for features related to their morphological structure (e.g., presence of multiple affixes, as in ruler-ship), and summarized using common psycholinguistic variables (e.g., length, frequency). This paper also presents an example analysis comparing the lexical decision response times between compound words, pseudo-compound words, and monomorphemic words. Pseudo-compounds and monomorphemic words did not differ in response time, and both groups had slower response times than compound words. This analysis replicates the facilitatory effect of compound constituents during lexical processing, and demonstrates the need to emphasize the pseudo-constituent structure of pseudo-compounds to parse their effects. Further applications of LaDEP include both psycholinguistic studies investigating the nature of human word processing or production and educational or clinical settings evaluating the impact of linguistic features on language learning and impairments. Overall, the items within LaDEP provide a varied and representative sample of the population of English pseudo-compounds which may be used to facilitate further research related to morphological decomposition, lexical access, meaning construction, orthographical influences, and much more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Linguistika: Buletin Ilmiah Program Magister Linguistik Universitas Udayana is the property of Program Studi Magister Linguistik Program Pascasarjana Universitas Udayana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Words learned earlier in life are processed faster than words learned later in life. In Chinese, the age of acquisition (AoA) effect has been extensively studied in one-character words, yet no studies have explored this effect in compound words. Given that compound words are a widespread word type and are processed differently than one-character words, it is unclear how AoA affects compound word processing. The present study examined the role of multiple variables in the processing of Chinese two-character compound words based on a database of eye-movement measures. We focused on the AoA effect from the whole compound word and the first and second characters. We found that whole-word AoA and first-character AoA have an early and long-lasting influence, with no AoA effect from the second character. The results indicated that two-character compound words are accessed via the character and whole word simultaneously. These findings are discussed with respect to theories of the AoA effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a genealogical analysis of the Philippine category "transpinay," a compound word combining "trans" and "pinay." It traces the coining of the term by trans activists in the first decade of the 21st century and examines the ways in which the term gained its currency by drawing out distinctions between gender and sexuality categories. The article investigates what the category includes and what the category excludes, and examines disputes over the term's categorical boundaries. Overall, the article aims not to determine what the term transpinay is, but rather investigates what the term does and how it came to be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article discusses the ways of nomination of wild animals in German paremias. Wild animals are free beings living in the natural environment and representing three parts of the World Tree: upper, middle and lower. The upper part is associated with birds, the middle – with animals, the lower – with insects, fi sh, amphibians, arthropods, reptiles, and molluscs. Indeterminate creatures are also associated with the lower tier. Paremia is defi ned through the prism of a small form of folk poetic creativity – a proverb and a saying that summarizes the history, culture, experience, and wisdom of the Germanic-German ethnos about the animal world. This testifi es to the fact that paremias belong to ancient written records. A feature of Germanic paremias is their use of the so-called initial rhyme, with the help of which alliteration is created. The remains of the initial rhyme are recorded, for example, at the beginning of words with the sound b (Bär bleibt Bar ), f (Den Fuchs muss man mit Füchsen fangen) or with the phoneme ʃ (In der schönsten Haut steckt die gefährlichste Schlange), etc. M.D. Stepanovaʼs theory of word formation was chosen to study the ways of naming wild animals in German paremias. This theory makes it possible to diff erentiate the ways of word formation, systematize their means, reconstruct models, outline the paradigm of grammatical suffi xes and infl ections, word forms, trace the word-forming rules or laws of language that regulate the use of methods of forming the names of wild animals. The methodological base of the proposed study combines general scientifi c and special scientifi c methods. It was found that the conceptual and terminological apparatus correlates with the dominant linguistic paradigm, national scientifi c traditions and the subject of the study. It was established that the register of wild animals is more diverse than that of domestic animals, and it was found that the method of nomination of wild animals is infl uenced by non-linguistic and linguistic factors. The role of language factors in the creation of the phenomenon was assessed to a greater extent. According to the type of word-forming form, the names of wild animals in German paremias are conventionally classifi ed into four varieties: 1) root, 2) derived, 3) complex, 4) compound, 5) sentence. The root method of word formation dominates; word formation resonates with syntactic constructions, i.e. it is subject to grammatical laws that generalize from the individual and specific.

The objective of this study is to identify the types of compound words and formation of compound words found on the Guardian News Website. This study analyzed fourteen news sites that were currently popular or the latest from 1 July 2023 – 14 July 2023 on the Guardian News Website. The data were classified and analyzed by applying the theory about the types and formation of compound words proposed by Delahunty & Garvey and also supported by the theory proposed by McCarthy. This study applied descriptive qualitative research and the data were obtained using a documentation and note-taking method. The data were presented in a formal method by providing tables and informal methods to explain the types and forms of compound words. The results of this study found that there were 179 compound words in fourteen selected news articles on the Guardian News Website. The first result revealed that this study found seven types of compound words: 102 (57%) compound nouns, 33 (18%) compound verbs, 25 (14%) compound adjectives, 7 (4%) compound adverbs, 6 (3%) compound pronouns, 5 (3%) compound prepositions, and 1 (1%) neo-classical compound. The second result revealed four forms of compound word formation: 117 (65%) closed compounds, 29 (16%) open compounds, 22 (12%) hyphenated compounds, and the last 11 (6%) mixed compounds.

Within the Persian language, various resources exist for deriving and compounding words to express occupations and professions. These resources generate compound and derivative nouns that convey agentivity and agency when combined with nouns and adjectives. This study aims to investigate the syntactic elements "-Chi," "-Kar," "-Forush," and "-Gar" within the framework of Morphological Construction Theory. The research provides a foundational analysis of how words formed with these suffixes and free morphemes are constructed. Morphological Construction Theory is a recent morphological approach that employs "construction" to describe the systematic relationship between form and meaning in word formation. According to this theory, non-simple words are considered constructions, and each word functions as a linguistic sign, representing the pairing of form and meaning. Each word encompasses three types of information, which are represented by three signs in the lexical approach: PHON (representing the phoneme dimension), SYN (representing the morpheme-syntax dimension), and SEM (representing the semantic dimension of the word). This research takes an empirical corpus-based approach and is theoretically grounded in a cognitive framework. The study data consist of 212 derivative and compound words formed using the suffixes "Chi" and "Gar" and the free morphemes "Forush" and "Kar," extracted from Persian corpora such as Bijankhan, Moin Encyclopedic Dictionary and Dehkhoda Dictionary. The words derived from these elements exhibit 4, 3, 4, and 3 schemas, conveying agentivity and agency in their overall meaning. However, they differ in terms of their reference to the concept of occupation or their basic syntactic role to which each of these four elements is attached. Another significant finding of this research is establishing a bidirectional relationship between construction and meaning, whereby the construction of a word determines the meaning and conceptualization derived from the word as a whole.

Since my topic is contrastive – it is very important to emphasize that contrastive analysis is one of the methods which compares languages by paying attention to differences and similarities between languages being compared. This study it is focused to investigate the identities, differences and similarities of English compounding patterns and the subclasses of compound words corresponding in Albanian by manner of formation and meaning. In this case arises the question what are compound words? Compound words – are all the words that are formed by combining two or more topics in the process of creating new words. Their parts can be topics of nouns, adjectives, verbs or adverbs. In linguistic, a compound – it is known as a lexeme (exactly, as a word) that consists of more than one stem. Compounding is the word-formation which creates compound lexemes (and the other word-formation process is derivation). Compoundng, or saying better, word-compounding refers to the ability and the device of language to form new words by combining or putting together old words. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Linguistica Lithuanica is the property of Institute of the Lithuanian Language and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Linguistica Lithuanica is the property of Institute of the Lithuanian Language and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The current study explored a specific reading subskill, morphological awareness, in arithmetic word-problem solving among Chinese early adolescent students (N = 668, mean age = 11.3 years). Participants completed measures of Chinese morphological awareness, receptive vocabulary as well as arithmetic word-problem solving. Drawing upon multivariate analyses (hierarchical multiple regression and path analysis), the study showed that morphological awareness facets collectively contributed to arithmetic word-problem solving above and beyond age and receptive vocabulary. More specifically, recognition and discrimination of compound words were uniquely associated with word-problem-solving skills. The current study highlights the uniqueness of Chinese morphological awareness in structural linguistic input, and the facilitative effect of morphological awareness on arithmetic problem-solving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Typing slows at the middle of the word. The exact nature of the slowdown is still disputed. Research on attentional and motoric effects in typing suggests that the slowdown is purely a function of chunking of letters in creating the motor output; this approach posits no further influence of linguistic information during output. Research from a psycholinguistic perspective does posit lexical and sublexical effects during output and explains the midword slowing as a function of slowdowns at the boundaries of sublexical units. Across four experiments, using three different typing tasks, we investigated the typing of compound (schoolteacher) and pseudocompound (carpet) words. Typing at the midword region is sensitive to themorphological structure of the word and to linguistic properties of the word and its (pseudo)constituents (e.g., linguistic information about school and teacher affects schoolteacher, and car and pet affects carpet). These findings suggest that typing compounds involves a hierarchical plan consisting of two separatemotor plans for each constituent executed sequentially such that the output of letters is sensitive to the number of letters within that plan, the position of the sequence in the hierarchy (e.g., first vs. second constituent), and the morphemic structure of the tobe-typed word. Surprisingly, given that pseudocompound lexical representations should not include the pseudoconstituents and given that our tasks in the first three experiments demand full access to the lexical representation before typing, pseudocompound typing is also sensitive to the pseudoconstituent characteristics, suggesting that, during typing, the system attempts to build a compound-like structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Named entity recognition (NER) is a word-level sequence tagging task. The key of Chinese cybersecurity NER is to obtain meaningful word representations and to delicately model the inter-word relations. However, Chinese is a language of compound words and lacks morphological inflections. Moreover, the role and meaning of a word depends on the context in a complicated way. In this paper, we present an NER model named Star-HGCN, short for Star-Transformer with Hybrid embeddings and Graph Convolutional Network. To make full use of the intra-word information, we set a hybrid embedding layer at the very beginning, which enriches word representations with character-level information and part-of-speech features. More importantly, we further enhance the hybrid embeddings by modeling inter-word implicit local and long-range semantic associations using the efficient Star-Transformer architecture, and modeling the explicit syntactic dependencies between words in the dependency tree using the graph convolutional network. Experiments on the Chinese cybersecurity dataset show that our model is superior to other neural network methods for NER, and achieves a significant relative improvement of 36.59% for the class of software entities. Experiments on other public datasets also validate the effectiveness of the model on other general and specific domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many theories on the role of semantics in morphological representation and processing focus on the interplay between the lexicalized meaning of the complex word on the one hand, and the individual constituent meanings on the other hand. However, the constituent meaning representations at play do not necessarily correspond to the free-word meanings of the constituents: Role-dependent constituent meanings can be subject to sometimes substantial semantic shift from their corresponding free-word meanings (such as -bill in hornbill and razorbill, or step- in stepmother and stepson). While this phenomenon is extremely difficult to operationalize using the standard psycholinguistic toolkit, we demonstrate how these as-constituent meanings can be represented in a quantitative manner using a data-driven computational model. After a qualitative exploration, we validate the model against a large database of human ratings of the meaning retention of constituents in compounds. With this model at hand, we then proceed to investigate the internal semantic structure of compounds, focussing on differences in semantic shift and semantic transparency between the two constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses moral positions taken by residents' discourses in San Buenaventura public housing located in Ixtapaluca, State of Mexico, Mexico, in order to propose a strategy as a potential solution to stop littering in communal areas. The research design was dictated by positioning theory, a constructionist theory used more frequently in the field of discursive psychology, thereby an appropriate conceptual framework was developed to see the dynamics of the social life linked to elements that compose the theory used in this study. A qualitative approach was taken alongside an interpretative-descriptive methodology using semi-structured interviews as the data source for the discourse analysis. No mathematical analysis was used or needed at any stage of the study. Twelve individual semi-structured interviews and two focus groups (five and seven participants each) were carried out. However, only two extract samples from a focus group interview and one individual interview were presented for analytical purposes, showing the applicability of the positioning theory triangle. The results showed that there were four words that composed the storylines that helped to frame participants' personal ideas or strategies. Keywords were found as empirical grounding associated with the conceptual framework. These elements were (a) bins, (b) residents, (c) government, and (d) campaigns. These words were used in word compounds or phrases that helped to construct a personal strategy to minimize littering. These four words were commonly used to assign threads of moral responsibility to residents themselves and the local municipality of Ixtapaluca. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphological regularities are an important feature of the English writing system, and exposure to written morphology may be key in the development of skilled word recognition. Our aim was to investigate children's experiences of written morphology by analyzing a large-scale corpus of children's reading materials spanning a target age range from 5 to 14 years. Analysis was based on the Oxford Children's Reading Corpus. We examined frequency distributions of derived and compound words by target age and genre, as well as type and token frequencies for individual derivational suffixes. We found that the proportion of morphologically complex words – and derived words particularly – increased in line with target age, and that nonfiction contained more complex words than fiction. Frequencies of individual suffixes also varied by target age and genre, with Germanic forms more common in fiction and texts for younger children, and Latinate forms more common in nonfiction and texts for older children. These findings provide a comprehensive picture of how children's experience with written morphology changes over the course of reading development. We discuss these findings in the context of developmental changes in morphological processing, and the benefits and limitations of using large-scale natural language datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paul Celan is present on the Internet not only where knowledge of his work might still be expected—in poetry, music, and visual art. Celan references can also be found in song lyrics and album titles of various bands, crime novels, and fantasy prose. He seems to provide users on Twitter and other social media the material for their account names, and companies not only in German-speaking countries use his poems for their names. This article provides an overview of these references that helps us understand the status of Celan's vocabulary in the context of current appropriations. A special focus of this essay is the role of references to his famous poem "Todesfuge" on political pages and in song lyrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the use of compound words ending with tädi 'aunt' and onu 'uncle' in the 2021 Estonian Web Corpus. The aim is to determine the frequencies and semantic categories of such compounds as well as to analyze how occupational titles that incorporate these gender-specific words are used. Therefore, this paper primarily seeks to understand why terms related to kinship, like tädi and onu, are integrated into compound words denoting occupations. The data is subjected to corpus-assisted discourse analysis, revealing that compound words ending with tädi and onu express various semantic categories, and these occupational titles serve several purposes in Estonian public discourse. Additionally, the study shows that such compounds carry gender stereotypes and that titles ending with tädi are more often associated with lower prestige. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Translation is an art. To some extent, it is an operation performed across two languages. A single language has many a variety with regard to its characteristics and the uses by its speakers. The varieties are an idiolect, a dialect, slang, register, jargon, pidgin, creole, etc. Dialect changes every sixty kilometers of a place. The factors causing changes in a language variety are manifold. The main reasons are socio-historical and linguistic. Geographically settlements, migrations, language contacts, and language groups contribute for the formation of dialects. Linguistically, word and word meaning, rule extension, pronunciation, and grammaticalization, etc. form the ground for dialects. The levels of difference in a dialect are lexical, phonological, grammatical, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic. The present paper proposes to analyze the lexical variations inherent in different Tamil dialects and their English translations. Lexis is a unit of sentence or vocabulary of a language. The variation of words occurs when different dialect speakers use varying words for the same context. For the present analysis the three different famous Tamil dialects namely, the Tamil Brahmin dialect, Coastal Muslim dialect and Tamil Dalit dialect have been chosen. It further analyzes the characteristics of lexical differences and causes and also explains the circumstances that create new words like compounding, blending, clipping, borrowing, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences Research / Sosyal Bilimler Arastirmalari Dergisi is the property of ODU Journal of Social Sciences Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gazi University Journal of Gazi Educational Faculty (GUJGEF) is the property of Gazi University Journal of Gazi Educational Faculty (GUJGEF) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores the etymology and history of the term "hijack." The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) defines hijack as the act of stealing or robbing goods in transit, commandeering a vehicle, or seizing an airplane in flight. The term originated as U.S. slang in the 1920s and has since become widely used. The author suggests that the term may have evolved from the combination of "highway" and "jack," referring to a highwayman who robbed travelers. The article highlights the adaptability of the term, as it now encompasses the theft of cars and planes. [Extracted from the article]

Compound words in psycholinguistics pose a significant challenge for researchers as their meaning involves more than the sum of their parts. The role of semantic relations in this process is crucial, and studies have reported a phenomenon known as relation priming. It suggests that previously encountered relations enhance the processing of subsequent words with the same relation. Notably, this priming effect is limited to cases where there is morpheme repetition between the priming and target words. In the present study, 33 samples from the target group were selected, and the within-subject design of 3 morphemes (modifier-shared, head-shared, non-repeated) × 2 relations (relation-same, relation-different) was adopted to explore whether the relation priming effect would occur without morpheme repetition and its time course. Significant relation priming effects were found in both behavioral and electrophysiological experimental results. These findings indicating relation priming can occur independently of morpheme repetition, and it has been activated at a very early stage (about 200 ms). As the word processing progresses, this activation gradually strengthens, indicating that the relation role is slowly increasing in the process of compound word recognition. It may first be used as context information to help determine the constituent morphemes' meaning. After the meaning access of the constituent morphemes, they begin to play a role in the semantic composition process. This study uses electrophysiological technology to precisely describe the representation of relation and its time course for the first time, which gives us a deeper understanding of the relation priming process, and at the same time, sheds light on the meaning construction process of compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes a Natural Language Processing (NLP) toolkit, as the first contribution of a larger project, for an under-resourced language—Urdu. In previous studies, standard NLP toolkits have been developed for English and many other languages. There is also a dire need for standard text processing tools and methods for Urdu, despite it being widely spoken in different parts of the world with a large amount of digital text being readily available. This study presents the first version of the UNLT (Urdu Natural Language Toolkit) which contains three key text processing tools required for an Urdu NLP pipeline; word tokenizer, sentence tokenizer, and part-of-speech (POS) tagger. The UNLT word tokenizer employs a morpheme matching algorithm coupled with a state-of-the-art stochastic n -gram language model with back-off and smoothing characteristics for the space omission problem. The space insertion problem for compound words is tackled using a dictionary look-up technique. The UNLT sentence tokenizer is a combination of various machine learning, rule-based, regular-expressions, and dictionary look-up techniques. Finally, the UNLT POS taggers are based on Hidden Markov Model and Maximum Entropy-based stochastic techniques. In addition, we have developed large gold standard training and testing data sets to improve and evaluate the performance of new techniques for Urdu word tokenization, sentence tokenization, and POS tagging. For comparison purposes, we have compared the proposed approaches with several methods. Our proposed UNLT, the training and testing data sets, and supporting resources are all free and publicly available for academic use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the semantic and lexical extensions of the term for 'black' in Hindi by analyzing idiomatic expressions, compound words and culturally grounded metaphorical expressions from a cultural-cognitive perspective. The most commonly used Hindi term for black is kaala. The paper presents an analysis of 42 expressions with the term kaala (or its other morphological variants) in Hindi including idioms and compounds. The analysis finds that the color term extends to several experiential domains from emotions to morality and politics, usually signifying a negative aspect, but in some cases also a protection from negativity. It is found to be deep-rooted in Hindu mythology and grounds many a cultural belief. Several underlying metaphors are brought up by this analysis, many of which seem to be universal across languages, such as bad is black. But some metaphorical conceptualizations are found to be culture-specific, for instance the use of something black, like kaala tiika (black mark on the forehead or cheek), to counter the evil, and a goddess called kaali, said to have lethal powers. The analysis shows that the embodiment of human experience through the color 'black' has a substantial universal basis but at the same time, culture can lead to unique conceptualizations, as is the case with kaala. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theories of multimorphemic word recognition generally posit that constituent representations are involved in accessing the whole multimorphemic word. Gagné et al. (2018) found that pseudoconstituents and constituents become available when processing pseudocompound and compound masked primes (e.g., sea is activated in season and seabird). Across four experiments, we examine whether readers access the semantic information of such pseudoconstituents and constituents. Experiments 1 and 2 show that masked pseudocompound and compound primes do not influence lexical decision responses to semantic associates of their pseudoconstituents or constituents (e.g., seabird and season do not influence processing of ocean, an associate of sea). Experiments 3 and 4 show that an associate of the first constituent does not influence processing of the pseudocompound but does facilitate processing of the compound (e.g., ocean facilitates processing of seabird but not of season). While compounds have been found to be sensitive to the activation of their constituents via semantic priming (e.g., El-Bialy et al., 2013; Sandra, 1990), our findings suggest that primarily morphological, rather than semantic, activation of the constituents occurs in a masked priming paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Scripta is the property of Scripta and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recent studies on anthroponyms have paid attention to the meanings of African personal names, have explored naming patterns and practices, and have investigated their communicative functions. Some of these studies explored personal names given to children born from polygamous families, names reflecting circumstances around the birth of children, experiences and wishes of the name-givers and naming as an empowerment tool for the name-givers. Little attention has been paid to the linguistic aspect of personal names, such as compounding or the word formation process. As such this article focuses on how the interface between naming and compounding shapes the construction of Zulu personal names. The study was qualitative in nature and ten participants were conveniently selected, and a face-to-face interview was used to collect data. Parts of the data were collected from documents such as university graduation programmes that list the names of graduands. Ethnopragmatic, onomasiological and social identity theories are used to navigate through the corpora used in this article. The main finding of the study is that Zulu compounding personal names are formed from a verb plus noun, e.g. -banga (verb) + indlala (noun) = Bangindlala (noun - personal name), noun plus verb (stem), e.g. Nkosi (noun) + -nathi (pronoun) = Nkosinathi (noun), noun plus adjective, e.g. imbali (noun) + -nhle (adjective) = Mbalenhle (noun), verb plus verb, e.g. -fanele (auxiliary verb) + si (concord) + -bonge (verb) + Fanelesibonge (noun) and noun plus possessive pronoun, e.g. gugu (noun) + lethu (possessive pronoun) = Gugulethu (noun). The findings further reveal that, apart from the word formation, the meaning behind the new word was taken into consideration. Specifically, the aspirations of the name-giver were reflected in the Zulu personal names constructed through the process of compounding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined whether Chinese spoken compound words are processed via full-form access or combination through morphemes by recording mismatch negativity (MMN). MMN has been shown to be larger for linguistic units that involves full-form access (lexical MMN enhancement) and smaller for separate but combinable units (combinatorial MMN reduction). Chinse compound words were compared against pseudocompounds, which do not have full-form representations in the long-term memory and are "illegal" combinations. All stimuli were disyllabic (bimorphemic). Word frequency was manipulated with the prediction that low-frequency compounds are more likely processed combinatorially, while high-frequency ones are more likely accessed in full forms. The results showed that low-frequency words elicited smaller MMNs than pseudocompounds, which supported the prediction of combinatorial processing. However, neither MMN enhancement nor reduction was found for high-frequency words. These results were interpreted within the dual-route model framework that assumes simultaneous access to words and morphemes. • The strength of MMN depends on whether the linguistic deviants are accessed in full forms or by combining the constituents. • Smaller MMN for low frequency Chinese compound words than pseudocompounds • No difference between high frequency Chinese compound words and pseudocompounds • Results are interpreted as supporting a dual-route model of compound word processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of time in Laozi's philosophy is more complicated than it appears. Its complexity stems from the fact that there are two distinct concepts of time: the temporality of empirical things, which is constructed as a finitely continuous temporal succession that is perceptible, and the temporality of the shapeless dao 道, which is conceived of as a transcendental and infinitely continuous temporal succession that is imperceptible. Referring to the excavated Laozi texts, we find that most of the heng 恆 characters were replaced by the character chang 常 in the transmitted versions of the text. In addition, inspired by the excavated text Hengxian 恆先, the concept of heng in Spring and Autumn period philosophy has become an important subject of study. These two factors collectively lay a thought-provoking foundation for understanding Laozi's ideas about the continuous, large-scale temporal eternality of dao. This article argues that both the daoheng 道恆 and hengdao 恆道 are used in the Laozi to describe the temporality of dao but that the latter has long been forgotten and overlooked by modern scholars. In the compound word hengdao, the character heng is a noun that acts as an attribute; whereas in the compound word hengdao, the character heng is a noun that acts as the predicate. This article argues that Laozi introduced the theory of "dao is eternal" (dao yongheng 道永恆) as evidenced by the use of heng and several time concepts such as "it seems to have even preceded the first ancestors" (xiangdi zhi xian 象帝之先), "the spirit of the valley never dies" (gushen busi谷神不死), "he who lives out his days has had a long life" (si er buwang 死而不亡), "the way ... by which one lives to see many days" (changsheng jiushi 長生久視). The temporality of material things originates from the temporality of dao. Moreover, things can possess and expand their own time if they act in accordance with the universal law of dao. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studies in the Japanese Language / Nihongo no Kenkyu (Fmly: Kokugogaku) is the property of Society for Japanese Linguistics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)