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Acartiella faoensis, previously known as Acartia (Acartiella) faoensis, is a calanoid copepod which was observed during a biodiversity survey, during July-August of 2018, on the lower-middle stretch of the Hooghly River (upper reaches of Hooghly estuary). The species is reported for the first time from the aforementioned locality as well as anywhere from the eastern India and perhaps the entire country. Individuals belonging to both the sexes have been collected and studied. The observed species is native to Khour-Abdullah and Khor Al-Zubair waters of the Northwestern Gulf of Arabia as evidenced by earlier works and its appearance in the presently reported location is of great ecological significance. This account deals with the description of the species using compound microscopes and drawings made by using camera-Lucida, to be used as reference in future works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study analyzed the histomorphometry of the mature female Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) stomach with the aid of ImageJ software. The different histological parts were identified using a compound microscope. Five mature laying female Japanese quail were collected and necropsied. The digestive organs, particularly proventriculus and gizzard, were collected and processed for tissue staining. Histological identification and measurement of thickness and depth of various structures were subsequently performed. Comparable to other avian species, the proventriculus was comprised of four layers: thin tunica serosa (22.69 µm), tunica muscularis (235.07 µm) with outer longitudinal and inner circular smooth muscle layers, thick tunica submucosa (2,164.37 µm) containing glands, and innermost tunica mucosa (553.42 µm) with papillae. The gizzard was characterized by four tunics: thin tunica serosa (60.44 µm), thick tunica muscularis (1,480.07 µm), tunica submucosa (112.25 µm), and tunica mucosa (456.15 µm) where the glands, crypts, and koilin can be found. The findings suggest that the histology of proventriculus and gizzard of the Japanese quail have no remarkable difference compared to other poultry species. However, the histomorphometry of the organs examined had remarkable variations as compared to other avians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Clubiona milingae Barrion-Dupo, Barrion & Heong, 2013 was described from a single male and no additional specimens have been recorded. The original description was brief and the illustrations were inadequate. New information: Clubiona milingae is redescribed and illustrated based on new material from the type locality and the new distribution region (Jianfeng Mountains and Limu Mountains of Hainan Island, China). The female is reported for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, terrestrial isopods of the family Eubelidae are investigated in Iran. The genera Periscyphis and Somalodillo are reported for the first time. More localities are presented for Koweitoniscus tamei (Omer-Cooper, 1923) while K. shafieii Kashani, sp. n. is described and figured. A map indicating the sampling localities for the species is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seven new species of the spider genus Pinelema Wang & Li, 2012, from Vietnam are reported: P. damtaoensis Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂♀), P. nuocnutensis Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂♀), P. laensis Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂♀), P. pacchanensis Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂♀), P. spirulata Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂♀), P. xiezi Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂♀), and P. zhenzhuang Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂♀). Prior to the current study, this genus contained eight species and was known only from southwestern China. The diagnosis of the genus is updated, accounting for characters found in the new species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diversity of anostracans in Myanmar is poorly known. A series of biodiversity surveys had been conducted in Myanmar, and two species of Streptocephalus were collected in the central dry zone. Streptocephalus sirindhornae Sanoamuang et al., 2000 is reported in Myanmar for the first time, and Streptocephalus shinsawbuae sp. n. is described as new. Streptocephalus shinsawbuae sp. n. belongs to the S. dichotomus group and is similar to S. simplex Bond, 1934 and S. sahyadriensis Rogers & Padhye, 2014, but can be distinguished by the form of the male antennal posterior primary ramus and anterior primary ramus apex and egg ornamentation. Streptocephalus dichotomus has been reported from Myanmar in the past but was not found in this survey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dark-ground (or dark-field) illumination is an alternative form of lighting for transparent specimens. The effect is easy to achieve with most compound (or high power) microscopes. This paper suggests how a compound microscope can be adapted to utilise simple dark-ground illumination and highlights where such a method might be of use to the entomologist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The external morphology of the female genus Hauptidia Dworakowska, 1970 was studied from sub-family Typhlocypinae Kirschbaum, 1868 where, it was collected in the third and fourth months of 2017 from Al-Kafal area (Babylon province), Iraq and then photographed both the adult insect, vertex, face, pronotum, mesonotum and fore wing.Additionally, each ofhind wing and the seventh abdominal sternum of the female with ovipositor were painted and then described separately with the emphasis on the shape and color of the spots as well as the distribution system of the veins in the fore and hind wing of the insect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on three-banded Larut Skink, Larutia trifasciata in Peninsular Malaysia. Topics include reports on the lateral incision that are made by removing the body wall and the digestive tract, the contents are examined for helminths utilizes a dissecting microscope; and several nematodes are found and cleared in drop of lactophenol on a microscope slide, cover slipped and studied using a compound microscope and identified.

A new species, Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) negarinae sp. nov., is described from Iran. In addition, illustrations and measurements are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compound microscope is an important tool in biology, and mastering it requires repetition. Unfortunately, introductory activities for students can be formulaic, and consequently students are often unengaged and fail to develop the required experience to become proficient in microscopy. To engage students, increase repetition, and develop identification skills, we have them use the microscope as a problem-solving tool to examine prepared slides of microfossils and microartifacts from a simulated archeology site to determine its paleobiogeographic history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspection started from the Lecce city center, namely from the main public park or garden, then extended to orchards and boundaries searching for infested plants. The specimens collected mainly came from young fully mature leaves from the basal part of the infested trees. On infested trees puparia and eggs can be easily collected and black adults can be spotted at the top twigs. Otherwise A. spiniferus is usually on the underside of the leaves. Puparia were slidemounted by quick-mounts method (Martin et al., 2000) or in Canada balsam following the suggestions of Pizza and Porcelli (1993) and Martin (1999). The black puparia were bleached with a cold mixture of 30-volume ammonia and 20-volume hydrogen peroxide (Martin, 1999; Anonymous, 2004). Mounted specimens were identified following Silvestri (1928), Bink-Moenen (1983), Kanmiya et al. (2011), Martin (1987 and 1999). The laboratory notes and the observations were taken by stereomicroscope, light compound microscope and Hitachi TM3000 low pressure SEM. By the end of 2009 OSW infested 68 of the 97 municipalities of Lecce district but the intensity of its infestation varied. In 2010 the pest infested 88 municipalities, except Diso, Guagnano, Melendugno, Novoli, Salice Salentino, Squinzano, Trepuzzi, Uggiano la Chiesa and Veglie. In 2011 OSW started to spread into the villages of the Adriatic coast.Apparently Melendugno and Diso were not infested by it. In 2011 A. spiniferus was found on a Citrus limon in a private garden from San Pancrazio Salentino, a village in the Brindisi district. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Korea is covered primarily by temperate vegetation; therefore, foliicolous lichens may not be expected to play an important role in its lichen flora. However, this study describes four foliicolous lichen species, Strigula concreta, S. macrocarpa, S. melanobapha, and S. subelegans, which are new to South Korea. These findings will lead to further research on foliicolous lichens and provide a better understanding of their distribution within the East Asian region. This is the first detailed report on foliicolous lichens and their distribution in South Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new species of the genus Pseudolathra Casey from mainland China are described and attributed to their respective species groups, P. cylindrata sp. n. from Hubei and Sichuan, and P. superficiaria sp. n. from Yunnan. Pseudolathra pulchella (Kraatz, 1859), P. transversiceps Assing, 2013 and P. bipectinata Assing, 2013 from Yunnan are reported from China for the first time. The history of the exploration of the Chinese fauna of Pseudolathra is summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practice microscope is a precision instrument, and careful set-up and routine maintenance are required to get the best out of the investment. Most modern microscopes are designed to be simple to operate, whereas older, research standard instruments, while capable of producing quality images, demand more effort if the best is to be achieved. In this article, the set-up of a modern compound microscope will be discussed, including the adjustments required for Köhler illumination; important if photomicroscopy is intended. In the second section of the article, basic care of the microscope will be discussed, including cleaning and routine maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A good-quality microscope is an essential part of the equipment of a veterinary general practice. It is a precision instrument and needs to be treated as such but, with care, can last for many years. There has never been so much choice in the number of microscope models available but choose carefully, as it is true that you get what you pay for. There are a number of options available that can improve the performance of the instrument and make its use more comfortable for the operator. This article, the first in a three-part series, will provide advice on choosing a practice microscope. The second and third articles in this series will cover routine microscope set-up and maintainece, and digital photography through the practice microscope [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We reviewed ampharetid genus Anobothrus Levinsen, 1884 in China seas based upon material deposited in the Marine Biological Museum of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Qingdao). The genus includes A. glandularis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1965), A. gracilis (Malmgren, 1866), A. mironovi Jirkov, 2008 and A. nataliae (Jirkov, 2008). A. glandularis and A. mironovi are recorded for the first time in Chinese waters. A key to Chinese species of Anobothrus is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myelochroa (Asahina) Elix & Hale is a common foliose lichen genus found on the Korean Peninsula. Since it was first recorded nearly two decades ago, no detailed taxonomic or revisionary study of the genus has been conducted. Thus, the current study was conducted to carry out a detailed taxonomic and revisionary study of Myelochroa in South Korea. This study was based on specimens deposited in the Korean Lichen Research Institute (KoLR1). Detailed taxonomic studies and a literature review confirmed the presence of twelve species of Myelochroa from S. Korea, including one new record, Mye- lochroa xantholepis (Mont. & Bosch) Elix & Hale. Descriptions of each species with their morphological, anatomical and chemical characters together with a key to all known Myelochroa species are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The self-fertilizing mangrove killifish, Kryptolebias marmoratus, is an upcoming model species for a range of biological disciplines. To further establish this model in the field of developmental biology, we examined several techniques for embryonic manipulation and for imaging that can be used in an array of experimental designs. These methodological approaches can be divided into two categories: handling of embryos with and without their chorionic membrane. Embryos still enclosed in their chorion can be manipulated using an agarose bed or a methyl cellulose system, holding them in place and allowing their rotation to more specific angles and positions. Using these methods, we demonstrate microinjection of embryos and monitoring of fluorescent yolk syncytial nuclei (YSN) using both stereo and compound microscopes. For higher magnification imaging using compound microscopes as well as time-lapse analyses, embryos were dechorionated and embedded in low-melting-point agarose. To demonstrate this embedding technique, we further examined fluorescent YSN and also analyzed the yolk surface of K. marmoratus embryos. The latter was observed to provide an excellent imaging platform for study of the behavior and morphology of cells during embryonic development, for various types of cells. Our data demonstrate that K. marmoratus is an excellent model species for research in developmental biology, as methodological approaches for the manipulation and imaging of embryos are efficient and readily available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chironomid midge Micropsectra manistee Taber is described from the western Lower Peninsula of Michigan. Numerous adult males and females were collected in a Malaise trap in late April in a paper birch-red maple-black ash-black cherry woods. The new species belongs to a scarcely studied genus but appears to be most closely related to the flies of the Micropsectra recurvata Goetghebuer species group as indicated by male terminalia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species, Julolaelaps tritosternalis, of the family Laelapidae is described based on adult females and males of one new species from Northern Iran. These mites live associated with Ommatoiulus caspius (Lohmander) (Diplopoda, Julidae). Several morphological characteristics are noted, including the presence of a ventral disc-like structure on the tritosternal base, sternal shield with anteromedial convex protuberance, lack of setae z1, z3, z6, S1 and all deutonymphal setae r, convex alveolar protuberances for setae st1–st5, lack of setae v-2 on genu I and male with hypertrophied dentate movable cheliceral digit. A key to species of Julolaelaps is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The species of Lecanora sensu stricto occurring in Thailand are revised. Twenty-eight species are accepted with one new species, L. kansriae described for a taxon with small crystals in the amphithecium and containing the stictic acid chemosyndrome. Eight species are recorded from Thailand for the first time: L. coronulans, L. farinacea, L. interjecta, L. leproplaca, L. melaleuca, L. plumosa, L. pseudargentata, and L. toroyensis. Previous records of L. casuarinophila, L. insignis, L. pulicaris, and L. subgranulata are shown to be based on misidentifications. The new combination Vainionora flavidorufa is proposed for Lecanora flavidorufa Hue (syn. L. lividocarnea Vain. and L. lividoglauca Vain.). A key for the identification of the treated species is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new species of the genus Cyamops (Diptera: Periscelididae), the first from New Zealand, are described. The two newly described species are: Cyamops alessandrae and C. crosbyi. A key to the genera of the subfamily Stenomicrinae and to the species of Cyamops from the Australasian/Oceanian Region and detailed illustrations of structures of the male terminalia are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary in vitro brain slice studies can employ compound microscopes to identify individual neurons or their processes for physiological recording or imaging. This requires that the bath used to maintain the tissue fits within the working distances of a water-dipping objective and microscope condenser. A common means of achieving this is to maintain thin tissue slices on the glass floor of a recording bath, exposing only one surface of the tissue to oxygenated bathing medium. Emerging evidence suggests that physiology can be compromised by this approach. Flowing medium past both sides of submerged brain slices is optimal, but recording baths utilizing this principle are not readily available for use on compound microscopes. This paper describes a tissue bath designed specifically for microscopy and physiological recording, in which temperature-controlled medium flows past both sides of the slices. A particular feature of this design is the use of concentric mesh rings to support and transport the live tissue without mechanical disturbance. The design is also easily adapted for use with thin acute slices, cultured slices, and acutely dispersed or cultured cells maintained either on cover slips or placed directly on the floor of the bath. The low profile of the bath provides a low angle of approach for electrodes, and allows use of standard condensers, nosepieces and water-dipping objective lenses. If visualization of individual neurons is not required, the bath can be mounted on a simple stand and used with a dissecting microscope. Heating is integral to the bath, and any temperature controller capable of driving a resistive load can be used. The bath is robust, readily constructed and requires minimal maintenance. Full construction and operation details are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dasyhelea patagonica group is proposed to include seven species from Argentinean and Chilean Patagonia. Four new species, D. dellapei Diaz and Spinelli, D. fueguina Diaz and Spinelli, D. gargola Diaz and Spinelli and D. ona Diaz and Spinelli are described and illustrated based on the examination of adults through binocular compound microscope with attached camera lucida. Three previously known species, D. patagonica Ingram and Macfie, D. reynoldsi Ingram and Macfie and D. shannoni Ingram and Macfie are redescribed. Dasyhelea chilensis Ingram and Macfie is recognized as a junior synonym of D. patagonica Ingram and Macfie (new synonymy). A key to recognition of males and females of the seven species described is included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents research related to the test objects for microscopes. It aims to designate to test the quality and performance of the instruments. It explains that objects can be historicized in two ways, they have a history and the test objects are part of the long term history. It also presents the scope of the study of Graeme Goody's during the late Victorian microscopy, wherein, Goody has accordingly described the practical problems experimental physicist and biologists faced in their attempts to get their devices to work reliably. In addition, the author examines the practitioner's efforts to stabilize the conditions of microscopically observation and of reliable testing.

Tetranychus huhhotensis n. sp. and T. zeae n. sp. are described and illustrated from corn leaves in Inner Mongolia. Tetranychus huhhotensis n. sp., assigned to Flechtmann and Knihinicki's Group 4 of Tetranychus, can be separated from its allied species by having the aedeagal knob with dorsal surface distinctly emarginate centrally. Tetranychus zeae n. sp. is distinctive in Group 9 of this genus in that the aedeagal knob is minute, with anterior projection practically absent and posterior projection conspicuous, acute. Summer females of the two new species are pale greenish-yellow, while their diapausing females are pale-orange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanomanipulation with atomic force microscopes (AFMs) for nanoparticles with overall sizes on the order of 10 nm has been hampered in the past by the large spatial uncertainties encountered in tip positioning. This paper addresses the compensation of nonlinear effects of creep and hysteresis on the piezo scanners which drive most AFMs. Creep and hysteresis are modeled as the superposition of fundamental operators, and their inverse model is obtained by using the inversion properties of the Prandtl-Ishlinskii operator. Identification of the parameters in the forward model is achieved by a novel method that uses the topography of the sample and does not require position sensors. The identified parameters are used to compute the inverse model, which in turn serves to drive the AFM in an open-loop, feedforward scheme. Experimental results show that this approach effectively reduces the spatial uncertainties associated with creep and hysteresis, and supports automated, computer-controlled manipulation operations that otherwise would fail. Note to Practitioners—Manipulation at the nanoscale by using AFMs as sensory robots is well established in research laboratories, and has great potential as a process for prototyping nanodevices and systems, for repairing structures built by other means, and for small batch manufacturing by using multitip arrays. However, precise (to ~1 nm, say) AFM nanomanipulation is currently very labor intensive, primarily because of the uncertainty in the position of the AFM tip relative to the sample being manipulated. Positional errors are due to thermal drift and various nonlinearities exhibited by the piezoelectric scanners used by most AFMs. This paper describes a technique for compensating creep and hysteresis, which, after drift, are the major causes of spatial uncertainty in AFMs. The compensator introduced here has been tested experimentally and shown to reduce creep and hysteresis effects by more than an order of magnitude. The creep and hysteresis compensator in this paper, together with the drift compensation scheme discussed in an earlier paper by the authors, provide means to reduce spatial uncertainties to a level that enables automatic manipulation, without a user in the loop, and therefore promise to greatly increase the throughput and accuracy of nanomanipulation operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses on the visualization of arthropod silk. The experiment conducted revealed that the treatment of silk-covered surfaces with fluorescent brightener solution strongly stained the silk, allowing complete trails to be viewed under ultraviolet illumination with either a compound or a stereo microscope. Viewed under a compound microscope, the silk takes the appearance of monofilament produced by a first instar larva which has the appearance of two conjoined subfilaments.

Development of the present classification scheme of the class Hexactinellida was delayed because authors of the early species descriptions did not figure their specimens and few of them had access to compound microscopes necessary to visualize characters important in determining relationships. When microscopic information on spicule symmetry became available, Wyville Thomson in 1868 recognized the distinctive triaxial symmetry of the group and named it Vitrea. Schmidt's 1870 name, Hexactinellidae, was without the contamination associated with Thomson's Vitrea, and gained widespread support. Through a series of proposals and refinements, the present scheme recognizes two main lineages, Amphidiscophora and Hexasterophora, differing in shape and type of their microscleres. Since these structures are generally not retained in fossil material, paleontologists have long had an independent classification for hexactinellids, but the trend to unify the systems is now nearly complete. Hypotheses on phylogeny of the group remain virtually dependent upon scarce paleontological information, pending data from nucleic acid and protein sequence analyses that are not yet available for unravelling relationships among hexactinellids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the importance of microscope in the study of biology. The impact of the microscope on the study of biology is incalculable. Not only has the instrument contributed to the furthering of knowledge in virtually every discipline of biology, but it is also the reason for the origin of some biological sciences. Optical magnification was known to the ancient Greeks and Romans, but they saw no practical application for it. Both civilizations left good records of their achievements in the arts and sciences, but there is no evidence of any aids to vision, either to overcome weak vision or to extend the power of normal vision. A treatise on embryonic development written by Nathaniel Highmore in 1651 contains the first record in the English language of microscopic observations; furthermore it is the first record of the use of a microscope to study a living specimen. Contrary to any of the names given in biology books, it is not known who invented the microscope. Zacharias Jansen is often given credit for the invention, but there is no evidence that he did. Jansen was a Dutch spectacle maker, who engaged in another activity, making counterfeit money.

Focuses on the history of using the microscope in the examination of cell motility. Information on the compound microscope technology used by biologist Antoni van Leeuwenhoek; Improvement on image formation in microscopes; Development of time-lapse microcinematography.

The viscoelastic properties of cork (from Quercus suber) have been investigated in the temperature range −40 to 120°C using the technique of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). The results were compared with dielectric data previously reported. A relaxation was detected with a maximum in tan δ at ca 20°C ( f = 1 Hz) and with a mean activation energy of 140 kJ · mol−1. A decrease in the intensity of the relaxation and an increase of the storage modulus is observed when cork is previously subjected to an annealing process above 60°C. This result is in agreement with previously reported dielectric data. Thermogravimetric experiments seem to confirm that such effect could be caused by the desorption of water molecules. Specimens oriented along the prismatic direction presented higher storage modulus than the ones oriented along the transverse prismatic direction. The rheological properties of cork also showed a dependence upon the mechanical mode used during measurements: for example, the stiffness is the highest for the tensile mode and the lowest for the compression mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Details the use of an upright compound microscope using a modified setting chamber in enumerating several phytoplankton. Components of the chamber; Determination of the overall thickness of the slide; Volume of phytoplankton enclosed in the chamber.

The article focuses on the type of equipments used for photomicrographs. Photomicrographs can be produced by a compound microscope with a camera and lens applied to the eyepiece. The use of a camera body without lens produces better results and many manufacturers of cameras and microscopes produce adaptors for this purpose. One of the main drawbacks of this type of system is the difficulty in focusing and maintaining sufficient rigidity in the system to obviate camera shake. Microscope stand should be sturdy and preferably of heavy construction so as to minimize vibration which could be transmitted to the camera.

The article discusses the use of the compound microscope in criminal investigation. From time to time scientific investigators who use the microscope, as botanists, cytologists, bacteriologists, embryologists, workers in clinical laboratories, and others, have been called upon to assist the investigating officers in unraveling criminal problems, and in most instances their efforts have been of great value, not merely in finding evidence, but also in disclosing to those interested in criminology in a new line of attack on crime. Interesting cases of detection of crime by means of the microscope are reported by Gross and other eminent students of criminology. Isolated cases are reported from Austria, from Italy, from France and a few from the United States. The reasons why the compound microscope is not more generally employed in criminal investigation are as follows. First, The investigating officer does not know when the assistance of the expert microanalyst may be of value, nor does he know what material should be submitted for such examination. Second, when the material is finally submitted to the expert in the use of the microscope, it has passed through so many hands as to make the findings of little value. And third, the expert to whom the material is submitted not being a criminologist, is as a rule unable to give a rational interpretation of the findings.

The article presents information on comparison microscopes, which are used for the examination of bullets and other objects. Those who have had occasion to use a comparison microscope for the examination of bullets and other objects know how very tiring such examinations may become. Not only are they tiring but they are productive of eyestrain. Both of these difficulties disappear with the use of the comparison camera. The images are large and clear and are seen by both eyes and are viewed at a normal and comfortable distance, thus materially reducing eyestrain. A series of knurled control knobs, placed in line a few inches below the ground glass, and one at either side of the ground glass, enable the operator to move the specimens in any desired direction and rotate them. After all adjustments of the two juxtaposed images have been made, one sees on the ground glass exactly what he may expect to see in the finished photograph. A time switch enables to expose for a predetermined length of time. The article also includes details of the specific parts of the comparison microscope.

Odorrana hosii and O. monjerai from Peninsular Malaysia were examined for endoparasites. Only Nematoda were found. For Odorrana hosii, Amphibiocapillaria bufonis, Cosmocerca ornata and Abbreviata sp. (cysts) were found. For O. monjerai, A. bufonis and C. ornata were found. All are new host records. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One new species belonging to Anatemnus Beier is reported from China under the name A. chaozhouensis sp. nov. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on photomicrography attempts made in Madras, India by Jesse Mitchell in the 1850 which was developed in late 1830 by John Benjamin Dancer using calotype and daguerreotype imprinting techniques. Further it states that Mitchell won silver medal by submitting 18 negatives made using achromatic compound microscope. It also focuses on the contributions of Linnaus Tripe and Frederick Fiebig in the field of macro photography.

Abstract: Objective: To observe three species of Kalicephalus found in three species of snake (Ophiophagus hannah, Ptyas mucosus, and Naja Sputatrix) during research on Capture Snake for Trading in Java and Snake Biodiversity in Kalimantan Islands. Methods: Specimens for light microscopy examination were fixed with warm 70% alcohol, cleared and mounted in lactophenol for wet mounting. Drawings were made with the aid of a drawing tube attached to a Nikon compound microscope. Measurements were given in micrometers (μ) as the average of findings, followed by the range in parentheses, unless otherwise stated. Results: Kalicephalus (Costatus) indicus was found from 7 Ptyas mucosus, Kalicephalus bungari from 2 Naja sputatrix and 1 Kalicephalus (Costatus) indicus and Kalicephalus assimilis found from 1 Ophiophagus hannah. The morphology and measurement of three species of Kalicephalus found in this study were close to those described before. Conclusions: New finding of host of Kalicephalus (Costatus) indicus and Kalicephalus bungari was a snake species of Naja sputatrix. New records of locality were Kalimantan island as the new locality of Kalicephalus assimilis, and Java island was new locality of Kalicephalus (Costatus) indicus. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Presents a guide for researchers and students which describes techniques on how to make science images. Essential components of photography; Methods of photography; Illustration of photographing small things; Example of photographing through a stereomicroscope; Example of photographing with a compound microscope.