Search

Проблема утилизации отработанных автомобилей на современном этапе развития общества приобретает новые формы. Необходимо сформировать комплексный подход к использованию запасных частей и комплектующих и возможностей их утилизации в рамках отечественной автомобильной промышленности. Авторециклинг является приоритетным направлением для развития отечественной индустрии. В статье в качестве объекта исследования будет рассмотрен среднестатистический легковой автомобиль, не зависимости от производителя (иностранный или производства РФ), а также рынок автотранспорта РФ и его возможности по авторециклингу. Дана оценка состояния данной проблемы в наиболее развитых с точки зрения автомобилестроения странах Западной Европы и США. Показаны основные пути развития данной отрасли с указанием экономического эффекта. Приведен системный анализ практически всех механизмов, деталей и жидкостей, используемых в автомобильной промышленности. Представлены возможные варианты утилизации или восстановления отдельных узловых деталей, корпуса, аккумуляторов, жидкостей, используемых в автомобиле. Рассмотрены возможности повторного использования некоторых деталей. Также приведена оценка влияния отработанных автомобилей на экологическую ситуацию в РФ, The problem of utilization of used cars at the present stage of society development acquires new forms. It is necessary to form an integrated approach to the use of spare parts and components and their recycling opportunities within the domestic automotive industry. Auto recycling is a priority direction for the development of the domestic industry. The article will study the average passenger car, regardless of the manufacturer (foreign or Russian production), as well as the market of automobile transport of the Russian Federation and its opportunities for autorecycling. It will assess the state of this problem in the most developed countries of Western Europe and the United States from the point of view of automobile industry. The main ways of development of this industry with the indication of the economic effect are shown. A system analysis of practically all mechanisms, parts and liquids used in automotive industry is given. Possible options for recycling or recovery of individual component parts, bodies, accumulators, fluids used in the car are presented. Possibilities of reuse of some parts are considered. The estimation of the influence of used cars on the ecological situation in the Russian Federation is also given., Экономика и предпринимательство, Выпуск 11 (148) 2023, Pages 1163-1169

63страницы,13рисунков,12таблиц. Тема выпускной квалификационной работы: «Сравнительная оценка качества Ð²Ð°Ñ€ÐµÐ½Ñ‹Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð±Ð°ÑÐ½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¸Ð¹ Ñ€Ð°Ð·Ð»Ð¸Ñ‡Ð½Ñ‹Ñ ÐºÐ°Ñ‚ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ñ€Ð¸Ð¹ и разработка рекомендаций по формированию конкурентоспособного ассортимента торгового предприятия». Объектом работы являются вареные колбасные изделия, в том числе сосиски. Предмет исследования: потребительские свойства Ð²Ð°Ñ€ÐµÐ½Ñ‹Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð±Ð°ÑÐ½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¸Ð¹, экспертиза качества сосисок и анализ ассортимента. Целью выпускной квалификационной работы сравнительная оценка Ð¿Ð¾Ñ‚Ñ€ÐµÐ±Ð¸Ñ‚ÐµÐ»ÑŒÑÐºÐ¸Ñ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð¹ÑÑ‚Ð² Ð²Ð°Ñ€ÐµÐ½Ñ‹Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð±Ð°ÑÐ½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¸Ð¹ на основе проведения экспертизы качества Ð¸ÑÑÐ»ÐµÐ´ÑƒÐµÐ¼Ñ‹Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ñ€Ð°Ð·Ñ†Ð¾Ð². Задачи, которые решались в Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ðµ исследования: рассмотреть классификацию Ð²Ð°Ñ€ÐµÐ½Ñ‹Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð±Ð°ÑÐ½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¸Ð¹ и Ð¸Ñ Ð°ÑÑÐ¾Ñ€Ñ‚Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ‚, факторы, формирующие и ÑÐ¾Ñ Ñ€Ð°Ð½ÑÑŽÑ‰Ð¸Ðµ качество; провести оценку качества Ð²Ð°Ñ€ÐµÐ½Ñ‹Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð±Ð°ÑÐ½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¸Ð¹, проанализировать структуру ассортимента Ð²Ð°Ñ€ÐµÐ½Ñ‹Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð±Ð°ÑÐ½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¸Ð¹. В работе использованы стандартные методы исследования в товароведении – органолептические и физико-Ñ Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ðµ. В Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ðµ работы была представлена Ñ Ð°Ñ€Ð°ÐºÑ‚ÐµÑ€Ð¸ÑÑ‚Ð¸ÐºÐ° Ð²Ð°Ñ€ÐµÐ½Ñ‹Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð±Ð°ÑÐ½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¸Ð¹ (сосисок): описано сырье и Ñ‚ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ð¸ производства Ð²Ð°Ñ€ÐµÐ½Ñ‹Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð±Ð°ÑÐ½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¸Ð¹, описаны критерии классификации и Ñ‚ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ¾Ðµ регулирование Ð²Ð°Ñ€ÐµÐ½Ñ‹Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð±Ð°ÑÐ½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¸Ð¹, проведена сравнительная экспертиза качества Ð²Ð°Ñ€ÐµÐ½Ñ‹Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð±Ð°ÑÐ½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¸Ð¹ (сосисок) и обозначены тенденции развития ассортимента мясной продукции в России и на рынке СанктПетербурга. Область применения результатов исследований – полученные результаты работы могут использоваться торговыми и производственными предприятиями с целью формирования рационального ассортимента., 63pages,13figures,12tables The topic of the final qualification work: "Comparative assessment of the quality of cooked sausage products of various categories and development of recommendations for the formation of a competitive assortment of a trading enterprise". The object of the work is cooked sausages, including sausages. The subject of the study: consumer properties of cooked sausages, examination of the quality of sausages and analysis of the assortment. The purpose of the final qualification work is a comparative assessment of the consumer properties of cooked sausage products on the basis of an expert examination of the quality of the samples under study. The tasks that were solved in the course of the study: to consider the classification of cooked sausages and their assortment, the factors that form and preserve the quality; to assess the quality of cooked sausages, to analyze the structure of the assortment of cooked sausages. The paper uses standard research methods in commodity science – organoleptic and physico-chemical. In the course of the work, the characteristics of cooked sausages (sausages) were presented): Raw materials and technologies for the production of cooked sausages are described, classification criteria and technological regulation of cooked sausages are described, a comparative examination of the quality of cooked sausages is carried out, and trends in the development of the range of meat products in Russia and in the market of St. Petersburg are outlined. Scope of application of the research results – the obtained results of the work can be used by commercial and industrial enterprises in order to form a rational assortment.

Целью выпускной квалификационной работы была сравнительная товароведная экспертиза мясных консервов из тушеной говядины, разных производителей и стандартов изготовления, представленных на предприятиях розничной торговли г. Санкт- Петербурга. Задачи, которые решались в ходе исследования: 1. Рассмотреть классификацию и ассортимент мясных консервов, технологию производства мясных консервов, техническое регулирование, определить факторы формирующие и сохранящие качество мясных консервов. 2. Провести сравнительную оценку качества мясных консервов из тушеной говядины разных производителей и стандартов изготовления, в соответствии с приведенными в работе методами исследования. 3. Проанализировать структуру ассортимента мясных консервов на российском рынке, охаректиризовать отдельные сегменты рынка. Проанализировать спрос и предложение мясных консервов в период пандемии. 4. Дать рекомендации по выбору мясных консервов из тушеной говядины на основе анализа результатов исследования образцов. Исследования проводились на базе лаборатории экспертизы потребительских товаров Высшей школы сервиса и торговли. В работе использованы стандартные и общепризнанные в товароведении методы исследования: метод определения массы нетто, метод определения массовой доли составных частей, метод определения содержания натрия хлорида, органолептическая оценка. Определены тенденции развития рынка мясной продукции, изменение товарного предложения и спроса на мясную продукцию в условиях пандемии., The subject of the graduate qualification work is «The formation of consumer properties, the assessment of the quality of canned meat and trends in the development of the meat products` market». The purpose of the final qualification work was a comparative commodity expertise of canned meat from stewed beef, different manufacturers and production standards presented at retail enterprises in St. Petersburg. Tasks that were solved during the research: 1. to Consider the classification and assortment of canned meat, the technology of production of canned meat, technical regulation, to determine the factors that form and preserve the quality of canned meat. 2. conduct a comparative assessment of the quality of canned meat from beef stew from different manufacturers and manufacturing standards, in accordance with the research methods given in the work. 3. Analyze the structure of the assortment of canned meat on the Russian market, and re-categorize individual market segments. Analyze the supply and demand of canned meat during the pandemic. 4. give recommendations on the choice of canned meat from beef stew based on the analysis of the results of the study of samples. The research was conducted on the basis of the laboratory of consumer goods expertise of the Higher school of service and trade. We used standard and recognized in commodity research methods: the method of determining net weight, the method of determining the mass fraction astaneh parts, the method of determination of sodium chloride organoleptic evaluation. The trends in the development of the market for meat products, the change in product supply and demand for meat products in a pandemic are determined.

Interlocking assemblies have a long history in the design of puzzles, furniture, architecture, and other complex geometric structures. The key defining property of interlocking assemblies is that all component parts are immobilized by their geometric arrangement, preventing the assembly from falling apart. Computer graphics research has recently contributed design tools that allow creating new interlocking assemblies. However, these tools focus on specific kinds of assemblies and explore only a limited space of interlocking configurations, which restricts their applicability for design. In this paper, we propose a new general framework for designing interlocking assemblies. The core idea is to represent part relationships with a family of base Directional Blocking Graphs and leverage efficient graph analysis tools to compute an interlocking arrangement of parts. This avoids the exponential complexity of brute-force search. Our algorithm iteratively constructs the geometry of assembly components, taking advantage of all existing blocking relations for constructing successive parts. As a result, our approach supports a wider range of assembly forms compared to previous methods and provides significantly more design flexibility. We show that our framework facilitates efficient design of complex interlocking assemblies, including new solutions that cannot be achieved by state of the art approaches.

Sustav javne uprave ili javnog sektora se općenito definira kao cjelina ili skup sastavnih dijelova, ta cjelina je u većini slučajeva odvojena od svoje okoline. Takva se pojmovna određenja najviše upotrebljavaju kumulativno pa se tako na sustav u isti mah gleda kao na cjelinu s određenom razvedenošću u njezinim sastavnim dijelovima ili elementima i kao na cjelinu različitu od svoje okoline, ali i u određenom odnosu s njom. Sustav javnog sektora kao cjelina sastavljena od pojedinih dijelova znači i međusobnu povezanost tih dijelova, ali sustav kao entitet u odnosu prema svojoj okolini navodi na misao da postoji i povezanost preko granica samog sustava čime se stvaraju određeni odnosi. Javna uprava se povećava i diferencira, tj.stvara nove odjele da bi zadovoljila zahtjeve građana za raznovrsnim uslugama. Temelj svakog sustava ljudske suradnje je dioba rada. Državne upravne organizacije u Republici Hrvatskoj ( državne uprave, državni zavodi, državna ravnateljstva) navedene su prema Zakonu o ustrojstvu i djelokrugu ministarstava i drugih organa državne uprave, ali su u međuvremenu mnoge promjenile svoje nazive. U centralnoj upravi Republike Hrvatske osnivaju se sekundarne upravne organizacije kada neki upravni poslovi zahtijevaju određeni stupanj samostalnosti u radu, odnosno posebne načine rada. Ukoliko se poveća potreba za samostalnosti, osnivaju se državne upravne organizacije izravno odgovorne vladi. System of the public administration or public sector is generally define as a unit or a set of component parts. In most cases, that whole is separeted of their environment. Conceptual restrictions like that is used cumulatively, so in the same moment, system look like a whole with specific division of their component parts or elements, and as a whole who is diffirent of their environemnt, but in specific related with them in the same time. System of the public sector as a whole wich is composed by her conceptual parts also means reciprocal conection of that parts, but system as a entity in relation with their environment creates to the opinion that there is a conection across the borders of the system which creates certain relation. The public administration is increasing and differantianting, i.e. it creates a new departments wich primary aim is satisfy the requirements of the local citizens for diffirent services. Basis of any system of human cooperation is the divison of work. The statment administration organizations in Republic of Croatia ( state administration, state institutions, state of directorate) are formed by to the law on the organizations and scope of the ministres and other organs, but in the during of time, many of them was changed their names. Many administrations in the Republic of Croatia established a secondary organizations because some administration jobs require a specific degree of individualds, or special way of working. If the need for autonomy increase, the state will be established a new administrative organizations, whose organs will be directly responsible to the government.

In this paper looked through several aspects of the sustainable development of the automotive business and industry in Uzbekistan. We analysed the legal and regulatory framework, directed investment target program for the development of the automotive business, the main socio–economic indicators and the results of the JSC “Uzavtosanoat”, which is the top of the organisation and the main coordinator of the sector in Uzbekistan. In the process, information obtained that year by year, an increasing number of localised sets of component, parts for cars, trucks and agricultural machinery. In addition, in 2015, because of 8 AK “Uzavtosanoat” system projects in the republic created 220 new jobs and spent more than 42 billion souls of domestic investment. As results of 6 foreign direct investment projects assimilated more than 7 million US dollars and created over 100 new jobs in the system of JSC “Uzavtosanoat”. In 2013–2015 years increased production of trucks and heavy machinery was almost 270 percent, batteries 126.7 percent, in turn, decreased the production of passenger cars by 25 per cent, 68 per cent of the buses. This data indicates that gradual changes in the world and in the internal conditions of vehicles market are saturated domestic market of buses and cars. Increased domestic demand for trucks due to the prosperity of various types of civil and housing construction in the country, a gradual upgrade of Trucks Park in the enterprises, the acquisition of new trucks and special vehicles from the side of small business and private entrepreneurship.

The authors use different data sets to investigate the dependence of transport costs on geography and infrastructure. Infrastructure is an important determinant of transport costs, especially for landlocked countries. Analysis of bilateral trade data confirms the importance of infrastructure and gives an estimate of the elasticity of trade flows with respect to the trade cost factor of around-3. A deterioration of infrastructure from the median to the 75th percentile raises transport costs by 12 percentage points and reduces trade volumes by 28 percent. Analysis of African trade flows indicates that their relatively low level is largely due to poor infrastructure.

This article is concerned with the interaction of regulated efficiency and World Trade Organization (WTO) accession and its impact on China's motor vehicle sector. The analysis is conducted using a 23 sector-25 region computable general equilibrium model. Regulatory reform and internal restructuring are found to be critical. Restructuring is represented by a cost reduction following from consolidation and rationalization that moves costs toward global norms. Without restructuring, WTO accession means a surge of final imports, though imports of parts could well fall as production moves offshore. However, with restructuring, the final assembly industry can be made competitive by world standards, with a strengthened position for the industry.