Search

The article focuses on the evolving relationship between artificial intelligence (AI) and data protection regulations, particularly in the context of the EU AI Act and GDPR compliance. Topics include the emerging guidance from Data Protection Authorities (DPAs) in Germany and France, key principles for the responsible use of AI systems, and the challenges of ensuring compliance throughout the AI lifecycle.

Many different and contradictory claims have been made about the political dimensions (or lack thereof) of the ancient Chinese text known as the Zhuangzi 莊子. The two main positions on this topic set the parameters of the debate. One interprets the Zhuangzi to be apathetic toward political participation, focusing on individual survival instead. The other emphasizes the text's defiant streak and locates a deliberately subversive force within it. A third position redirects the focus of the debate to an important aspect of the Zhuangzi, recognizing that the text intentionally embraces ambiguity and multivocality, and investigates the political implications of this characteristic of the text. This article further explores the Zhuangzi's engagement with notions of social and political indeterminacy, but through the lens of role performance. Attending to the text's portrayal of various social actors' engagement with established roles reveals a different kind of polysemic stance that lies in the intricate dynamics between societal expectations and individual actions. The article employs these examples to examine a type of role enactment that I contend muddies the line between the place of power and the place of resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to make some contribution to the process of corporate compliance governance in China. Design/methodology/approach: This paper adopts qualitative method, literature research, case analysis and comparative methods to explore the Chinese compliance governance model in the field of collusive bidding crimes. Findings: In the process of criminal prosecution of enterprises suspected of committing crimes, the judicial authorities should promote the restoration of normal production and operation of corporate enterprises by promoting the construction of corporate compliance, which is conducive to solving the difficult problem of attribution of collusive bidding crimes. In addition, corporate compliance under prosecutorial supervision is also conducive to optimizing the regulatory path of collusive bidding and achieving more effective prevention and control of unit crimes in the mode of co-regulation between the state and corporate. Originality/value: Compliance governance corporate crime is at a nascent stage in China, and this study seeks to provide some reference for future compliance review governance in China through the analysis of specific business crime cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence is a general-purpose technology (GPT), term given to technologies that shape an entire era and reorient innovations by reconfiguring the economy’s logic and functioning and bringing in new business models. AI offers unprecedented opportunities and risks. The benefits of AI are extraordinary, as are its potential harms. Potential damage does not have the same degree of problematization, since the intensity and extent of the damage varies according to the domain and the object of application. To address the scale of this challenge, regulation is necessary but not sufficient. Standards, unwritten codes of compliance and arbitration procedures, supervision and auditability, AI governance, international agreements, compliance with current local and global standards and laws. All of this needs to be integrated. Society seems to have no alternative to facing the challenges of at least mitigating the damage already identified and trying to predict future damage in advance. The purpose of this article is to encourage reflection regarding the main initiatives that are available to society to protect its citizens and organizations from the potential harm caused by AI models, vis-à-vis the technology’s own limits to act in ethical and legal compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the relationship between students' perception of Sharia compliance and their investment knowledge on their interest in investing in Sharia-compliant stocks in the capital market. The study, which includes 147 undergraduate students majoring in Islamic Economics and Sharia Economics Law, found that perception of Sharia compliance did not have a significant impact on students' interest in investing, while investment knowledge did. The article suggests that universities and industry practitioners should work together to improve students' understanding of Sharia-compliant investments. [Extracted from the article]

This study analyzed the compliance of non-salaried participants, in paying the monthly premium of the National Health Insurance (known as Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional, JKN) in Indonesia. The sustainability of this program is essential to realize universal health coverage (UHC) in the country, and its success heavily relies on the compliance of its participants in paying the premiums. Non-salaried workers constitute a membership category with a lower level of compliance in paying premiums compared to salaried workers and premium contribution beneficiaries. This study used the logit regression method and revealed significant findings. Specifically factors such as age, income stability, payment point, decision maker, and distance to health facilities were found to be associated with the compliance of private participants in paying the monthly premium of the JKN program. The study identified that older age is linked to higher compliance, and having a stable monthly income increases the probability of payment. Respondents who utilize bank auto-debit services for payments exhibit a higher level of compliance compared to those who make payments at modern mini-markets or e-commerce platforms. The joint decision-making by both spouses to participate in the JKN Program leads to higher compliance compared to decisions made solely by one spouse. Furthermore, the study discovered that a greater distance to health facilities corresponds to an increased likelihood of compliance in paying the monthly premium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is devoted to the features and advantages of using mediation in civil disputes. First of all, the article discusses the experience of some foreign countries (Germany, Lithuania, Estonia, etc.) in the field of mediation, and then aims to determine whether Georgian mediation is based on the model of any country or whether it differs in any specifics in Georgia. The article discusses the unique and extensive possibilities of mediation in resolving civil disputes. Consideration of the case in court is based on the consideration of legal issues, mediation is not limited to the consideration of legal issues; Non-legal aspects can also be analyzed during mediation. Thus, it is a flexible and informal process that gives the parties maximum freedom to discuss any issue of interest to them and takes into account their interests. The mediation process can be limited only by the interests of the parties and the mediator's creative methods. In this way, the parties have control over the process and results of mediation. The paper confirms that mediation in Georgia is based on a rather narrow model. In fact, the Georgian legislator lays the development of mediation on practice and gives freedom of action to the mediator, although he stipulates that this freedom is limited by the will of the parties. Accordingly, the mediation process should be carried out in compliance with the principle of voluntariness of the parties. Mediation is particularly attractive to businesses because of its benefits. For the parties, the confidentiality of the mediation process, saving time and financial resources, maintaining economic relations between the parties, focusing on positive aspects, and a favorable situation for both parties are important. Mediation is aimed at the self-determination of the parties, which helps to prepare the necessary ground for the settlement of the dispute. In addition, mediation can help prevent future disputes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This letter to the editor discusses the compliance of central universities in India with tobacco control laws. The law prohibits the sale of cigarettes and tobacco within 100 yards of educational institutes, and requires institutes to display signboards stating the same. The study found that there is no universal compliance with the law, with only 41% compliance in fine collection and 36.4-72.8% compliance in displaying signboards. The author emphasizes the importance of compliance by educational institutions in controlling youth smoking and calls for central universities to take a positive lead in this regard. [Extracted from the article]

The privacy policy has a vaunted position in the operation of information privacy law. In Australia, there is a renewed focus about the appropriate role of privacy policies and whether current legal obligations under the Privacy Act 1988 (Cth) need strengthening. However, there is a lack of research about the current state of compliance in publicly available privacy policies in Australia. Previous attempts to identify states of compliance are limited and typically involve 'privacy sweeps'. These are qualitative exercises conducted by relevant regulators and are difficult to undertake at scale. In this paper, we examine a novel automation method for ascertaining privacy policy compliance levels at scale. We combined web scraping technologies to extract data from publicly available Australian government privacy policies with natural language processing algorithms to examine potential compliance levels across three vectors: privacy complaint processes; definitions of personal information; and collection purposes. Our findings indicate that the Commonwealth privacy policies examined are constructed in different ways and have different levels of compliance with Australian Privacy Principle 1. We conclude our paper by outlining the complex spectrums of supervision, standardisation, and intervention that arise from the use of automation tools to ascertain privacy policy compliance levels at scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the level of competence of crossing crews in Eastern Indonesia in terms of the fulfillment of CMT and CMHBT Certificates as required by STCW Chapter V Regulation V / 2. This research is a type of Normative Research carried out for approximately 8 months on ships operating on the Sheet-Padangbai, Gilimanuk-Ketapang and Bajoe-Kolaka trajectories with a Judgement Sampling system. The data used is in the form of qualitative data based on the results of a survey of the completeness of CMT and CMHBT certificates from the Crossing Ship Crew. The results of this study found that the competence of Crossing Crew in Eastern Indonesia in terms of compliance with CMT and CMHBT Certificates used as research variables was above 80% of the number of crew surveyed. However, the study also found that there was a misperception regarding the obligation to fulfill the CMT certificate required for all crossing crew and the CMHBT certificate which should only be required for the Skipper, Head of the Engine Room, Mualim I, Driver II and other personnel who fit the Muster List on board passenger ships and Roro-passengers are responsible for passenger safety in emergency situations, which in this case is the officer of the ship. In fact, in the field, CMHBT certificates have also been fulfilled by crew members who are not officers. This does not meet the efficiency aspect in the application of shipping safety or safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of FinanzRundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Interpretation (I) of the Supreme People's Court of Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Labor Dispute Cases allows for the application of pertinent laws and regulations, including the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the "Civil Code"), in labor dispute cases. This has resolved the controversy over the relationship between civil law and labor law in academic and practical communities. In view of this development, we examined four hundred judicial documents, analyzing the focal points of disputes, the reasoning behind judgments, applicable laws, and judgment results. Our study identified seven impacts of the Contract Book of the Civil Code on labor dispute trial practices, exploring the underlying logic behind these changes and proposing policy suggestions to promote consistent judgments across jurisdictions, enhance judicial credibility, and encourage employers to govern enterprises in compliance with the law while empowering employees to safeguard their rights in accordance with relevant laws and regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how money launderers circumvent compliance measures by using exchange offices to launder incriminated funds. Design/methodology/approach: The three-step process entailed carrying out unofficial interviews with money launderers, which gave first insight into the issue, followed by expert interviews that were reviewed by means of a qualitative study. The findings of the qualitative study were processed during the subsequent quantitative research. Findings: Although exchange offices are a known threat to anti-money laundering efforts, they continue to be highly applicable. As exchange offices are responsible for their own compliance measures, compliance officers employed by other institutions do not encounter money laundering through exchange offices regularly. Research limitations/implications: The findings of the study are limited to the experiences of the interviewed experts, which, naturally, are highly subjective. Further, they are geographically limited, as certain areas were not represented in the study. Practical implications: During the literature review, a research gap was identified. The present study attempts to partially fill the same. The illustrated findings aimed at facilitating an improvement of anti-money laundering measures. The insights into the minds of money launderers provide valuable information for legislators, compliance officers and authorities. Originality/value: Presently, the majority of the literature focuses on the issue of money laundering from a compliance perspective. However, accurately understanding how money launderers circumvent the existing prevention measures requires an exploration of their approaches. To effectively inhibit money laundering, it is necessary to gain a holistic overview of the issue, which entails the observation of both perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The infamous GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) bribery case of 2013 led to the emergence of compliance management as a local strategic response to ensuring compliance with regulations in the transnational pharmaceutical corporations within China. However, China's pharmaceutical industry has a long history of practicing the corrupt customs of "drug-incentivizing medicine" (yiyao buyi) and "guanxi-based sales" (guanxi xiaoshou), which are, obviously, at odds with the highest ethical standards for compliance management as well as the principle of the anti-corruption campaign of the current Chinese administration. Based upon an in-depth ethnographic work from China's pharmaceutical industry, this article proposes a new framework to examine the complicated dynamics of interaction between the state's anti-corruption policy, corrupt long-standing customary industrial practices, local cultural practice, and global compliance management norms in post-socialist spaces. Different from some studies that focus on the resistance to global norms by local forces, this study suggests a reverse direction and focuses on the positive reconstruction of the old socialist ideals and corrupt practices by modern disciplinary institutions with the capitalist work ethic in the Chinese workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the European Data Protection Board's (EDPB) recent updates and guidelines in 2023. The EDPB's work program focuses on advancing compliance, enforcement, fundamental rights in new technologies, and a global perspective. Notable updates include Guidelines on data breach notification, administrative fine calculation, and the use of facial recognition technology in law enforcement.

This study contributes new evidence to the literature on multinational corporation (MNC) behavior by exploring three related questions: 1) Do MNCs comply with local employment laws in a developed country? 2) To the extent that compliance varies across MNCs, what factors are important in shaping compliance? 3) Is there a "foreignness" effect for MNCs operating in developed countries, and does this effect vary according to country-of-origin and/or union status? To investigate these questions, the authors compiled unique firm-level administrative data on MNC compliance with regulatory and quasi-regulatory employment practices during mass layoffs in Ontario, Canada. Adopting a research design that uses the behavior of Canadian MNCs as the comparison group, their key findings suggest that unions are a very robust predictor of compliance across all foreign MNCs and systematic country-of-origin effects on MNC compliance are present only in non-unionized workplaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the argument that the Federal Trade Commission's (FTC) "Made in America" enforcement policy is too stringent for small businesses to comply with. It begins by emphasizing the importance of small businesses in the U.S. economy and their inability to comply with the FTC's requirements for making "Made in America" claims. It argues that the ambiguity of the policy and the high standards set by the FTC make compliance financially infeasible for small businesses.

Purpose: Policy mobility scholarship concerning anti-money laundering (AML) has typically favoured the study of power structures and interests to the neglect of the constructivist perspective and the local cultural–symbolic driving forces of policy adoption. This study aims to redress this, by analysing the shifting ideational drivers of AML policy in Singapore over the past 31 years through a thematic analysis of Singapore's parliamentary debates (Hansard). Design/methodology/approach: Through a thematic analysis of Singapore's Hansard over the past 31 years, this study seeks to present a social constructivist perspective of AML policy adoption in Singapore. Findings: The thematic analysis reveals how the internal driving forces of AML policy in Singapore have shifted, from the idea of "crime prevention" in the early 1990s, to the symbolic value of "international norm compliance" by the 2010s. Research limitations/implications: This constructivist perspective of AML policy adoption is particularly useful in complementing the existing materialist theories of AML policy diffusion and allows us to better appreciate the historical nuances of AML policy transfer across the globe. Practical implications: This research will provide a useful comparative case study for other policy mobility scholars interested in presenting a constructivist account of AML policy adoption in different jurisdictions. Originality/value: There is no literature in the field of policy mobility, explaining the diffusion/transfer of AML policy from a social constructivist perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poland's ratification of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages has imposed several obligations on the Republic of Poland. At the moment of ratification, Poland indicated which languages would be considered regional or minority, referring to the Act on National and Ethnic Minorities and Regional Language. This article outlines the mechanism for assessing Poland's compliance with the Charter and indicates which responsibilities rest with the executive power that needs to present detailed reports on the Charter's implementation to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe. The article presents the contents of the first report from 2010. It also shows the position of the Committee of Experts that initially evaluated the 2010 report, while analysing the existing normative acts in Poland in this regard to other regulations and actual practices. The activities of the Committee of Experts resulted in a report suggesting recommendations submitted to the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe. The Polish government referred to the Report of the Committee of Experts with its comments and objections. Based on all these documents, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe formulated recommendations for Poland, fully sharing, despite the reservations of the Republic of Poland, the position of the Committee of Experts. From the content of the documents analysed in this article, it follows that the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe believes that Poland still has a lot of work to do in promoting awareness and tolerance of regional or minority languages. Poland also needs to improve in the field of education, relating to media, and finally in the delicate matter of communication between minorities and public authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on World Trade Organization's (WTO) Government Procurement Agreement (GPA) drawing active membership from the developed world without exception. Topics include accession negotiations to date having centered primarily on trade coverage and market access; and compliance gains for developed countries far outweighing potential short-term market losses resulting from transitional measures.

This paper seeks to understand the transmission and reception of legal rules as a component of the regulatory compliance process. It adopts a frontline approach (Almond and Gray 2017) to regulatory compliance that traces the grassroot functioning of compliance processes from regulator, to compliance managers to individual employees. Through a multilevel and multi-sited ethnography of worker safety protection in Chinese construction industry, this paper shows that in the cases studied there is a fundamental disconnect in the transmission and reception of law from regulator to organization and within the regulated organization. Yet at the same time, the paper finds that employees did comply with the law, and that thus compliance can exist without a full transmission and reception of legal rules into and within the regulated organization. By expanding the frontline approach to study regulation and compliance to look at the grassroots operation across three different frontlines, this study has been able to assess the legal assumptions inherent in existing regulatory compliance research. Not only does it find that compliance in these cases was not a top-down process and that we need to look at the grassroots operation inside organizations, it also shows that law does not always play a central role in regulatory compliance and that we need to reassess the implicit focus on law in regulatory compliance scholarship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights the legal concerns surrounding the protection of minors' personal data. The writers have conducted an original study of the sources regulating civil and labor relations in the field of acquiring and using personal data. The expansion and use of information technology and online communications can potentially lead to the violation of personal rights by the owners of personal data, both in workplace settings and in the daily lives of ordinary residents. The purpose of this article is to highlight issues concerning the collection, storage, use, and dissemination of the personal data of a minor, as well as to develop methods to protect the personal data of a child based on a comprehensive analysis of international acts, Ukrainian legislation, unique literature, and case law materials pertaining to the protection of personal data of a minor. Based on the analysis of national legislation and case law of the European Union, the author concludes that the right to personal data protection is one of the forms of realization of the right to respect for private and family life. The obligation to protect person's rights to processing and storage of his or her private information is a negative obligation on the part of both the State and the owners of personal data. The article addresses current difficulties concerning the security of children' personal data under current civil and medical legislation in Ukraine and other countries. The provisions of the General Data Protection Regulation, the California Consumer Privacy Act, and Ukraine's «On Personal Data Protection» Law are compared. Possible steps to establish further protection of children's personal data during collection and processing, whether utilizing websites, video games, online purchases, and so on, are proposed. The paper concludes that state functions should be executed without necessitating individuals' consent for the collection of personal data. Personal data processing should be carried out within the framework and on the basis of Ukrainian laws and regulations, taking into account international conventions in this area. The analysis of methods for safeguarding children's personal data enabled the identification of supplementary avenues for data protection. These include acquiring copies of personal data by both children and their parents, rectifying inaccuracies, completing incomplete data, exercising the 'right to be forgotten' and the 'right to erasure' of personal data, invalidating transactions, and seeking compensation for material and moral damages arising from the unlawful use of personal data [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the challenges and requirements of claiming input tax deductions from small invoices during tax audits. Topics include the necessary details for small invoices, the potential issues during audits if information is incorrect or missing, and the importance of checking invoices promptly to ensure compliance with tax regulations.

The article explains the rationale behind the violation of the U.S. sex work regulation on the international law. Topics mentioned include the issues concerning the sex work trade, the partial legalization of sex work in Nevada, the ways on how the U.S. can comply with the internal legal obligations, the inability of the U.S. government to provide women's rights, the protection of citizens from despotism, and the success and failures in legal advocacy for sex workers' rights.

In our day-to-day lives, we form responsibility judgements about one another – but we are imperfect beings, and our judgments can be mistaken. This paper suggests that we get things wrong not merely by chance, but predictably and systematically. In particular, these miscues are common when we are dealing with large gaps in social status and power. That is, when we form judgements about those who are much more or less socially powerful than ourselves, it is increasingly likely that "epistemic distorters" will reliably disrupt our reasoning. In response to this situation, I argue for the introduction of a new norm concerning blame and social status: "Powerful Restraint." This norm suggests that the socially powerful ought to blame the socially dispossessed less frequently, and that social pressure be applied to achieve that compliance. I argue that such a norm is justified given the pernicious down-stream moral effects of the up-stream epistemic distortion I describe. I defend it against objections that it suggests a normative solution to an epistemic problem, that it is paternalistic, and that it involves a kind of disrespect to the less socially powerful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines compliance issues related to the small-dollar lending sector in the U.S. Topics discussed include the ruling by the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas in Community Financial Services Association of America Ltd. v. CFPB, and a final judgment and order filed by the U.S. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau against Burlington Financial Group over the latter's alleged violation of the Telemarketing Sales Rule and the Consumer Financial Protection Act.

Canada's largest banks rely on private developers of regulatory technology (RegTech) to comply with the requirements of the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (OSFI). RegTech's algorithms allow banks to organize unstructured data, identify, assess and mitigate risk, and generate and submit reports. While the use of RegTech significantly facilitates financial reporting and compliance, it also presents risks. The unsupervised process of translating the language of regulations into computer code may lead to the misinterpretations of regulatory requirements. Also, due to the opacity of private algorithms, mistakes of RegTech instruments may go unnoticed, resulting in systemic failures. In light of these risks, this article examines the potential of Canada's federally regulated banks to act as delegated regulators of RegTech. Drawing on OSFI's previous initiatives, this article suggests that the regulator create RegTech quality standards and delegate the enforcement of these standards to banks through outsourcing contracts. These contracts should contain publicly mandated RegTech specifications and clauses that reserve the banks' rights to monitor, audit, and punish non-compliant RegTech companies and share information with OSFI. This article also discusses the benefits and policy implications of delegated regulation of RegTech. First, by imposing a public duty on the banks, delegated regulation causes changes in corporate governance. Second, it allows the under-resourced regulator to use banks as regulatory resources. Third, it extends the application of public norms to those RegTech companies that otherwise would have avoided public oversight. Fourth, it reshapes the market for RegTech services by forcing banks to develop in-house technology that, in the long term, may be a cheaper and less risky alternative to outsourcing. In conclusion, this article addresses the arguments that may be levelled against the delegated regulation of RegTech and discusses opportunities for more direct involvement of the regulator in technology-driven reporting and compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to ascertain how internal control systems and compliance with follow-up recommendations affect audit findings. The central government sample utilized in this study included 88 samples of central government employing sampling design method on the semester examination results summary, inspection report, and follow-up recommendation. Compliance and the internal control system are the independent variables. The audit opinion is the dependent variable. As the moderating factor, provide advice. The tests' findings showed that (1) the audit view is significantly influenced by the internal control system. (2) The audit conclusion is not significantly impacted by compliance. (3) The audit opinion is significantly impacted by follow-up recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the general principles of law at first sight do not bring about numerous associations with the sphere of taxation where the processes of compliance with legal rules or applying them must end with a precise numerical result, both the relevance and the significance of these principles in the sphere of tax law are more and more noticeable. The principle of proportionality has been invoked in probably every second VAT judgment of the Court of Justice for years. The principle of legal certainty has made its way to the case law of the said court as well as the Constitutional Tribunal in Poland. The importance of other principles is definitely on the rise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two influential market groups can take action to reduce the risk that nuclear dual-use technologies end up in the wrong hands. Financial institutions, such as banks and insurance companies, and large manufacturers that integrate dual-use technologies into more complex goods both can encourage other companies to adopt stricter compliance programs to reduce the risks of nuclear proliferation. The authors describe ways to create financial incentives for risk reduction along the whole nuclear supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Shadow reports" by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and national human rights institutions (NHRIs) are commonplace within the international human rights treaty monitoring process. They became so for a simple reason: shadow reports improve the reporting process by providing useful information. This article contends that shadow reports from cities would do the same. Using the example of reports sent by the City of Berkeley, California, this article advocates for institutionalizing city shadow reporting because such reports can provide frontline information and help socialize cities into human rights compliance, even (and perhaps especially) when at odds with their national government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on IT discipline such as development team and the operations team. Topics include focusing on reducing the cadence of change in maintaining stability, compliance, and continuity of business operations; and using lightweight weapons such as knives, ninja stars, and crossbows, or integrated development environment tools.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to critically appraise the legal definition of the offence of money laundering under Malawian law. The goal is to evaluate whether the definition meets international standards and best practices on legal definition of money laundering, particularly as contained in the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNCATOC). Design/methodology/approach: The paper is a doctrinal analysis of the legal definition of the offence of money laundering under Malawian law. It examines the constituent elements of the offence based on the traditional conception of a criminal offence as constituting the prohibited conduct (or actus reus) and the mental element (or mens rea). The paper comparatively evaluates the offence vis-à-vis international standards and best practices, particularly as contained in the UNCATOC. Findings: The paper concludes that the definition is compliant with international standards and best practices. Research limitations/implications: The paper is based on the statutory definition of the offence, but was unable to examine how the offence is interpreted and applied in concrete cases by Malawian courts. The reason is the lack of any case law through which courts have interpreted and applied the offence. Practical implications: The paper provides the template for future interpretation and application of the offence by courts in the future. Social implications: Enhancing the clarity and certainty in the law on money laundering in Malawi. Originality/value: The paper is an elucidation of a statutory provision that was recently adopted in Malawi and for which there is no authoritative clarification. The paper, therefore, makes an invaluable contribution to the fight against money laundering in Malawi by being a guide to law enforcers, lawyers, courts and policy/legislative makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to deepen our understanding of the perception of fairness in child support agreements. We build on the theory of reaching agreements and current knowledge considering justice perceptions in child support cases, applied to the specific case of Belgium, which lacks a uniform system for child support determination. Using qualitative in‐depth interviews conducted with both ex‐partners of a parental dyad, we analyze which factors pertain to the perception of (un)fairness and how this links to the way an agreement was reached. We find that, apart from the enumeration system and the height of the child support award, characteristics of the agreement and the parents are also of importance in determining the perception of (un)fairness. Converging these findings with the theory of reaching agreements provides a typology from communal problem‐solving to unilateral yielding, which are linked to specific parental foci/motivations and bring forth own sources of fairness and unfairness. The results of this study are particularly useful for mediation strategies aimed at enhancing the perception of fairness and offers relevant insights for child support policies at large. Key Points for the Family Court Community: This paper highlights the subjective side of the mainly mathematical debate on child support determination.Understanding what determines (un)fairness for parents is key in battling non‐compliance.This can be worked towards by incorporating the findings of this study in mediation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contact tracing is increasingly used to combat COVID-19, and digital implementations are now being deployed, many based on Apple and Google's Exposure Notification System. These systems utilize non-traditional smartphone-based technology, presenting challenges in understanding possible outcomes. In this work, we create individual-based models of three Washington state counties to explore how digital exposure notifications combined with other non-pharmaceutical interventions influence COVID-19 disease spread under various adoption, compliance, and mobility scenarios. In a model with 15% participation, we found that exposure notification could reduce infections and deaths by approximately 8% and 6% and could effectively complement traditional contact tracing. We believe this can provide health authorities in Washington state and beyond with guidance on how exposure notification can complement traditional interventions to suppress the spread of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]