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Cet ouvrage s’inscrit dans le cadre des travaux du programme de recherche international « Mediterranean Reconfigurations » porté par Wolfgang Kaiser et consacré au changement que connaît l’espace méditerranéen entre xve et xixe siècles et, plus particulièrement, au pluralisme juridique qui y a cours pour arbitrer les différends commerciaux d’un négoce essentiellement interculturel. Dans cette perspective, Tijl Vanneste analyse les litiges commerciaux portés devant le tribunal consulaire holla...

This work is a study in three parts: the first three chapters cover the creation of early Qing policies of administration and market regulation and the implementation of those policies in Chongqing during the era when it was still an imperial frontier. The middle two chapters detail the growth and expansion of nineteenth-century institutions of market governance and municipal administration during the era of Chongqing's rise as a major center of trade in the empire. The final three chapters document how merchants employed the court in addition to the other institutions outlined in previous chapters to resolve their disputes, and how these patterns changed over time.This study is, first and foremost, a reexamination of how central policies, local administrative conventions, and market practices combined to form a dynamic and sophisticated atmosphere for the conduct of exchange and the enforcement of economic agreements. Its major finding is that the Qing court of Chongqing relied upon several local administrative institutions - including collective responsibility units, merchant groups, and licensed brokerages - to monitor and intervene in market activity, and that the use of these institutions profoundly influenced the way that the court handled commercial disputes. From the middle of the eighteenth century, the Qing state chose not to invest in legal definitions of rights or obligations between individuals engaged in commerce, but rather to invest in administrative and legal means of supervising the local institutions that were given de facto responsibility over determining and enforcing commercial obligations outside of the court.The decision to govern markets indirectly reflected certain basic facts about the political economy of Qing China, and continued to determine the options available to the Qing state as its interest in intervening in economic affairs increased over time. The end result of the development of eighteenth-century and nineteenth-century market institutions was that, when the Qing state did codify several laws about the market in the early twentieth century, the most important innovations it offered were not laws about individual economic interaction, but rather the composition and function of the groups by which merchants were managed. I argue that this long transition must be understood to appreciate how and why China's markets were managed differently in the twentieth - and now the twenty-first - century.

Hukuki uyuşmazlıkların yargı yolu dışında çözümlenmesi fikri, aksi yöndeki baskın toplumsal inanç sebebiyle uzun süre tartışma konusu ol-muş, süreç içerisinde yargı yükünün hafiflemesi, uyuşmazlıkların daha kısa sürede ve daha az masrafla giderilmesi gibi olumlu etkileri sayesinde benimsenmiş ve yaygınlaşmaya başlamıştır. Arabuluculuğun uyuşmazlıkların çözümünde sıklıkla başvurulur bir yol haline gelmesi ve bu çerçevede arabuluculuğa tabi uyuşmazlıkların kapsamının genişlemesi, kuruma iliş-kin mevcut kuralların, uygulamada ortaya çıkan yeni sorunlar çerçevesin-de gözden geçirilmesi gerekliliğini doğurmuştur. İşte bunlardan belki de en önemlisi, arabulucunun süreç içerisindeki yetki alanını, uyuşmazlık çözüm sürecini kolaylaştırmakla sınırlandıran kuraldır. Nitekim arabulucunun kendisine tanınan bu sınırlı yetkiyle gelişen ve değişen piyasa şartlarının ortaya çıkardığı karmaşık yapıya sahip hukuki uyuşmazlıkları çözümleyebilmesi oldukça zordur. Bu nitelikteki uyuşmazlıkların mümkün olan en kısa sürede, tarafların menfaatlerine en uygun şekilde sonuçlanabilmesi ve böylece geniş ölçekte arabuluculuk kurumunun kabul edilmesinde gözetilen amacın da gerçekleştirilebilmesi, arabulucuya süreç içerisinde daha aktif bir rol verilmesini gerekli kılmaktadır. The idea of resolving legal disputes outside of the judiciary has been a subject of discussion for a long time due to the dominant social belief in the opposite direction, has been adopted and has become widespread due to its positive effects such as reducing the judicial burden in the process and resolving disputes in a shorter time and with less cost. The fact that medi-ation has become a common way to resolve disputes and the scope of dis-putes subject to mediation has expanded within this framework, necessi-tates the revision of the existing rules regarding the institution within the framework of new problems that arise in practice. Perhaps the most impor-tant of these is the rule that limits the power of the mediator in the dispute resolution process. As a matter of fact, it is very difficult for the mediator to resolve the legal disputes with a complex structure caused by the develop-ing and changing market conditions with this limited authority. The con-clusion of such disputes in the shortest possible time, in the most appropri-ate way for the interests of the parties, and thus the achievement of the goal pursued in the acceptance of the mediation institution on a large scale, re-quires the mediator to be given a more active role in the process.

This chapter begins by outlining the key features of the 1999 Arbitration Law and its predecessors, before discussing early judicial resistance to the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards. The chapter seeks to demonstrate that, even though the enforcement of arbitral awards in Indonesia is still considered problematic in some quarters, there is little evidence to suggest that domestic and foreign awards alike will not be recognised and enforced as a matter of course by Indonesian courts, except in highly exceptional circumstances. The primary remaining problem concerning enforcement is the significant delay that occurs if enforcement is challenged by a losing party.

The article analyzes the arbitrability criteria for the disputes related to commercial companies in the light of the legislation of the Republic of Moldova, but also in comparison with the legal provisions of other states. The interpretative rules contained in the national legislation are highlighted, by listing examples of solutions applied by other states in order to avoid contradictory interpretations.

LLM (Import and Export Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus Nowadays, parties in commercial disputes face various challenges as well as financial constraints. Due to limited financial resources as well as the abovementioned constraints, especially in small emerging enterprises/medium upcoming and growing companies, dispute resolution processes, specifically litigation, are not equally accessible to all. Companies are in dire need of an alternative, more cost-efficient and effective way of resolving disputes. The need for a cost-efficient and effective dispute resolution mechanism speaks to a company's right to proper access to justice. Therefore, the main issue is what must be done to assist a company that requires a more cost-efficient and effective way of resolving a commercial dispute. This paper focuses on court-based/annexed mediation and how it provides access to justice between jursitic persons in commercial disputes. This project is taken forward by studying the position as it pertains to access to justice as well as court-annexed mediation in the State of Victoria, Australia. Victoria is globally acknowledged to be an exemplary jurisdiction in this respect. The study describes various ways in which court-based/annexed mediation could assist South African companies to resolve commercial disputes and concludes that it would be more efficient to introduce the state of Victoria's application of court-annexed mediation into South African legislation, as it grants proper access to justice to companies engaged in commercial disputes. Masters

An effective and efficient justice system is essential for sustained economic growth. In a well-functioning, independent, and efficient justice system, decisions are taken within a reasonable time and are predictably and effectively enforced, and individual rights, including property rights, are adequately protected. Among other objectives, the efficiency of the judicial system is important for creating a good business climate, attracting foreign direct investment, securing tax revenues, and supporting economic growth. Research has shown that weak contract enforcement, for example, raises the cost of borrowing and shortens loan maturities, with a resulting negative effect on investment and GDP. Weak court enforcement systems have also been linked to late payments, which can lead to liquidity issues for companies and increase insolvency. Since the publication of the World Bank’s World Development Report 2005, the importance of well-functioning courts to strengthening the investment climate and ultimately to reducing poverty and boosting shared prosperity has been brought to the forefront and become internationally recognized. Indicators of commercial court performance, and business community perceptions of and trust in the courts, are a part of the World Bank Group’s (WBG) country-level investment climate assessments and its influential Investment Climate Surveys and Doing Business reports. Court performance has also become an element of European Union (EU) and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) accession. Helping countries to improve commercial court operations and ensure improved accessibility and effective delivery of services are important components of the development assistance provided by the WBG. The Commercial Court and Enforcement Assessment Tool has been designed to assist assessment teams and client agencies in this effort.

The domain of alternative trade dispute resolution provides a wide field of mechanisms and procedures designed to facilitate the optimal dispute resolution in a creative and effective way, without the intervention of courts, by using a rich range of procedures. All extra-judicial means of resolving commercial disputes, from the pure and simple transaction to mediation, conciliation and arbitration, are based on the agreement of parties. Traders need to get rid of the statist mentality that only supports state intervention in resolving disputes and to embrace alternative ways of resolving these conflicts, which are more flexible, faster and cheaper and which must be taken in this context of new socio-economic conditions.

This report aims at identifying the particular needs and constraints faced by the poorest women and men when accessing the judicial system. Similarly to the Judicial Functional Review,6 the scope of this report focuses primarily on the courts because they are the main vehicle for justice service delivery and the primary institutions of justice in Serbia. The scope includes all types of services and covers litigious and non-litigious aspects of civil, commercial, administrative, and criminal justice. The focus is on the actual implementation and day-to-day functioning of the sector institutions that deliver justice to people, rather than the law on the books . The scope includes other institutions in the sector to the extent that they enable or impede service delivery by the courts, including: the Ministry of Justice (MOJ), the High Judicial Council (HJC), the State Prosecutorial Council (SPC), the courts, the Public Prosecutor Offices (PPOs), the Judicial Academy, the Ombudsperson s Office, the police, prisons, and justice sector professional organizations (such as the Bar, notaries, bailiffs, and mediators). The focus of this report is on access to justice services, including relevant financial, informational, and geographic barriers to such access.

Within the context of this research. Arbikation is defined as an alternative dispute resolution mechanism whereby. one or more neutral third parties (arbitrators). usually agreed upon by the disputing parties or appointed by the tribunaI (where they do not agree) review the case in dispute and by whose decision the parties agree to be bound., Bu araştırma bağlamında Tahkim, anlaşmazlığın tarafları tarafından veya tahkim heyeti tarafından atanan (tarafların hakemde anlaşamamaları durumunda) bir veya daha fazla tarafsız üçüncü kişilerin uyuşmazIığın konusunu inceledikleri ve uyuşmazlığın taraflarını bağlayıcı bir karara vardıkları bir alternatif anlaşmazlık çözüm yoludur.

V diplomski nalogi sem se osredotočila na reševanje gospodarskih sporov s pomočjo mediacije. Mediacija pomeni, po mirni poti s pomočjo nevtralne tretje osebe – mediatorja, doseči sporazum, ki je sprejemljiv za obe stranki v postopku. V zadnjem desetletju, se tovrstno reševanje sporov v Sloveniji vedno bolj uporablja v različnih sporih: gospodarskih, družinskih, delovnih ipd. Spori med gospodarskimi subjekti so pogosti, do njih pa prihaja iz različnih razlogov, kot je na primer nespoštovanje pogodbenih obveznosti ipd. Gospodarska kriza, ki se je začela leta 2008, je stanje v Sloveniji še poslabšala. Pred sodiščem se je znašlo vedno več gospodarskih zadev, ki jih je bilo treba nekako rešiti. Strankam se je kot eno izmed možnosti rešitve spora ponudila mediacija, ki se je v Sloveniji začela uvajati najprej na Okrožnem sodišču v Ljubljani, leta 2001. Pri reševanju gospodarskih sporov je zelo pomembna pravočasna odločitev o rešitvi spora, saj si večina gospodarskih subjektov želi, da se sodelovanje s partnerji nadaljuje ter se ponovno vzpostavi zaupanje v poslovanju. Diplomsko nalogo sem zasnovala v treh delih. V prvem delu sem opredelila mediacijo na splošno, torej njeno definicijo skozi oči različnih avtorjev, opredelila sem temeljna načela, ki so pomembna v postopku mediacije ter opredelila postopek in faze reševanja mediacije na sodišču. Drugi del je najobsežnejši in se nanaša na mediacijo v gospodarstvu. Gospodarski spori, ki se rešujejo z mediacijo so: spori med gospodarskimi družbami, zadrugami, državo in lokalno samoupravo. Posebno poglavje sem namenila predpisom in zakonom, ki urejajo gospodarsko mediacijo. Mediacijo v Sloveniji ureja Zakon o mediaciji v civilnih in gospodarskih zadevah. V zadnjem delu sem se posvetila dejanskemu stanju gospodarske mediacije v Sloveniji, natančneje na Okrožnem sodišču v Ljubljani in Mariboru. Obe sodišči sta pristojni za alternativno reševanje sporov in sicer prvo je začelo reševati to vrstne zadeve leta 2001, drugo pa leta 2006. Statistični podatki kažejo, da se mediacija v slovenskem gospodarstvu premalo uporablja. Eden izmed razlogov je zagotovo nepoznavanje mediacijskega postopka. I focused on resolving commercial disputes through mediation in this thesis. Mediation means amicably reaching an agreement, with the help of a neutral third party - a mediator, that is acceptable to both parties involved in the proceedings. During the last decade this kind of dispute settlement has been increasingly used in Slovenia in various matters: economy, family, work, etc. Disputes between economic operators are common due to a variety of reasons, such as failure to comply with contractual obligations and so forth. The economic crisis, which began in 2008, worsened the situation in Slovenia. Courts had to deal with more and more economic issues that had to be solved somehow. As one of the possible solutions, customers were offered mediation, which was in Slovenia initially used at the District Court in Ljubljana in 2001. At resolving commercial disputes a timely decision to resolve a decision is very important as most traders are interested in continuing the cooperation and restoring trust in business. The thesis is designed in three parts. There's a definition of mediation in general through the eyes of different authors in the first part. I defined the fundamental principles that are important in the mediation process and the phases of mediation process in court. The second part is the most comprehensive one and applies to mediation in economy. Economic disputes that are being resolved through mediation are disputes between companies, cooperatives, state and local government. I devoted a special chapter to rules and laws governing economic mediation. The mediation in Slovenia is regulated by the Law on mediation in civil and commercial matters. I focused on the actual state of economic mediation in Slovenia in the last part, specifically at the District Court in Ljubljana and Maribor. Both courts are responsible for alternative dispute resolution. The first started to deal this sort of cases in 2001 and the second in 2006. The statistics data reveals that mediation in the Slovenian economy is underused. One of the reasons is definitely the lack of knowledge of the mediation process.

Konflikti tekom celotnega človeštva spremljajo bolj ali manj vse odnose in skrbijo za njihov zdrav razvoj. Konflikt že v svojem osnovnem pomenu predstavlja najmanj dve različni mišljenji, ki se pojavita ob istem času na istem mestu in zasledujeta isti cilj. Gre torej za soočenje dveh idej, ki se pa lahko zelo slabo konča, če se sprevrže v verbalno, psihično ali fizično nasilje. Takrat reševanje sporov prestopi mejo svoje funkcionalnosti in zamegli vse pozitivne lastnosti, ki jih konflikti prinašajo. Odvisno od vrste ter stopnje odnosa lahko konflikt v določeni fazi pripelje do tragične razrešitve. Nerazrešeni konflikti se namreč lahko spremenijo v vir frustracije in celo sovražnosti. Konfliktov se pogosto bojimo, ker imajo predznak nečesa slabega, v bistvu pa so le pokazatelj naše različnosti, ki je tako ali tako dejstvo. Največja problematika konfliktov tako ni v njihovem obstoju, temveč v tem, kako jih bomo rešili. Kakšna je rešitev na koncu, ni tako bistveno, ampak je ključno to, kako reševanje poteka. Skozi razvoj človeštva se je razvila cela vrsta načinov, kako obvladovati, odpravljati in razreševati konflikte . Načini, s katerimi lahko poravnavamo ali rešimo nastale konflikte med posamezniki ali skupinami, so omejeni. Dominanten način reševanja sporov je sodni postopek, ki pa še zdaleč ni enoten, pač pa je odvisen od predmeta spora. V sodnem procesu bo reševanje potekalo po vnaprej določenih pravnih normah, kjer ni prostora za to, da bi stranka brez pritiska povedala svoje mnenje. Odločitev sodnika bo brezkompromisna, kar pomeni, da bo le za eno stranko predstavljala pravico in zadoščenje. Na drugi strani pa izrazi sprava, mirovni proces, kompromis in sodelovanje predstavljajo »novo« kulturo reševanja sporov, kjer sodelujoči vzamejo spor v svoje roke in skušajo najti rešitev, s katero so zadovoljni vsi udeleženci spora. V tem primeru gre za skupek postopkov, ki so alternativa sodnemu odločanju. »Izraz "alternativno" ima svoj izvor v tem, da naj bi šlo za alternativo klasičnemu civilnemu sodnemu postopku. Ta naj bi bil na splošno preveč zapleten, rigiden, prepočasen in ponekod (zlasti v državah sistema Common Law) tudi občutno predrag, za pravdne stranke pa tudi zelo frustrirajoč zaradi popolne izgube nadzora nad pravili in nad končnim izidom postopka« . Velik problem klasičnega civilnega sodstva v Sloveniji so predvsem sodni zaostanki, zaradi katerih gre pogosto za kršitev odločanja v razumnem roku. Evropsko sodišče je že v več sodbah poudarilo, da je pravica vsakega, da prejme odločbo v razumnem času, izjemnega pomena za ustrezno uveljavljanje pravice do sodnega varstva . Zlasti zaradi preobremenjenosti sodišč in sodnih zaostankov se v sedanjem času daje velik poudarek na uvajanje in razvijanje alternativnega reševanja sporov. Alternativno reševanje sporov (ARS) oziroma alternative dispute resolution (ADR) ni sojenje, ki se praviloma izvaja v okviru sodišč, ampak gre za izvensodno reševanje sporov, kjer stranke s pomočjo ene ali več tretjih nevtralnih oseb sporazumno oblikujejo rešitev. Te oblike reševanja konfliktov so predvsem bolj fleksibilne, mogoče jih je prilagajati potrebam konkretnega spora. Po mnenju teorije in prakse je glavni in tipični predstavnik ARS mediacija, ki pa so se ji takoj ali pa sčasoma pridružile še druge metode. Zakon o alternativnem reševanju sodnih sporov (v nadaljevanju ZARSS) kot metode ARS našteva postopke mediacije, arbitraže, zgodnje nevtralne ocene, hkrati pa navaja, da je ARS katerikoli postopek, ki je podoben naštetim alternativnim razsojevalnim postopkom . »Iz same narave »alternativnosti« izhaja, da je število metod ARS neomejeno, torej ne velja tako imenovano načelo numerus clausus« . Društvo mediatorjev Slovenije v svojem velikem priročniku o mediaciji z naslovom Mediacija v teoriji in praksi zraven mediacije našteva še sledeče metode ARS: zgodnja nevtralna ocena, obvezna nezavezujoča arbitraža, mini sojenje, sumarna porotna obravnava, poravnalni narok, zase For as long as humanity has existed conflicts have accompanied more or less every sort of human relations and have ensured their healthy development. Conflict, at its' most fundamental level represents at least two opposing mindsets which appear at the same time and place and pursue a shared goal. It serves as a confrontation of two ideas which can end very poorly if it turns into verbal, psychological or physical violence. At that point conflict resolution crosses the line of its functionality and obscures all of the inherently positive qualities of conflict. Depending on the nature and level of a relationship conflict in a certain phase may lead to a tragic outcome. Unresolved conflicts can distort into a source of frustration and even hostility. We often fear conflicts due to their negative connotations while in fact they are simply indicative of our heterogeneity which is a fact in and of itself. Therefore the greatest concern regarding conflicts should not be the fact of their existence but rather the approach we choose in their resolution. The end result is not as relevant as the manner of the process. Throughout the evolution of mankind a whole pallet of methods of managing, eliminating and resolving such conflicts has evolved. However the ways in which we can settle or resolve conflicts between individuals or groups is finite. The predominant method of resolving conflicts today is the course of legal proceedings, which are not unified but depend on the object of dispute. During the legal proceedings the resolution of the dispute will necessarily follow a set of pre-determined legal norms, which make no room for a party to express its opinion without any sort of pressure. The judges’ decision at the end of the proceedings will be uncompromising which means that only one of the parties will find it fair and satisfactory. On the other hand terms such as reconciliation, peace process, compromise and cooperation present a “new” culture of conflict resolution wherein the participants take the dispute into their own hands and attempt to find a satisfactory solution for all involved parties. These courses of procedure form a comprehensive alternative to judicial decision. The choice of term “alternative” originates in the fact that these methods of conflict resolution present an alternative course to the classic civil legal judicial process which can generally be said to be too complex, rigid, slow and in some cases (especially in the countries utilizing the so called Common Law system) too expensive for the disputing parties as well as very frustrating due to the complete loss of control over the rules and end result of the process. A big problem of the classic civil judicial system in Slovenia is the matter of numerous unresolved cases which often comes to a violation of right of decision in a reasonable time limit. The Court of Justice of the European Union has stressed in several decisions that a parties’ right to receive a legal decision in a timely manner is of the utmost importance to the appropriate application of the parties’ legal rights. Taking into account that and the instances of court overload it is not surprising that nowadays evermore attention is given to the implementation and development of alternative dispute resolution. Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) or alternativno reševanje sporov (ARS) is not a trial in the sense of a formal judicial proceeding, but an extrajudicial method of dispute resolution in the course of which the disputing parties form a consensual solution to the dispute with the aid of one or more neutral third parties. These forms of conflict resolution are mainly more flexible allowing their modification to the specific requirements of the specific conflict. According to the legal theory and practice the classic form of ADR is mediation which was later joined by other, similar methods. Zakon o alternativnem reševanju sodnih sporov (in the following ZARSS) recognizes the proceedings of mediation, arbitrage, and early neutral assessment as the methods of ADR

Despite the judiciary's central role in the capitalist market system, micro-level empirical analyses of courts in post-socialist countries are remarkably rare. This paper draws on a unique hand-collected dataset of commercial claims filed at Slovenian courts to examine the determinants of two salient adjudicatory outcomes: whether a case was resolved via trial or settlement and if the case was tried, whether the plaintiff was awarded the initial claim. Consistent with the divergent expectations theory of litigation, we find that trial-based resolution is more likely when the case is complex and less likely when parties use mediation. Addressing sample selection and endogeneity concerns, we show that defendant's legal representation, plaintiff's profitability, and, importantly, court identity are robust predictors of plaintiff victory at trial. Thus, more than two decades after the start of transition in Slovenia, the judicial system is still a source of legal inconsistency and uncertainty.

The paper presents a brief overview of selected arbitration-related issues (legal framework for arbitration, different types of arbitration, arbitration agreement, arbitrators, seat of arbitration, law applicable to the arbi- tration proceedings and merits, arbitration award, costs), in light of con- temporary arbitration trends and practices and with special emphasis on Serbian legislation and existing arbitral practice in Serbia. Further- more, it provides readers with drafting considerations when agreeing to arbitration, and comparative analyses of advantages and disadvan- tages of arbitration, as dispute resolution mechanism which can, in aut- hors' view, significantly contribute to reduction of transaction costs and overall improvement of business environment in Serbia.

SUMMARY: MEDIATION OF COMMERCIAL DISPUTES - DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES Dr. Martin Svatoš This paper addresses the mediation and its use in the both domestic and international commercial disputes. The milieu that serves as a source of the problems to be resolved during mediation is a specific one. It demands quick, cost-effective and confidential resolution of complicated disputes involving several parties. In general, this cannot be granted by the traditional ways of dispute resolution - litigation and arbitration. Mediation is regarded as a cost-effective and quick extrajudicial resolution of disputes in civil and commercial matters through processes tailored to the needs of the parties. On the other hand, there are several legal and legal-related issues that have to be discussed. And thus, the question that remains to be answered is: Is mediation really as effective as it is told? And in the case of a positive answer - why it is not the most commonly used dispute resolution procedure? The main goal of this thesis is to answer these queries. Its first part focuses on the issue of mediation in general. Quite surprisingly, there is no exact definition of mediation neither in the legal acts, nor in the opinion of the ADR experts. In contrast, plenty of definition can be found after short...

V diplomskem delu sem predstavila alternativno reševanje sporov, predvsem gospodarskih, ter reševanje le-teh z mediacijo. Mediacija je postopek, v katerem stranke prostovoljno s pomočjo tretje nevtralne osebe skušajo doseči mirno rešitev spora. Mirno reševanje sporov v gospodarstvu je bistvenega pomena za dobro in uspešno poslovanje podjetij v sodobnem gospodarskem okolju. Sporom se je težko izogniti, zato je pomembno, da znamo z njimi upravljati predvsem, da znamo dobro komunicirati, se pogajati. V gospodarskih sporih se za reševanje večinoma uporablja mediacija, saj je najprimernejša za ugodno rešitev spora predvsem zaradi zaupnosti postopka, kar je za stranke zelo velikega pomena, saj pomaga ohranjati nadaljnje poslovne odnose med strankama. Pomembno vlogo pri tem igra mediator, ki s svojim vodenjem in usmerjanjem mediacijskega postopka pomaga strankama, da sprejmeta svojo končno odločitev. Nadvse pomembno je, kako se podjetja soočajo s spori ter za kakšne načine reševanja se odločijo, saj je za prihodnost uspešnih podjetij bistvenega pomena prav sposobnost dobre komunikacije in pogajanj. Ključ dobrih poslovnih odnosov je predvsem možnost in sposobnost prilagajanja razmeram, v katerih se podjetje znajde. In this thesis I have introduced an alternative dispute resolution, particularly economic disputes, and resolving them with mediation. Mediation is a procedure in which clients voluntarily with help of a third neutral person, try to achieve calm solution of dispute.

Reševanje sporov na mednarodnem nivoju je dandanes postalo pogosto in potrebno, zlasti v trgovinskih sporih. Arbitraža predstavlja način reševanja sporov, ki temelji na soglasju (sporazumu) sprtih strank. Nadalje mednarodna trgovinska arbitraža predstavlja zelo pogost način reševanja sporov v pravnih razmerjih z mednarodnim elementom (na primer: stranki prihajata iz različnih držav). Najpomembnejša delitev arbitraž, je delitev na priložnostno (ad hoc) in institucionalno arbitražo, pri čemer ima vsaka določene prednosti, pa tudi slabosti. Prednost reševanja spora z arbitražo je tudi v možnosti strank, da določijo pravo, ki naj se uporabi za presojo arbitražnega sporazuma, merodajna procesna pravila in pravo, ki naj se uporabi za vsebinsko presojo spora. Avtonomija volje strank predstavlja najpomembnejši pravni vir arbitraže. Stranke lahko izberejo tudi tri različne skupine pravnih pravil, ki naj se uporabijo za presojo posameznega področja. Arbitri so dolžni spoštovati avtonomijo volje strank in delovati v skladu z izraženim soglasjem volj strank. V primeru odsotnosti sporazuma strank o pravu, ki naj se uporabi, so za določitev merodajnega prava pristojni arbitri. Pri izbiri in določitvi merodajnega prava bodisi s strani strank, bodisi s strani arbitrov, pa obstajajo določene omejitve, ki pridejo do izraza zlasti v zadnji fazi — to je v postopku izpodbijanja domačih arbitražnih odločb in v postopku priznavanja in izvršitve tujih arbitražnih odločb pred nacionalnimi sodišči. Upoštevanje teh omejitev s strani strank in arbitrov je bistvenega pomena za učinkovanje arbitražne odločbe. Nowadays settlement of disputes on international level has become very common and neccessary, esspecially in commercial disputes. The arbitration is a consensual mean of a dispute resolution. Moreover international commercial arbitration is a very frequent method for dispute settlement between private parties when international element is involved (for example: the parties come from different countries). There are two most important forms of arbitration - ad hoc and institutional arbitration, which both have some advantages and also some disadvantages. One of the advantages regarding arbitration is also in the possibility of the parties to determine the law applicable to the arbitration agreement, the law governing the arbitration procedure and the law applicable to the merits of the dispute. The most important source of arbitration is party autonomy. The parties can choose three diferent set of regulations for each issue. The arbitrators must respect the party autonomy and act accordingly. Failing such agreement between the parties, arbitrators themselves have the competence to choose the applicable law. There are different methods and ways of determining the applicable law by the arbitrators. However, there are some limits, which the parties and the arbitrators should take into consideration when deciding on the applicable law and are emphasized esspecially in the last stage – in the process of setting aside domestic awards and in the process of recognition and enforcement of foreign awards by the national courts. The consideration of those limitations is essential for the award to have binding effects on the parties.

Метою цієї статті є аналіз чинного законодавства, праць вчених щодо доцільності (недоцільності) досудового врегулювання господарських спорів та внесення окремих пропозицій щодо удосконалення претензійної роботи. При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/10644

The presentation sets forth the reasons for promoting arbitration in German-Croatian relations. Basic features of the Croatian arbitration law were outlined as well as the recent developments in the field of arbitration.

Traduction de textes paléo-assyriens illustrant des litiges commerciaux et montrant les mécanismes de la justice

The aim of this paper is to discuss briefly how the EU rules on jurisdiction, choice of law and alternative dispute resolution in civil and commercial matters operate in the context of mobile computing. The article first looks at rules on jurisdiction in commercial disputes, both between businesses and between businesses and consumers. It then discusses the choice-of-law issues applicable to mobile computing. Finally, there is an examination of alternative dispute resolution as an alternative to regular courts in transactions involving mobile computing.