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The Stroop paradigm was used to examine the role of phonological activation in semantic access and its development in reading Chinese characters. Subjects (age 7-23 years) of different reading ability were asked to name the display color of Chinese characters. The characters were displayed in four different colors: red, yellow, blue and green. There were five types of relationships between a character and its display color: semantically congruent, phonologically congruent, semantically incongruent, phonologically incongruent and neutral. In addition to the classical Stroop effects, interference and facilitation effects from the homophones of color characters were also observed. The younger children and those with lower reading ability exhibited stronger Stroop effects. These findings suggest that phonological codes are activated automatically in Chinese character recognition. Furthermore, there is more phonological activation in the semantic retrieval of children in lower grades and those with lower reading ability.

A new sympathetic ink that produces a violet color upon development was developed to develop chemical demonstrations using consumer chemicals. The demonstration was to have a simple, relatively safe reagent system that could be used to make a brightly colored, highly visible "magic sign" for use in science outreach programs.

Line Extensions are among the most common form of product launch in packaged goods markets. As part of this process, brand managers must decide the visual design of the new variant's packaging. To inform this decision making, this research aims to empirically quantify the efficacy of using colors versus images as signals of product variety on pack. We compare the use of color on 576 packs with perceptions of 1,853 category buyers across three categories in the USA. We find that for 84% of variant types, marketers use common colors to signal variety on pack, while consumers perceive that only 56% of variant types are represented by a particular color. Of greater concern, the colors used in practice and those expected by consumers align in only 16% of cases. By comparison, images are linked to variant types to a significantly greater extent (39% of cases). This suggests images are a stronger and more explicit signal of product variety than color. There are multiple implications arising from this study. It expands scholarly research on the use of colors in product extensions and, at the same time, provides a series of valuable benchmarks for industry practice in the portfolio management domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acquiring the thickness field of a soap film from interference colors requires an accurate relationship between color and film thickness. Throughout the literature, an interference relation derived using monochromatic waves is widely used to calculate the colors of soap films illuminated by light sources with significant frequency bandwidths by applying the relation at a number of discrete wavelengths in the source, which assumes that the interfering waves are perfectly coherent. However, since the coherence between waves is expected to decrease with increasing film thickness, it is poorly understood when interference relations derived using monochromatic waves can be applied. In this study, an interference relation incorporating the coherence between interfering waves is derived. The effects of coherence on the interference colors of soap films are then studied by comparing the colors computed using each of these two interference relations for light sources with different frequency bandwidths. As the frequency bandwidth of the light source increases, the difference in the colors computed using each interference relation increases, which implies that the accuracy of the method involving the monochromatic relation decreases with increasing frequency bandwidth of the source. The findings of this study will allow for more accurate measurements of the thickness of soap films from their interference colors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let G be a simple connected graph having finite number of vertices (nodes). Let a coloring game is played on the nodes of G by two players, Alice and Bob alternately assign colors to the nodes such that the adjacent nodes receive different colors with Alice taking first turn. Bob wins the game if he is succeeded to assign k distinct colors in the neighborhood of some vertex, where k is the available number of colors, otherwise Alice wins. The game chromatic number of G is the minimum number of colors that are needed for Alice to win this coloring game and is denoted by Xg(G). In this paper, the game chromatic number Xg(G) for some interconnecting networks such as infinite honeycomb network, elementary wall of infinite height and infinite octagonal network is determined. Also, the bounds for the game chromatic number Xg(G) of infinite oxide network are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorblindness is a genetic condition that affects a person's ability to accurately perceive colors. Several papers still exist making use of rainbow colors palette to show output. In such cases, for colorblind people such graphs are meaningless. In this paper, we propose good practices and coding solutions developed in the R Free and Open Source Software to (i) simulate colorblindness, (ii) develop colorblind friendly color palettes and (iii) provide the tools for converting a noncolorblind friendly graph into a new image with improved colors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ceres is a partially differentiated dwarf planet located in the main asteroid belt. Consus crater (diameter ∼64 km) is one of the oldest impact features (∼450 Ma) on the Cerean surface that surprisingly still shows a large variety of color lithologies, including exposures of bright material, which are thought to be brine residues. Here, we present new results that help in understanding the structure and composition of the Cerean crust. These results were deduced by using newly processed Dawn Framing Camera (FC) color imagery and FC clear filter images combined with infrared spectral data of Dawn's Visible and Infrared Spectrometer (VIR). Consus exhibits a variety of color lithologies, which we describe in detail. Interestingly, we found three spectrally different types of bright material exposed by a large old crater on Consus' floor. One of these, the yellowish bright material (Nathues et al., 2023, https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2023/pdf/1073.pdf) and its modification, shows spectral signatures consistent with ammonium‐enriched smectites. We hypothesize that the ammonium in these smectites stems from contact with ascending brines, originating from a low‐lying former brine ocean that has been enriched in ammonium during the differentiation and freezing process of the Cerean crust. This enrichment is mainly due to ammonium uptake by sheet silicates. If such an ammonium enrichment occurred over long‐time scales on a global scale, this process may explain the vast presence of ammonium on the Cerean surface. Therefore, an outer solar system origin of Ceres is possibly not needed to explain the global presence of ammonium. Plain Language Summary: Ceres is the largest object in the asteroid belt and surprisingly exhibits surface features formed by recent cryo‐volcanism, although evolution models predicted an inactive, completely frozen body. Cryo‐volcanism possibly stems from a brine layer at the crust‐mantle transition. The global presence of ammonium on the Cerean surface led to the conclusion of a potential outer solar system origin of Ceres. Here, we investigate the structure of its crust, by studying one of the older, but still mineralogical diverse, impact craters that excavated originally low‐lying materials. For our study, we are using data of the Dawn Framing Camera, spectral data of the Visible and Infrared Spectrometer as well as several geoscientific remote sensing methods. We describe "yellowish bright material" for the first time (Nathues et al., 2023, https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2023/pdf/1073.pdf), that is spectrally unique in our color data and exhibits a strong absorption feature in the near‐infrared caused by ammonium. We hypothesize that the ammonium enrichment of this surface material is mainly a consequence of an ammonium exchange between rising brines and near‐surface phyllosilicates. If true, this would strengthen the case for the existence of a low‐lying ammonium‐rich brine layer, which in turn could weaken the hypothesis of an outer solar system origin for Ceres. Key Points: The old impact crater Consus still shows a large variety of color lithologiesThe yellow bright material lithology is ammonium‐enrichedWe hypothesize that this ammonium stems from ascending originally low‐lying brines [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A b-coloring of a graph G is a proper coloring of its vertices such that each color class contains a vertex that has a neighbor in every other color classes. The b-chromatic number of a graph G, denoted by b(G), is the largest integer k such that G admits a b-coloring with k colors. Let Ge be the graph obtained from G by subdividing the edge e. A graph G is sdb-critical if b(Ge) < b(G) holds for any edge e of G. In this paper, we first present several basic properties of sdb-critical graphs and then we give a characterization of sdb-critical P4-sparse graphs and sdb-critical quasi-line graphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human visual analyzer is a high form of evolution. Some jellyfish can distinguish light and dark objects with sensitive cells. Squids, octopuses, and nautiluses from Cephalopods family have eyes with which they can see objects. Visual information is processed in the brain. In fishes, the visual analyzer evolved. Fishes living below 100 m depth inhabit a world with blue light. The authors consider the evolution of vision in these fishes due to the lowest absorption of blue and violet colors of electromagnetic waves from the optical spectrum. Subsequently, on land, in humans vision evolved towards the green color. Green is the most prevalent color on the land. In humans, three light-sensitive cones evolved – S, M, and L. S cones are most sensitive to blue, M – to green, and L – to red color in the spectrum. Some humans retain sensitivity of S to genetic changes and disorders. Additive color mi­xing is a high form of color perception in humans. The additive mixing of different colors achieves a new color in the human visual analyzer. Remarkably, different individuals perceive observed images in varying manners. Mixing neighboring colors on the spectrum gives one, two, or three colors. This process is estimated using graphical modeling. The graphical modeling with two colors allows for the creation of additive colors. One, two, or three additive colors can be obtained. The production of colors results from the light sensitivity of S, M, and L cones. An analysis that phy­sically demonstrates the mixing of green and red colors, resulting in the colors yellow or orange. When blue and red are mixed, the resulting colors are green, yellow, and orange is proposed. The additive mixing of blue and yellow gives green. The subjective nature of visual perception, influenced by the viewer’s heightened sensitivity to one of the colors, beco­mes evident in the presence of two colors. Notably, when the background is violet, the sensitivity of the blue cones diminishes.

This study presents information about the meaning of connotations, grammatical construction, and semantic categories of color idioms in Arabic. Through library research, the main data source is Mu'jam at-Ta'bir al-Ishthilahi. Data collection techniques are reading techniques and note-taking techniques. The determining element sorting technique is used to analyze the data. The results of this study show that white and black are the dominant elements in forming Arabic idioms, followed by yellow, green, and red. White color is dominated by positive connotations, although there are uses with negative and neutral connotations. In contrast, black is dominated by negative connotations, and there is one data with positive and neutral connotations. The colors yellow and green only have negative connotations. Meanwhile, red has both positive and negative connotations. There are full and partial idioms in terms of the meaning of the forming elements. In terms of grammatical construction, there are three categories: First, N + Adj. The colors in this construction are all attribute elements. Second: Intransitive verb + N, which is one case. Third: V + Preposition 'ala + Adjective, which is one case. Fourth: Verb + preposition + Adjective + conjunction + adjective, which is one case. The implication is that color symbolization is closely related to people’s perceptions. In Arab society, giving connotations to black is more dominant as a negative or white as a positive symbol. However, color connotations are not closed. The connotation of a particular color is closely related to the language user's perception of the object.

Commercially available resin cements consist of various filler sizes, filler content and monomers, and it is unclear which of these factors have the greatest effect on the color stability of laminate veneers. To evaluate the color stability of lithium disilicate-reinforced laminate veneers inserted with three commercial resin cements with various filler sizes/contents and monomers upon accelerated aging. Veneers were fabricated and cemented on resin abutments using three commercially available resin cements comprised of two different monomers and varying filler sizes/contents: 1) triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, TEGDMA (RelyX™ Veneer = 0.6 µm/66 %, Calibra® Esthetic Light Cure =1.2 µm/65 %); and 2) urethane dimethacrylate, UDMA (Variolink Esthetic LC = 0.1 µm/38 %). A total of 60 specimens were fabricated (n = 20 for each cement). The relative number of particles (N) and relative surface area (A) were calculated for each filler size/content. Color coordinates (L*, a*, b*) were measured, and color change (ΔE 00) was calculated after cementation and following aging at 150, 300, 450, and 600 h using xenon light. Differences in color coordinates and color change were determined using repeated measures ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test (α =.05). A post-hoc power analysis was performed to confirm reliability of the results. Based on a post-hoc power analysis of a repeated measures ANOVA with two between-factors and 1 within-factor, we had 89 % power to detect a difference of effect by cement type, 10 % power to detect a difference by shade, and 100 % power to detect a difference of effect by aging. The UDMA-based cement (0.1 µm/38 %) was least affected by aging, despite having the largest number of particles (N = 1010) and largest particle surface area (A = 7.02). The TEGDMA-based cements exhibited a significant color change, with 0.6 µm/66 % (A = 2.03, N = 8.12) producing a larger ΔE 00 than 1.2 µm/65 % (A = 1.00, N = 1.00). Among the commercial cements tested, UDMA-based resin (0.1 µm/38 %) provided better color stability than TEGDMA-based resin cements. The color change after aging was affected by the relative surface area and relative number of particles for the TEGDMA-based resin cement (0.6 µm/66 % and 1.2 µm/65 %), with a larger surface area and a higher relative number of particles, accelerated color change with aging. The present study demonstrates a novel approach to determine color stability for any resin cement with particulate filler. The dental practitioner should be selective in choosing a commercial light cure cementation product for laminate veneers, as UDMA containing resin cement is more resistant to color changes over time than TEGDMA, regardless of the filler size/content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive research with developmental samples requires improved methods that support large‐scale, diverse, and open science. This paper offers initial evidence to support the Mobile Toolbox (MTB), a self‐administered remote smartphone‐based cognitive battery, in youth populations, from a pilot sample of 99 children (Mage = 11.79 years; 36% female; 53% White, 33% Black or African American, 9% Asian, and 15% Hispanic). Completion rates (95%–99%), practice performance (96%–100%), internal consistency (0.60–0.98), and correlations with similar NIHTB measures (0.55–0.77) provide the first evidence to support the MTB in a youth sample, although there were some inconsistencies across measures. Preliminary findings provide promising evidence of the MTB in developmental populations, and further studies are encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kuiper Belt object (KBO) Arrokoth, the farthest object in the Solar System ever visited by a spacecraft, possesses a distinctive reddish surface and is characterized by pronounced spectroscopic features associated with methanol. However, the fundamental processes by which methanol ices are converted into reddish, complex organic molecules on Arrokoth's surface have remained elusive. Here, we combine laboratory simulation experiments with a spectroscopic characterization of methanol ices exposed to proxies of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs). Our findings reveal that the surface exposure of methanol ices at 40 K can replicate the color slopes of Arrokoth. Sugars and their derivatives (acids, alcohols) with up to six carbon atoms, including glucose and ribose--fundamental building block of RNA--were ubiquitously identified. In addition, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with up to six ring units (13C22H12) were also observed. These sugars and their derivatives along with PAHs connected by unsaturated linkers represent key molecules rationalizing the reddish appearance of Arrokoth. The formation of abundant sugar-related molecules dubs Arrokoth as a sugar world and provides a plausible abiotic preparation route for a key class of biorelevant molecules on the surface of KBOs prior to their delivery to prebiotic Earth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to examine the physicochemical properties of moringa seeds and assess the oil extracted from the seeds. The seeds were collected from Eldamazine in the Blue Nile state and Alsamrab north of Khartoum. The oil extracted using hexane, the color of oil examined using a Lovibond tintometer, showed red and yellow colors (0.02, 3.9) for moringa and (2.3, 31.9) for olive oil respectively. Viscosity, density, and refractive index are (23.81, 0.90, 1.472 cp) for moringa oil and (73.5, 0.91, 1.551 cp) for olive oil, respectively. Chemical characteristics of moringa and olive are free fatty acid, peroxide value, iodine value, and saponification value (0.19%, 0.49 mg O2/kg/oil 63.5 mg 1/kg/oil, 81.55 mg/kg/oil, 172 mg KOH / kg oil). GLC was used to detect the fatty acid composition of moringa oil which are Palmitoleic acid (0.1860%), Palmitic acid (3.248%), Linoleic acid (0.0690%), Oleic acid (71.57%), Linolenic acid (6.725%), Stearic acid (7.127%), Arachidic acid (0.9820%), Gadoleic acid (3.842%), Behnic acid (5.973 %) and Arachidonic acid (0.2320 %). Moringa oil contained a high content of tocopherol (257 mg liter). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Logos: A Journal, of Religion, Philosophy Comparative Cultural Studies & Art (08687692) is the property of Logos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of listening to fetal heartbeats (FHBs) on the feelings of normal and high-risk pregnancies (HRPs), and to learn the colors and geometrical figures representing their feelings. STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective cohort study consisted of 291 pregnant women who applied for a non-stress test (NST). Participants were divided into two groups; 1: Normal pregnancies (Group1) and 2: HRPs (Group2). Demographic variables, feelings in response to listening to FHBs (negative, neutral, positive), grade mark (0-10) of feelings, color (warm, neutral, cold), and figure (simple, complex) preferences were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 291 women, 172 (59.1%) Group 1 participants were compared to 119 (40.9%) Group 2 participants. Group 1 and Group 2 had similar feelings (p>0.05), however, the rate of negative feelings was higher in Group 2 (11.6% vs. 20.2%). Higher marks were observed in Group 2 with happiness and peace/relaxation after listening to FHBs. Fear was the lowest mark in women with positive/neutral feelings in both groups. Women in Group 1 preferred warm colors regardless of their feelings. Women in Group 2 who have positive feelings chose warm colors, whereas women who felt neutral or negative more commonly chose cold (55.5%) and neutral (41.7%) colors (p=0.017). Independent of feelings, simple figures were predominately preferred (p=0.04). CONCLUSION: NST is more than a perinatal surveillance method and listening to FHBs has a positive impact on the feelings of pregnancies. Warm colors were commonly related to positive feelings. Simple figures were preferred regardless of feelings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human visual analyzer is a high form of evolution. Some jellyfish can distinguish light and dark objects with sensitive cells. Squids, octopuses, and nautiluses from Cephalopods family have eyes with which they can see objects. Visual information is processed in the brain. In fishes, the visual analyzer evolved. Fishes living below 100 m depth inhabit a world with blue light. The authors consider the evolution of vision in these fishes due to the lowest absorption of blue and violet colors of electromagnetic waves from the optical spectrum. Subsequently, on land, in humans vision evolved towards the green color. Green is the most prevalent color on the land. In humans, three light-sensitive cones evolved – S, M, and L. S cones are most sensitive to blue, M – to green, and L – to red color in the spectrum. Some humans retain sensitivity of S to genetic changes and disorders. Additive color mixing is a high form of color perception in humans. The additive mixing of different colors achieves a new color in the human visual analyzer. Remarkably, different individuals perceive observed images in varying manners. Mixing neighboring colors on the spectrum gives one, two, or three colors. This process is estimated using graphical modeling. The graphical modeling with two colors allows for the creation of additive colors. One, two, or three additive colors can be obtained. The production of colors results from the light sensitivity of S, M, and L cones. An analysis that physically demonstrates the mixing of green and red colors, resulting in the colors yellow or orange. When blue and red are mixed, the resulting colors are green, yellow, and orange is proposed. The additive mixing of blue and yellow gives green. The subjective nature of visual perception, influenced by the viewer’s heightened sensitivity to one of the colors, becomes evident in the presence of two colors. Notably, when the background is violet, the sensitivity of the blue cones diminishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Person-in-the-Rain (PITR) drawing scoring system primarily assesses stress, excluding consideration of color usage. In contrast, the Formal Elements Art Therapy Scale (FEATS) effectively evaluates psychopathological disorders and provides a comprehensive assessment of color usage. This study aimed to: (1) develop an alternative scoring system for PITR by modifying FEATS, (2) explore the clinical significance of color in PITR by examining its relationship with Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21), and (3) determine if color mediates the relationship between DASS-21 and FEATS-based PITR ratings. We recruited 61 college students who completed PITR and DASS-21. PITR drawings were coded using modified FEATS. Findings suggest that the modified FEATS scoring system provides clinically meaningful information for assessing stress, coping mechanisms, anxiety, and depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This final project aims to explain the cowhide leather through a pull-up mill finishing technique based on colorant variation. The raw materials used were crust cowhide, with an average thickness of 1.43 mm, which was divided into two treatments in samples 1 and 2. Sample 1 was completed by finishing using liquid dye dyes, while sample 2 with liquid dyestuff and pigments. The results of the trial were obtained with physical tests and organoleptic tests. The physical test results for dry rubbing resistance in experiments 1 and 2 showed results that were following consumer standards, while wet rubbing resistance in sample 1 and 2 showed loss of color so they did not comply with consumer standards. The organoleptic test was done by giving questionnaires to respondents who were experts in the fields. The results of the organoleptic test in sample 1 were uneven color, poor coverage of defects, strong pull-up effect, moderately even mill grain effect, limp skin, fairly even skin density, and slightly raised lid paint. While on sample 2, the color was even, the defects were covered, the pull-up effect was quite strong, the mill grain effect was uneven, the skin was limp, the skin density was even, and the covering paint on the lid was small raised. According to the physis and organoleptic results, leather produced by colorant variation used liquid dyestuff close to the standard for pull up mill article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For an edge-colored graph (resp. a vertex-colored graph), a subset of edges (resp. vertices) is called monochromatic if all elements are assigned the same color. An edge-coloring of G is called monochromatic disconnection coloring (or MD-coloring for short) if for any two vertices u , v of G there exists a monochromatic edge set M such that u , v are in different components of G − M. Gao and Li introduce the concept monochromatic vertex disconnection coloring (or MVD-coloring for short) of G : for any two vertices u , v of G , there is a monochromatic vertex set S such that u , v are in different components of G − S if u v ∉ E (G) , and if u v ∈ E (G) , then u or v has the same color as S and u , v belong to distinct components of (G − u v) − S. Fu and Zhang introduce another version of MVD-coloring by considering only nonadjacent vertices (in order to avoid confusion, we call the vertex-coloring a weak monochromatic vertex disconnection coloring , or WMVD-coloring for short). We use m d (G) (resp. m v d (G) , w m v d (G)) to denote the maximum number of colors that are used in an MD-coloring (resp. an MVD-coloring, a WMVD-coloring) of G. In this paper, we show that MVD-colorings and WMVD-colorings are equivalence in triangle-free graphs, and for any graph G , we can obtain a triangle-free graph H in polynomial time such that m v d (G) = w m v d (H). We also show that there exist bijections between MD-colorings of L (G) (here, L (G) is the line graph of G), WMVD-colorings of G and MVD-colorings of G if G is a triangle-free graph without pendent edges, and show that for any graph G , we can get a triangle-free graph H in polynomial time such that m d (L (G)) = m v d (H) = w m v d (H). In addition, we give a complexity result on MD-colorings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Adjacent-Vertex-Distinguishing Total Coloring (AVDTC) conjecture asserts that every simple graph can be colored with an AVDTC using at most Δ + 3 colors. We show that this conjecture is satisfied for all the Sierpiński graphs S p n , their regularizations + S p n and + + S p n and the fractals obtained as limit space of these graphs. Moreover, we construct explicit total colorings (with at most Δ + 2 colors) for Sierpiński triangles graphs S T p n and Sierpiński triangle fractal with the limit space S T p ∞ , for p ∈ { 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 } , and prove that the AVDTC conjecture is also valid for these cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasmonic coloration derived from metal nanoparticles and arrays has attracted great attention in the fields of color filters, sensors, and various photonic/optoelectronic devices. However, there are cases in which localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) coloration becomes an obstacle, and transparent plasmons are needed. In this study, we report an extremely transparent network structure film at an air–water interface composed of patchy spherical gold nanoparticles with two different ligands (oleylamine and mPEG-thiol). These films exhibit high surface pressure as a liquid film at an extremely low areal density of ∼10% while maintaining extremely transparent plasmonic colors even at high areal densities, reaching 40–60%. Such states of materials are regarded as "empty liquids" (liquid states with a vanishing density), which were predicted in theory but found in only a few cases experimentally in the past. The extremely transparent coloration of two-dimensional empty liquid films obtained in this study is reasonably interpreted by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) model simulations of network assembled structures with shorter gap distances. These findings will be crucial for the design of high-density transparent LSPR metamaterials for certain applications, such as plasmonic solar cells and smart windows, in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sensory colors that figure in visual perceptual experience are either properties of the object of consciousness (naïve realism, sense-data theory), or properties of the subject of consciousness (adverbialism) (Section 1). I consider an argument suggested by the work of A. D. Smith that the existence of certain kinds of perceptual constancies shows that adverbialism is correct, for only adverbialism can account for such constancies (Section 3). I respond on behalf of the naïve realist that naïve realism is compatible with the existence of such constancies, so long as naïve realism adopts the view that sensory colors are relational properties of physical objects, not intrinsic properties (Section 4). In other words, the naïve realist should adopt the theory of appearing (Section 5). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the meaning and significance of Gringsing textiles for people of Tenganan Pegringsingan village specifically, and for people in Bali more generally. People in this village treat Gringsing textiles as a sacred object that provides protection for the people who make and wear it. The textile's name aligns with the literal meaning of Gringsing, which is the absence of, or protection from, illnesses. The concept of protection interconnects the makers and the users. During the process of creation, the makers create protection through each step of the process; then, in reciprocation, the textiles provide protection to the makers and users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarindar Dhaliwal's exhibition, "When I grow up I want to be the namer of paint colors," explores the relationship between color and experience through video, paintings, and installations. The exhibition combines memory, imagination, and visual language to engage with India's colonial history and the renaming of colors on tapestry. One of the featured works, "Hey Hey Paula," focuses on the artist's experience of emigrating from India to England and Canada, highlighting the tensions between Western and South Asian perspectives. The installation uses red prints of engagement announcements to explore the cultural differences in relationships and marriage, challenging traditional notions of love and autonomy. [Extracted from the article]

We consider extensions of Brooks' classic theorem on vertex coloring where some colors cannot be used on certain vertices. In particular we prove that if G $G$ is a connected graph with maximum degree Δ(G)≥4 ${\rm{\Delta }}(G)\ge 4$ that is not a complete graph and P⊆V(G) $P\subseteq V(G)$ is a set of vertices where either (i)at most Δ(G)−2 ${\rm{\Delta }}(G)-2$ colors are forbidden for every vertex in P $P$, and any two vertices of P $P$ are at distance at least 4, or(ii)at most Δ(G)−3 ${\rm{\Delta }}(G)-3$ colors are forbidden for every vertex in P $P$, and any two vertices of P $P$ are at distance at least 3,then there is a proper Δ(G) ${\rm{\Delta }}(G)$‐coloring of G $G$ respecting these constraints. In fact, we shall prove that these results hold in the more general setting of list colorings. These results are sharp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall.ex Nees is a standing out medicinal herb. It contains a large quantity of andrographolide and wildly used a traditional herb in many countries. Andrographolide is found in all part of the plant. However, those part are different in color, active compound content and antioxidant activity. Even though, there are several methods to determine andrographolide and antioxidant. They are chemical involved, complicated and time consuming. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop estimation method of andrograhpholide content and antioxidant activities by CIE color parameters. The result showed that range of CIE color parameters of andrographolide sample were broad with range from light greyish yellow-green to greyish dark green. Antioxidant activity was barely correlated with colors. However, andrographolide content showed moderate correlation with colors. Dark green andrographis herb contain higher andrographolide than light greyish yellow-green one. Furthermore, andrographolide content could be numerical estimated by CIELab and CIELCh color parameters. The developed estimating method were easy, rapid and no chemical involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An edge-colored graph G c is called properly colored if any two adjacent edges receive distinct colors. An edge-colored graph G c is 2-colored-triangle-free if G c contains no 2-colored-triangle, where a 2-colored-triangle is an edge-colored triangle with exactly two colors. Let d c (v) be the number of colors on the edges incident to v in G c and let δ c (G c) be the minimum d c (v) for all v ∈ V (G c). In this paper we extend the definitions of proper vertex-pancyclic and proper edge-pancyclic to proper k -path-pancyclic, defined as follows: An edge-colored graph G c is said to be proper k -path-pancyclic if each properly colored path of length k is contained in a properly colored cycle of length l for every l with max { 3 , k + 2 } ≤ l ≤ | V (G c) |. We prove that an edge-colored 2-colored-triangle-free complete graph G c with δ c (G c) ≥ k + 3 is either (almost) proper k -path-pancyclic or contains a large monochromatic complete subgraph. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to verify the effects of atmospherics of a cool color (i.e., blue) and warm color (i.e., orange) on consumer behavior patterns when evaluating a product. Method: The sample consisted of 90 participants divided into three groups according to the background color of the site. Participants evaluated five products from a video call, and after that, they judged affirmatives. Time was also counted. Results: The blue group obtained the highest informative and utilitarian averages, and there was a high correlation between the informative and utilitarian items and purchase intention, showing that the conditions attached to a product's social status are directly linked to the economic and functional benefits it has and to the motivation to buy. The orange group performed the task with more difficulty, as they took a significant amount of time, so it became an aversive task. The linear regression analyses showed that factors related to the subject's self-esteem when purchasing a product are more determinant than the product's functionality. Originality: The general predictions of the BPM held up despite the color variation, but differences in the measures were still found when analyzing each product individually between the groups. Keywords: atmospherics; colors; Behavioral Perspective Model

The effects of constant and variable temperature hot-air drying methods on drying time, colors, nutrients, and volatile compounds of three chili pepper varieties were investigated in this study. Overall, the variable temperature drying could facilitate the removal of water, preserve surface color, and reduce the loss of total sugar, total acid, fat and capsaicin contents. Electronic-nose (E-nose) and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy (GC-IMS) analyses found that aldehydes, ketones, alcohols and esters contributed to the aroma of chili peppers. The drying process led to an increase in acids, furans and sulfides contents, while decreasing alcohols, esters and olefins levels. In addition, the three chili pepper varieties displayed distinct physical characteristics, drying times, chromatic values, nutrients levels and volatile profiles during dehydration. This study suggests variable temperature drying is a practical approach to reduce drying time, save costs, and maintain the commercial appeal of chili peppers.

A rainbow-free coloring of a k -uniform hypergraph H is a vertex-coloring which uses k colors but with the property that no edge of H attains all colors. Koerkamp and Z̆ivný showed that p = (k − 1) (log n) / n is the threshold function for the existence of a rainbow-free coloring of the random k -uniform hypergraph G k (n , p) , and presented that the case when p is close to the threshold is open. In this paper, we give an answer to the question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let P n and K n denote the induced path and complete graph on n vertices, respectively. The kite is the graph obtained from a P 4 by adding a vertex and making it adjacent to all vertices in the P 4 except one vertex with degree 1. A graph is (P 5 , kite)-free if it has no induced subgraph isomorphic to a P 5 or a kite. For a graph G , the chromatic number of G (denoted by χ (G)) is the minimum number of colors needed to color the vertices of G such that no two adjacent vertices receive the same color, and the clique number of G is the size of a largest clique in G. Here, we are interested in coloring the class of (P 5 , kite)-free graphs with small clique number. It is known that every (P 5 , kite, K 3)-free graph G satisfies χ (G) ≤ 3 , every (P 5 , kite, K 4)-free graph G satisfies χ (G) ≤ 4 , and that every (P 5 , kite, K 5)-free graph G satisfies χ (G) ≤ 6. In this paper, we show the following: • Every (P 5 , kite, K 6)-free graph G satisfies χ (G) ≤ 7. • Every (P 5 , kite, K 7)-free graph G satisfies χ (G) ≤ 9. We also give examples to show that the above bounds are tight. Based on these partial results and some other examples, we conjecture that every (P 5 , kite)-free graph G satisfies χ (G) ≤ ⌊ 3 ω (G) 2 ⌋ , and that the bound is tight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A strong edge-coloring of a graph G is a proper edge-coloring such that any two edges with distance at most 2 receive different colors. The strong chromatic index of G , denoted by χ s ′ (G) , is the least possible number of colors in a strong edge-coloring of G. Erdős and Nešetřil conjectured that every graph G with maximum degree Δ (G) has χ s ′ (G) ≤ 5 4 Δ (G) 2 − 1 2 Δ (G) + 1 4 if Δ (G) is odd and χ s ′ (G) ≤ 5 4 Δ (G) 2 if Δ (G) is even. In this paper, we prove that if G is a graph with Δ (G) ≤ 5 and maximum average degree less than 22 5 , then χ s ′ (G) ≤ 29. Our result implies that Erdős' conjecture holds for the case Δ (G) = 5 , if G has no subgraph with average degree at least 22 5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]