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In this paper we understand cities today as commodified spaces which must struggle at the intersection of cultural, ideological and historical tensions. In order to explore and problematise a contested city brand's marketing effort, we engage in multiple rounds of in-situ introspective reflections about a racialised city's place branding material. Based on the two authors' separate analyses of the same marketing material deriving from two separate theoretical starting points, we engage in agonistic conversation about how visible and invisible racialised tensions are represented. We highlight how absences and (in)visibilities can be predominantly understood as either colour-blindness or ideological fantasy. We find, despite our contrasting theoretical orientations, that a city brand is inevitably fractured and ruptured into 'a' non-identity or – to paraphrase Deleuze and Guattari – an empty body. We argue how achieving inclusive branding becomes an oxymoron as narratives surrounding a city are themselves more or less diverse, contested and polarised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a summary of a thesis on the ophthalmological manifestations of thyroid disorders and thyroid eye disease (TED). The thesis includes several studies that investigate the association between thyroid disorders and exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD), as well as the incidence of TED and its ophthalmological sequelae. The thesis also examines the use of topical anesthesia in strabismus surgery for patients with TED. The findings suggest a possible association between thyroid disorders and exudative AMD, provide valuable information on the incidence and characteristics of TED, and support the use of topical anesthesia in strabismus surgery for patients with TED. The thesis emphasizes the need for further research and highlights the clinical implications of the findings. [Extracted from the article]

The transmission of color experience has become a central concern in the development of devices for blind and visually impaired individuals. Several techniques have been implemented, taking into consideration other sensory modalities, in an attempt to find the most suitable solution to intersemiotically translate this visual information. The primary objective of this paper is to investigate various approaches to convey chromatic information for individuals with low vision or blindness and emphasize the importance of multi‐modal integration and cross‐modal interaction among different senses. This research brings together a wide variety of strategies utilized to translate color codes, such as patterns, temperatures, scents, music, and vibrations, with the aim of uncovering the advantages and disadvantages of each technique. A review of the existing literature suggests that interaction between multiple sensory channels is more effective in compensating for lack of vision. As a particularly relevant case study, attention will be paid to the enjoyment of art by people with visual impairments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significance: Clinicians, occupational health personnel, and educationalists need to make an appropriate choice of color vision screening test or tests when screening for color vision deficiency (CVD). Four color vision screening tests were assessed on the same sample of subjects against the anomaloscope as a reference, enabling direct comparison of these tests. Two of the tests are available in revised form, one has received little attention for inherited CVDs. Purpose: The objective of this study was to examine three new or revised color vision screening tests, together with the Ishihara, on their (1) sensitivity, (2) specificity, and (3) ability to provide a tentative assessment of severity and of differentiation between protanomaly and deuteranomaly deficiencies. Methods: Data from 104 color deficient and 38 color normal subjects were analyzed. The Hardy–Rand–Rittler (4th edition), City University (3rd edition), Ishihara (2005), and Mollon–Reffin tests were evaluated against the Oculus Heidelberg multi‐color anomaloscope. All screening tests were performed before anomaloscopy. Results: Sensitivity was comparable for the Ishihara, Hardy–Rand–Rittler, and City University tests (Chi‐square = 3.26, df = 2, p > 0.05), whereas the Mollon–Reffin had best specificity (100% using a threshold value of two). Compared with all other screening tests the Hardy–Rand–Rittler was the best at correctly classifying a deficiency: protanomaly (75%) and deuteranomaly (82%). While the Ishihara was good at detecting deutans (100%), it misclassified 100% of protans as being deutan. Finally, the Hardy–Rand–Rittler was the only screening test to successfully separate mild from medium severity of deficiency. Conclusions: Selection of screening test is dependent on the intended outcome of screening. Referral for more definitive CVD assessment is the preferred option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Color blindness (color vision deficiency) affects ~8% of males and ~ 0.4% females worldwide. Here we use the elicited lists method to investigate their semantic knowledge regarding "basic color terms" and their relationships. Lists were obtained from color vision deficient and normal observers. 32 dichromats (15 protanopes, 17 deuteranopes) and 32 normal trichromats (17 females, 15 males) diagnosed by a battery of color tests (Ishihara, City University Test, anomaloscope) wrote monolexemic lists of colors. Psychological salience of terms (ln(CSI)), adjacency between pairs of terms (ADJ; MDS) and the presence of clusters of terms defined on the basis of the Universals and evolution hypothesis were analyzed. All four groups of participants showed the same semantic memory structure: lists started with the cardinal primaries cluster (blue, red, yellow, green), followed by the achromatic primaries cluster (black and white), or the derived cluster (brown, orange, violet, pink, purple, and gray). After the clusters (cardinals, achromatics, and derived), a highly variable number of non‐basic terms appeared. This number was higher in normal trichromats. Non‐basic terms were not part of any cognitive cluster. The similarity in the lists of trichromats and dichromats suggest that both may acquire similar semantic knowledge about color terms. Several potential explanations are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims at evaluating the validity profile of Titmus vision screener V4 for gauging visual acuity and colour perception as a screening tool. Eleven hundred young adults attending eye OPD at a tertiary care center were included in the study. All individuals underwent distance visual acuity (DVA) measurement with Snellen chart and Titmus vision screener V4, at 6 m on the same day. Later, these individuals underwent colour vision testing with Ishihara pseudo isochromatic plates and Titmus vision screener V4. The age distribution ranged from 19 to 53 years with mean age as 26.6 years. Males (87.4%) were more as compared to females. Mean DVA measured by Snellen's chart and Titmus vision screener V4 were 0.088 ± 0.15 and 0.110 ± 0.17, respectively (p = 0.000). Mean difference between DVA by Snellen's chart and Titmus screener V4 was −0.021 ± 0.82 with 95% CI (−0.026 to −0.016). For measuring visual acuity, Titmus vision screener V4 showed a sensitivity of 99.5% and specificity of 90.6%. Negative predictive value and positive predictive value were 99.6% and 85.6%, respectively. For diagnosing colour perception, the Titmus vision screener V4 showed a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 99.8%. The negative predictive value and positive predictive value were 100% and 88.8% respectively. Area under the curve of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.960 with 95%CI (0.949–0.972). Our study supports use of Titmus vision screener V4 as an excellent screening tool for measurement of visual acuity as well as colour perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Stroke represents a primary cause of morbidity and mortality in pregnant and postpartum people. While pregnancy-related stroke has drawn increased attention in certain domains of health research (e.g. obstetrics, neurology), neuropsychology has yet to contribute to this literature. Given neuropsychologists' crucial role in stroke evaluation and rehabilitation efforts, our field is poised to offer insights into this important topic. Method: This review presents facts about pregnancy-related stroke most relevant for neuropsychologists, including epidemiology, risk factors, and mechanisms, alongside clinical considerations and open areas of inquiry. Structured in the format of a traditional neuropsychological evaluation, we walk readers through factors to consider in record review, the clinical interview, and providing feedback and recommendations. Conclusions: Pregnancy-related stroke can be associated with marked functional disability and decreased quality of life, and it is notable that prevalence rates are increasing. Presenting at a time when people are experiencing adjustment to a new phase of life, and most commonly affecting women of color and other vulnerable populations, pregnancy-related stroke is a unique condition warranting special attention within the broader stroke discourse. This review aims to serve as a starting point for neuropsychologists to better understand the unique attributes of pregnancy-related stroke through a neuropsychology lens. Beyond that, it aims to promote broader meaningful discussion of neuropsychology's role in women's health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital watermarking is an effective technique for image copyright protection. Many digital image watermarking algorithms are sensitive to geometric distortions. These distortions make it difficult to detect and extract watermarks. In this study, a robust color watermarking algorithm combining the Radon transform and DCT transform is proposed. First, the color carrier image is converted to the YUV color space from RGB, and the U component of YUV is transformed to the Radon domain using the Radon transform. Then, a two-dimensional 8 × 8 discrete cosine transform (2D-DCT) is carried out on the selected blocks of the Radon domain, and some fixed midfrequency coefficients are selected to embed watermark information. Moreover, the Arnold transform is applied to encrypt the watermarks and the random permutation function to scramble the embedding positions. Finally, the watermark embedding and blind extraction processes are completed by modifying the midfrequency coefficients using the presented rules. A series of simulation experiments show that the watermark algorithm has high imperceptibility and good robustness to various attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Color vision deficiency (CVD) is an eye disease caused by genetics that reduces the ability to distinguish colors, affecting approximately 200 million people worldwide. In response, image recoloring approaches have been proposed in existing studies for CVD compensation, and a state-of-the-art recoloring algorithm has even been adapted to offer personalized CVD compensation; however, it is built on a color space that is lacking perceptual uniformity, and its low computation efficiency hinders its usage in daily life by individuals with CVD. In this paper, we propose a fast and personalized degree-adaptive image-recoloring algorithm for CVD compensation that considers naturalness preservation and contrast enhancement. Moreover, we transferred the simulated color gamut of the varying degrees of CVD in RGB color space to CIE L*a*b* color space, which offers perceptual uniformity. To verify the effectiveness of our method, we conducted quantitative and subject evaluation experiments, demonstrating that our method achieved the best scores for contrast enhancement and naturalness preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Benign pigmented lesions and a general uneven tone in people with skin of color are growing issues that have been presented to dermatologists. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first controlled study to examine the efficacy and safety of using the newly introduced 785nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) picosecond laser to treat facial benign pigmented lesions in Asian patients with diffractive lens array. Materials and Methods: A 785nm Nd:YAG picosecond laser was used to treat 15 healthy female volunteers older than 18years who had Fitzpatrick skin types II–IV and facial benign pigmented lesions. Each volunteer received five weekly treatments in dual modes. The clinical improvement was assessed by independent investigators and by objectively measuring the melanin index. Results: After the treatment, the melanin and erythema indices decreased, and the pigmented lesions showed clinical improvements. No serious adverse effects were observed during the study period. Conclusions: A 785nm Nd:YAG picosecond laser may be safe and effective in treating facial benign pigmented lesions in Asian skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our previous work revealed that the vision‐based color representation of congenitally color‐deficient observers (CDOs) was mostly C‐shaped bending at yellow and blue that differed from circular shape of the observers with no color vision deficiencies called CNOs in the study. In this study, the color‐name‐based internal color representation was investigated for the same observers and its relation to the vision‐based color representation was examined. First, psychological difference of all combinations of 10 color names corresponding to the Munsell basic hues was rated using a 5‐point scale. The distances of all pairs of CNOs and the CDOs agreed well with each other, in contrast to the distinctive differences in the vision‐based color representation. Second, color‐naming was conducted to the 10 color chips for each of high and medium chroma to link the vision‐based and color‐name‐based representations through the test stimuli. For the high chroma chips, color naming property of the CDOs was similar to that of the CNOs. In contrast, CDOs showed distinctively larger intra‐ and inter‐observer variabilities than CNOs for the medium chroma chips. The difference between two color chips was estimated using the results of the color naming and extended color‐name difference ratings which is called “color‐naming difference.” No systematic relationship was observed among the color‐chip difference, color‐name difference, and color naming difference in individual comparisons. It indicated that the color‐naming difference is greater for the pairs including YR/Y/GY versus G/B, and vice versa for the pairs consisting of BG, B, PB, P, and RP. These suggest the followings; first, CDOs seem to utilize lightness difference strategically in the visual assessment, second, psychological differences among “blue,” “green,” “purple,” or “gray” are distinct for CDOs although the color chips given those names in our experiment appear close. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Color vision deficiency (CVD) is an often-overlooked issue within the medical community, and its consequences remain insufficiently explored. We aim to evaluate how CVD affects diagnostic accuracy and distinguish between malignant choroidal melanoma and benign choroidal nevus among ophthalmologists. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we engaged ophthalmologists through a web-based survey distributed via the professional ophthalmology society's social media channels. The survey encompassed a series of three fundus images representing normal fundus, choroidal nevus, and choroidal melanoma. Each image underwent simulation for the three primary types of CVD—protanopia, deuteranopia, and tritanopia—alongside a non-simulated version. Results: The study included 41 participants, averaging 40 years of age (±9.2), comprising 28 (68%) men and 13 (32%) women. Significantly lower rates of identifying orange pigments were observed in simulated protanopia images compared to non-simulated ones (p = 0.038). In simulated deutranopia images, the recognition of melanotic lesions was notably reduced compared to non-simulated images (p = 0.048). No such limitation was observed for tritanopia. However, participants retained their ability to identify subretinal fluid and estimate tumor thickness in simulated and non-simulated images. Concerning simulated images of choroidal nevi, participants misdiagnosed nevi as choroidal melanoma in 37% of cases in simulated protanopia nevi images and 41% in simulated deutranopia nevi images. This resulted in unnecessary referrals of benign lesions as malignant, emphasizing the potential for mistaken diagnoses. Nevertheless, almost all simulated images of malignant melanoma were correctly referred for specialized oncological treatment. Conclusions: The simulated CVD conditions of protanopia and deuteranopia affected the accuracy of identifying the melanotic nature of the choroidal tumor and the presence of orange pigments. This limitation led to challenges in correctly diagnosing choroidal melanoma and choroidal nevus, resulting in extra referrals for nevus cases. However, participants were safe and could still determine the possible risk of eyes with choroidal melanoma, so most referred melanoma cases to specialized oncologists as needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contact lenses are widely used for vision correction and cosmetic purposes. Smart contact lenses offer further opportunities as functionalized non-invasive devices capable of simultaneous vision correction, real-time health monitoring and patient specific drug delivery. Herein, a low-cost vat photopolymerization technique is developed for directly 3D printing functionalized structures on commercially available contact lenses. The process enables controlled deposition of functionalized hydrogels, in customizable patterns, on the commercial contact lens surface with negligible optical losses. Multi-functional contact lenses can also be 3D printed with multiple materials deposited at different regions of the contact lens. Herein, the functionalities of colour blindness correction and real-time UV monitoring are demonstrated, by employing three suitable dyes incorporated into 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) hydrogel structures printed on contact lenses. The results suggest that 3D printing can pave the way towards simple production of low-cost patient specific smart contact lenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To identify the ophthalmic causes of congenital nystagmus with normal eye examination by electroretinography (ERG). Study design: Retrospective observational study. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of patients younger than 6 months of age who presented between June 2008 and November 2011 with nystagmus and no other neurological signs following an otherwise normal eye examination. A complete ophthalmic examination and ERG (Nicolet Bravo system; Nicolet Biomedial & RETIscan; Roland Instruments), fundus photography, and Ishihara color test were performed to identify any ophthalmic causes of congenital nystagmus. Results: Thirty-three patients met the criteria. Rod dysfunction was diagnosed in 4 patients (12.1%), cone dysfunction in 2 patients (6.1%), and cone-rod dysfunction in 1 patient (3.0%). The results of ERG were negative in 2 patients (6.1%). Idiopathic infantile nystagmus was diagnosed in the remaining 24 patients (72.7%) based on their normal ERG examination. Conclusions: In Korean congenital nystagmus patients with a normal fundus examination, achromatopsia and Leber's congenital amaurosis are uncommon causes. ERG is needed to make a definite diagnosis and provide prognostic information in congenital idiopathic nystagmus patients with a normal fundus examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals with color vision deficiency (CVD) often encounter challenges in navigating and interacting with their environment due to limitations in perceiving colors accurately. This deficiency can impede various daily tasks and activities, leading to dependency on others for assistance with color-related tasks and potentially limiting independence and inclusivity. Addressing these challenges, our research focuses on the development of a machine learning-based color transformation system. Leveraging TensorFlow and Keras frameworks, the system employs advanced machine learning techniques to identify and transform colors within images, ultimately enhancing visibility for individuals with CVD. The primary objective is to empower individuals with CVD by providing a real-world tool that improves color visibility in images and enables self-assessment of their condition. This solution aims to enhance navigation, reduce dependency on others for color-related tasks, and foster inclusivity through technological innovation. Additionally, our research emphasizes the accuracy and reliability of the machine learning models through rigorous testing and validation procedures, ensuring effectiveness across various scenarios and image types. An intuitive and user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI) is prioritized to cater to individuals with diverse technical abilities. Beyond its immediate impact, the research seeks to raise awareness and promote understanding of color vision deficiency within the broader community, ultimately contributing to a more equitable and accessible society for all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately 8% of the global population experiences color-vision deficiency. It is important to note that "color-vision deficiency" is distinct from "color blindness," as used in this article, which refers to the difficulty in distinguishing certain shades of color. This study explores color enhancement algorithms based on the neural mechanisms of color blindness and color deficiency. The algorithms are then applied to smartphones to improve the user experience (UX) of color-enhancing features in different top-selling smartphone brands with different operating systems (OS). A color-enhancing application program was developed for individuals with color-vision deficiency and compared to two other mature color-enhancing programs found in top-selling smartphones with different mainstream operating systems. The study included both objective and subjective evaluations. The research materials covered three aspects: daily life, information visualization, and videos. Additionally, this research study examines various levels of color enhancement through three dimensions of subjective evaluation: color contrast, color naturalness, and color preference. The results indicate that all color-enhancing features are beneficial for individuals with color-vision deficiencies due to their strong color contrast. The users' color preference is closely linked to color naturalness. The application program preserves the naturalness of colors better than the other two color-enhancing features. The subjective evaluations show similar trends across different operating systems, with differences arising from the use of different color-enhancing algorithms. Therefore, different algorithms may result in different sizes of the color gamut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, diverse actors around the world have protested the growing dominance of standardised testing in education policy and practice, citing racial equity as one reason, among many, to oppose standardised tests. Education activists have also argued, on the other hand, that standardised assessments can be used to bring attention to systemic racial inequities. This study explores these dynamics in a United States context, asking, 'In what ways was race discussed, and not discussed, in conversations among opt-out activists, and what were the potential consequences of such references and omissions?' We focus on a small-group dialogue of White opt-out activists (activists protesting standardised tests) in order to explore how a 'color-evasive' ideology operates through discourse. Findings from this study suggest that there are ways in which the topic of race was elided in the opt-out movement and that elisions, or silences, around race can be contagious in White-majority spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People with color vision deficiency (CVD) have difficulty in distinguishing differences between colors. To compensate for the loss of color contrast experienced by CVD individuals, a lot of image recoloring approaches have been proposed. However, the state-of-the-art methods suffer from the failures of simultaneously enhancing color contrast and preserving naturalness of colors [without reducing the Quality of Vision (QOV)], high computational cost, etc. In this paper, we propose an image recoloring method using deep neural network, whose loss function takes into consideration the naturalness and contrast, and the network is trained in an unsupervised manner. Moreover, Swin transformer layer, which has long-range dependency mechanism, is adopted in the proposed method. At the same time, a dataset, which contains confusing color pairs to CVD individuals, is newly collected in this study. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, quantitative and subjective experiments have been conducted. The experimental results showed that the proposed method is competitive to the state-of-the-art methods in contrast enhancement and naturalness preservation and has a real-time advantage. The code and model will be made available at https://github.com/Ligeng-c/CVD_swin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Human vision allows for the perception of three primary colors: red, green, and blue. Any impairment in the perception of colors is referred to as color vision deficiency (CVD). CVD follows genetic inheritance. Genetic inheritance also extends to blood groups. While it is acknowledged that certain genetic diseases may exhibit a prevalence within specific blood groups, there is a dearth of such studies in CVD. Therefore, this study aims to ascertain the prevalence of CVD and explore any potential association with ABO blood groups, given their genetic inheritance. Materials and Methods: The research was conducted among young adults attending a tertiary care hospital in India. The Ishihara test plates were utilized to assess color vision, while the agglutination method was employed for ABO blood grouping. Results: Screening revealed that 640 (93.98%) participants had normal color vision, 40 (5.87%) exhibited CVD, and 1 (0.15%) subject was completely color blind, all of whom were male. Among those with CVD, blood group distribution included 7 (17.07%) individuals with blood group A, 21 (51.22%) with blood group B, 1 (2.44%) with blood group AB, and 11 (26.83%) with blood group O. Notably, the solitary color blind student belonged to blood group B (2.44%). Conclusion: Given the significance of color perception in their profession, this study enables young adults to identify and address any color vision deficiencies early in their careers. Additionally, it offers insights into the distribution of ABO blood groups among the study population. Future research with a larger sample size is recommended for more precise outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To Assess and compare different types of color blindness in primary school children also to appraise the self-awareness levels regarding this ailment amongst them. Study Design: Cross Sectional study. Setting: Different Primary Schools of Karachi in Collaboration with Department of Physiology, Jinnah Medical and Dental College Karachi. Period: 1st October 2020 to 1st December 2020. Methods: 146 primary school children of both genders aged between 5 to 12 years were assessed by prescribed questionnaire and Ishahara Chart for color blindness. Result: Out of the 148 students who underwent screening, only 16 were diagnosed with color blindness, indicating a prevalence of 10.8% among primary school children in Karachi. Of these 16 students, males exhibited a higher incidence of color blindness (56.25%) than females (47.35%). Conclusion: The incidence of color blindness is higher in males than females with significant association with family history and night blindness. Colour blindness unawareness also significantly found in this study. It is recommended to have an eye checkup at the start of school and to have regular eye examination to avoid any hindrances and get the right help. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computer-based colour perception tests permit clinical assessment of cone-specific pathways, proving valuable for both identifying type and severity of hereditary colour vision deficiency and enhanced detection and monitoring of acquired colour deficiency from disease. Understanding the parameters that affect computer-based colour perception tests may enhance their veracity and clinical utility. Testing contrast sensitivity separately for the three cone systems enables a quantification of colour perception that can be clinically useful. This study evaluated the effects of pupil diameter and stimulus size on cone contrast sensitivity (CCS) assessed with the ColorDx (Konan Medical, Incorporated). Forty subjects, aged 21–31 years, who met the inclusion criteria participated. The tested eye was randomised. Two Landolt C sizes (2.68 degrees, 6/194, "small"; 8.58 degrees, 6/619, "large") were used, with one size and three chromaticities presented per block of trials. Stimulus presentation used the adaptive screening mode, sequentially determining contrast sensitivity for long-, medium-, and short-wavelength stimuli. Subjects were tested with their natural pupil size (range 4–5 mm diameter), then while viewing through a 2.5-mm artificial pupil. Parametric statistical tests were used for comparisons of performance across pupil size and stimulus size. Two-way within-subjects ANOVA indicates no interaction between pupil size and stimulus size for any of the three stimulus chromaticities. The main effect of stimulus size was significant for M-cone (F = 6.506, 2-tailed P =.015) and S-cone (F = 67.728, 2-tailed P <.001) stimuli. The main effect of pupil size was significant for all three stimulus chromaticities (L-cone: F = 227.161, M-cone: F = 249.979, S-cone: F = 89.371, 2-tailed P <.001 for all). Although CCS was reduced for all three chromaticities and both stimulus sizes with lower retinal illuminance, only S-wavelength cone contrast sensitivity was significantly different for the small versus large stimuli under the 2.5-mm pupil condition in this cohort. Whether CCS in older patients with naturally small pupils changes with an enlarged stimulus or dilated pupils remains to be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study examined the effectiveness of Enchroma Cx-14 filters on individuals with Red-Green color vision deficiency (CVD). Methods: ColorDx and the Farnsworth-Munsell (FM) 100-Hue test were used to assess subjective reactions to Enchroma. The ColorDx and FM, 100 Hue test error scores were computed and contrasted using Placebo (untinted glasses) and Enchroma CX-14, red, and green filters. Results: The findings demonstrated that while enchroma filters improved the mistake score in only two patients, they had no discernible impact on any CVD subject's performance. In one protan participant and all deutan individuals, colour discrimination was greatly enhanced by the red filter. Green filters and Enchroma did not raise mean error scores. Conclusion: Enchroma filters had limited effectiveness in improving color perception for individuals with Red-Green CVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of color vision impairment among Pakistani adults at Polyclinic Hospital Islamabad. METHODOLOGY: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted at Federal Government Polyclinic Hospital, Islamabad. The research was conducted from March to May 2022, employing a consecutive non-probability sampling methodology. The study centred on a cohort of participants aged 10 to 55 who received medical attention at the Ophthalmology Outpatient Department. Sampling was done using the non-probability consecutive sampling technique. The sample size was 104 patients. All adults aged between 10-55 years were included except Patients having a history of Ocular or Neurological surgery, Trauma and Patients diagnosed with Diabetes or Hypertension were excluded. The gathered data was entered and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 20. RESULTS: A total of 104 candidates underwent color vision assessment. 3.8% (4/104) of the candidates were color vision deficient. All of them were unaware of their condition. CONCLUSION: The screened Population showed color blindness in 3.8% of the candidates. All of the individuals were unaware of the condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ATF6-associated Achromatopsia (ACHM) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by reduction of visual acuity, photophobia, nystagmus, and poor color vision. Detailed ophthalmological examinations were performed in a Chinese patient with ACHM. Whole exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were performed to detect the disease-causing gene in the patient. A 6-year-old girl presented photophobia, low vision and reduced color discrimination. Small yellow lesion in the macula of both eyes was observed. FAF demonstrated hypofluorescence in the macular fovea. OCT images revealed interruption of ellipsoid and interdigitation zone in the foveal area and a loss of the foveal pit. ERG showed relatively normal rod responses and unrecordable cone responses. Sequencing result identified a novel splicing variant c.354 + 6T>C in the ATF6 gene (NM_007348.4). We reported detailed clinical features and genetic analysis of a new Chinese ATF6-associated patient with ACHM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data visualization plays a vital role in modern scientific communication across diverse domains, shaping the understanding of complex information through color choices. However, the significance of color palette selection goes beyond aesthetics and scientific communication, encompassing accessibility for all, especially individuals with color vision deficiencies. To address this challenge, we introduce "Color Quest," an intuitive Shiny app that empowers users to explore color palettes for data visualization while considering inclusivity. The app allows users to visualize palettes across various types of plots and maps envisioning how they appear to individuals with color blindness. In addition, it enables users to visualize palettes on their own custom-uploaded images. This short communication presents the app's design, interactive interface, and transformative potential in enhancing data visualization practices. Developed using open-source standards, Color Quest aligns with accessibility discussions, offering a practical tool and platform for raising awareness about inclusive design. Its open-source nature fosters transparency, community collaboration, and long-term sustainability. Color Quest's practicality renders it indispensable for scientific domains, simplifying palette selection and promoting accessibility. Its impact extends beyond academia to diverse communication settings, harmonizing information dissemination, aesthetics and accessibility for more impactful scientific communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much attention is currently being paid to developing universally designed solutions. Tactile maps, designed for people with visual impairments (PVI), require both graphic and tactile content. While many more- or less-official guidelines regarding tactile symbols exist, the subject literature lacks clear guidance on creating legible, highly contrasting graphic symbols for visual perception by those with residual vision. This study specifically addresses the application of colour, a key graphic variable that Is most often used to differentiate area symbols. We wanted to verify whether it is possible to choose a universal qualitative colour palette for tactile maps. We have proposed four different palettes, each with eight colours, that were later evaluated in a controlled study by 16 PVI with varying sociodemographic characteristics, using the VIEW model. The model is widely applied in the area of marketing research and considers the following aspects: Visibility, Informational, Emotional Appeal, and Workability. Our results indicate a lack of unanimity in choosing the best qualitative palette. The results of three palettes are comparable, with a subtle preference for the palette optimized for colour differences using the Python algorithm. Notably, the palette commonly used in official tactile maps in Poland received the lowest scores in every analysed dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The melanin structure in Cephalopods comprises multi-compound structures, including Tyrosinase-A and Tyrosinase-B. These structures exhibit positivity for H&E stain in some stages and bromophenol blue stain in others. Other components are positive for H&E stains as amylase and peptides of holocrine comments, such as Gamma p.p.t and Gamma melodine, which are rich in ink of Octopus vulgaris and cause color blindness for prey during the predation process of animal. The Octopus vulgaris has numerous inking colors, such as brown and deep brown color, released during the escape from predation animals. During this process, the light falls on the skin, and melanin pigments give deep brown color by mixing the ink with amylase enzymes. The melanin mechanism in all organisms is similar to each other's in the animal kingdom except insects, where it is produced differently. Additionally, melanin pigments are only retained in the upper epidermis from bacterial reactions. The knowledge of the mechanism of melanin formations is highly important for treating dermatology diseases in humans and reducing the risk of skin cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aland island eye disease (AIED), an incomplete form of X-linked congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB2A), and X-linked cone-rod dystrophy type 3 (CORDX3) display many overlapping clinical findings. They result from mutations in the CACNA1F gene encoding the α1F subunit of the Cav1.4 channel, which plays a key role in neurotransmission from rod and cone photoreceptors to bipolar cells. Case report: A 57-year-old Caucasian man who had suffered since his early childhood from nystagmus, nyctalopia, low visual acuity and high myopia in both eyes (OU) presented to expand the diagnostic process, because similar symptoms had occurred in his 2-month-old grandson. Additionally, the patient was diagnosed with protanomalous color vision deficiency, diffuse thinning, and moderate hypopigmentation of the retina. Optical coherence tomography of the macula revealed retinoschisis in the right eye and foveal hypoplasia in the left eye. Dark-adapted (DA) 3.0 flash full-field electroretinography (ffERG) amplitudes of a-waves were attenuated, and the amplitudes of b-waves were abolished, which resulted in a negative pattern of the ERG. Moreover, the light-adapted 3.0 and 3.0 flicker ffERG as well as the DA 0.01 ffERG were consistent with severely reduced responses OU. Genetic testing revealed a hemizygous form of a stop-gained mutation (c.4051C>T) in exon 35 of the CACNA1F gene. This pathogenic variant has so far been described in combination with a phenotype corresponding to CSNB2A and CORDX3. This report contributes to expanding the knowledge of the clinical spectrum of CACNA1F-related disease. Wide variability and the overlapping clinical manifestations observed within AIED and its allelic disorders may not be explained solely by the consequences of different mutations on proteins. The lack of distinct genotype–phenotype correlations indicates the presence of additional, not yet identified, disease-modifying factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People with Color Vision Deficiency (CVD), which arises as a deformation of the M cones in the eye, cannot detect the color green in the image (deutan anomaly). In the first part of the paper, deutan anomalous is described. After that, the image recoloring algorithm, which enables Deutan CVD people to see a wider spectrum in images, is described. Then, the effect of the Recoloring algorithm on images with inserted watermark is analyzed. An experiment has been carried out, in which the effect of the Recoloring algorithm on the quality of extracted watermark and Recoloring image is studied. In addition, the robustness of the inserted watermark in relation to spatial transformations (rotation, scaling) and compression algorithms has been tested. By applying objective measures and visual inspection of the quality of extracted watermark and recoloring image, the optimal insertion factor α is determined. All results are presented in the form of pictures, tables and graphics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biogenic gold nanoparticles (BAu NPs) synthesized using olive leaf extract were used as an additive in commercial contact lenses (BAu lens). Their antibacterial and color blindness‐correcting properties were examined. To compare the properties, gold nanocomposite contact lenses were also synthesized using the well‐known Turkevich method (TAu lens). The breath‐ in/breath‐out method was used to load the Au NPs onto commercial contact lenses. The bio‐gold nanoparticles showed good dispersion and stability within the lens hydrogel matrix. Nanoparticle loading had a negligible effect on the contact lenses' wettability and swelling properties. BAu lens filtered around 55% of visible light at 530 nm, a problematic wavelength for color blind patients. The optical filtering results were comparable with Pilestone commercial color blind correction glasses. BAu lenses also showed superior resistance against the attack of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria as compared to Tau lenses. As scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging showed, the BAu lenses showed a complete lack of surface attachment toward the bacterial colonies. This research provides a cost‐effective and scalable method of producing multi‐functional nanocomposite contact lenses with antibacterial and color blind correction properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. The present study aimed to assess whether occupational exposure to low concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) is associated with color vision impairment. Methods. We queried PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science and ProQuest as the main databases, as well as gray literature such as Google Scholar. A random-effects model was used to assess relative risk. A funnel plot was created to assess publication bias. Meta-regression analysis was applied to identify variables that explain the between-study variation in the reported risk estimate. Results. An overall standardized mean difference of 0.529 (95% confidence interval [0.269, 0.788]; p < 0.0001) was obtained in the random-effects model, which corresponded to a medium-size effect. Duration and the levels of exposure to benzene, toluene and xylene were the significant predictors of the magnitude of the combined risk estimate. Chronic exposure to low levels of BTEX was associated with dyschromatopsia determined by the color confusion index. Conclusions. The impairments can occur even at exposures lower than the occupational exposure limits of BTEX. However, there are several flaws in the determination of workers' exposure, which did not allow to establish how low a level of these chemicals can cause color vision impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-and middle-wavelength cone photoreceptors, which are responsible for our visual acuity and color vision, comprise -95% of our total cone population and are concentrated in the fovea of our retina. Previously, we characterized the disease mechanisms of the L/M-cone opsin missense mutations N94K, W177R, P307L, R330Q and G338E, all of which are associated with congenital blue cone monochromacy (BCM) or color-vision deficiency. Here, we used a similar viral vector-based gene delivery approach in M-opsin knockout mice to investigate the pathogenic consequences of the BCM or color-vision deficient associated L-cone opsin (OPN1LW) mutants K82E, P187S, and M273K. We investigated their subcellular localization, the pathogenic effects on cone structure, function, and cone viability. K82E mutants were detected predominately in cone outer segments, and its expression partially restored expression and correct localization of cone PDE6α' and cone transducin γ. As a result, K82E also demonstrated the ability to mediate cone light responses. In contrast, expression of P187S was minimally detected by either western blot or by immunohistochemistry, probably due to efficient degradation of the mutant protein. M273K cone opsin appeared to be misfolded as it was primarily localized to the cone inner segment and endoplasmic reticulum. Additionally, M273K did not restore the expression of cone PDE6α' and cone transducin γ in dorsal cone OS, presumably by its inability to bind 11-cis retinal. Consistent with the observed expression pattern, P187S and M273K cone opsin mutants were unable to mediate light responses. Moreover, expression of K82E, P187S, and M273K mutants reduced cone viability. Due to the distinct expression patterns and phenotypic differences of these mutants observed in vivo, we suggest that the pathobiological mechanisms of these mutants are distinct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although color vision deficiencies are very prevalent, there are no ideal methods for assessing color vision in all environments. We compared a new digital and automated method that quantifies color perception for the three protan, deutan, and tritan axes with two of the most commonly used color tests in daily practice: the Ishihara 38 plates test and the Farnsworth–Munsell 100-Hue test. One hundred patients underwent a triple examination composed of the new DIVE Color Test, the Ishihara test, and the Farnsworth–Munsell 100-Hue test. The DIVE Color Test was performed twice in forty participants to assess its repeatability. In the trichromatic group, the mean age stood at 20.57 ± 9.22 years compared with 25.99 ± 15.86 years in the dyschromatic group. The DIVE and Ishihara tests exhibited excellent agreement in identifying participants with color deficiency (Cohen's kappa = 1.00), while it was 0.81 when comparing DIVE and Farnsworth. The correlation between the global perception values of Farnsworth (TES) and DIVE (GCS) was 0.80. The repeatability of the DIVE Color Test was high according to Bland–Altman analysis with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.83. According to Ishihara, the DIVE Color Test proved to be an effective and reproducible tool for red–green color vision deficiency detection, capable of determining the severity of the defect in each of the three axes faster and more accurately than both Ishihara and Farnsworth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To quantify the impact of prematurity on chromatic discrimination throughout childhood, from 2 to 15 years of age. Methods: We recruited two cohorts of children, as part of the TrackAI Project, an international project with seven different study sites: a control group of full‐term children with normal visual development and a group of children born prematurely. All children underwent a complete ophthalmological exam and an assessment of colour discrimination along the three colour axes: deutan, protan and trytan using a DIVE device with eye tracking technology. Results: We enrolled a total of 1872 children (928 females and 944 males) with a mean age of 6.64 years. Out of them, 374 were children born prematurely and 1498 were full‐term controls. Using data from all the children born at term, reference normative curves were plotted for colour discrimination in every colour axis. Pre‐term children presented worse colour discrimination than full‐term in the three colour axes (p < 0.001). Even after removing from the comparison, all pre‐term children with any visual disorder colour discrimination outcomes remained significantly worse than those from full‐term children. Conclusion: While colour perception develops throughout the first years of life, children born pre‐term face an increased risk for colour vision deficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Railroadworms luciferases emit the widest range of bioluminescence colors among beetles, ranging from green to red, being model enzymes to investigate the structure and bioluminescence colors relationships. Only three active railroadworms luciferases from the larval stage have been cloned and investigated: the Phrixothrix hirtus head lanterns red-emitting luciferase (PhRE); the Phrixothrix vivianii lateral lanterns green emitting luciferases (PvGR) and the Phengodes sp. dorsal lanterns yellow-green emitting luciferase (Ph). No active luciferase emitting in the yellow–orange region, however, has been cloned yet. Here we report the cloning and characterization of the orange emitting luciferase from the adult males of a rare Brazilian Cerrado railroadworm, Euryopa clarindae, and the transcriptional identification of two isozymes from the Amazon forest Mastinomorphus sp. railroadworm. The luciferase of E. clarindae has 548 residues, emits orange bioluminescence (600 nm), and displays intermediate kinetic values [KM(luciferin) = 50 µM, KM(ATP) ~ 170 µM] between those reported for green-emitting lateral lanterns and red emitting head lanterns luciferases. It displays 74–78% identity with the lateral lanterns luciferases of other railroadworms and 70% with the head lantern PhRE luciferase, and 96% with the larval Mastinomorphus sp. Mast-1, suggesting that this larva could be from the Euryopa genus. The phylogenetic analysis and kinetic/functional properties, place this orange-emitting enzyme as an intermediate form between the green-emitting lateral lanterns and red-emitting head lanterns luciferases. Major structural differences that could be associated with bioluminescence color determination are a relatively larger cavity size, and substitutions in the loops 223–235 and 311–316, especially N/C/T311, and their interactions which may help to close the bottom of LBS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over 300 million people who live with color vision deficiency (CVD) have a decreased ability to distinguish between colors, limiting their ability to interact with websites and software packages. User-interface designers have taken various approaches to tackle the issue, with most offering a high-contrast mode. The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) outline some best practices for maintaining accessibility that have been adopted and recommended by several governments; however, it is currently uncertain how this impacts perceived user functionality and if this could result in a reduced aesthetic look. In the absence of subjective data, we aim to investigate how a CVD observer might rate the functionality and aesthetics of existing UIs. However, the design of a comparative study of CVD vs. non-CVD populations is inherently hard; therefore, we build on the successful field of physiologically based CVD models and propose a novel simulation-based experimental protocol, where non-CVD observers rate the relative aesthetics and functionality of screenshots of 20 popular websites as seen in full color vs. with simulated CVD. Our results show that relative aesthetics and functionality correlate positively and that an operating-system-wide high-contrast mode can reduce both aesthetics and functionality. While our results are only valid in the context of simulated CVD screenshots, the approach has the benefit of being easily deployable, and can help to spot a number of common pitfalls in production. Finally, we propose a AAA–A classification of the interfaces we analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are useful materials that may be used in a variety of applications such as colorblindness management, drug delivery, and bacteria reduction. When incorporated with optical lenses, GNPs cause an absorption dip in the transmission spectra of the lenses. Out of the aforementioned medical applications, colorblindness management is the most benefited from such spectra absorption as it can potentially block problematic wavelengths that patients suffer from and hence manage their colorblindness, where color vision deficiency (CVD), also known as colorblindness, is a congenital ocular disorder that has no current cure, and patients suffering from it rely on wearable aids that enhance their color perception by filtering out the certain wavelengths. Herein, customized gold nanocomposite contact lenses are fabricated via additive manufacturing to filter selective transmission wavelengths in the range of 540 and 560 nm. To allow selective filtering, seed‐mediated synthesis of GNPs through nine growth steps is utilized to vary the GNPs' size and plasmonic filtering properties. Thereafter, three contact lenses are fabricated with different GNPs concentrations and particle sizes. In the results of the study, it is indicated that the fabricated lenses can block certain wavelengths selectively while acquiring properties similar to commercially available eyewear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Color blindness is a retinal disease that mainly manifests as a color vision disorder, characterized by achromatopsia, red-green color blindness, and blue-yellow color blindness. With the development of technology and progress in theory, extensive research has been conducted on the genetic basis of color blindness, and various approaches have been explored for its treatment. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of recent advances in understanding the pathological mechanism, clinical symptoms, and treatment options for color blindness. Additionally, we discuss the various treatment approaches that have been developed to address color blindness, including gene therapy, pharmacological interventions, and visual aids. Furthermore, we highlight the promising results from clinical trials of these treatments, as well as the ongoing challenges that must be addressed to achieve effective and long-lasting therapeutic outcomes. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the current state of research on color blindness, with the intention of informing further investigation and development of effective treatments for this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]