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This article documents and analyses a phenomenon of collectivisation involving approximately forty artist collectives that emerged in Porto, Portugal between the late 1990s and 2013, with a particular focus on how horizontal collectivism led in turn to new models of citizenship and participatory democracy. I present an overview of historical precedents concerning certain aspects of this phenomenon, especially in relation to Portugal's relatively recent (1974) end to forty-eight years of dictatorial rule. Artists came to play an important role in developing and spreading the democratic values that were subsequently enshrined in the Portuguese constitution of 1976. Recently, the Covid-19 pandemic came to prove that the revolution's legacy is still alive, and the constitutional principles are still orienting the Portuguese artists. Today's growing neoliberalisation of democracy raises the question of how the Portuguese constitution remains the main guarantor of the citizen's most fundamental right to participatory democracy and to be more active citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Parents are often involved in their child's homework with the goal of improving their child's academic achievement. However, mixed findings were observed for the role of parental involvement in homework in shaping students' learning outcomes. Aims: The present study examined whether and how the effect of parental involvement in homework on students' performance in science and math varies across sociocultural contexts by considering the degrees of societal collectivism–individualism. Methods: The present study used a large‐scale dataset, consisting of participants from 43 countries/regions, to test whether societal collectivism–individualism would moderate the relationship between three types of parental involvement (asking, helping and checking) in homework and elementary school students' academic performance in math and science. Results: The multi‐level analyses revealed diverse effects of different parental involvement behaviours for homework. Helping and checking behaviours were generally negatively associated with elementary school students' academic achievement, but asking behaviours were positively associated with their academic achievement. Importantly, the positive effect of asking behaviours was stronger, while the negative effect of helping behaviours was weaker in collectivistic societies than in individualistic societies. Conclusions: The present study highlights the importance of considering the multifaceted nature of parental homework involvement and the sociocultural contexts that vary in collectivism–individualism when evaluating the role of parents in elementary school students' learning in math and science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nuova Rivista Storica is the property of Societa Editrice Dante Alighieri s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Singapore launched its Total Defence strategy in 1984. It was one of the first countries in the modern era to enact such a policy based on an expanded interpretation of national security. Conventionally defence equates to military security, but for Singapore this approach was too limiting. There was a recognition that defence and development were intertwined and accordingly the authorities sought to exploit the synergies from adopting an integrative security approach. Total Defence thus emerged, manifesting itself as a blend of soft 'social resilience' elements designed to foster collectivism and national identity, and the harder industrial and technological dynamics of 'defence capability'. The resulting civil-military overlay, along with the government's imperative to push the boundaries of innovational endeavour, has enabled Singapore to achieve a remarkable cultural, economic and military transformation. In the process, it has achieved rapid expansion of both defence 'and' development, leaving most other contemporary post-colonial states in its wake. Yet, the uncertain and turbulent global environment over recent years has revealed possible emerging fault lines in the Total Defence model that the Singaporean authorities would be well advised to heed, and, if possible, resolve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to analyse the content of primary school textbooks in Iran for their cultural values and characteristics, based on the individualism-collectivism dimension. Six primary school Let's Read Persian (LRP) textbooks were assessed using quantitative content analysis using two lists of individualistic and collectivistic values and cognitive tendencies derived from previous literature. The results showed that Iranian LRP textbooks emphasised themes of individualism, such as self-direction, success, and happiness, and manifested individualistic cognitive tendencies, such as focusing on central objects, making dispositional attributions, and expressing positive emotions. The findings suggest that Iranian LRP textbooks tend to teach children to be independent, strong, self-reliant, and unique individuals, rather than interdependent, cooperative, and harmonious members of a group. The implications of these findings for the education system and the cultural identity of Iranian students are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Qalang Smangus is an aboriginal village in Taiwan which has been organised as a collective. Observing that this community is under-represented in scholarly literature in general, and anarchist literature in particular, this article describes the history and formation of Smangus, makes a case for identifying it as an intentional Christian anarcho-collectivist community, assesses its success, and identifies its current and future challenges. The article concludes with a call to action for anarchist scholars to study Smangus further as an example of successful aboriginal anarchism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a discussion among activists, artists, and scholars to center communalism as a political process and methodology in and across geographical and cultural political "Souths." One of the central questions that this article raises is how to create diverse and heterogeneous strategies for the sustainability and creation of the collective spirit during the conjunctural and structural crises of the Global South and the exhaustion that it produces among those living there. Among themes in the discussion are art, culture, and spirituality as decolonial practices with a historical and ethnic perspective of Black communalism of the South in the context of the United States and Venezuela based on collective life existing before and beyond the European legacies of the commune. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polskie Forum Psychologiczne is the property of Kazimierza Wielki University in Bydgoszcz and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

China underwent a major change in population policies, from "more is better" during the 1950s-70s to the one-child policy that began in the early 1980s and ended in 2016. With reference to Agamben's and Foucault's theories of biopolitics, this article considers population policies as biopolitical mechanisms that subject individuals to national interest. Mo Yan is one of the contemporary Chinese writers who reflect on the sacrifice of individual rights and freedom for the common good, which is problematic in that it leads to objectification and politicization of female bodies and collective guilt on the part of executors and supporters of the policy. Resistance against collectivism, represented by Wang Dan in Mo Yan's novel Frog (Wa, 2012), is a recurring theme in contemporary Chinese literature. While the Western literary tradition frequently celebrates individualism, some works like Emile Zola's Fruitfulness (Fécondité, 1899) show concerns for extreme individualism that causes social alienation, self-centeredness, and personal guilt. Through a comparative reading of Frog and Fruitfulness from the perspectives of biopolitics, gender, and ethics, I argue that Frog, as a representative work of contemporary Chinese rural literature, engages in a dialogue with Fruitfulness and enriches world literature by providing a critical insight on population crisis and exploring tensions between individualism and collectivism and between public and private spheres, serving as a reference for reconsidering current demographic issues around the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the cultural dimensions stated by Geert Hofstede in order to identify the particularities of the organizational cultural profile with applicability at the level of the Suceava City Hall institution. The micro-research carried out by means of this survey-based questionnaire demonstrated that at the level of the analyzed institution, the cultural profile is characterized by: distance from power partially small, respectively partially large; swinging opinions between individualism and collectivism; inclination towards the femininity dimension; the strong presence of the uncertainty avoidance dimension; long-term orientation, as well as reporting the existence of both indulgence and coercion in the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study first examines the influence of educational factors on a consumer’s willingness to buy green products and on building a brand’s green image. Second, it explores the effects of environmental concern and perceived consumer effectiveness in mediating the relationships between educational factors and green buying behavior. Third, it takes a cross-country perspective by investigating green buying behavior under distinct cultural contexts (collectivism versus individualism). The hypothesized model was tested with data collected in the United States and Brazil and using structural equation modeling analysis. Findings reveal that sustainability education, whether initiated by the consumer or by the organization, contributes positively to promote a brand’s green image. Environmental concern and perceived consumer effectiveness both mediate the relationships between educational factors and green buying behavior. Lastly, the moderating effects of culture highlight the importance of environmental concern in a collectivist country and perceived consumer effectiveness in an individualist country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the application of proportionality in Chinese administrative litigation over the last two decades and argues that courts in administrative litigation that serve the party-state and tend to uphold state/collective interest have altered proportionality to be state-centric. It finds that the courts invoked proportionality in a negligible portion of all administrative litigation judgments and had inadequate emphases on protecting individual rights. Proportionality has not appreciably assisted the courts in enhancing their oversight of governmental power and protection of individual rights. This article suggests that this is attributable to the restricted function of administrative litigation in China's party-state governance structure and owing to the country's long-held belief that public interest takes precedence over individual rights. Administrative litigation, which China's ruling party employs to resolve principal–agent issues, is seriously constrained. The courts are expected to review the formal legality of executive actions, but not their substance. Informed by the Chinese human rights belief, which favors collectivism over individualism, the courts are skewed toward public interest in the balancing analysis when applying proportionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SME sector, particularly manufacturing SME's, must recognize importance of economic sustainability and seek out routes that support for sustainability, like ecopreneurship. This study explores ecopreneurship adoption intentions while expanding the theory of planned behaviour model by incorporating moderating effect of collectivism. The population of research is comprised of Pakistani manufacturing SMEs. Study's sample includes of manufacturing SMEs operating in Lahore region. Employees of SMEs were surveyed to obtain data. The results suggested that attitude to ecopreneurship, subjective norms and self-efficacy are primary drivers of ecopreneurship. Further, outcomes revealed that collectivism has moderating effect amid observed variables. Also, relevance of three-way interactions for attitude, subjective norms, and self-efficacy with collectivism has shown moderating effect of collectivism. Environmentally responsible firms SME's generate greater possibilities since many successful businesses are ecologically aware and continually seek the economic benefits by being green. The research is thus restricted to Pakistani manufacturing SMEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives The behavioural immune system (BIS) is a motivational system that facilitates the avoidance of pathogens and is thought to have evolved as a less costly mechanism to combat infectious diseases compared to the physiological immune system. The Parasite Stress Theory of Social Values predicts that authoritarianism and collectivist attitudes may impact the BIS by predisposing people to support disease control measures, including severe restrictions like lockdowns or stay-at-home orders. This study investigates the relationship between authoritarianism, collectivism and Covid-19 worry on support for lockdown measures during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methodology A total of 187 UK participants were recruited to complete an online survey, which was administered between 22 June and 7 July 2020. The survey included measures of authoritarianism, collectivism, Covid-19 worry and support for lockdown measures. The data were analysed using moderated parallel mediation analysis. Results Covid-19 worry had a direct effect on support for and enforcement of lockdown measures, but not on the idea that adherence to lockdown rules should be an individual choice. The relationship between Covid Worry and Support for and Enforcement of lockdown measures was not mediated by authoritarianism, nor was it moderated by Collectivism. Collectivism and Authoritarianism were related to increased levels of support for lockdown independently from Covid Worry but were not related to enforcement. Conclusions and implications Support for lockdown restrictions and enforcement was mainly associated with covid worry. Our findings do not support the parasite stress theory of social values and indicate that the BIS manifested in a more direct way, and not through social values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The act of politeness (or impoliteness) being an important aspect in any kind of interaction, this study aims to explore how politeness is achieved in intercultural communication. This aim is achieved by analysing the naturally occurring conversation between Pakistani and Polish participants: the two very different cultures. Pakistani and Polish cultures, being Asian and European or Eastern and Western cultures respectively, with former representing collectivistic and the latter, individualistic society, are very different from one another and serves as an appropriate choice for this study. The data has been analysed using conversational analysis (CA) to study how turn-taking is organised in everyday interaction. However, Lakoff's rules of politeness have been adapted as the basic framework for the analysis of politeness. Conclusions and implications have been drawn based on the study's findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anti‐realist's argument from moral disagreement has prematurely fallen out of favor. The argument has never been stated explicitly in correct form, and its proponents have not appealed to the best examples to support its premises. Realists have responded with a multitude of possible replies without applying them to the most convincing examples of irresolvable disagreements. The argument is a modus ponens from apparent fundamental disagreements to a disjunction of possible explanations, and then a disjunctive argument eliminating all but one alternative. The most convincing example from the point of view of the anti‐realist is the disagreement between the collectivist and the individual rights advocate, which occurs on both the levels of principle and individual judgment. Realist explanations for such disagreements include ignorance of nonmoral facts, application of principles in diverse contexts, bias, faulty reasoning, incommensurability or ties, lack of empathy or imagination, inaccessibility of moral facts, or different meanings for moral terms. I argue that none of these realist explanations for the disagreement between the collectivist and the individualist works, leaving only the anti‐realist explanation. Other realist moves, for example analogies with other areas of discourse, including disagreement among meta‐ethicists, are also shown to fail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the semantics and pragmatics of the German keyword "Kollektiv" based on its actual uses in public discourse and by political actors. "Kollektiv" is regarded as a concept of greatsocial significance, yet it is also a most controversial notion. It relates to the universal values and benefits of collectivism such as mutual assistance, solidarity, effective cooperation when coping with difficulties, mutual support and sympathy. However, otherfeatures of collectivism such as having to integrate oneself into the community, setting equal boundaries for individuals, and invading people's privacy activate negative meanings. This governs the evaluation-based polysemy of the keyword. The explanatory approach in this paper was formulated against the background of deontic meaning as a basic concept in semantics to analyze social evaluation of salient lexis. On par with their descriptive meaning, keywords have a deontic meaning component that their denotational interpretability depends on.The study was carried out as corpus-driven discourse analytical research. Discourse analysis proceeded as noncritical linguistic discourse analysis. To provide a functional perspective on Kollektiv, the "Digital Dictionary of the German Language" / "Das Digitale Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache" was used with its two sections of dictionaries and text corpora. Two specialized corpora from the "Digital dictionary" were employed: the "Corona corpus" that contains electronic texts with over 50 mln tokens on the coronavirus pandemic, and the corpus "Political Speeches" containing records of proceedings of the government bodies of Germanspeaking countries and regions as well as transcripts of oral speeches delivered by politicians. We show that the word "Kollektiv"is employed both as description and as evaluation setting up both positive and negative deontics. The deontic polysemy of "Kollektiv" is activated in contextual uses. The conducted study addresses the way in which linguistic forms get integrated in larger activities in the social world and how, through salient lexicalizations in discourse, they open up the perspective to social diversity and polyphony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on facilitating students' academic, social, moral and psychological growth. Topics include Chinese societies emphasizing collectivism with social orientation whereas Western societies emphasizing individualism; and exhaustion, stress, frustration, anxiety, and depression in teaching since the implementation of managerialistic education reforms in 1980s.

To understand the extent to which a policy instrument's early adoption is crucial in crisis management, we leverage unique worldwide data that record the daily evolution of policy mandate adoptions and COVID‐19 infection and mortality rates. The analysis shows that the mask mandate is consistently associated with lower infection rates in the short term, and its early adoption boosts the long‐term efficacy. By contrast, the other five policy instruments—domestic lockdowns, international travel bans, mass gathering bans, and restaurant and school closures—show weaker efficacy. Governments prepared for a public health crisis with stronger resilience or capacity and those with stronger collectivist cultures were quicker to adopt nationwide mask mandates. From a policy design perspective, policymakers must avoid overreacting with less effective instruments and underreacting with more effective ones during uncertain times, especially when interventions differ in efficacy and cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of RumeliDE Journal of Language & Literature Research / RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of RumeliDE Uluslararasi Hakemli Dil & Edebiyat Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We construct a model of revolution and transition to democracy under individualistic and collectivist cultures. The main result is that, despite facing potentially more challenging collective action problems, countries with individualistic cultures are more likely to end up adopting democracy earlier than countries with collectivist cultures. Our empirical analysis suggests a strong and robust association between individualistic cultures and average polity scores and durations of democracy, even after controlling for other determinants of democracy emphasized in the literature. We provide evidence that countries with collectivist cultures also are more likely to experience autocratic breakdowns and transitions from autocracy to autocracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic was accompanied by “infodemic”, including the spread of excessive amount of information regarding corona virus. The study aimed to reveal which role the source and online context of COVID-related information takes in the probability of clicking and re-posting this information and its relationship to the reaction to the pandemic, individualism and collectivism. 396 adults who did not have COVID-19 and lived in Central (n = 207), Siberian (n = 63) and Far Eastern (n = 126) regions of the Russian Federation evaluated their expectations and subjective probability of clicking and re-posting four COVID-related messages (from politician – president, health specialist – president of WHO, journalist – link to a broadcast, personal story) on the four possible backgrounds (Ministry of Health Сare website, Yandex news, Facebook, WhatsApp). Then the participants filled in the Monitoring Information About Corona virus Scale and Corona virus Related Anxiety Scale, modification of the brief Positive and Negative Affect Scale. Facebook was seen as equal or more trustful than Yandex. People are more ready to click the links about COVID19 if they expect the message to be important, trustful for them and clarifying the situation, regardless of what kind of emotional changes they predict. People are more ready to repost the links about COVID-19 if they expect this message to change their mind or behavior. “Infodemic” includes not only the social processes of the spread of information but also the psychological processes of evaluation, clicking, reading and re-posting. Keywords: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Olympic Games are one of the most popular global televised sporting events. In the greater body of sport communication literature, a great deal of focus has been placed on examining sport media from the West. This article considers the unique and specific case of Chinese Olympic broadcast commentary televised by state media. In this, an evolutionary process of sport media can be seen in the analysis of several themes: nationalism and identity, heroes and failure, collectivism and individualism, and the portrayal of female athletes. In considering the dynamic changes that have come about in the past 3 decades of Chinese commentary, it is evident that many themes in Chinese sport media have become reflective of those found in Western sport media. While Chinese sport media have similarities to Western sport media, it is important to note that Chinese sport media are unique. Results of this work can help provide richer understanding of sport media and consumers in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most philosophers writing on the ethics of war endorse "reductivist individualism," a view that holds both that killing in war is subject to the very same principles of ordinary morality (reductivism); and that morality concerns individuals and their rights, and does not treat collectives as having any special status (individualism). I argue that this commitment to individualism poses problems for this view in the case of national defense. More specifically, I argue that the main strategies for defending individualist approaches to national defense either fail by their own lights or yield deeply counterintuitive implications. I then offer the foundations for a collectivist approach. I argue that such an approach must do justice to the collective goods that properly constituted states make possible and protect through certain acts of defensive war; and that any such picture of national defense must make room for some form of national partiality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the social and political processes that have made Palestinian social media an important arena for Hamas's communications strategies and mobilization efforts. I argue that this arena derives its power from being a confluence point of two seemingly opposing forces: the quest of Palestinian youth for social and political alternatives to traditional sources of authority, including Hamas, and the strategy of Hamas to adapt to this trend among Palestinian youth by striving discreetly to frame the online discourse to compensate for the movement's off-line obstacles while advancing its agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines in a collectivist culture the influence of cognitive moral development, attitudes toward rule-directed behavior, and the perceived importance of codes of conduct and professional standards on auditor judgments about ethical dilemmas. Taiwanese audit professionals were asked to respond to two ethical dilemmas. The first dilemma concerns a situation in which the auditor is asked to acquiesce to a controller's request to conceal an irregularity. The probability that the auditor's acquiescence is discovered (i.e., the threat of a sanction) was manipulated in this scenario. The second dilemma involves a case in which the auditor has information that a write-down of obsolete inventory will have a material effect on the earnings of a corporation, and must consider whether or not to inform an individual who is heavily invested in the corporation. The individual's ingroup status (i.e., whether the individual was a relative or friend of the auditor) was manipulated in this scenario. Auditors were more likely to agree with violations of ethical standards in the first scenario (concealing a client employee's irregularity) than in the second (revealing confidential information to parties outside the client), in the first scenario, auditors with lower levels of cognitive moral development were less likely to agree with violations of ethical standards when the threat of a sanction was present, while the judgments of those with higher levels of cognitive moral development were not affected by the presence of sanctions. Contrary to expectations, auditors were more likely to agree with violations of ethical standards when the individual involved was a close friend, rather than a relative. In general, as the perceived importance of rules increased, the propensity to violate the Code of Conduct decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazil’s manguebeat of the nineties was one of the most fertile Latin American cultural scenes of recent decades, not only for its rich musical creation but also for the playful, yet profound vision of social and ecological justice it championed. Twenty-some years after the death of Chico Science, its most iconic personality, this essay explores the strikingly relational philosophical bent at its core—one molded by the collectivism typical of its origins in local and global expressions of Black Atlantic cultures. Manguebeat was swamped in everyday philosophical questions about which kinds of knowledge, power, and being served to exacerbate violence, inequality, and harm to the environment, and which could instead encourage greater peace and harmony. Analyzing Chico Science’s three music videos, I discuss the “coexistentialism” of manguebeat, not only in a pacifistic sense or one of environmental rebirth but also in its insistence that all real living is “living with.” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the international responsibility of system criminality. Topics discussed include collective nature of international crimes, dual regime of state responsibility and individual liability, and modes of individual criminal liability such as collectivism as justification for attribution and mitigation.

This article examines the genealogy of Scandinavian influence in France since the early 2000s and the shift in mentalities that has taken place over the last fifteen years or so regarding transparency. The analysis focuses on the notion of virtue and argues that the French representation of a virtuous Scandinavia can be interpreted as a Utopia, a counterpart that French society may use to bring about change. Whereas political leadership in France has traditionally been protected by a certain opacity and the lack of clear legislation, nepotism and corruption are no longer accepted by the French people. The main case study is the French press coverage of the Fillon scandal in the 2017 presidential campaign. The article also looks at the legislation on transparency passed under Hollande and Macron and finally asks the question: Is France in fact in the process of becoming more Scandinavian? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rigorous learning opportunities at high schools in low-income neighborhoods are limited and ineffective, and in these settings the Advanced Placement (AP) program has mostly eluded successful implementation. In this study, Suneal Kolluri analyzes two schools in the same low-income, Latinx neighborhood that, despite comparable numerical gains, have adopted very different approaches to AP. One school emphasizes competition and dominant cultural norms, while the other stresses collectivism and community cultural wealth. This analysis elaborates the theory of organizational habitus to suggest that schools can look beyond local postsecondary opportunity structures when designing policies and curricula. Ultimately, Kolluri argues, a school's organizational habitus will profoundly impact how students engage with AP classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate how and when intrinsic (personal growth, affiliation, community contribution, health) and extrinsic (financial success, fame, physical appearance) goals affect individuals' entrepreneurial intentions (EIs). The study uses goal contents theory to propose that intrinsic and extrinsic goals positively influence individuals' EIs. The authors further argue that the collectivism moderates the effect of intrinsic and extrinsic goals on individuals EIs.Design/methodology/approach A survey was designed to collect data from business graduates at a university in Pakistan. The measurement model and the hypothesized model were tested using the structural equation modeling technique in MPlus 7.0.Findings The results suggest that all four intrinsic goals and three extrinsic goals positively affect individuals' EIs. However, financial success and fame appear to be the most prominent determinants of EIs. Similarly, personal growth and contribution to community are strong predictors of individuals' EIs. Conversely, health, physical appearance and affiliation motives were found to have a weaker effect on individuals' EIs. Moreover, the results show that collectivist orientation negatively moderates the effect of intrinsic goals on individuals' EIs, but positively moderates the effect of extrinsic goals. These results suggest that the EIs of individuals with high collectivist orientation are mainly induced by extrinsic goals, whereas intrinsic factors play a greater role in stimulating the EIs of individuals with low collectivism.Originality/value Extant research has paid little attention to intrinsic and extrinsic goals as determinants of individuals' EIs. Thus, this study explores how and when intrinsic and extrinsic goals develop individuals' EIs. This study is the first of its kind to highlight the importance of individuals' cultural orientation (collectivism) to determine the alternative role of intrinsic and extrinsic goals in developing individuals' EIs. In addition, this study was conducted in a different cultural setting (i.e. South Asia), which provides an opportunity to expand the boundary conditions of the phenomenon by offering an alternative perspective on this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Negative publicity is believed to have detrimental impacts on a brand; however, consumers' responses to negative publicity may not always be negative, and the responses may vary in different cultural contexts. The current study aims to understand the influence of internalised aspects of culture on Chinese consumers' responses to negative publicity. Our results suggest that Chinese consumers with higher levels of collectivism and uncertainty avoidance are more likely to search for further information and to spread negative word-of-mouth when confronted with negative publicity, than those with lower levels. Further, consumers with higher levels of power distance are more likely to search for further information when the negative information is severe and to participate in negative word-of-mouth when the negative information is less severe, than those with lower levels of power distance. Finally, when exposed to negative publicity, further information search is positively related and negative word-of-mouth negatively related to brand attitudes and purchase intentions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Bosnia and Herzegovina ethnic collective identities have been manipulated and politicized, becoming fixed labels inferred by kinship and ethno‐religious origins. The war has been the testing ground for a new collective order, which then moved to the next level with the green light of Dayton, and ethnopolitics is widely used to promote ethnonational identification while preventing and challenging a civic, non‐ethnic one. By relying on empirical material collected through semi‐structured interviews conducted in Sarajevo, this work focuses on the 'sons of war', the generation born during the 1992–95 conflict, and it explores their modalities of dealing and coping with deep ethnically based socio‐political divisions. The research results show how, although trying to move beyond the boundaries of ethnonational belonging, Bosnian youth sometimes do end up maintaining and going along with a despised status quo by virtue of 'the weight of ethnic collectivism' – perceived as unchangeable and without alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individualist and collectivist cultural frameworks have been the dominant research paradigm in cross-cultural studies despite evidence of conceptual and measurement problems with collectivism. We propose a new theoretical framework of psychological functioning in Chinese societies that captures some of the useful elements of collectivism without its drawbacks. The relational orientation framework takes into account the variety of relations in an individual’s social and cultural environment. The model comprises a structural–relational factor grounded in sociological structuration theory and relational orientation characteristics, and a rational–relational factor that captures important aspects of agency based on social exchange theory. We discuss the framework’s role in providing an alternative to methodological individualism for research in Chinese societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the emergence of privately owned corporate collectivities that have become the agent of new economic system in the U.S. These are political and legal systems that use contracts as a legal instrument to join the nation's largest corporations to the federal government. The scientific and technological revolution leads to the union of entrepreneurship to organization and has changed the nature of government into a positive state. As an ultimate economic policymaker, the Supreme Court had established corporativism during the Depression. The establishment of the Council of Economic Advisers resulted in the active management of the economy and has been considered as one of the significant changes in the U.S. constitution.

The article presents the author's discussion about the role of communism in the American democracy. His main objective is to present a thesis showing that the fear of communism may damage the essential part of the American democracy. He mentions the forces within the framework of the American society such as the cultural, political, artistic and intellectual life and their relation to the external environment. He also discusses the effects of these forces in the political and academic community in the United States.

The article presents the author's response to comments made on an article about the labor history in Germany. He emphasized that it was gratifying that a person is well versed in topic. However, the origins of codetermination in terms of critical discussion should be re-examined. German trade union leaders in 1945 started to imitate the German Labor Front and hoped to play the role of a national Labor Front. The history of industrial unions is structured from the Nazi ideology. After the defeat of Nazis in 1945, the DAF was dissolved.

It has been repeatedly asserted that the Communist Party of the United States seeks to capture organized labor for the purpose of using the unions to advance the policies of the Kremlin. It is one thing, however, to assert this proposition and another thing to establish its truth. This article provides the proof. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]