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Data collection is the primary link in the simulation execution process. The integrity and efficiency of data acquisition have a significant impact on the final effect and efficiency of the entire training simulation activity. However, in the existing distributed simulation system based on high level architecture (HLA), centralized data collection is difficult to handle massive data in a single step, which will affect the normal advancement of simulation while distributed data collection will cause a large number of redundant data, and the development of the collection module does not have universality. In response to the above problems, based on weak distributed data acquisition structure, maniple collection members are used to realize parallel data collection, and the distribution strategy of collection tasks in formulated among multiple members by the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II) to achieve a balanced distribution of data collection loads. The experimental results on simulation result and real system show that the proposed method can significantly improve the efficiency of data collection while reducing the central processing unit (CPU) and memory consumption during the execution of data collection members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The role of the tax collector is to facilitate the fulfilment of tax obligations by taxpayers. The applicable tax laws provide for the possibility to use it for the collection of taxes constituting the income of local government units, while the decision-making on the ordering of tax collection by means of collection, the determination of collectors and the amount of remuneration for collection is entrusted to municipal councils by means of acts of local law (resolutions). The entities on which the municipal councils impose the obligation to collect tax by way of collection are obliged to perform it. Material and methods The first is combined with needs of a theoretical or cognitive nature, that is, it includes all those needs that are associated with the development of a particular science. The second is combined with the various needs of practice. Results Analysing the issue of collection of the health resort fee and the legal regulations governing the tasks and responsibilities of the collector, the following conclusions can be formulated. Conclusions Collection of taxes by way of collection may only take place with regard to taxes the amount of which is directly prescribed by law or the tax authority is obliged to calculate the tax. The provisions of the Tax Ordinance do not impose an obligation on the tax collector to calculate the amount of the tax.

With the rapid development of industry, coal-fired power generation accounts for a large proportion of the total power generation, emitting a large amount of harmful substances, such as PM2.5, seriously affecting human health. To investigate the PM2.5 collection efficiency of wire-plate electrostatic precipitator (ESP) at different temperatures, numerical simulations based on the multi-field coupling model of ESP were conducted. Support vector machine (SVM) model combined with particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm gives the PSO-SVM prediction model, and the simulated data are used as training data, PSO-SVM and back propagation neural network (BPNN) models are used to predict the temperature effect under different operating conditions. The results show that PM2.5 collection efficiency in the wire-plate ESP gradually decreases with increasing temperature, and the decreased rate becomes small constantly. Both PSO-SVM and BPNN models accurately describe the relationship between collection efficiency and temperature, the average relative errors of the two models for predicting the collection efficiency of 1.0 μm particles at different temperatures are 0.247% and 0.363%, respectively. Compared with BPNN, the overall error of PSO-SVM is 0.928% lower, suggesting that PSO-SVM model yields smaller relative error and higher prediction accuracy. The related findings can provide references for studying the collection performance and rapidly determining the operating parameters of ESP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In patients with relapsed or refractory B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia or B cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (r/r B‐ALL/B‐NHL) with low CD3+ cells in the peripheral blood (PB), sufficient CD3+ cell yield in a single day may not be obtained with normal‐volume leukapheresis (NVL). Large‐volume leukapheresis (LVL) refers to the processing of more than three times the total blood volume (TBV) in a single session for PB apheresis; however, the efficiency and safety of LVL for manufacturing of tisagenlecleucel (tisa‐cel) remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the tolerability of LVL. Study Design and Methods: We retrospectively collected data on LVL (≥3‐fold TBV) and NVL (<3‐fold TBV) performed for patients with r/r B‐ALL/B‐NHL in our institution during November 2019 and September 2023. All procedures were performed using a continuous mononuclear cell collection (cMNC) protocol with the Spectra Optia. Results: Although pre‐apheresis CD3+ cells in the PB were significantly lower in LVL procedures (900 vs. 348/μL, p <.01), all patients could obtain sufficient CD3+ cell yield in a single day with a comparably successful rate of final products (including out‐of‐specification) between the two groups (97.2% vs. 100.0%, p = 1.00). The incidence and severity of citrate toxicity (no patients with grade ≥ 3) during procedures was not significantly different between the two groups (22.2% vs. 26.1%, p =.43) and no patient discontinued leukapheresis due to any complications. Conclusion: LVL procedures using Spectra Optia cMNC protocol was well tolerated and did not affect the manufacturing of tisa‐cel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radial Bragg gratings are commonly used to enhance light extraction from quantum emitters, but lack a well‐suited, fast simulation method for optimization beyond periodic designs. To overcome this limitation, an algorithm based on the transfer matrix model (TMM) to calculate the free‐space emission of such gratings is proposed and demonstrated. Using finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations, free‐space emission, and transfer matrices of single grating components are characterized. The TMM then combines any number of components to receive the total emission. Randomized benchmarks verify that results from this method agree within 98% with FDTD while reducing simulation time by one to two orders of magnitude. The speed advantage of this approach is shown by maximizing emission of a fifteen‐trench circular grating into a Gaussian mode. It is expected that this novel algorithm will facilitate the optimization of radial gratings, enabling quantum light sources with unprecedented collection efficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the electrostatic precipitation of microparticles, it is common to evaluate the voltages between the corona onset voltage and the breakdown point. However, the charging of particles in the nanoscale size range mainly occurs by diffusion, suggesting the possibility of its occurrence, even at low values. This paper investigates the implications of a wide range of electric fields applied in the collection of nanoparticles (6.15–241.4 nm). Two electrostatic precipitators (P.I. and P.II.), both with plates 10 cm high and 30 cm long, but with different plate spacings (4 and 6.5 cm), were tested using three air velocities (1.9, 2.9, and 3.9 cm/s) and 36 electric fields (0.0 − 5.0 kV/cm). Under the highest electric fields, both precipitators showed efficiencies above 99.9%. Furthermore, nanoparticles were collected before the corona onset voltage, with efficiencies of around 28% (P.I.) and 35% (P.II.). Even though no current was detected by the high voltage source, charges on the particles were measured in electric fields lower than 3.0 kV/cm. The higher the applied voltage, the higher the residual charge of the particles at the precipitator outlet. It is expected that the findings of this work should contribute to the technological development of electrostatic processes for air treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water scarcity is a global challenge that hinders human development. In recent years, electrostatic fog collection technology has emerged as a promising technology to alleviate this issue. Although electrostatic fog collectors based on a variety of electrode structures have been developed previously, there has been less research into other factors affecting the efficiency of electrostatic fog collection (e.g. electrical factors, environmental factors, etc), which has delayed the commercial application of the technology. In this paper, we experimentally investigate the effects of power supply polarity, voltage, airflow direction, airflow velocity, fog concentration and temperature on collection efficiency using a typical wire-mesh electrode fog collector as an example. The results show that both electrical and environmental factors influence the collection efficiency by changing the charge and the electric field force of the droplets. Negative polarity corona and high voltage are more favorable for fog collection. High velocity airflow and high fog concentration increase the amount of water collected due to the ability to bring more droplets into the electric field. However, the collection efficiency is reduced by the weakening of the corona discharge. High temperature accelerates the evaporation of fog droplets, which is not favorable for fog collection. In conclusion, this work will not only contribute to revealing the underlying mechanisms of the electrostatic fog collection but also will guide the development of highly efficient fog collectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-gravity wet dust removal technology has attracted much attention because of its potential to cut liquid into smaller liquid droplets and lower energy consumption. However, the complex structure and the high-speed rotation of the rotating packed bed do not allow us to analyze the flow field using conventional methods, and thus the capture mechanism of fine particles in a high-gravity environment is poorly understood. In this study, a two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model was established to investigate the distribution of the gas–liquid two-phase flow field inside of a rotating packed bed. The characteristics of the flow field, such as the liquid form, gas–liquid contact time, and gas flow path, were investigated, and the droplet size distribution and gas–liquid slip velocity were quantitatively analyzed. The inertial capture efficiency was calculated using the Stokes number, and the dust removal efficiency distribution in the rotating packed bed was compared. The reason for the high collection efficiency of fine particles by the high-gravity wet dust removal technology was explained by numerical simulations. Two new structures were designed to improve the total dust removal efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the outbreak of COVID-19, there is a growing demand for improved indoor air quality. It is of great significance to explore filter materials that can not only filter fine particulate matter, but also inhibit and disinfect microbial bacteria and prevent secondary pollution. Chitosan impregnation solutions with different concentrations were prepared with 1% mass fraction of polytetrafluoroethylene （PTFE） emulsion, and chitosan/polyester/polytetrafluoroethylene composite antibacterial air filter was designed and fabricated by direct impregnation post-processing. Escherichia coli was used as the experimental colony to verify its bacteriostatic properties, and its fabric characteristics, collection efficiency and pressure drop characteristics were studied. The results showed that the initial pressure drop of the composite air filter was the lowest when the chitosan concentration was 12. 5 mg/mL, the collection efficiency for PM2. 5 was 93. 88%, the quality factor was 0. 020 13, which was 19. 56% and 0. 004 4 higher than that of the raw air filter, and the bacteriostatic rate of E. coli was 84. 12%. In conclusion, chitosan/ polyester/polytetrafluoroethylene composite antibacterial air filter prepared with chitosan concentration of 12. 5 mg/mL and PTFE emulsion concentration of 1% impregnation solution has both good filtration capacity and antibacterial effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An effective approach based on the discontinuous Galerkin method (DGM) of a high-order accuracy for calculating the initial stage of an aircraft wing's icing is presented. The problem is solved in the Euler approximation for small water droplets that do not affect the main flow. Systems of Navier–Stokes (NS) equations and Euler model equations for the liquid water content and some relations of the ice growth thermodynamics equations are written. The initial and boundary conditions are formulated. A supercomputer DGM implementation is proposed to solve these systems of equations. The efficiency of the parallel version for the code is investigated. Comments are given on the peculiarities of organizing the calculation procedure. The accuracy of the calculation using the DGM schemes of different accuracy orders is investigated. Test cases on the finely dispersed flow of supercooled droplets around a cylinder and a NACA0012 profile are presented. The numerical and experimental data are compared. A conclusion is drawn about the possibility of applying the developed methodology in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the optimal baffle's type (longitudinal and transverse baffles) and the number of baffles, two computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models for solar air heaters (SAHs) were developed by using ''ANSYS Fluent'' software. The computational results closely aligned with the experimental data. As the width of the air channel in SAHs with transverse baffles was narrower than in those with longitudinal baffles under the same number of baffles, the heat transfer coefficient of SAHs with transverse baffles was greater than those with longitudinal baffles. Thus, for the airflow rate (m˙) range of 0.013 kg s−1 to 0.078 kg s−1, SAHs with transverse baffles exhibited 2.34 %–6.97 % higher collection efficiency compared to those with longitudinal baffles. An analysis of the impact of the number of transverse baffles (N) on the flow and heat transfer characteristics in SAHs revealed that both the size and intensity of the vortex zones increased with an increase in N, thereby influencing the heat transfer between the air and the absorber plate. Specifically, among the studied values of N (2, 4, 6, and 8), at = 0.026 kg s−1, N = 4 achieved the peak effective efficiency at 54.32 %. Conversely, for m˙ = 0.039 kg s−1, 0.052 kg s−1, 0.065 kg s−1, and 0.078 kg s−1, the highest effective efficiency was observed at N = 6, with values of 60.03 %, 63.78 %, 64.39 %, and 64.38 %, respectively.

This article discusses the collection efficiency of double-needle (DN) versus single-needle (SN) modes in extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) procedures. The study was conducted on a 29-year-old male with chronic graft-versus-host disease who underwent ECP using a symmetrical-tipped central venous catheter (CVC). The results showed that the SN mode had higher collection efficiency compared to the DN mode, suggesting that the SN mode may be more effective in this case. The authors recommend exploring alternative strategies, such as connecting the return line to peripheral venous access or transitioning to SN mode with the existing CVC, to improve the effectiveness of ECP. [Extracted from the article]

Cyclone separators are important equipment for biomass transportation and separation. At present, the separation mechanism of particles with special shapes is rarely explored. A mutable filamentous particle was established to simulate the separation process of biomass materials. Firstly, comparing the simulateded results with the experimental images. Further comparison of the simulation results with the experimental airflow tangential velocity to verify the calculation model. This study explores the separation characteristics and forces acting on filamentous biomass particles through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and discrete element method (DEM). The distribution characteristics of airflow are also described in detail. The research results indicate that after 0.8 s, the filamentous biomass particles are separated stably in the cyclone separator and form a particle vortex line on the conical wall. The higher the inlet gas velocity, the lower the separation efficiency of filamentous biomass particles. The inlet gas velocity is 4.9 m/s, and the separation efficiency of filamentous biomass particles reaches 98.7%. The total force acting on the filamentous biomass particles gradually decreases after a sharply increase at 0.2 s, and it no longer changes after 0.5 s. The airflow vortex in a cyclone separator is composed of an internal vortex and an external vortex. The tangential velocity of the internal vortex varies approximately linearly. The internal vortex of the cyclone separator has a negative pressure area, which can lead to a decrease in the separation efficiency of filamentous biomass particles. These conclusions provide valuable theoretical guidance for the process and separation of biomass materials. ● A novel flexible particle can accurately simulate the biomass particle. ● The separation mechanism of biomass particles was numerically studied. ● Increasing gas velocity will reduces separation efficiency. ● The tangential velocity of the internal vortex varies approximately linearly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Granulocyte transfusion (GTX) is a treatment option for severe infections in patients with neutropenia. In previous studies, hydroxyethyl starch (HES) was used to enhance red blood cell sedimentation for granulocyte collection (GC). However, there are safety concerns about HES, and HES is not readily available in some countries. Therefore, we compared the granulocyte counts and GC efficiency achieved by two apheresis systems without HES. Materials and Methods: All consecutive GC procedures performed between July 2011 and March 2018 at our hospital were analysed. COBE Spectra was used until 5 February 2016, and Spectra Optia was used afterwards. HES was not used. Results: Twenty‐six GC procedures were performed, including 18 performed using COBE Spectra and 8 using Spectra Optia. When Spectra Optia was used, >1 × 1010 neutrophils were collected from seven of the eight (88%) procedures. Although there was no significant difference in the granulocyte yield between COBE Spectra‐based and Spectra Optia‐based GC procedures, the collection efficiency of Spectra Optia was significantly higher than that of COBE Spectra (p = 0.021). Furthermore, the granulocyte yields of Spectra Optia‐based GC tended to be more strongly correlated with the peripheral blood neutrophil count on the day of apheresis than those of COBE Spectra‐based GC. Conclusion: Our results suggest that Spectra Optia achieves greater GC efficiency than COBE Spectra, even without HES. GTX may be a therapeutic option for severe neutropenia, even in places where HES is not available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Ice crystal icing occurs in jet engine compressors, which can severely degrade jet engine performance. In this study, we developed an ice crystal trajectory simulation, considering the state changes of ice crystals with a forced convection model, indicating a significant difference in impinging ice crystal content on the blade for tiny ice crystals. Then, ice crystal trajectory simulations were performed for the rotor blade of an axial fan to investigate the effects of ice crystal size and relative humidity on collision characteristics. The results indicate that the surrounding air affects the composition of tiny ice crystals before collision, and the flight time until impingement on the rotor blade varies significantly depending on the span position. Among them, ice crystals with a diameter of 50 μm impinge with water content that is most likely to adhere to the blade. Three-dimensional simulation results show that many ice crystals impinge not only on the leading edge, where icing occurs as revealed by the two-dimensional simulations but also on the trailing edge of the hub side. This study emphasizes the importance of evaluating the three-dimensional impingement position and water content in the prediction of ice crystal icing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the study of a novel semi-circular corrugated wire-plate electrostatic precipitator (ESP) for capturing submicron particles emitted from the burning of biomass residue. The discharge of residual gases from biomass combustion is widely acknowledged to be hazardous to human health. The main objective of ESP is to control the release of residual gases. The numerical simulation was performed to evaluate the collection efficiency, space charge density, electric field, gas dynamics, and flow behaviour in the ESP with flat and semi-circular corrugated plates. The influence of electrohydrodynamic (EHD) flow and flow velocity on collection efficiency and particle trajectory had also been investigated at different applied voltages with various gas velocities. The results showed that the flow velocity had a significant influence on ESP performance and vortices formed in the flat plate ESP could be suppressed using a semi-circular corrugated plate ESP, which would be beneficial for collecting particles efficiently. The numerical results showed that the collection efficiency of semi-circular corrugated plate ESP compared to flat plate ESP is 33.33% higher for 2 µm and 25% for 5 µm particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydraulic collector is an important device for collecting seafloor polymetallic nodules. In this study, a hydraulic polymetallic nodule collector with two acquisition nozzles and one transmission nozzle is described. The numerical model of the hydraulic collector is established based on the solid–liquid two-phase flow method, and it is verified by experimental tests. On this basis, the collection mechanism of the hydraulic collector is analyzed, and the effects of structural parameters and working parameters on its collection performance are explored. The results show that the collection height and slant angle of the acquisition nozzle are key factors for collection efficiency, with optimal heights below 150 mm and angles between 45 and 49 ∘ . The recommended range for the center distance between the two acquisition confluence tubes is 650–730 mm. Excessive acquisition and transmission flow rates make a negligible contribution to improving the collection efficiency, but can also cause a significant increase in energy consumption. Therefore, the recommended ranges for acquisition and transmission flow rates are 140–160 m 3 /h and less than 80 m 3 /h, respectively. All of the results indicated that the parameters of the developed hydraulic collector were set reasonably, which thus ensured a balance between the collection efficiency and energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient collection of airborne spray is crucial to reduce environmental contamination and ensure effective pesticide application in agriculture. This study explored the efficacy of passive spray drift samplers, focusing on string collectors for capturing airborne spray droplets. String collectors were assessed in laboratory experiments using a spray drift tunnel. A notable average recovery rate of 82% was observed when string collectors were examined immediately after pesticide capture. Collection efficiency was found to increase with wind speed. Of all the string collectors, string #5, a yarn type, demonstrated consistent collection efficiency, meeting the criteria for passive samplers. This includes effective droplet capture at low wind speeds, a high recovery rate of 93.31%, and suitability for field experiments. Field evaluations further underlined the efficiency of string #5, showcasing its ability to capture spray drift across a wider area and varied heights with less effort and manpower compared to traditional nylon screens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study on the influence of inlet radial angle in a multi-inlet cyclone separator using Eulerian-Lagrangian (EL) fluid dynamics approach. The investigation focuses on the behavior of air and solid particles within the cyclone. Air circulation was simulated at velocities ranging from 2 to 6 m/s, with inlet radial angles of 15°, 32°, 45°, 61°, and 72°. To model the turbulent flow, the Reynolds stress model (RSM) and renormalization group k-model (RNG) were employed, while the particle trajectories were simulated using the discrete phase model (DPM) in ANSYS Fluent. The purpose of this study was to determine how the inlet radial angle impacts various parameters: collection efficiency, pressure drop, cut-off diameter, axial velocity, and tangential velocity. The numerical data obtained from the simulations were validated and found to be consistent with the existing literature. The results revealed interesting findings. In the case of an inlet velocity of 6 m/s, the highest pressure drop of 84.5 Pa was observed for the 15° inlet radial angle, while the lowest pressure drop of 77.42 Pa was observed for the 32° inlet radial angle. It was found that the collection efficiency varied according to the radial angle of the inlet, with values of 89.00%, 91.70%, 92.50%, 94.77%, and 94.83% for 32°, 45°, 15°, 72°, and 61°, respectively. Additionally, at an inlet velocity of 2 m/s and a radial angle of 72°, 61°, 15°, 45°, and 32°, the corresponding cut-off sizes were determined to be 1.17 μm, 1.19 μm, 1.25 μm, 1.33 μm, and 1.38 μm, respectively. At an inlet velocity of 6 m/s, the peak tangential velocities were found to be approximately 1.48, 1.44, 1.44, 1.39, and 1.34 times the inlet velocity for the 15°, 72°, 61°, 45°, and 32° radial angles, respectively, within the axial location range of z = 1.5D to z = 3.4D. The peak axial velocity values for the 32°, 72°, 45°, 15°, and 61° radial angles, were reported as 0.85, 0.89, 0.92, 0.94, and 0.96 times the inlet velocity respectively.

The CFD simulation of cyclone separators has remarkably evolved over the past decades. Nowadays, computational models are essential for designing, analyzing, and optimizing these devices. Due to the intrinsic anisotropy of the flow inside these separators, the Reynolds stress model (RSM) has been mostly employed. However, RSM models fail to solve most time and space scales, including those relevant to particle behavior. Consequently, the prediction of the grade collection efficiency may be hindered, particularly for low-Stokes-number particles. For example, the precessing vortex core phenomenon (PVC), a well-known phenomenon that is relevant for particle motion, is not usually captured in Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations. Alternatively, the large-eddy simulation (LES) has been proven to be a superior approach since it captures many time and space scales that would have been otherwise dissipated, allowing for more accurate predictions of particle collection. However, this accuracy comes at a considerable computational cost. To combine the advantages of these two models, the main objective of this research was to evaluate a new hybrid RSM-LES model applied to the cyclone’s flow. The results were compared to experimental data and with RSM model results. It showed that, compared to a RANS model given by the RSM closure model, the grade collection efficiency curve obtained by the hybrid model is closer to the experimental one, even for the coarser mesh. Beyond that, the results showed that while the improvement in results was not proportional to mesh refinement for RANS modeling, the hybrid model showed significant improvement with mesh refinement.

We present a novel design of optical nanostructure for efficient light extraction from nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in diamond. Numerical simulations of the optimal structure exhibit significant collection efficiency along with a stable radiation profile. We achieved a photon collection efficiency of 70% even with a lower numerical aperture of 0.5. Two different approaches (simple cone and encapsulated cone) have been adopted to reach a high geometrical tolerance without affecting much to the efficiency and emission profile. Besides that, our structure adds an extra benefit in terms of emission enhancement near zero phonon line (ZPL) region of NV spectra. Overall, this cone shaped diamond structure provides a robust, highly efficient and directional emission which can be integrated with a quantum optical network for various applications.

Background: Optimizing CD34 recovery while minimizing harm to hematopoietic progenitor cell donors by apheresis (HPC(A) donors) is critical to the success of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. We examined the efficacy and safety of starting allogeneic HPC(A) donors at a collect pump rate (CPR) of 2 mL/min on the Spectra Optia regardless of the inlet flow rate and/or pre‐apheresis white blood cell (WBC) count (high CPR group). Study Design and Methods: A single‐center retrospective study was performed on allogeneic adult donors from 10/2020 to 12/2022. From 10/2020 to 6/19/2022, all donors had CPR of ~1 mL/min (historical group). High CPR group started 6/20/2022. Results: During the study period, 412 donors were in historical group versus 196 (32.2%) in high CPR group. Median CD34 collection efficiency (CE) was higher and more consistent in high CPR group (55.1% vs. 53% in historical group, p <.0001) and remained significant in multivariate analysis. Although product volume was higher in high CPR group, WBC, hematocrit, and platelet concentrations were significantly lower. No difference in engraftment outcomes in patients receiving products from two groups was observed. Moreover, no differences occurred in a significant peri‐procedural adverse event or percent decrease in platelets (6.87% decrease in platelets per 100 × 106 CD34 cells collected versus 6.66% in historical group, p =.89). Furthermore, high CPR group had ~26 min less in collection time for every 100 × 106 CD34 cells collected, resulting in less positive fluid balances. Conclusions: Starting allogeneic HPC(A) donor collection at a CPR of 2 mL/min is safe and effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste bin monitoring solutions are an essential step towards smart cities. This study presents an exploratory analysis of two waste bin monitoring approaches: (1) ultrasonic sensors installed in the bins and (2) visual observations (VO) of the waste collection truck drivers. Bin fill level data was collected from a Portuguese waste management company. A comparative statistical analysis of the two datasets (VO and sensor observations) was performed and a predictive model based on Gaussian processes was applied to enable a trade-off analysis of the number of collections versus the number of overflows for each monitoring approach. The results demonstrate that the VO are valuable and reveal that significant improvements can be achieved for either of the monitoring approaches in relation to the current situation. A monitoring approach based on VO combined with a predictive model is shown to be viable and leads to a considerable reduction in the number of collections and overflows. This approach can enable waste collection companies to improve their collection operations with minimal investment costs during their transition to fully sensorized bins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a multi-physics field coupled model of electric, flow and particle fields was constructed by COMSOL to compare the effects of three different corrugated dust collector plates on electric field distribution, airflow field, particle trajectories and dust removal efficiency in an electrostatic precipitator, and to compare them with a conventional electrostatic precipitator with a parallel plate structure. The results indicated that the corrugated dust collection plate influenced the electric field within the ESP channel, while the wire plate spacing directly affected the size and distribution of space charge density. Furthermore, the corrugated dust collection plate also affected the EHD flow within the channel, with the D2-ESP and D3-ESP being the most strongly influenced by the ionic wind. By comparing the dust removal efficiency of the four ESPs, we found that D2-ESP has the highest dust removal efficiency, followed by D3-ESP, then Flat-ESP, and finally D1-ESP. The ranking order of the four ESPs' dust removal efficiency is consistent with the ranking order of the space charge density within the four ESP channels, which shows that the size of the space charge density directly affects the dust removal efficiency of ESPs. Numerical simulation results show that the change of wire plate spacing is the main reason why corrugated ESP affects the dust removal efficiency of electrostatic precipitators. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study on the influence of inlet radial angle in a multi-inlet cyclone separator using Eulerian-Lagrangian (EL) fluid dynamics approach. The investigation focuses on the behavior of air and solid particles within the cyclone. Air circulation was simulated at velocities ranging from 2 to 6 m/s, with inlet radial angles of 15°, 32°, 45°, 61°, and 72°. To model the turbulent flow, the Reynolds stress model (RSM) and renormalization group k-model (RNG) were employed, while the particle trajectories were simulated using the discrete phase model (DPM) in ANSYS Fluent. The purpose of this study was to determine how the inlet radial angle impacts various parameters: collection efficiency, pressure drop, cut-off diameter, axial velocity, and tangential velocity. The numerical data obtained from the simulations were validated and found to be consistent with the existing literature. The results revealed interesting findings. In the case of an inlet velocity of 6 m/s, the highest pressure drop of 84.5 Pa was observed for the 15° inlet radial angle, while the lowest pressure drop of 77.42 Pa was observed for the 32° inlet radial angle. It was found that the collection efficiency varied according to the radial angle of the inlet, with values of 89.00%, 91.70%, 92.50%, 94.77%, and 94.83% for 32°, 45°, 15°, 72°, and 61°, respectively. Additionally, at an inlet velocity of 2 m/s and a radial angle of 72°, 61°, 15°, 45°, and 32°, the corresponding cut-off sizes were determined to be 1.17 μm, 1.19 μm, 1.25 μm, 1.33 μm, and 1.38 μm, respectively. At an inlet velocity of 6 m/s, the peak tangential velocities were found to be approximately 1.48, 1.44, 1.44, 1.39, and 1.34 times the inlet velocity for the 15°, 72°, 61°, 45°, and 32° radial angles, respectively, within the axial location range of z = 1.5 D to z = 3.4 D. The peak axial velocity values for the 32°, 72°, 45°, 15°, and 61° radial angles, were reported as 0.85, 0.89, 0.92, 0.94, and 0.96 times the inlet velocity respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CFD simulation of cyclone separators has remarkably evolved over the past decades. Nowadays, computational models are essential for designing, analyzing, and optimizing these devices. Due to the intrinsic anisotropy of the flow inside these separators, the Reynolds stress model (RSM) has been mostly employed. However, RSM models fail to solve most time and space scales, including those relevant to particle behavior. Consequently, the prediction of the grade collection efficiency may be hindered, particularly for low-Stokes-number particles. For example, the precessing vortex core phenomenon (PVC), a well-known phenomenon that is relevant for particle motion, is not usually captured in Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations. Alternatively, the large-eddy simulation (LES) has been proven to be a superior approach since it captures many time and space scales that would have been otherwise dissipated, allowing for more accurate predictions of particle collection. However, this accuracy comes at a considerable computational cost. To combine the advantages of these two models, the main objective of this research was to evaluate a new hybrid RSM-LES model applied to the cyclone's flow. The results were compared to experimental data and with RSM model results. It showed that, compared to a RANS model given by the RSM closure model, the grade collection efficiency curve obtained by the hybrid model is closer to the experimental one, even for the coarser mesh. Beyond that, the results showed that while the improvement in results was not proportional to mesh refinement for RANS modeling, the hybrid model showed significant improvement with mesh refinement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the deterioration of workshop air quality due to free emission of unorganized fumes from multiple surface sources of residual anode carbon blocks during electrolytic cell opening and anode changing operations, new unorganized fumes collecting equipment based on negative pressure suction was designed. Take a workshop as an example, by the CFD coupled DPM simulation method for unorganized fumes, the influence of the negative pressure P of the fan, and the distance h between the upper surface of the residual carbon block and the exhaust hood on the collection efficiency was investigated. The results showed that the collection efficiency of flue gas and dust increased with the increase in negative pressure and increased at first and then decreased with the rise in the distance between the upper surface of the residual carbon block and the exhaust hood. The collection efficiency of flue gas and dust was the highest when the negative pressure was 5000 Pa, and the distance was 176 mm; at this time the collection efficiency of flue gas was 85.06%, and the dust was 72.58%. Further, validation tests in practical applications were carried out. The experimental results consistently demonstrate that the established CFD coupled DPM simulation method had a good agreement with the experimental results. The error of flue gas collection efficiency was less than 3.1%, and the error of dust collection efficiency was less than 1.2%. The research conducted had critical engineering application values for achieving high cleanliness and low energy consumption operation of unorganized fumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peripheral blood hematopoietic progenitor stem cells (HPSCs) are the most common source of stem cells for autologous and allogenic transplantation. Currently, systematic reviews comparing the collection efficiency of a continuous to an intermittent method are lacking despite the existence of primary studies. Therefore, the objective of this review was to synthesize the best available evidence to compare the efficiency of the continuous vs the intermittent method for the collection of hematopoietic progenitor stem cells required for HPC transplantation. A search using MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Google scholar, and MedNar for both published and unpublished studies was conducted in December 2021. The systematic review was conducted in accordance with JBI methodology. A critical appraisal of the studies was undertaken by two independent reviewers using the JBI quasi‐experimental critical appraisal checklist. A total of six studies were included in the review. The findings of this review demonstrated that there was no statistically significant difference in the collection efficiency, length of procedure time, and total blood volume processed between the continuous and intermittent programs. The evidence suggests that the continuous method is as safe and effective as the intermittent method to collect HPSCs. Until further evidence becomes available clinicians should be guided by the policies of their individual hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While silicon has been a steadfast semiconductor material for the past 50 years, it is now facing competition from other materials, especially for detector design. In that respect, due to its high resistance to radiation damage, silicon carbide is one of the most promising materials. In this work, we discuss the radiation damage studies of a new, large area, p-n junction silicon carbide device developed by the SiCILIA collaboration. We have studied the general performances of several devices, as a function of fluence, irradiated in different experimental conditions with different beams. A standard p-n junction silicon detector was also irradiated for comparison. The new detectors manifest excellent performance in terms of stability of the main parameters, linearity, defect distribution, charge collection efficiency, energy resolution, leakage current, etc. Experimental results evidence a radiation resistance of SiC devices more than two order of magnitude higher than Si devices. The new construction technology applied to silicon carbide material has made it possible to create very robust devices with excellent performance. These devices will soon be available for all those scientific projects where a high resistance to radiation damage is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass energy is an important zero-carbon renewable energy, and flue gas dust removal technology is playing an important role in its development. Experiment was carried based on the coupling electric bag filter experimental system to investigate the dust removal performance, operating performance and energy consumption of the coupling electric bag filter in the field of biomass fly ash removal under different voltages. The effects of the structures and the filter material type for dust collectors􀆳 performance were compared under the optimal experimental voltage. The results show that the removal efficiency for large particle size range of biomass fly ash increases, the total dust mass concentrations at the outlet decreases and the final pressure drop decreases as the voltage increases. And the final pressure drop decreases from 919 Pa corresponding to 10 kV to 317 Pa at 20 kV, which decreases by 65. 51% . In addtion, with the voltage increases, the corona current increases, the total energy consumption decreases firstly and then increases, and the comprehensive performance improves. Under the optimal experimental voltage, the comprehensive performance of the coupled electric bag filter is better than that of the front electric bag filter, but the energy consumption is higher. The performance of electric bag filter is better than that of cloth bag filter. Futhermore,compared with coal-fired fly ash, the coupled electric bag dust collector has higher removal efficiency for biomass fly ash, lower outlet concentration, higher energy consumption and lower comprehensive performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of the regional old-age dependency ratio on the collection efficiency of public pension funds using statistical data on contributions of public pension schemes for urban employees in 31 Chinese provinces and municipalities between 2010 and 2015. An inverted U-curve relationship between the regional old-age dependency ratio and the collection rate of public pension funds was observed with a single threshold value of .5439, thus, suggesting the need for a change in the soft constraints on collection responsibility and an optimization of the institutional structure underlying public pension schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For multi-phase separation, developing high-performance cyclone separators is highly demanded. In this study, different divergent or convergent insertion pipes bFelow the vortex finder are employed to improve the separation performance. The impacts of insertion pipe geometrical configurations on the flow characteristics, pressure drop, and separation efficiency are systematically analyzed. The results reveal that the employed insertion pipe can significantly affect the static pressure distribution inside the cyclone. A longer insertion pipe length and larger tilt angle result in a wider central low-pressure area and smaller overall static pressure. The divergent insertion pipes increase pressure loss, while the convergent insertion pipes augment pressure loss. A larger insertion pipe length significantly impacts the axial velocity distribution. For divergent insertion pipes, the maximum central axial velocity increases with increasing tilt angles and then decreases. For small particles (dp ≤ 5 μm), a convergent insertion pipe exhibits a better separation performance. When the particle diameter dp ≥ 5 μm, divergent insertion pipes with larger angles and lengths can significantly decrease the pressure drop while guaranteeing satisfied collection efficiency. When L = 75 mm and θ = 60°, the pressure drop is reduced by 7.8%. This study may contribute to rationally designing high performance cyclone separators and also paves ways for improving the existing cyclone separators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal diodes are a novel method to rectify the heat transfer mechanism and help reduce heat losses in solar thermal collectors during non-collection periods. The current study introduces and analyzes a new planar thermal diode integrated collector storage (ICS) solar water heating system using an experimental approach. This thermal diode ICS system has a simple, affordable structure composed of two parallel plates. Water serves as a phase change material to transfer heat through evaporation and condensation inside the diode. Three scenarios were considered to assess the dynamics of the thermal diode ICS: atmospheric pressure, depressurized thermal diodes, and Ppartial = 0, − 0.2, and − 0.4 bar. The water temperature reached 40 °C, 46 °C, and 42 °C in Ppartial = 0, − 0.2, and − 0.4 bar, respectively. The heat gain coefficients are 38.61, 40.65, and 39.26 W/K, while the heat loss coefficients are 9.56, 5.16, and 7.03 W/K in Ppartial = 0, − 0.2, and − 0.4 bar, respectively. The optimum heat collection and retention efficiencies are 45.3% and 33.5% in Ppartial = − 0.2 bar. Hence, there is an optimum partial pressure to achieve the best performance, equal to − 0.2 bar. The acquired results illustrate the robustness of the planar thermal diode in reducing heat losses and rectifying the heat transfer mechanism. Furthermore, despite the simple structure of the planar thermal diode, its efficiency is as high as that of other types of thermal diodes analyzed in recent studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal diodes are novel mechanisms with high thermal resistance in one direction and low thermal resistance in the other. The current study introduces a new planar thermal diode integrated collector storage (ICSs) system and analyzes its transient dynamics and performance under field conditions in several scenarios, including operating at atmospheric pressure and partial vacuums: P total = 0.7 atm and 0.5 atm. The acquired data illustrate that the collector has approximately the same transient dynamics during the collection period, while differences pronounce during the retention period. Utilizing partial vacuums is tricky and may cause to decrease in performance; however, the best retention and collection efficiencies were obtained at 16.97% and 29.33% when P total = 0.7 atm was utilized. Increasing the partial vacuums to P total = 0.5 atm decreases the retention efficiency significantly to nearly 3.26%. The heat gain (forward mode) coefficient was not affected significantly by partial vacuums. However, the heat loss (reverse mode) coefficient was reduced by nearly 17.63% at P total = 0.7 atm compared to atmospheric pressure. The calculated heat gain and heat loss coefficients are 9.28 W/k and 19.65 W/k at P total = 0.7 atm; hence, the constructed thermal diode successfully serves as a unidirectional heat transfer mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although research into ultrahigh dose-rate (UHDR) radiation therapy is ongoing, there is a significant lack of experimental measurements for two-dimensional (2D) dose-rate distributions. Additionally, conventional pixel-type detectors result in significant beam loss. In this study, we developed a pixel array-type detector with adjustable gaps and a data acquisition system to evaluate its effectiveness in measuring UHDR proton beams in real time. We measured a UHDR beam at the Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences using an MC-50 cyclotron, which produced a 45-MeV energy beam with a current range of 10–70 nA, to confirm the UHDR beam conditions. To minimize beam loss during measurement, we adjusted the gap and high voltage on the detector and determined the collection efficiency of the developed detector through Monte Carlo simulation and experimental measurements of the 2D dose-rate distribution. We also verified the accuracy of the real-time position measurement using the developed detector with a 226.29-MeV PBS beam at the National Cancer Center of the Republic of Korea. Our results indicate that, for a current of 70 nA with an energy beam of 45 MeV generated using the MC-50 cyclotron, the dose rate exceeded 300 Gy/s at the center of the beam, indicating UHDR conditions. Simulation and experimental measurements show that fixing the gap at 2 mm and the high voltage at 1000 V resulted in a less than 1% loss of collection efficiency when measuring UHDR beams. Furthermore, we achieved real-time measurements of the beam position with an accuracy of within 2% at five reference points. In conclusion, our study developed a beam monitoring system that can measure UHDR proton beams and confirmed the accuracy of the beam position and profile through real-time data transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large-scale evaluation of water traps for their efficiency in trapping male stingless bees was done, which involved 41 locations from 9 states and 88, 7 and 5 stingless bee colonies of Tetragonula, Lepidotrigona and Lisotrigona species respectively. We succeeded in collecting male bees in 82 colonies of Tetragonula spp., five of Lepidotrigona spp. and two of Lisotrigona spp. The male bees were trapped throughout the year with more than 10 males/colony in March, April, July, September, October and December. Males of Tetragonula, Lepidotrigona and Lisotrigona formed 0.17-14.29%, 0.54-21.53% and 12.35-14.21% of the total bees trapped per colony respectively. We conclude that a water trap is the best technique to collect male bees of all three genera (Tetragonula, Lepidotrigona and Lisotrigona) occurring in India within a brief period during any time of the year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to clarify the aerodynamic enhancement on the bipolar transverse plate electrostatic precipitator (BESP), based on the classical Deutsch formula of electrostatic precipitator (ESP), the aerodynamic influence on the collection efficiency of BESP was analyzed. The numerical simulation results show that the migration velocity of charged particles in the BESP is the sum of the electrostatic migration velocity and the aerodynamic migration velocity. The aerodynamic enhancement amplitude of windward side of the plates is stronger than that of the leeward side. Due to the lower speed in the return flow region, the leeward side of the plates are the main dust deposition areas. The experimental results show that the aerodynamic migration velocity is proportional to the quadratic of the gas velocity. When the wind speed is lower than 1. 5 m/s, the aerodynamic migration velocity is strengthened by the gas flow. However, when the wind speed is higher than 1. 5 m/s, the aerodynamic migration velocity is reduced by the dust re-entrainment. When the structural parameters are constant, the correction formula of the collection efficiency shows that the collection efficiency of BESP is determined by both electrostatic force and aerodynamic force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]