478 results on '"COLLATERALIZATION"'
Search Results
2. Income transfers and household debt. The advancing collateralization of social policy in the midst of restructuring crises.
- Author
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LAVINAS, LENA, ARAÚJO, ELIANE, and RUBIN, PEDRO
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INCOME , *SOCIAL policy , *CONSUMER credit , *BOND market , *CREDIT control ,DEVELOPED countries - Abstract
The aim of this article is to address how household debt and contemporary credit markets seem to be the defining elements in the reshaping of social policy both in develop-ing and developed countries. We start off by recalling how the implementation of income policies as the core of a new social protection paradigm has contributed to promote marketbased finance. We take Brazil as a case study to illustrate how this new connection between state guaranteed income policies and credit markets has unfolded resulting in increasing household debt. We show evidence that the connection between household debt and stateprovided monetary benefits is effective and significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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- View/download PDF
3. Collateral is brain: Low perfusion triggers spreading depolarization and futile reperfusion after acute ischemic stroke.
- Author
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Törteli, Anna, Tóth, Réka, Bari, Ferenc, Farkas, Eszter, and Menyhárt, Ákos
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ISCHEMIC stroke , *CIRCLE of Willis , *PERFUSION , *COWS , *REPERFUSION , *ISCHEMIA - Abstract
Futile reperfusion is a phenomenon of inadequate perfusion despite successful recanalization after acute ischemic stroke (AIS). It is associated with poor patient outcomes and has received increasing interest due to its clinical diagnosis becoming more common. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive, and experimental studies are focused on the pathological background of futile reperfusion. Our recent study has confirmed that poor primary collateralization plays a crucial role in the insufficiency of reperfusion after AIS in mice. Specifically, the absence of primary collaterals in the circle of Willis (CoW) promoted the development of spreading depolarizations (SDs) during AIS. In our experimental stroke model, the occurrence of SDs during ischemia always predicted futile reperfusion. Conversely, in mice with a complete CoW, no SDs were observed, and reperfusion was complete. Importantly, the human CoW displays variation in the primary collaterals in approximately 50% of the population. Therefore, futile reperfusion may result from SD evolution in AIS patients. Our purpose here is to emphasize the crucial role of SD in the development of futile reperfusion. We propose that adequate collateral recruitment can prevent SD occurrence, leading to improved reperfusion and AIS outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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4. Financial Institution Type and Firm-Related Attributes as Determinants of Loan Amounts.
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Mallinguh, Edmund and Zoltan, Zeman
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INNOVATIONS in business ,COMMERCIAL real estate loans ,NEW product development ,FINANCIAL institutions ,ABSORPTIVE capacity (Economics) - Abstract
Access to formal credit remains critical for business operations, particularly for firms unable to generate sufficient funds internally. Using the World Bank's Enterprise Survey dataset, 2018, we analyzed 230 Kenyan firms that applied for loans. These loans are sourced from banks (private, commercial, or state-owned) or non-banking financial institutions. Specifically, the paper explores the effect of financial institution type and firm-related characteristics on loan amounts advanced. The results show that the preferred credit provider matters, with the sensitivity level varying among the three institutional types. Additionally, the collateralization value, the owner's equity proportion of fixed assets, and any existing credit facility correlate positively with the outcome variable. There is an inverse relationship between the largest shareholder's ownership and the loan amount. The study uses the new product (service) launches to measure innovation. The findings suggest that firms in the innovation process access higher loan amounts than their non-innovative peers. Be that as it may, the difference in amount effect size between the two groups is small based on Cohen's d rule. The paper highlights the theoretical and practical implications of these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Using accounting‐based and loan‐related information to estimate the cure probability of a defaulted company.
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Lohmann, Christian and Ohliger, Thorsten
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PROBABILITY theory ,DEFAULT (Finance) ,INDEPENDENT variables ,PREDICTION models - Abstract
The cure of a defaulted company has important implications for the estimation of the loss given default. In this study, we estimate the probability of a defaulted company being cured using data on a large international sample of defaulted companies. More specifically, we examine whether historic accounting information on a defaulted company and loan‐related information are associated with that company's probability of being cured. The main finding of our analysis is that both accounting‐based and loan‐related independent variables increase the validity of cure prediction models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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- View/download PDF
6. The dynamics of monocytes in the process of collateralization
- Author
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Long‐Sheng Liao and Yong‐Ping Bai
- Subjects
arteriogenesis ,collateral ,collateralization ,macrophage ,monocyte ,Geriatrics ,RC952-954.6 - Abstract
Abstract Collateralization is an important way for patients with coronary heart disease to supply blood flow to the ischemic area. At present, research on the mechanism of collateral circulation mainly focuses on the inflammatory response. Monocytes are the kernel of inflammatory response during arteriogenesis. Therefore, we reviewed the recent developments in this field in terms of the dynamic changes of monocytes during collateralization. We searched and scanned PubMed for the following terms until November 2018: collateral, collateralization, monocyte, macrophage, and arteriogenesis. Articles were obtained and examined to figure out the dynamics of monocytes in the progress of collateralization. Substantial research shows that recruitment, infiltration, and phenotypic transformation of monocytes can affect function in various ways, respectively. Mechanical or chemical factors that can produce effects on collateral development may be due partly to impact on dynamics of monocytes. Although mechanisms of dynamics of monocytes during arteriogenesis are not elucidated clearly, there is no doubt that deeper exploration of the underlying mechanisms will contribute to pharmaceutical development aiming for promoting collateral development.
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- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Sources of Company Funding
- Author
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Halt, Gerald B., Jr., Donch, John C., Jr., Stiles, Amber R., Fesnak, Robert, Halt, Jr., Gerald B., Donch, Jr., John C., Stiles, Amber R., and Fesnak, Robert
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- 2017
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8. Impact of Collateral Filling Delay on the Development of Subacute Complications After Acute Ischemic Stroke.
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Froelich, Matthias F., Thierfelder, Kolja M., Rotkopf, Lukas T., Fabritius, Matthias P., Kellert, Lars, Tiedt, Steffen, Sommer, Wieland H., Wollenweber, Frank A., Dorn, Franziska, Liebig, Thomas, Reidler, Paul, and Kunz, Wolfgang G.
- Abstract
Purpose: Leptomeningeal collaterals play a pivotal role in acute ischemic stroke. While most collateral scores rely on subjective visual analysis, an objective quantification is possible using dynamic computed tomography (CT) angiography (dynCTA). The aim was to determine the value of collateral filling delay (CFD) as assessed by dynCTA for predicting subacute stroke complications. Methods: All subjects with isolated prebifurcation middle cerebral artery M1 occlusions were selected from an initial cohort of 2635 patients who underwent multiparametric CT for suspected stroke. The CFD was defined as the difference in time to peak enhancement between M2 segments of both hemispheres. Logistic regression analysis of CFD for space-occupying infarction (≥5 mm shift of brain tissue over the midline), parenchymal hematoma, and hemorrhagic transformation on follow-up imaging was performed. Results: In this study 78 patients (47 female, median age 74 years) were included. The median CFD was 6.31 s (interquartile range [IQR] 4.00–8.64). The CFD values were correlated with qualitative collateral scores (p < 0.05). Higher CFD was associated with the development of space-occupying infarction in univariable (odds ratio, OR = 1.28; p = 0.002) and multivariable regression analysis (OR = 1.48; p = 0.004). The CFD had no association with parenchymal hematoma or hemorrhagic transformation (p > 0.05). Conclusion: A high CFD may serve as reproducible measure for collateralization and indicate development of increased risk of space-occupying infarction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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9. Individual Mesopontine Neurons Implicated in Anesthetic Loss-of-consciousness Employ Separate Ascending Pathways to the Cerebral Cortex.
- Author
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Lellouche, Yair, Minert, Anne, Schreiber, Caterin, Aroch, Ilil, Vaso, Kristina, Fishman, Yelena, and Devor, Marshall
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CEREBRAL cortex , *NEURONS , *THALAMIC nuclei , *GABAERGIC neurons , *GABA agonists , *PROSENCEPHALON - Abstract
• Exposure of MPTA neurons to GABAergic agonists induces anesthesia by recruiting dedicated axonal pathways. • Ascending projections to basal forebrain, zona incerta and intralaminar thalamus likely relay MPTA signals to the cortex. • Double-retrograde tracing revealed that individual MPTA neurons project to only one of these three relays. • Ascending axons project ipsilaterally or contralaterally, with a 2:1 ipsilateral preference, but not bilaterally. • This collateralization architecture may enable regional control of EEG patterning, permitting local and unihemispheric sleep. The mesopontine tegmental anesthesia area (MPTA) is a small brainstem nucleus that, when exposed to minute quantities of GABA A receptor agonists, induces a state of general anesthesia. In addition to immobility and analgesia this state is accompanied by widespread suppression of neural activity in the cerebral cortex and high delta-band power in the electroencephalogram. Collectively, MPTA neurons are known to project to a variety of forebrain targets which are known to relay to the cortex in a highly distributed manner. Here we ask whether ascending projections of individual MPTA neurons collateralize to several of these cortical relay nuclei, or access only one. Using rats, contrasting retrograde tracers were microinjected pairwise on one side into three ascending relays: the basal forebrain, the zona incerta-lateral hypothalamus and the intralaminar thalamic nuclear group. In addition, in separate animals, each target was microinjected bilaterally. MPTA neurons were then identified as being single-or double-labeled, indicating projection to one target nucleus or collateralization to both. Results indicated that double-labeling was rare, occurring on average in only 1.3% of the neurons sampled. The overwhelming majority of individual MPTA neurons showed specific connectivity, contributing to only one of the major ascending pathways, either ipsilaterally or contralaterally, but not bilaterally. This architecture would permit particular functional aspects of anesthetic loss-of-consciousness to be driven by specific subpopulations of MPTA neurons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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10. Analysis of Nonlinear Valuation Equations Under Credit and Funding Effects
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Brigo, Damiano, Francischello, Marco, Pallavicini, Andrea, Glau, Kathrin, editor, Grbac, Zorana, editor, Scherer, Matthias, editor, and Zagst, Rudi, editor
- Published
- 2016
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11. Bergman, Piterbarg, and Beyond: Pricing Derivatives Under Collateralization and Differential Rates
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Mercurio, Fabio, Londoño, Jaime A., editor, Garrido, José, editor, and Hernández-Hernández, Daniel, editor
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- 2015
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12. Interpretation of Near-Infrared Imaging in Acute and Chronic Wound Care
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Jonathan Arnold and Valerie L. Marmolejo
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inflammation ,local ischemia ,collateralization ,hyperbaric oxygen therapy ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Vascular assessment is a critical component of wound care. Current routine noninvasive vascular studies have limitations which can give a false sense of security of the presence of adequate perfusion for healing. Near-infrared imaging modalities can serve as an additional diagnostic assessment of wounds in which adequate perfusion is a concern. Correct interpretation of near-infrared images obtained is critical as subtleties that exist in the acute and chronic wound population goes beyond the interpretation that increased signal is consistent with adequate perfusion for healing. The objective of this paper is to educate providers on the correct interpretation of this point-of-care imaging modality in day-to-day wound-care practice to guide clinical decision-making for rapid wound resolution.
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- 2021
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13. AN EQUILIBRIUM MODEL FOR AN OTC DERIVATIVE MARKET UNDER A COUNTERPARTY RISK CONSTRAINT
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KAZUHIRO TAKINO
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equilibrium pricing ,counterparty risk ,counterparty risk constraint ,collateralization ,threshold ,risk appetite ,Finance ,HG1-9999 - Abstract
In this study, we develop an equilibrium pricing model for an option contract with a counterparty risk, a collateral agreement, a counterparty risk constraint, and a threshold. Since we consider the option market to be an example of the derivatives market, we suppose that the buyer of an option has only countertparty risk of a seller defaulting. In addition, we consider a model where the buyer is allowed to enter into an option contract within an allocated amount of risk capital for counterparty risk, and requires (cash) collateral to the seller if the exposure exceeds the threshold. The counterparty risk is measured as a credit valuation adjustment. We provide an equilibrium pricing rule and an equilibrium volume formula by solving participants’ static utility-maximization problems. Based on numerical simulations, we verify the mechanisms through which collateralization, risk capital, and the threshold affect the size of the over-the-counter (OTC) option market. Finally, we analyze the influence of the buyer’s risk-aversion on the market, without collateralization. The results imply that the risk constraint might be a proxy for an investor’s attitude towards risk.
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- 2018
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14. Dynamic Hedging of Counterparty Exposure
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Bielecki, Tomasz R., Crépey, Stéphane, Kabanov, Yuri, editor, Rutkowski, Marek, editor, and Zariphopoulou, Thaleia, editor
- Published
- 2014
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15. Resection of Meningiomas Involving Major Dural Venous Sinuses: Classification, Technique, and Long-Term Results.
- Author
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Zeeshan, Qazi, Patel, Anoop, Cheng, Chun-Yu, Zhao, Ning-Hui, Barber, Jason, Ghodke, Basavaraj V., and Sekhar, Laligam N.
- Subjects
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CRANIAL sinuses , *KARNOFSKY Performance Status , *TUMOR grading - Abstract
Management of meningiomas with major dural venous sinus involvement is challenging. We present our case series and perspective on reconstruction of the sinuses. Fifty-five patients underwent operations between 2005 and 2016 and the retrospective data were collected and analyzed. The cohort was younger with a mean of 51.3 years (range, 19–72 years) predominantly involving the superior sagittal sinus (44 patients). Sinus involvement was classified into group 1 (<50% of sinus, n = 28), group 2 (50%–99%, n = 8), and group 3 (total occlusion, n = 19). Venous collateralization was present in 100% of group 2 and 3 and in 36% of group 1 occlusions. Sinus pericranii was seen in 22 patients. Gross total resection was achieved in 87.2%, and sinus reconstruction followed in 38 patients (24 by direct suture and 14 by a patch graft). Pathology showed 36 (65%) World Health Organization grade I, 18 (33%) grade II, and 1 (2%) grade III tumors. During the mean follow-up of 60 months (range, 1–132 months), sinus was patent (74%) or narrowed but patent (24%) in 98%; 2 recurrences (3.6%) were observed (at 24 and 120 months). The mean preoperative/postoperative Karnofsky Performance Status and Kaplan-Meier cumulative overall/recurrence-free survival were 84.2%/88.1% and 90.9%/80.1%, respectively. These meningiomas present in a younger population, are more likely to be World Health Organization grade II or III, necessitating a more aggressive tumor resection strategy. Aggressive resection coupled with sinus reconstruction results in good long-term surgical outcome and low recurrence rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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16. The dynamics of monocytes in the process of collateralization.
- Author
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Liao, Long‐Sheng and Bai, Yong‐Ping
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MONOCYTES ,CORONARY disease ,BLOOD flow - Abstract
Collateralization is an important way for patients with coronary heart disease to supply blood flow to the ischemic area. At present, research on the mechanism of collateral circulation mainly focuses on the inflammatory response. Monocytes are the kernel of inflammatory response during arteriogenesis. Therefore, we reviewed the recent developments in this field in terms of the dynamic changes of monocytes during collateralization. We searched and scanned PubMed for the following terms until November 2018: collateral, collateralization, monocyte, macrophage, and arteriogenesis. Articles were obtained and examined to figure out the dynamics of monocytes in the progress of collateralization. Substantial research shows that recruitment, infiltration, and phenotypic transformation of monocytes can affect function in various ways, respectively. Mechanical or chemical factors that can produce effects on collateral development may be due partly to impact on dynamics of monocytes. Although mechanisms of dynamics of monocytes during arteriogenesis are not elucidated clearly, there is no doubt that deeper exploration of the underlying mechanisms will contribute to pharmaceutical development aiming for promoting collateral development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Influence of the circle of Willis on leptomeningeal collateral flow in anterior circulation occlusive stroke: Friend or foe?
- Author
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Millesi, Katharina, Mutzenbach, Johannes Sebastian, Killer-Oberpfalzer, Monika, Hecker, Constantin, Machegger, Lukas, Bubel, Nele, Ramesmayer, Christian, and Pikija, Slaven
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INTERNAL carotid artery , *ANTERIOR cerebral artery , *CIRCLE of Willis - Abstract
Abstract Background Clinical outcome after large vessel occlusion (LVO) stroke depends on collateral integrity. We aimed to evaluate whether the completeness of the circle of Willis (CoW) and anterior temporal artery (ATA) determines the status of leptomeningeal collaterals (LC) in patients with acute LVO (internal carotid artery (ICA) and middle cerebral artery M1 (MCA) occlusion) treated with endovascular thrombectomy. Patients and methods LC, cross-flow through the anterior communicating artery (ACoA), presence of the ipsilateral posterior communicating artery (IpsiPCoA) and presence of the ATA were evaluated using CT angiography. LC was graded as good when ≥50% collateral filling was noted compared to the unaffected hemisphere. Results We included 159 patients with a median age of 75 years (IQR 63–82), MCA M1 occlusion in 96 (60%) and good outcome in 68 (45.6%). The LC were good in 129 (81.1%) patients. Complete IpsiPCoA and incomplete ACoA status was inversely associated with good LC in LVO (OR 0.51 (95% CI 0.02–0.07)). A complete CoW was associated with good LC in ICA occlusions, OR 8.4 (p =.025). Good outcome (modified Rankin scale 0–2 at 3 months) was associated with good LC (OR 5.63 (95% CI 1.11–28.4)), small ischemic lesion volume (OR 0.94 (95% CI 0.97–0.98)) and absence of the ACoA and IpsiPCoA (OR 4.47 (95% CI 1.09–18.3)). Conclusions ATA presence was associated with good leptomeningeal collaterals in LVO (OR 8.13 (95% CI 1.69–39.0)) and in MCA M1 patients (OR 7.9 (95% CI 1.7–36.4)). The effect of ATA was most pronounced in MCA M1 occlusions, and that of ACoA was most pronounced in ICA occlusions. Highlights • Pattern of proximal collateral recruitment in stroke could influence outcome • Recruitment of ipsilateral posterior communicating artery denies distal collaterals • Anterior temporal artery supports collaterals in middle cerebral artery occlusions • Complete circle of Willis supports collateralization in carotid occlusions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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18. Alterations in Local Peri-Infarct Blood Gases in Stroke Patients Undergoing Thrombectomy
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Lila Sheikhi, Ann M. Stowe, Shivani Pahwa, Robert Christopher Spears, Keith R. Pennypacker, Justin F. Fraser, Benton Maglinger, Sarah R Martha, Christopher J. McLouth, Amanda L Trout, Jill Roberts, and Jacqueline A. Frank
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Bicarbonate ,Infarction ,pCO2 ,Brain Ischemia ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Internal medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Medicine ,Thrombus ,Stroke ,Thrombectomy ,Computed tomography angiography ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Thrombosis ,medicine.disease ,Oxygen ,Bicarbonates ,Treatment Outcome ,chemistry ,Cardiology ,Arterial blood ,Female ,Surgery ,Gases ,Neurology (clinical) ,business ,Collateralization - Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke is a prevalent, devastating disease with high morbidity and mortality. Despite extensive research using animal models, significant gaps remain in understanding the pathological processes in human stroke. We previously developed a tissue bank to analyze the blood immediately proximal and distal to an intracranial thrombus in patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT03153683). Our goal for the present project was to evaluate the blood gas changes and acid/base balance during stroke and determine how vascular collateralization affects these changes. METHODS We analyzed the blood samples and computed tomography angiography collateral scores from the first 62 patients in the BACTRAC (Blood and Clot Thrombectomy Registry and Collaboration) registry. The bicarbonate, partial pressure of oxygen, and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) values of the intracranial (distal) and systemic (proximal) arterial blood relative to the occlusive thrombus were analyzed. Analysis of the group differences in systemic and intracranial blood gas values was also performed. RESULTS The partial pressure of oxygen, pCO2, and bicarbonate levels were all significantly higher in the systemic blood than in the intracranial blood (P < 0.001 for all) at thrombectomy. Collateralization did not significantly affect the distal blood gas values. Compared with the female patients, the male patients had had higher systemic pCO2 values (39.8 vs. 36.6 mm Hg; P = 0.0065) and lower systemic and intracranial pH values (7.351 vs. 7.392; P = 0.0047). CONCLUSIONS The arterial blood gases differed immediately proximal and distal to thrombi in large vessel occlusive stroke. Although vascular collateralization did not appear to affect the blood gas changes, some blood gas values differed between men and women. The changes in bicarbonate and pCO2 suggested a compensatory acid-base process occurring at the time of infarction.
- Published
- 2022
19. Congenital absence of left pulmonary artery with collateralization from all major coronary arteries
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Serdal Baştuğ, Abdullah Nabi Aslan, Cenk Sarı, and Engin Bozkurt
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atrial fibrillation ,chest pain ,collateralization ,coronary arteries ,pulmonary artery agenesis. ,Medicine ,Internal medicine ,RC31-1245 ,Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system ,RC666-701 - Abstract
Unilateral pulmonary artery agenesis (UPA) is a rarely-observed congenital anomaly with diverse clinical signs and symptoms. It is most often diagnosed in childhood due to the high mortality rate prior to adulthood. This report describes the case of a 71-year-old woman who presented with exertional chest pain, dyspnea and palpitations and who was diagnosed as having left pulmonary artery (LPA) agenesis, hypoplastic left lung supplied by collateralization from each of the three normal major coronary arteries, and atrial fibrillation.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Absence of right common iliac vein causing suprapubic and scrotal varices in a young athletic man
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David T. Zelt, Saad Balamane, Michael Yacob, and Peter Brown
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Varicosities ,medicine.medical_specialty ,RD1-811 ,business.industry ,Primary care physician ,Right common iliac vein ,Right lower extremity ,Surgery ,Shunting ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,RC666-701 ,Case report ,medicine ,Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system ,Abdomen ,Differential diagnosis ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Varices ,Collateralization - Abstract
We have described the case of a 26-year-old man who had presented to his primary care physician with persistent, painful varices across his lower abdomen and bilateral tender scrotal varicoceles, which intensified with exercise. Thorough investigations revealed a congenitally atretic right common iliac vein with right-to-left collateralization of the femoral and internal iliac veins. This shunting resulted in the development of suprapubic and pelvic and gonadal varicosities, which provided a critical venous outflow pathway for his right lower extremity. Heightened vigilance is, hence, paramount if our patient requires future abdominal and urologic procedures. Moreover, the present case has highlighted the importance of considering deep system venous anomalies when determining the differential diagnosis for venous diseases.
- Published
- 2021
21. The impact of non-cash collateralization on the over-the-counter derivatives markets
- Author
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Kazuhiro Takino
- Subjects
Cash ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous) ,Derivatives market ,Economics ,Over-the-counter ,Monetary economics ,Collateralization ,Finance ,media_common - Published
- 2021
22. Biomarkers of Technical Success After Embolectomy for Acute Stroke
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Albert J Yoo and Norman Ajiboye
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medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Technical success ,Ischemia ,Embolectomy ,medicine.disease ,Revascularization ,Stroke ,Treatment Outcome ,medicine ,Humans ,Neurology (clinical) ,business ,Intensive care medicine ,Complication ,Collateralization ,Biomarkers ,Stent retriever ,Acute stroke - Abstract
Purpose of the ReviewStent retrievers and large-bore aspiration catheters have doubled substantial reperfusion rates compared to first-generation devices. This has been accompanied by a 3-fold reduction in procedural time to revascularization. To measure future thrombectomy improvements, new benchmarks for technical efficacy are needed. This review summarizes the recent literature concerning biomarkers of procedural success and harm and highlights future directions.Recent FindingsExpanded Treatment in Cerebral Ischemia (eTICI), which incorporates scores for greater levels of reperfusion, improves outcome prediction. Core laboratory–adjudicated studies show that outcomes following eTICI 2c (90%–99% reperfusion) are superior to eTICI 2b50 and nearly equivalent to eTICI 3. Moreover, eTICI 2c improves scale reliability. Studies also confirm the importance of rapid revascularization, whether measured as first pass effect or procedural duration under 30 minutes. Distal embolization is a complication that impedes the extent and speed of revascularization, but few studies have reported its per-pass occurrence. Distal embolization and emboli to new territory should be measured after each thrombectomy maneuver. Collaterals have been shown to be an important modifier of thrombectomy benefit. A drawback of the currently accepted collateral grading scale is that it does not discriminate among the broad spectrum of partial collateralization. Important questions that require investigation include reasons for failed revascularization, the utility of a global Treatment in Cerebral Ischemia scale, and the optimal grading system for vertebrobasilar occlusions.SummaryEmerging data support a lead technical efficacy endpoint that combines the extent and speed of reperfusion. Efforts are needed to better characterize angiographic measures of treatment harm and of collateralization.
- Published
- 2021
23. To ask or not to ask? Bank capital requirements and loan collateralization
- Author
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Hans Degryse, Sudipto Karmakar, and Artashes Karapetyan
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040101 forestry ,Economics and Econometrics ,050208 finance ,Collateral ,Strategy and Management ,Collateralized debt obligation ,05 social sciences ,Financial system ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Shock (economics) ,Loan ,Accounting ,Capital (economics) ,0502 economics and business ,Capital requirement ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Business ,Asset (economics) ,Collateralization ,Finance - Abstract
We exploit the 2011 EBA Capital exercise, a quasi-natural experiment that required a number of banks to increase their regulatory capital. This experiment makes secured lending for the affected banks more attractive vis-a-vis unsecured lending, because secured loans require less regulatory capital. Using loan-level data covering the universe of bank loans in Portugal, we identify how banks require collateral on new loans when facing higher capital requirements: relative to the control group, treated banks require loans to be collateralized more often after the shock. We find the affected banks partially shield their relationship borrowers. The increased collateralization also has economically relevant real effects. Treated banks reallocate funds towards sectors with greater asset tangibility. Firms and sectors borrowing to a greater degree from treated banks exhibit lower growth and tilt their investments towards tangible assets.
- Published
- 2021
24. Esophagectomy in the Setting of Left-Sided Portal Hypertension
- Author
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David N. Parente, Jarlath C. Bolger, and Jonathan C. Yeung
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Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,MEDLINE ,Rare entity ,Esophageal cancer ,medicine.disease ,Left sided ,Esophagectomy ,medicine ,Portal hypertension ,Surgery ,Radiology ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Collateralization - Abstract
Left-sided portal hypertension is a rare entity with considerable splenogastric collateralization. We report a case of esophagectomy in the setting of left-sided portal hypertension with resulting treatment of both the esophageal cancer and the portal hypertension.
- Published
- 2022
25. Evaluation of Celiac Trunk, Hepatic Artery Variations, and Their Collateral Arteries by Multi-Slice Computed Tomography
- Author
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Fatih Çankal, Mehmet Ali Güner, and Mustafa Kaya
- Subjects
Common hepatic artery ,Left gastric artery ,business.industry ,Gallbladder ,celiac trunk ,Abdominal aorta ,hepatic artery ,Diaphragmatic breathing ,collateralization ,General Medicine ,Crus of diaphragm ,Anatomical variation ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,medicine.artery ,medicine ,Superior mesenteric artery ,business ,Nuclear medicine ,Artery ,Original Research - Abstract
Objectives Celiac Trunk (CT) is a vital artery and the first unmatched branch of the abdominal aorta, providing blood to upper abdominal structures, particularly the liver, stomach, and spleen. It is essential to know its anatomy in terms of pancreas, spleen, gallbladder, liver surgeries, and interventional radiological procedures such as chemoembolization. The aim of our study is to contribute to the literature with the measurements of distances between the diaphragmatic crus and vascular structures with their diameters, which have been studied insufficiently, and to detect the possible relationships between vascular variations and collateral branches. Methods Imaging findings of 200 patients (114 males and 86 females), who underwent Multi-Section Computed Tomography examination with various indications in our center between June 2016 and July 2020, were retrospectively analyzed. The statistical relations between CT and Hepatic Artery variations, collateral formations, age, and gender were evaluated with the Spearman's Rho Correlation Coefficient Test. Results The distance between the crus of diaphragm and CT was 4-60 mm (mean 24.3 mm), the distance between CT and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) was 2.5-35 mm (mean 8.6 mm), CT diameter was 4.6-9.4 mm (mean 7.3 mm), and the main hepatic artery diameter was 2.4-5.8 mm (mean 4.1 mm). There was no correlation in our study between CT, Hepatic Artery variations, and their collaterals (r in range of -20,124-0.116, p>0.05). It can be said that in cases of the single accessory left hepatic artery originating from the left gastric artery, such as Michel's Type V and Type VIII, collaterals between common hepatic artery and SMA were relatively more frequent (p=0.1). Conclusion Our study contributed to the literature by measuring the distance between diaphragmatic crus-vascular structures, which has been little studied in the past. Frequencies of CT and Hepatic Artery variations that have been detected in our study are similar to the results of the previous studies with non-malignancy patient groups.
- Published
- 2021
26. Lymphoscintigraphic Investigations for Axillary Web Syndromes
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Mirela Mariana Roman, Nele Adriaenssens, Clarence Karler, Christine Eddy, Isabelle Veys, Assaf Zeltzer, Olivier Leduc, Romain Barbieux, Pierre Bourgeois, Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Anatomical Research and Clinical Studies, Surgical clinical sciences, Plastic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Rehabilitation Research
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Breast Neoplasms ,Axillary web syndrome ,Institutional ethics ,medicine.disease ,Lymphovascular ,Lymphatic System ,Breast cancer ,Lymphatic system ,Axilla ,medicine ,Humans ,In patient ,Female ,Radiology ,Lymphedema ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,Complication ,business ,Collateralization ,Lymphatic Diseases ,Lymphoscintigraphy ,Retrospective Studies - Abstract
Background: Axillary web syndrome (AWS) is a frequent complication after surgery for breast cancer, but its lymphatic involvement is not definitively established. Here we report the results of lymphoscintigraphic investigations in patients with AWS. Methods and Findings: We conducted a retrospective, single-center review of lymphoscintigraphic investigations performed in 46 patients with AWS that was either clinically obvious or suspected. Of this group, 23 patients had two investigations with a mean interval of 19 weeks between them (range, 6-98 weeks). Results of the lymphoscintigraphic investigations, which were performed according to a well-standardized protocol, were classified into four patterns: normal; functional lymphatic insufficiency only (no lymphatic vascular morphologic abnormality); lymphovascular blockade without collateralization; and vascular collateralization and/or dermal backflow. Of the 46 patients, on the first lymphoscintigraphic investigation, four (8.6%) had a normal pattern, seven (15.2%) had functional lymphatic insufficiency only, four (8.6%) had lymphovascular blockade without collateralization, and 31 (67.3%) had vascular collateralization and/or dermal backflow. Among patients who underwent two investigations, four of the five who had only functional lymphatic insufficiency at the first investigation had developed vascular collateralization and/or dermal backflow by the second. The three patients who had lymphovascular blockade without collateralization at the first examination had also progressed to collateralization and/or dermal backflow at the second. None of the 15 patients who initially had vascular collateralization and/or dermal backflow showed any reversal at the second examination. Conclusions: Our analysis confirms the lymphatic nature of AWS and shows the lymphoscintigraphic patterns and evolutions of the lymphatic lesions with potential therapeutic implications. The retrospective review of our database is approved by the institutional ethics committee under number 2048.
- Published
- 2022
27. Mesopontine Neurons Implicated in Anesthetic Loss-of-consciousness have Either Ascending or Descending Axonal Projections, but Not Both.
- Author
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Goldenberg, Adi Miriam, Minert, Anne, Fishman, Yelena, Wolf, Gilly, and Devor, Marshall
- Subjects
- *
LOSS of consciousness , *GENERAL anesthesia , *CONSCIOUSNESS , *AXONAL transport , *NEURAL circuitry - Abstract
The MPTA (mesopontine tegmental anesthesia area) is a key node in a network of axonal pathways that collectively engage the key components of general anesthesia: immobility and atonia, analgesia, amnesia and loss-of-consciousness. In this study we have applied double retrograde tracing to analyze MPTA connectivity, with a focus on axon collateralization. Prior tracer studies have shown that collectively, MPTA neurons send descending projections to spinal and medullary brain targets associated with atonia and analgesia as well as ascending projections to forebrain structures associated with amnesia and arousal. Here we ask whether individual MPTA neurons collateralize broadly as might be expected of modulatory circuitry, sending axonal branches to both caudal and to rostral targets, or whether connectivity is more selective. Two distinguishable retrograde tracers were microinjected into pairs (“dyads”) of known synaptic targets of the MPTA, one caudal and one rostral. We found that neurons that were double-labeled, and hence project to both targets were rare, constituting <0.5% on average of all MPTA neurons that project to these targets. The large majority sent axons either caudally, presumably to mediate mobility and/or antinociception, or rostrally, presumably to mediate mnemonic and/or arousal/cognitive functions. MPTA neurons with descending vs ascending projections also differed in size and shape, supporting the conclusion that they constitute distinct neuronal populations. From these and prior observations we conclude that the MPTA has a hybrid architecture including neurons with heterogeneous patterns of connectivity, some highly collateralized and some more targeted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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28. Collateralization of business loans: Testing the prediction of theories.
- Author
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Meles, Antonio, Porzio, Claudio, Sampagnaro, Gabriele, Starita, Maria Grazia, and Verdoliva, Vincenzo
- Abstract
Using confidential data on a large sample of relationship lending, we analyze the determining factors of the collateralization of business loans from banks, distinguishing between firms with observable risk and firms with hidden information. We achieve three main results. First, we provide evidence that observably riskier borrowers are encouraged to give more collateral to banks to obtain a loan, whereas firms with hidden information are less risky borrowers, offering collateral to signal their quality. Second, we show that relationship banking has a direct impact on the use of collateral and produces moderating effects on the other determining factors. Finally, we observe that distant bank branches—i.e., branches that encounter greater difficulties collecting soft information and obtaining site-specific data from headquarters—are more likely to require collateral than local bank branches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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29. Stablecoins: Does design affect stability?
- Author
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Gadzinski, Gregory, Castello, Alessio, and Mazzorana, Florie
- Abstract
• The article defines new categories of stablecoins depending on the protocol architecture. • Using community detection analysis, the article assesses if price dynamics are affected by theoretical designs. • Our results show that some non-custodial stablecoins, including algorithmic ones, display similar dynamics than successful well-established custodial-based tokens. • Our results suggest that the root causes of the recent bank runs that caused the loss of peg of several stablecoins do not depend entirely on the protocol design. Stablecoins recently emerged as a solution to mitigate cryptocurrency's volatility while preserving their advantages. Nowadays, various types of stablecoins with different protocol designs coexist. Whilst "custodial" stablecoins are secured by fiat money locked in funds, "non-custodial" stablecoins rely on cryptocurrency collateralization and/or algorithms to stabilize their value. The contribution of the article is twofold: we define new categories of stablecoins depending on the protocol architecture; secondly, using community detection analysis, we assess if price dynamics are affected by theoretical designs. Our results show that stablecoins' price dynamics do not seem to depend on protocol design: some non-custodial stablecoins, including algorithmic ones, display similar dynamics than successful well-established custodial based tokens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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30. Intracranial Aneurysms Involving Circle of Willis in a Child with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Associated Vasculitis- A Rare Case Report
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AMOL MADANLAL LAHOTI, ABHIJIT KISHOR TAORI, AVINASH PARASHURAM DHOK, JITESH SUBHASH RAWAT, and NIHAR UMAKANT CHANDAK
- Subjects
collateralization ,early diagnosis ,hiv ,paediatric ,Medicine - Abstract
Intracranial Arterial Aneurysms (IAAs) are relatively rare in paediatric population and they account for at least 10%–15% of haemorrhagic strokes which occur during the first two decades of life. Here we present a unique and unusual case of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected child who presented with intracranial aneurysms with formation of collaterals and vasculopathy, demonstrating low viral count despite receiving adequate antiretroviral treatment. Intracranial vascular involvement, their complications and its incidence in these patients may become increasingly common as the management of human immunodeficiency virus infection continues to improve and afflicted patients survive for longer periods because of advancement in the antiretroviral treatment. Diagnosing aneurysm of cerebral circulation needs high degree of suspicion and correlation between clinical and radiological findings.
- Published
- 2017
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31. Counterparty Credit Risk Framework
- Author
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Tim Xiao
- Subjects
asset pricing ,credit risk modeling ,collateralization ,comvariance ,comrelation ,correlation, CDS - Abstract
This article presents a framework for capturing counterparty credit risk by accounting default correlation. We find that the CDS premium and the default correlations/comrelation have a negative relation. Intuitively, a protection seller who is positively correlated with the reference entity, i.e., a wrong way risk, should charge a lower premium for selling credit protection. Next, we also find that the impacts of the default correlations and comrelation are approximately linear. Finally, our study shows that the sensitivity slopes of the CDS premium to the default correlations and comrelation are negative. Slope measures the rate of change in the premium as a result of a change in the default dependence., https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.ID-74f411a6-60e2-4995-bc63-06d17c24ba27/tab/references
- Published
- 2022
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32. Credit Default Swap Framework
- Author
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Tim Xiao
- Subjects
valuation model ,credit risk modeling ,collateralization ,correlation, CDS ,ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDSOCIETY - Abstract
This article presents a framework for valuing a credit default swap (CDS) contract by taking counterparty credit risk into account. There are three sources of credit risk in CDS: the buyer, seller and reference entity. Our analysis shows that the effect of default dependencies on a CDS premium from large to small accordingly is i) the default correlation between the protection seller and the reference entity, ii) the default correlation between the protection buyer and the reference entity, and iii) the default correlation between the protection buyer and the protection seller. In particular, we find that the default correlation has substantial effects on the asset pricing and risk management., https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.ID-7202c1c1-cfd3-4192-9e0d-6c908e163e97/tab/references
- Published
- 2022
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33. Implementing three-dimensional groundwater management in a Texas groundwater conservation district
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Gabriel Collins and Hilmar Blumberg
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rule of capture ,groundwater governance ,conservation ,dormant rights ,collateralization ,water market ,Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes ,TD201-500 - Abstract
The Guadalupe County Groundwater Conservation District has implemented a 3-dimensional water management solution that allocates pumping rights based on actual volumes in place under a tract. This new regime treats the aquifer as a “constant level lake” where rights holders are awarded the right to a percentage of the inflow (recharge) based on the volume of saturated sands underneath their property. Three-dimensional management can improve Texas groundwater governance by strengthening property rights, promoting conservation, and unlocking economic value by promoting water trading and collateralization. It is also cost-effective and can be rapidly implemented: the Guadalupe County Groundwater Conservation District created its initial 3-dimensional ruleset in approximately 4 months at a cost of roughly $15,000. Larger districts or districts that could not benefit from an existing property parcel map created by an appraisal district would face higher costs. Creating the type of property ownership maps used by local tax appraisal districts can cost as much as $100,000. Yet the intensive property tax regime in Texas means that even the least-populous counties typically already have such information available in digital form. Quantifying the available water volume beneath each property and making pumping rights transferrable between wells profoundly transforms groundwater management and confers clear vested rights to water in place. As such, it can provide economic recourse to smaller water holders even in areas where municipalities and other large pumpers enter the district. In short, this forward-looking, conservation-oriented new ruleset provides a way for Texas groundwater stewards to move past flat surface acreage-based allocations and move into an era where a handful of large pumpers in a district do not erode the property rights of smaller holders. Quantifying water in place involves averaging and making certain approximations and generalizations because of the inevitably complex nature of geologic formations. Over time, groundwater conservation districts and their constituent members will determine how deeply to engage that complexity. The bottom line is that 3-dimensional management offers an exponential degree of improvement over existing Texas groundwater management models. The Guadalupe County Groundwater Conservation District’s ruleset embraces a philosophy of iterative learning and improvement and acknowledges that employing models as tools of governance always involves approximations. It handles this by including the capacity to rapidly update and revise its approach as the district obtains additional data points and insights through operational implementation of its rules. Citation: Blumberg H, Collins G. 2016. Implementing three-dimensional groundwater management in a Texas groundwater conservation district. Texas Water Journal. 6(1): 69-81. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21423/twj.v7i1.7037.
- Published
- 2016
34. A Case of Carotid Artery Stenting for Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion with Collateral Flow by Ascending Pharyngeal Artery
- Subjects
上行咽頭動脈 ,内頚動脈閉塞 ,distal patency ,collateralization ,internal carotid artery ,aberrant ascending pharyngeal artery ,側副血流 - Published
- 2021
35. Cross Currency Valuation and Hedging in the Multiple Curve Framework
- Author
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Alessandro Gnoatto and Nicole Seiffert
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Financial economics ,Collateral ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Context (language use) ,multiple curves ,Basel III ,FOS: Economics and business ,Econometrics ,Economics ,FX ,media_common ,Numerical Analysis ,Applied Mathematics ,91G30, 91B24, 91B70 ,Rehypothecation ,cross-currency basis ,FVA ,Mathematical Finance (q-fin.MF) ,Interest rate ,Valuation (logic) ,FX, cross-currency basis, multiple curves, FVA, CollVA, Basel III, Collateral ,Quantitative Finance - Mathematical Finance ,Currency ,Cash ,Cash flow ,CollVA ,Pricing of Securities (q-fin.PR) ,Arbitrage ,Quantitative Finance - Pricing of Securities ,Collateralization ,Finance - Abstract
We generalize the results of Bielecki and Rutkowski (2015) on funding and collateralization to a multi-currency framework and link their results with those of Piterbarg (2012), Moreni and Pallavicini (2017), and Fujii et al. (2010b). In doing this, we provide a complete study of absence of arbitrage in a multi-currency market where, in each single monetary area, multiple interest rates coexist. We first characterize absence of arbitrage in the case without collateral. After that we study collateralization schemes in a very general situation: the cash flows of the contingent claim and those associated to the collateral agreement can be specified in any currency. We study both segregation and rehypothecation and allow for cash and risky collateral in arbitrary currency specifications. Absence of arbitrage and pricing in the presence of collateral are discussed under all possible combinations of conventions. Our work provides a reference for the analysis of wealth dynamics, we also provide valuation formulas that are a useful foundation for cross-currency curve construction techniques. Our framework provides also a solid foundation for the construction of multi-currency simulation models for the generation of exposure profiles in the context of xVA calculations., Comment: 42 pages
- Published
- 2021
36. A Derivatives Pricing Model with Non-Cash Collateralization
- Author
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Kazuhiro Takino
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,050208 finance ,Interest rate derivative ,Collateral ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,01 natural sciences ,010104 statistics & probability ,Cash ,0502 economics and business ,Short rate ,Economics ,Econometrics ,Asset (economics) ,0101 mathematics ,business ,Collateralization ,Finance ,Risk management ,Credit risk ,media_common - Abstract
This article proposes a derivatives pricing model with both cash and a non-cash asset posted as collateral for a derivatives contract. We assume that the participant sources funds from the repo market for the posted non-cash collateral. Our pricing formula is based on the investment of the received collaterals. For the pricing formula, we discount the future derivatives value using a combination of the collateral and repo rates under a risk-neutral measure. Thus, our pricing model constructs a multi-curve framework. We calibrate our pricing model for JPY interest rate derivatives and then show that our model with non-cash collateralization is closer to the real price than the existing pricing formulae (i.e., the cash collateralization and simple short rate models). TOPICS:Derivatives, interest-rate and currency swaps, quantitative methods, statistical methods, risk management, credit risk management Key Findings ▪ A derivatives pricing model when cash and a non-cash asset are posted as collateral is proposed. The non-cash collateral receiver exchanges the posted collateral for cash in the repo market. ▪ Under this framework, the discount rate in the resulting pricing formula is given as the weighted average of the collateral and repo rates weighted with the amount of the cash collateral. ▪ The accuracy of the proposed pricing formula is superior to the pricing formula with the OIS discount that has been common after the financial crisis in 2008.
- Published
- 2020
37. Share pledging and financial constraints in China
- Author
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Zhangxin (Frank) Liu, Zijian Cheng, and Yupu Sun
- Subjects
040101 forestry ,Finance ,050208 finance ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous) ,Instrumental variable ,Sample (statistics) ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Shareholder ,Expropriation ,Funding source ,Accounting ,0502 economics and business ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Endogeneity ,Emerging markets ,business ,China ,Collateralization ,Constraint (mathematics) - Abstract
We investigate the relationship between the intensity of share pledging activities and the level of financial constraint. Using a sample of Chinese publicly listed firms from 2003 to 2018, our main findings are fourfold. First, we document that the high financial constraint level may motivate insiders to use share pledging as an alternative funding source and an expropriation mechanism. Second, share collateralization can cause a subsequently more constrained financing condition. Third, investors may raise more concerns about the existence of share collateralization than the proportion of pledged shares in a firm. Fourth, we find evidence that share pledging made by the controlling shareholder is likely to mitigate financial constraints in the following year. Our results are robust to alternative measures of share pledging, an alternative definition of financial constraint, and an instrumental variable for dealing with endogeneity problems. Our findings provide insights into rationales behind and consequences of share pledging activities, which have important implications for financially constrained firms and regulators in emerging markets.
- Published
- 2020
38. How do finance companies' advantages affect competitive strategies in short‐ and <scp>intermediate‐term</scp> loan markets? A theoretical analysis
- Author
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Jauling Tseng
- Subjects
Finance ,Economics and Econometrics ,Collateral ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Financial intermediary ,Business model ,Interest rate ,Market liquidity ,Loan ,Accounting ,Economics ,business ,Collateralization ,Financial services ,media_common - Abstract
The emergence of finance companies has affected the competitive strategies of financial service industry and has also altered the financing patterns of various borrowers. This study's theoretical model illustrates that finance companies are able to offer larger loans and reach risky niche‐market borrowers more easily than banks can because of certain advantages of the finance company's business model, including unique funding sources, cross‐subsidization, relatively low collateralization costs, and extensive financial intermediation. The resulting loan terms are typically more attractive than those that banks can offer, including higher loan‐granting ratios. These advantages can expand borrowers' financing sources and thereby reduce their financing difficulties. This is especially the case for risky borrowers or entrepreneurs who operate small‐ and medium‐size enterprises. Such borrowers, who typically face liquidity constraints and are thus willing to pay higher interest rates, are more inclined to obtain operating funds from finance companies than from banks.
- Published
- 2020
39. Clinical Outcome Predicted by Collaterals Depends on Technical Success of Mechanical Thrombectomy in Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion.
- Author
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Gersing, Alexandra S., Schwaiger, Benedikt J., Kleine, Justus F., Kaesmacher, Johannes, Wunderlich, Silke, Friedrich, Benjamin, Prothmann, Sascha, Zimmer, Claus, and Boeckh-Behrens, Tobias
- Abstract
Background: This study aimed to analyze the effects of technical outcome of mechanical thrombectomy (MTE) on the associations between collateral status, assessed with pretreatment computed tomography angiography (CTA), and neurological and functional outcome, as well as associations between collaterals and metabolic risk factors (arterial hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, overweight).Methods: Prospectively collected data of 115 patients with CTA-proven isolated middle cerebral artery occlusion treated successfully with MTE (Thrombosis in Cerebral Infarction [TICI] scale 2b or 3) were assessed retrospectively. Initial CTAs were assessed for the regional leptomeningeal collateralization score (rLMC), neurological status was determined with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at admission and discharge, and mid-term functional outcome was assessed using the modified Rankin scale (mRS) 90 days after MTE.Results: NIHSS score at admission was significantly associated with rLMC (P = .004), whereas rLMC and NIHSS at discharge showed no significant associations (P = .12). Better rLMC was significantly associated with improved mid-term mRS (P = .018). This association was even more significant after complete MTE (TICI 3; P = .011). Arterial hypertension was significantly more often found in patients with poor rLMC (0-10) than in patients with good rLMC (11-20; P = .046), yet other risk factors showed no significant associations (P > .05).Conclusions: In patients with successful MTE, good collaterals were associated with better neurological status at admission and favorable mid-term functional outcome. In patients with complete MTE, associations were even more significant compared with those with "almost complete" MTE, suggesting a synergistic effect between good collaterals and complete MTE and a predictive value of collaterals for estimation of the potential clinical benefit of MTE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Vascular cell transcriptomic changes to exercise training differ directionally along and between skeletal muscle arteriolar trees.
- Author
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Laughlin, M. Harold, Yang, Hsiao T., Tharp, Darla L., Rector, R. Scott, Padilla, Jaume, and Bowles, Douglas K.
- Subjects
- *
SKELETAL muscle physiology , *NEOVASCULARIZATION , *GENE expression , *EXERCISE physiology , *GENETIC transcription - Abstract
EXT-induced arteriolar adaptations in skeletal muscle are heterogeneous because of spatial variations in muscle fiber type composition and fiber recruitment patterns during exercise. The purpose of this report is to summarize a series of experiments conducted to test the hypothesis that changes in vascular gene expression are signaled by alterations in shear stress resulting from increases in blood flow, muscle fiber type composition, and fiber recruitment patterns. We also report results from a follow-up study of Ankrd23, one gene whose expression was changed by EXT. We expected to see differences in magnitude of changes in gene expression along arteriolar trees and between/among arteriolar trees but similar directional changes. However, transcriptional profiles of arterioles/arteries from OLETF rats exposed to END or SIT reveal that EXT does not lead to similar directional changes in the transcriptome among arteriolar trees of different skeletal muscles or along arteriolar trees within a particular muscle. END caused the most changes in gene expression in 2A arterioles of soleus and white gastrocnemius with little to no changes in the FAs. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis across vessels revealed significant changes in gene expression in 18 pathways. EXT increased expression of some genes (Shc1, desert hedgehog protein (Dhh), adenylate cyclase 4 (Adcy4), G protein-binding protein, alpha (Gnat1), and Bcl2l1) in all arterioles examined, but decreased expression of ubiquitin D (Ubd) and cAMP response element modulator (Crem). Many contractile and/or structural protein genes were increased by SIT in the gastrocnemius FA, but the same genes exhibited decreased expression in red gastrocnemius arterioles. Ankrd23 mRNA levels increased with increasing branch order in the gastrocnemius arteriolar tree and were increased 19-fold in gastrocnemius muscle FA by SIT. Follow-up experiments indicate that Ankrd23 mRNA level was increased 14-fold in cannulated gastrocnemius FA when intraluminal pressure was increased from 90 and 180 cm H2O for 4 hours. Also, Ankrd23−/− mice exhibit limited ability to form collateral arteries following femoral artery occlusion compared to WT mice (angioscore WT=0.18±0.03; Ankrd23−/−=0.04±0.01). Further research will be required to determine whether Ankrd23 plays an important role in mechanically induced vascular remodeling of the arterial tree in skeletal muscle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Moyamoya in a Patient with FIRES: A First Case Report.
- Author
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Kaufman, Taylor and White, Andrew
- Abstract
Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) is a form of epileptic encephalopathy with severe refractory epilepsy that presents in previously healthy, school-aged children after significant febrile illness with concomitant rise in body temperature. Suspected causes include genetic or acquired channelopathies, as well as mitochondrial disturbances. In FIRES, the EEG shows diffuse slowing, generalized, and/or multifocal discharges. Seizures are present and resistant to treatment. Moyamoya angiopathy (MMA) is characterized by progressive stenosis of cerebral arteries and subsequent development of a network of collateral circulation that is prone to rupture. We present here a case of a 6-year-old patient with a postfebrile illness, acute and explosive bilateral independent seizure onset that was most consistent with FIRES, but also with imaging evidence of right-sided-only MMA. Our patient demonstrated two diseases not described together previously in the literature. It is unknown whether this patient’s MMA is related to FIRES. In spite of successful corrective surgery (encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis), the patient continues to suffer from intractable seizures (mostly on the right) and apparent mild encephalopathy. The impact of our interventions (surgery, antiepileptic medication) is unclear. In this article, we describe a case of MMA and FIRES, and the history, physical, laboratory, imaging, and developmental elements of the 6-year-old patient with previously normal development. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Building bridges to longevity: the value of composite bridge grafting.
- Author
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Kirov H and Doenst T
- Subjects
- Humans, Coronary Artery Bypass, Longevity, Coronary Artery Disease surgery
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. CCPs and network stability in OTC derivatives markets.
- Author
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Heath, Alexandra, Kelly, Gerard, Manning, Mark, Markose, Sheri, and Shaghaghi, Ali Rais
- Abstract
Among the reforms to OTC derivative markets since the global financial crisis is a commitment to collateralize counterparty exposures and to clear standardized contracts via central counterparties (CCPs). The reforms aim to reduce interconnectedness and improve counterparty risk management in these important markets. At the same time, however, the reforms necessarily concentrate risk in one or a few nodes in the financial network and also increase institutions’ demand for high-quality assets to meet collateral requirements. This paper looks more closely at the implications of increased CCP clearing for both the topology and stability of the financial network. Building on Heath et al. (2013) and Markose (2012) , the analysis supports the view that the concentration of risk in CCPs could generate instability if not appropriately managed. Nevertheless, maintaining CCP prefunded financial resources in accordance with international standards and dispersing any unfunded losses widely through the system can limit the potential for a CCP to transmit stress even in very extreme market conditions. The analysis uses the Bank for International Settlements Macroeconomic Assessment Group on Derivatives (MAGD) data set on the derivatives positions of the 41 largest bank participants in global OTC derivative markets in 2012. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Intra- and extracranial atherosclerotic disease: casting a new light on emerging trends.
- Author
-
Ding, Jing and Wang, Xin
- Abstract
Intra- and extracranial atherosclerotic stenosis has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of secondary stroke mortality. Advances in invasive and non-invasive imaging modalities have improved analysis of hemodynamic changes and allowed better delineation of the integrity of intracranial collateralization and plague morphology in patients with artery stenosis. This review focuses on new imaging modalities and clinical applications of currently available techniques, and provides significant insight into future directions in comprehensive analysis of intra- and extracranial atherosclerotic stenosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Septal Collateralization to Right Coronary Artery in Alcohol Septal Ablation: Solution to a Dangerous Pitfall.
- Author
-
Koljaja-Batzner, Angelika, Pfeiffer, Barbara, and Seggewiss, Hubert
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. The impact of native leptomeningeal collateralization on rapid blood flow recruitment following ischemic stroke
- Author
-
Atsushi Kanoke, Eric To, Teiji Tominaga, Yuandong Li, Jialing Liu, Ruikang K. Wang, Yosuke Akamatsu, Yasuo Nishijima, and Chih C Lee
- Subjects
Doppler OCT ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Computed Tomography Angiography ,Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial ,Collateral Circulation ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Independent predictor ,Brain Ischemia ,Mice ,03 medical and health sciences ,Meninges ,0302 clinical medicine ,Internal medicine ,Stroke outcome ,Animals ,Medicine ,Mice, Inbred BALB C ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Brain ,Genetic Variation ,Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery ,Original Articles ,Blood flow ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,Stroke ,Disease Models, Animal ,Neurology ,Cerebrovascular Circulation ,Angiography ,Ischemic stroke ,Cardiology ,Disease Susceptibility ,Neurology (clinical) ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Collateralization ,Blood Flow Velocity ,Tomography, Optical Coherence ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
The leptomeningeal collateral status is an independent predictor of stroke outcome. By means of optical coherent tomography angiography to compare two mouse strains with different extent of native leptomeningeal collateralization, we determined the spatiotemporal dynamics of collateral flow and downstream hemodynamics following ischemic stroke. A robust recruitment of leptomeningeal collateral flow was detected immediately after middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in C57BL/6 mice, with continued expansion over the course of seven days. In contrast, little collateral recruitment was seen in Balb/C mice during- and one day after MCAO, which coincided with a greater infarct size and worse functional outcome compared to C57BL/6, despite a slight improvement of cortical perfusion seven days after MCAO. Both strains of mice experienced a reduction of blood flow in the penetrating arterioles (PA) by more than 90% 30-min after dMCAO, although the decrease of PA flow was greater and the recovery was less in the Balb/C mice. Further, Balb/C mice also displayed a prolonged greater heterogeneity of capillary transit time after dMCAO in the MCA territory compared to C57BL/6 mice. Our data suggest that the extent of native leptomeningeal collaterals affects downstream hemodynamics with a long lasting impact in the microvascular bed after cortical stroke.
- Published
- 2020
47. Coronary collaterals in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction presenting late after symptom onset
- Author
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Steffen Desch, Ingo Eitel, Suzanne de Waha-Thiele, Philipp Lurz, Anne Freund, Thomas Stiermaier, Sandra Schock, and Holger Thiele
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Time Factors ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Ischemia ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ,0302 clinical medicine ,Coronary Circulation ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,cardiovascular diseases ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Myocardial infarction ,Aged ,Thrombectomy ,Aged, 80 and over ,business.industry ,Coronary Thrombosis ,Cardiogenic shock ,Percutaneous coronary intervention ,General Medicine ,Thrombolysis ,Middle Aged ,Prognosis ,medicine.disease ,Coronary Vessels ,Conventional PCI ,Cardiology ,ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction ,Female ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Collateralization ,TIMI ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
The role of coronary collaterals in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) remains controversial. So far, studies examining the effect of collaterals on outcome mainly focused on patients presenting early after symptom onset. We sought to investigate the prognostic influence of coronary collateralization in patients presenting with prolonged ischemia late after symptom onset. The study is a subanalysis of a randomized trial addressing thrombus aspiration in STEMI patients presenting between 12 and 48 h after symptom onset with a follow-up period of a minimum of 4 years. A total of 95 patients with a Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade 0 or 1 prior to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were included in the analysis. Of these, 62 patients (65%) had none or poor coronary collateralization according to the Rentrop classification (Rentrop grade 0 or 1) compared to 33 (35%) with well-developed collateralization (Rentrop grade 2 or 3). In comparison, patients with well-developed collateralization had a smaller area of microvascular obstruction (2.1 ± 3.8 vs. 4.5 ± 4.9% of left ventriclular mass (%LV), p = 0.03) and infarct size (27.9 ± 11.7 vs. 34.8 ± 17.2% LV, p = 0.047) on magnetic resonance imaging. Further, mortality at 4-years follow-up was lower (6% Rentrop grade 2 or 3 vs. 25% Rentrop grade 0 or 1, p = 0.02). Poor collateralization was an independent predictor of long-term mortality on multivariate Cox regression analyses in addition to cardiogenic shock and unsuccessful PCI during the index procedure. Sufficient coronary collateralization has a positive impact on microvascular obstruction, infarct size and long-term mortality in STEMI patients presenting between 12 and 48 h after symptom onset.
- Published
- 2020
48. Association between the triglyceride glucose index and coronary collateralization in coronary artery disease patients with chronic total occlusion lesions
- Author
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Hongya Han, Yujie Zhou, Yingxin Zhao, Ang Gao, Yan Liu, Jinxing Liu, Chengping Hu, and Yong Zhu
- Subjects
Blood Glucose ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,RC620-627 ,Triglyceride glucose index ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Collateral Circulation ,Subgroup analysis ,Clinical nutrition ,Coronary Artery Disease ,Coronary artery disease ,Endocrinology ,Insulin resistance ,Risk Factors ,Internal medicine ,Medicine ,Humans ,Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases ,Triglycerides ,Cardiac catheterization ,business.industry ,Research ,Biochemistry (medical) ,Confounding ,Odds ratio ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Prognosis ,Chronic total occlusion ,Coronary Occlusion ,Cardiology ,Female ,business ,Collateralization ,Coronary collateralization - Abstract
BackgroundRecent studies have substantiated the role of the triglyceride glucose (TyG) index in predicting the prognosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients, while no relevant studies have revealed the association between the TyG index and coronary collateralization in the event of coronary chronic total occlusion (CTO). The current study intends to explore whether, or to what extent, the TyG index is associated with impaired collateralization in CAD patients with CTO lesions.MethodsThe study enrolled 1093 CAD patients undergoing cardiac catheterization for at least one CTO lesion. Data were collected from the Beijing Anzhen Hospital record system. The degree of collaterals was determined according to the Rentrop classification system. The correlation between the TyG index and coronary collateralization was assessed.ResultsOverall, 318 patients were included in a less developed collateralization (Rentrop classification 0-1) group. The TyG index was significantly higher in patients with impaired collateralization (9.3±0.65 vs. 8.8±0.53,PPConclusionsThe increased TyG index is strongly associated with less developed collateralization in CAD patients with CTO lesions and its risk assessment performance is better than single metabolic abnormality indicators.
- Published
- 2021
49. Blood flow modeling reveals improved collateral artery performance during mammalian heart regeneration
- Author
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Christopher K. Cook, Anca M. Pașca, Koen Nieman, Kristy Red-Horse, Brian C. Raftrey, Melody Dong, Aubrey M. Hands, Pamela E. Rios Coronado, Alison L. Marsden, Ana Natalia L. Sy-Quia, Martin R. Pfaller, Anson Seow, Mingming Zhao, Suhaas Anbazhakan, and Daniel Bernstein
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Fetus ,business.industry ,Regeneration (biology) ,Cardiac muscle ,Blood flow ,medicine.disease ,Coronary artery disease ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Internal medicine ,Occlusion ,medicine ,Cardiology ,business ,Collateralization ,Artery - Abstract
Collateral arteries are a vessel subtype that bridges two artery branches, forming a natural bypass that can deliver blood flow downstream of an occlusion. These bridges in the human heart are associated with better outcomes during coronary artery disease. We recently found that their rapid development in neonates supports heart regeneration, while the non-regenerative adult heart displays slow and minimal collateralization. Thus, inducing robust collateral artery networks could serve as viable treatment for cardiac ischemia, but reaching this goal requires more knowledge on their developmental mechanisms and functional capabilities. Here, we use whole-organ imaging and 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to identify the spatial architecture of and predict blood flow through collaterals in neonate and adult hearts. We found that neonate collaterals are more numerous, larger in diameter, and, even when similar in size/number, are predicted to more effectively re-perfuse an occluded coronary network when compared to adults. CFD analysis revealed that collaterals perform better in neonates because of decreased differential pressures along their coronary artery tree. Furthermore, testing of various collateral configurations indicated that larger, more proximal collaterals are more beneficial than many smaller ones, identifying a target architecture for therapeutic interventions. Morphometric analysis revealed how the coronary artery network expands during postnatal growth. Vessel diameters do not scale with cardiac muscle growth. Instead, the coronary tree expands solely by adding additional branches of a set length, a burst of which occurs during murine puberty. Finally, we compared mouse structural and functional data to human hearts. Surprisingly, fetal human hearts possessed a very large number of small, but mature, smooth muscle cell covered collaterals while angiogram data indicated adult patients with chronic coronary occlusions contained at least two. Comparing size ratios with modeled mouse data suggested low re-perfusion capabilities of the embryonic collaterals but higher functional benefits of those in diseased adults. Our unique interdisciplinary approach allowed us to quantify the functional significance of collateral arteries during heart regeneration and repair–a critical step towards realizing their therapeutic potential.
- Published
- 2021
50. Factors causing variability in formation of coronary collaterals during coronary artery disease
- Author
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B. Senthil Kumar and S. Balakrishnan
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Acute coronary syndrome ,Histology ,Unstable angina ,business.industry ,Collateral Circulation ,Heart ,Coronary Artery Disease ,medicine.disease ,Coronary Angiography ,Coronary arteries ,Coronary artery disease ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Internal medicine ,Coronary Circulation ,medicine ,Cardiology ,Humans ,Myocardial infarction ,Anatomy ,business ,Collateralization ,Cause of death ,Artery - Abstract
Coronary artery disease is one of the major cause of death worldwide. Coronary artery disease are narrowing of coronary arteries that prevents adequate blood supply to the heart muscles results in Acute coronary syndrome which includes unstable angina and myocardial infarction. The only remedy for it is to restore the perfusion through percutaneous Intervention and grafting which may sometime cause reperfusion injury and other complications. Coronary collaterals are small inter-arterial connections that act as natural bypass which provide blood flow to the vascular territory, when the artery supplying to it gets obstructed. Acute collateral recruitment can be done, as a remedy for these adverse cardiac events. Various methods of therapies have been focussed, for the promotion and sustenance of functional coronary collaterals. The determinants of human coronary collaterals give clear evidence for prognosis in coronary artery diseases and a new insight for further therapeutic promotion of coronary collaterals. This review mainly focus into various studies done on coronary collaterals and the affect of various demographic, morphological and cardiovascular risk factors in the formation of coronary collaterals during obstructive Coronary artery disease. Many studies prove that various independent variables like morphology of coronary artery, location of the lesion, duration of the occlusion, coronary dominance, biochemical factors, cardiac risk factors like diabetes, hypertension also affects collateral formation. The current update review gives a holistic view on coronary collaterals and findings of various authors on the affect of these independent variables on collateral formation.
- Published
- 2021
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