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Water quality characterization of Himalayan streams that provide variety of ecosystem services including drinking water to zooming population is indispensable. In this background, water quality characterization of the Rambiarrah watershed was carried out from Autumn 2016 to Summer 2018, which revealed that all the drinking water quality parameters were within the prescribed limits of the World Health Organization (WHO) and Beauru of Indian Standards (BIS) except total coliform (TC) and fecal coliform (FC). Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) displayed 3 clusters, cluster I, II, III with least, moderate and high anthropogenic disturbance respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) recognized 4 principal components (PCs) and explained a cumulative variance of 70.3%. Redundancy analysis (RDA) highlighted that agriculture, built-up, and plantation land-use classes explained 55% of the variance, while as 57% of the variance was highlighted by observable sensory features (waste disposal, sewage inflow and mineral extraction). The water quality index (WQI) varied from excellent to very poor water quality category. Physico-chemical parameters like pH, EC, TDS, TH, Ca2+, and Mg2+ decipher significant effective weights at upstream sites while as microbial load (TC and FC) highlighted significant effective weights at mid and downstream sites. The spatial–temporal pattern of water quality and aquascape landscape interrelationship identified in this study will contribute to the water quality management endeavor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fecal material is one of the principal components in domestic wastewater (DWW). In this sense, Escherichia coli is a recognized indicator of fecal pollution due to its low-cost monitoring in DWW. Moreover, DWW are a pathogen reservoir that become a health hazard when its discharges are poured to water bodies without treatment. In this study, a simple and low-cost method was developed to functionalize the leaves (LC), peel (PC), and seeds (SC) of Moringa oleifera (MO), with an saline extract (NaCl 0.35 M), to obtain coagulants capable to reduce the presence of bacteria indicating fecal contamination and other pollution indicators in Guerrero, Mexico. The optimal doses were determined with a surface response using Sigma Plot® 8.10 software through a factor design of mixed levels. The optimal conditions for the reduction of the microbiological and physicochemical parameters were PC and SC, with concentrations of 70 g/l of the grinded material used to prepare the MO-coagulants, with doses of 1 and 6 mL, respectively, evaluated for the pollutant's removal in the wastewater samples. The results showed the removal of fecal coliforms (99.3%), E. coli (92%), nitrates (47.9%), total dissolved solids (63%), turbidity (90%) and a dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) of 7.1 g/l in the treated wastewater. The developed method, using MO, is a simple and efficient tool for the reduction of bacteria indicating fecal contamination and other pollution indicators present in DWW. Highlights: The Moringa oleifera (MO) coagulants eliminated 99.3% of fecal coliforms and 92% of E. coli from wastewater discharged into the Huacapa River. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the coagulation process of wastewater using MO-coagulants. The methodology developed in this study could be applied to treatment of surface water in rural communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In most Brazilian municipalities, urban solid waste (USW) is disposed of in open dumps, with numerous sites now being closed, monitored, and rehabilitated. One location, the "old dump" area in the Portão municipality (southern Brazil), previously served as an irregular repository for USW and industrial solid waste (ISW). Its use continued until 1993 when it was closed for a natural remediation process. For this reason, this study aimed to assess groundwater quality in the Portão "old dump," employing physicochemical, microbiological, and toxicity quality indicators. The study's scope was extended to encompass the Portão Stream as well. Notably, the second collection campaign revealed elevated dissolved aluminum (Al3+), iron (Fe2+), and nitrate levels in all groundwater samples (from PZi wells, i = 1–6), with the PZ3 monitoring well experiencing the most pronounced impact. Further quality indicators, such as total phosphorus, thermotolerant coliforms, BOD5, as well as Al3+ and copper (Cu2+) levels in the second water collection campaign from Portão Stream, were classified as Class 4, suggesting that the water is suitable only for navigation and aesthetic purposes. Conductivity analysis identified Portão Stream as another impacted area. Moreover, during the second collection campaign, the study uncovered an escalation in micronuclei (MN) frequency and chromosomal alterations in PZ5. Downstream water samples from Portão Stream exhibited similarly heightened MN levels. This study's investigation into water quality is a concrete example of the implications of improper USW management. These findings underscore the pressing need for effective waste management strategies to mitigate environmental degradation and protect public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Proper disinfection treatment is the basic guarantee for safe utilisation of sewage. However, the commonly used disinfection methods are not suitable for nutrients containing reclaimed water. In this work, the microwave disinfection method assisted by a microwave-absorbing material in recycled water samples was investigated. Magnetic corn stalk biochar (MCSB), the microwave absorbing material, was prepared by high temperature carbonisation of corn stalk particles impregnated with ferrous sulfate. Escherichia coli and fecal coliforms were selected as target microorganisms to investigate the disinfection efficiency of MCSB assisted microwave radiation (MW/MCSB). The addition of microwave absorbing materials significantly improves the disinfection effect of water samples. Compared with the microwave radiation (MW) without MCSB, the bactericidal rate by using 107 CFU/L E. coli suspension increased from 63.5% to 100% at 480 W for 30 s after adding 4 g/L MCSB. Besides, the effects of MCSB dosage, microwave power, microwave radiation time, and initial bacterial concentration on disinfection efficiency were explored. Moreover, the bactericidal efficiency for actual sewage samples was also demonstrated by treating the effluent from septic tank sewage. The residual fecal coliforms in treated water samples met China's farmland irrigation water standard (GB 5084-2021). The result indicates that the proposed method of microwave disinfection strengthened by MCSB has a promising application prospect for reclaimed water disinfection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil spills can have varying degrees of impact on the aquatic environment depending on factors such as the type of oil spilled, the volume released, and the ecosystem affected because crude oil and refined petroleum contain harmful substances such as hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and toxic chemicals. When released into the water, these substances can have immediate and long-term effects on marine life. This research aims to find the factors affecting the degree of pollution from oil spills on the aquatic environment and the areas adjacent to the Qayyarah refinery in northern Iraq. Combines the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method and the analytical hierarchy process to evaluate the degree of pollution from oil spill incidents in the areas adjacent to the refinery. The statistical analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences and that the value of the correlation coefficient was positive between exchanged cadmium, residual cadmium, exchanged lead, where the lead exchange rate ranged correlation coefficient at a minimum R² 0.674 and a clear increase in the number of bacteria indicating contamination the total number of bacteria coli, fecal coliform bacteria, and fecal strep bacteria (where the numbers of coliform bacteria ranged 102 x 102- (cells/011 mL, and fecal coliform bacteria were between 160 x 102 cells/011 mL. These rates are environmental and vital indicators of the presence of significant levels of organic pollution and evidence of the presence of microorganisms dangerous to the health of residents and living organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many reasons, water from wells and natural springs is still widely used in Morocco. 90 groundwater samples were analyzed to assess the health risks associated with its quality in the Ketama region, including physicochemical analyses such as pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, bicarbonates, and nitrates using standardized methods, as well as bacteriological analyses covering total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli and fecal streptococci utilizing the membrane filtration method. Assessment of groundwater physicochemical quality showed that 13.41% of samples had nitrate concentrations exceeding the maximum value set by the World Health Organization (45 mg/ L). In comparison, 12.16% of samples were slightly acidic (pH < 6.5). Bacteriological analyses of the groundwater showed that the water points studied are contaminated with total coliforms, faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, and faecal streptococci at rates of 80%, 50%, 35%, and 36%, respectively. In conclusion, groundwater in the Ketama region presented potential risks for users, particularly regarding waterborne diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Escherichia coli and total coliforms are important tools for identifying potential faecal contamination in drinking water. However, metagenomics offers a powerful approach for delving deeper into a bacterial community when E. coli or total coliforms are detected. Metagenomics can identify microbes native to water systems, track community changes and potential pathogens introduced by contamination events, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatment processes. Here, we demonstrate how the dual application of traditional monitoring practices and metagenomics can improve monitoring and surveillance for water resource management. The robustness of long-read metagenomics across replicates is demonstrated by the effect and interaction between manganese filters and bacterial communities, as well as the impact of chlorination after coliform detection. These examples reveal how metagenomics can identify the complex bacterial communities in the distribution system and the source waters used to supply drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). The knowledge gained increases confidence in identified causes and mitigations of potential contamination events. By exploring bacterial communities, we can gain additional insights into the impact of faecal contamination events and treatment processes. This insight enables more precise remediation actions and enhances confidence in communicating health risks to drinking water operators and the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the quality of Lake Batur which aims to maintain the preservation of Lake Batur as a form of sustainable tourism in Bangli Regency. In this study, there are three sample points, namely in Songan Village, Toya Bungkah and Kedisan Village. In this study, it will be analyzed through 11 parameters analyzed, namely temperature, odor, taste, color, pH, nitrate, BOD, DO, total phosphate, total coliform and fecal coliform. In this test, the method used is the STORET method, and in the analysis of the strategy used for pollution control using the SWOT method. Based on the results of the STORET calculation, the sample in Songan Village is included in the category of light pollution with a value of -4, the sample of Kedisan Village all indicators meet the Class 3 Water Quality Standard, and at the sample point in Toya Bungkah is included in the category of light pollution with a value of -8. The indicator that has a value exceeding the Class III Water Quality Standard, namely at the sample location of Songan and Toya Bungkah Villages, is the BOD level. So that the recommended strategy for its management based on SWOT analysis is to optimize the Strengths and Opportunities owned by Lake Batur, namely developing tourism around the lake which is based on sustainable development and in line with regular lake rejuvenation efforts carried out to maintain the balance of lake water quality by the community and the surrounding government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the antibacterial activity of 10 honeys at three concentrations 50%, 25%, and 12.5% was tested against two G- and two G+ strains, also the microbiological quality of the honeys in terms of the representation of total count of bacteria, coliforms, yeasts, and filamentous fungi was evaluated, and micromycetes to the species level were identified. Antibacterial activity of the honeys was assayed using well diffusion method, determination of microbial groups by the pour plate method and diversity of mycobiota in honey according to macro- and micromorphological characteristics. Results showed the antibacterial effects of Slovak honey collected from the Spiš region, against bacterial strains Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus, which are among the most common bacteria responsible for nosocomial infections. We found that honeydew honey was very effective against E. coli and S. aureus, rapeseed honey against P. fluorescens, and mixed honey (no. 10) against E. faecalis. Staphylococcus aureus was the most susceptible bacteria tested for all honeys. The presence of both yeasts and molds was detected in 3 honey samples at concentrations ranging from <4x101 to 3.6x101 CFU/g, while the total count of bacteria was detected in 9 samples at concentrations ranging from 2.3x101 to 3.6x102 CFU/g (in 1 sample, the occurrence of microorganisms was not recorded even at the lowest dilution of 10-1). Coliforms were not isolated. A total of 3 strains belonging to the Aspergillus section Nigri were identified. The microbiological analyses of the samples indicates that the honeys were produced, processed and stored in accordance with the rules of good hygiene practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study examines the use of dairy wastewater to cultivate three types of microalgae: Spirulina platensis, Micractinium, and Chlorella. The research found that these algae can effectively remove nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus from industrial wastewater. Spirulina sp. and a mixed culture of all three algae performed best, significantly reducing nitrogen levels, while Chlorella sp. also removed a substantial amount of phosphorus. Additionally, microalgae treatment greatly reduced pathogens. These results suggest that microalgae could be a promising method for treating dairy wastewater and improving water quality. This study explores the novel use of mixed cultures of microalgae—Spirulina platensis, Micractinium, and Chlorella—for nutrient removal from dairy wastewater (DW). Microalgae were isolated from a local wastewater treatment plant and cultivated under various light conditions. The results showed significant biomass production, with mixed cultures achieving the highest biomass (2.51 g/L), followed by Spirulina (1.98 g/L) and Chlorella (1.92 g/L). Supplementing DW (75%) with BG medium (25%) significantly enhanced biomass and pH levels, improving pathogenic bacteria removal. Spirulina and mixed cultures exhibited high nitrogen removal efficiencies of 92.56% and 93.34%, respectively, while Chlorella achieved 86.85% nitrogen and 83.45% phosphorus removal. Although growth rates were lower under phosphorus-limited conditions, the microalgae adapted well to real DW, which is essential for effective algal harvesting. Phosphorus removal efficiencies ranged from 69.56% to 86.67%, with mixed cultures achieving the highest removal. Microbial and coliform removal efficiencies reached 97.81%, with elevated pH levels contributing to significant reductions in fecal E. coli and coliform levels. These findings suggest that integrating microalgae cultivation into DW treatment systems can significantly enhance nutrient and pathogen removal, providing a sustainable solution for wastewater management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The valorization of date palm wastes as bioresources has received little attention. In this context, the feasibility of date palm waste valorization through composting and the application effects on barley plants production under control condition was investigated. The principal requirements for compost to be safely used are stability and maturity that refer, respectively, to the microbial biomass activity's level, germination tests, and plant growth bioassays or phytotoxicity. Indeed, the phytotoxicity of composted date palm waste used for seed germination and seedling growth bioassays was researched. The finished compost values of the C/N ratio were 15.36 and 18.58%, 1.21%, 0.54%, and 0.95% for total organic carbon, N, P, and K contents, respectively. The concentration of heavy metals and microelements were lower and met the requirement established by national standards. Moreover, the end product was free from harmful pathogens like Salmonella, Escherichia coli, total coliforms, and fecal coliform bacteria. Application of compost extract (especially 25%, 50%, and 75%) did not affect barley seed germination, stimulated hypocotyl and radicle growth and is characterized by a GI exceeding 90%, demonstrating its stability and lack of phytotoxic effect. Moreover, compost promotes plant growth, improved physiological parameters, photosynthetic pigments, and plant biomass. According to the results, the prepared compost especially at the dose T3 (soil amended with 30 t/ha) increased the nutrients availability and uptake which may be the reason for an increase in photosynthetic activity, chlorophyll synthesis, and dry matter accumulation. Composting may well represent an acceptable solution for disposing of date palm waste and be of great interest to sustainable agriculture in Tunisia oasis ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To ensure that food has been handled hygienically, manufacturers routinely examine the numbers of indicator bacteria, such as coliforms and Escherichia coli. Using the deep‐learning algorithm YOLO, we developed a classifier that automatically counts the number of coliforms (red colonies) and E. coli (blue colonies) on a chromogenic agar plate. Using Citrobacter freundii IAM 12471T and E. coli NBRC 3301, we trained our YOLO‐based classifier with images of Petri dishes grown with each strain alone (10 images) and/or with a mixture of both strains (5 images). When the performance of the classifier was evaluated using 83 images, the accuracy rates for coliforms and E. coli reached 99.4% and 99.5%, respectively. We then investigated whether this classifier could detect other, non‐trained coliform species (22 species) and E. coli strains (13 strains). The accuracy rates for coliforms and E. coli were 98.7% (90 Petri dishes) and 94.1% (46 Petri dishes), respectively. Furthermore, we verified the practical feasibility of the developed classifier using 38 meats (chicken, pork, and beef). The accuracy rates for coliforms and E. coli in meat isolates were 98.8% (80 Petri dishes) and 93.8% (35 Petri dishes), respectively. The time required to count coliforms/E. coli on a single plate was ~70 ms. This novel method should enable users to rapidly quantify coliforms/E. coli without relying on a human inspector's color vision, leading to improved assurance of food safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofilm development in gram negative bacterial contaminants in water supply systems is linked to persistence as well as antibiotic resistance, which threatens water quality and hence the public health. This study aimed to investigate phenotypic and genetic capacity of biofilm formation by Escherichia coli isolated from supply water with their antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Altogether fifty water samples collected from a city supply water distribution scheme in Kathmandu were analyzed to assess the physicochemical and microbiological quality. Comparing Nepal's national drinking water quality standards 2022, conductivity (4%), turbidity (18%), iron (28%), and residual chlorine (8%) were found exceeding the values above the standards. Among total, 40% of water samples were contaminated with total coliform bacteria. E. coli and Citrobacter species were dominant and isolated from 20 (64.52%) and 11 (35.48%) water samples, respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that E. coli isolates were resistant to ampicillin (20%), nitrofurantoin (10%), and cefotaxime (10%). Citrobacter spp. (54.54%) were found multidrug resistant (MDR) while none of the isolates of E. coli were MDR. Of total, 45% of the isolates developed biofilm while testing with the Microtiter plate method. Biofilm‐forming genes bcsA and csgD in E. coli isolates were detected with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) employing specific primers. bcsA and csgD genes were detected in 55% and 45% of the isolates, respectively. This study confirms the occurrences of biofilm forming and antibiotic resistant bacteria like E. coli in the drinking water supply system in Kathmandu alarming its environmental circulation and possible public health threat. Although further study is warranted, this study suggests public health and drinking water treatment interventions to mitigate the biofilm forming antibiotic resistant potential pathogens from supply water in Kathmandu, Nepal. Practitioner Points: Forty percent of tested drinking water samples in Kathmandu were contaminated with total coliform bacteria.E. coli and half of Citrobacter spp. isolates were resistant to multiple antibiotics.bcsA and csgD genes were detected in biofilm producing E.coli isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated how the impact of various slaughtering methods affects the quality of beef in Akure South and North Local Government Areas of Ondo State, Nigeria, utilizing questionnaire-based data collection, the study employed a multi-stage sampling method involving 40 cattle butchers. Results show that 97.5% of the butchers were male, with skinning and singeing being the most common methods of carcass dressing. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in cooking loss with the highest values (42.19 ± 0.77 %) observed in singeing, while skinning had the lowest value (40.52 ± 1.19%). Meat samples from the singeing had the highest thaw loss value (3.10 ± 0.62%) compared to skinning (1.45 ± 0.54%). The sensory evaluation shows no significant (p>0.05) difference. Skinning had the highest values (6.13 ± 0.21, 6.20 ± 0.17) for juiciness and tenderness, while singeing had the lowest values (6.12 ± 0.10, 5.92 ± 0.28). Singeing had the highest values for flavour and overall acceptability (6.05 ± 0.23, 6.43 ± 0.17) compared to skinning (5.98 ± 0.20,6.40 ± 0.26). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) observed in the microbial status. Singeing meat recorded the highest bacterial count at 14.00 CFU/ml x 10-7, while skinning had the lowest count (4.50 CFU/ml x 10-7). Skin samples also presented the highest number of microbial isolates, including coliforms such as E. coli, observed in both singeing and skinning methods. Meticulous handling ensures food safety and satisfaction; skinning reduces bacterial contamination and produces tender meat compared to singeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial contamination in fruits and vegetables cultivated in urban and peri-urban areas constitutes a serious public health risk. This paper investigates bacterial contamination in irrigation water of the Nairobi-Machakos counties interface, Kenya. Sixty-six irrigation water samples were tested for total coliforms, Escherichia coli, Shigella spp. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhi, BOD, COD, and pH. Results show a high load of bacterial pathogens in all samples except for Salmonella typhi, which tested negative. Based on Kenya's standards and WHO guidelines, the irrigation water samples are unfit for fruit and vegetable irrigation. Urgent and effective measures are required, including regular monitoring, sensitisation, and enforcement of phytosanitary and regulatory measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural drainage water is a significant source of return water due to its decentralization, large volume, and poor quality. This study examined the effectiveness of constructed wetlands in improving sugarcane field's drainage water in the south of Khuzestan province of Iran, located approximately 17 km north of Khorramshahr city at latitude 303,805.94′ N and longitude 480,759.86′ E, by removing agricultural herbicides (atrazine, glyphosate, paraquat, and 2, 4-D) and Total Coliforms (TC) and Fecal Coliforms (FC) from April 2019 to March 2020. A reed length was divided into three equal parts at three consecutive stations, ST1, ST2, and ST3. Natural reeds had a dimension of 3.5 km long, 1.2 km wide, and 0.5 m deep between two consecutive stations. According to the study, natural reeds were effective in removing agricultural herbicides and improving agricultural drainage water quality. ST3, which was the furthest from the entry point, had the largest difference in agricultural herbicides concentrations compared to their initial concentrations, as well as the highest removal efficiency (100%) during all four retention times (1.26, 1.10, 1.30, and 1.60 days). Natural reed at this distance from the entry point significantly reduced TC and FC. The ST3 station had the highest removal efficiency of TC and FC, with average values of 62 and 83%, respectively, while ST1 had the lowest (with values of 9 and 34%). Due to the differences in performance between ST1, ST2 and ST3 stations, ST2 is considered the most efficient and cost-effective station. The Khuzestan province has a water shortage and agricultural drainage water problems. Treating drainage water with environmentally friendly methods, like natural reeds, will prevent contamination of water sources and result in a significant amount of water entering the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the high uncertainty of model predictions, it is often challenging to draw definitive conclusions when evaluating river water quality in the context of management options. The major aim of this study is to present a statistical evaluation of the Hydrologic Simulation Program FORTRAN (HSPF), which is a water quality modeling system, and how this modeling system can be used as a valuable tool to enhance monitoring planning and reduce uncertainty in water quality predictions. The authors' findings regarding the sensitivity analysis of the HSPF model in relation to water quality predictions are presented. The application of the computer model was focused on the Ave River watershed in Portugal. Calibration of the hydrology was performed at two stations over five years, starting from January 1990 and ending in December 1994. Following the calibration, the hydrology model was then validated for another five-year period, from January 1995 to December 1999. A comprehensive evaluation framework is proposed, which includes a two-step statistical evaluation based on commonly used hydrology criteria for model calibration and validation. To thoroughly assess model uncertainty and parameter sensitivity, a Monte Carlo method uncertainty evaluation approach is integrated, along with multi-parametric sensitivity analyses. The Monte Carlo simulation considers the probability distributions of fourteen HSPF water quality parameters, which are used as input factors. The parameters that had the greatest impact on the simulated in-stream fecal coliform concentrations were those that represented the first-order decay rate and the surface runoff mechanism, which effectively removed 90 percent of the fecal coliform from the pervious land surface. These parameters had a more significant influence compared to the accumulation and maximum storage rates. When it comes to the oxygen governing process, the parameters that showed the highest sensitivity were benthal oxygen demand and nitrification/denitrification rate. The insights that can be derived from this study play a critical role in the development of robust water management strategies, and their significance lies in their potential to contribute to the advancement of predictive models in the field of water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the introduction of a water safety plan (WSP) approach on drinking water, in all types of settings. This study represents the first WSP developed on the Neptune Fountain, in Bologna (Italy), based on an interdisciplinary approach, integrating hydraulic and microbiological features, in a Building Information Modeling (BIM). The aim was to develop a dynamic and digital platform to update and share the maintenance program, promoting collaboration among microbiologists, engineers, and municipal staff. Water samples were collected along fountain water distribution systems (WDS) from 2016 to 2021 to monitor water quality through the heterotrophic bacteria at 22 °C and 37 °C, as well as to conduct an Enterococci, Coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium perfringens, and Staphylococcus aureus assessment. Simultaneously, hydraulic measures were performed, and advanced geomatics techniques were used to detect the WDS structural components, with a focus on the water treatment system (WTS). The WTS consisted of 10 modules corresponding to specific treatments: descaling, carbon–sand filtration, reverse osmosis, and ultraviolet disinfection. Fecal indicators, heterotrophic bacteria, and P. aeruginosa exceeded the reference limits in most of the modules. Several disinfections and washing treatments, other than changing the maintenance procedure scheduling, were performed, improving the WTS and controlling the contamination. The developed microbiological results, hydraulic measurements, and maintenance procedures were integrated in the BIM model to optimize the data storage, updating procedures and the real-time data sharing. This approach improved the fountain management, operation, and material conservation, ultimately preserving the health of daily visitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Water pollution in densely populated urban areas, mainly from municipal wastewater, poses a significant threat. Pathogenic bacteria, such as Vibrio spp. and fecal coliform, endanger public health and the environment. Additionally, antibiotic-resistant bacteria in wastewater complicate treatment and heighten public health concerns. Methods: The study sampled municipal wastewater from ten Dhaka neighborhoods, selecting treatment plants, sewage outlets, and various collection points using meticulous techniques for representative samples. Bacteriological and biochemical analyses were conducted using standardized methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was performed with the disk diffusion method against 13 widely used antibiotics. Results: All sampled areas exhibited positive results for Vibrio spp., fecal coliform, E. coli, and Salmonella spp. Varying bacterial concentrations were observed, with the highest concentration of TVC, total vibrio spp., and total fecal coliform, total E. coli count, and total Salmonella spp. were found in Uttara (1.9 × 104 CFU/ml), Bangshal (1.8 × 102 CFU/ml), and Lalbag (2.1 × 103 CFU/ml), Mirpur (3.70 × 102 CFU/ml), and Lalbag (6 × 102 CFU/ml) respectively. AST results revealed significant resistance among all bacterial species to various antibiotics. Specifically, Vibrio spp. showed 100% resistance to cefuroxime, fecal coliform exhibited 90% resistance to cephradine, E. coli demonstrated 60% resistance to cephradine, and Salmonella spp. displayed 90% resistance to ampicillin. Conclusion: The study highlights the existence of multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria in Dhaka's wastewater. Addressing antibiotic resistance is essential to manage the risks of multiple antibiotic-resistant infections and maintain antibiotic effectiveness. These implications are critical for various stakeholders, including public health officials, policymakers, environmentalists, and urban planners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn Afghanistan, groundwater is widely used for drinking water, but its quality poses a health threat. This study investigates the physical, chemical, and bacteriological characteristics of groundwater in the Upper Kabul Sub-basin. Fifteen samples were collected and analyzed from different parts of the study area. The qualitative determination of parameters such as pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Salinity, Total hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Chloride, Fluoride, Sulfate, Phosphate, Potassium, Nitrite, Nitrate, Ammonia, Iron, Manganese, Copper, Aluminum, Arsenic, Total coliform, and Fecal coliform bacteria was carried out. The results were compared with WHO and ANSA standards to assess their suitability for drinking purposes. The analyzed samples indicate that physical parameters generally fall within permissible limits according to WHO and ANSA standards. However, certain wells exhibited elevated levels of chemical and bacteriological contaminants. Specifically, Magnesium concentrations exceeded the WHO guideline of 30 mg/L in all of the samples, and Calcium levels surpassed the recommended limit of 75 mg/L in 53% of the samples. Total coliform bacteria were detected in 33.33% of the samples, while fecal coliform bacteria were within the WHO and ANSA permissible limit for drinking water. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient (R) suggested significant correlations between EC, TDS, and total hardness with other physical and chemical parameters. For instance, EC showed a strong positive correlation (R = 1.00) with TDS, EC and Salinity (R = 0.981), EC and Fluoride (R = 0.838) EC and Sulfate (R = 0.853), TDS and Salinity (R = 0. 981), TDS and Fluoride (R = 0.838), TDS and Sulfate (R = 0.853). The findings demonstrate that correlation coefficient analyses of water quality parameters provide a valuable means for monitoring water quality. These results offer critical insights for ensuring a safe water supply in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Irrigation with low-quality water without considering the acceptable levels negatively impacts not only humans, but also extends to the whole surrounding ecosystem. The current research is a comprehensive-integrated appraisal of the irrigation water quality gathered from El-Batts drain in Fayoum Governorate, from September 2021 to June 2022, together with the drain sediments and the soils adjacent to it. The characteristics (physical, chemical and biological), and the risk fate of some heavy metals (As, B, Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni, Fe and Mn) were measured. Moreover, the risks of the studied pollutants were assessed using many indices: irrigation water quality index (IWQI), contamination factor (Cf), degree of contamination (Cd), Salinity indices and Zn equivalent (ZE). Additionally, kinetic studies of the inorganic pollutants were evaluated to determine their availability and impact on the surrounding environment. Results: Data from IQWI showed that water in all five sites was assumed to be very bad and unsuitable for usage with a general average (14.62 and 25.35) in all four seasons. ZE exceeds the critical level of 250, which means there is a risk of soil contamination. Conclusions: The elevated levels of heavy metals, microbial enzymes, pathogenic fecal coliform and Salmonella reflect bad and direct risk of dealing with such water in irrigation and its effect on the soil ecosystem and the growing crops. Most of the tested parameters exceeded the acceptable levels of the Egyptian Governmental Law Guidelines, WHO and FAO, which may threaten aquatic life. Best managements practices and remediation techniques should be applied to minimize the hazards in such waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The kelp gel edible granules developed utilizing the gel properties of alginate are prone to quality deterioration if improperly stored during the storage process. This study comprehensively investigated the quality changes of kelp gel edible granules stored at 4 °C and 25 °C by evaluating indicators such as total bacterial count, coliform bacteria, pH, relaxation time, color difference, appearance, texture characteristics, gel strength, and sensory scoring. The results showed that during the storage at 4 °C, the total bacterial count remained within the national standard range, the hardness and chewiness increased, the gel strength first increased and then decreased, the partial exudation of the bound water in the product occurred, and the sensory score slightly decreased, with an overall minor change in quality. During the storage at 25 °C, significant quality changes were observed, with the total bacterial count exceeding the national standard on the 20th day; additionally, the hardness, chewiness, and gel strength all initially increased and then decreased, both the bound water and the restrained water in the product exuded, the moisture stability decreased, and the sensory score significantly decreased between 16 to 20 days. The spoilage of the product was characterized by a significant water loss, reduction in volume, color change from bright green to dark yellow-brown, and a distinct smell of decaying algae. No coliform bacteria was detected in all products during the storage period. In summary, the shelf life endpoint of the product stored at 25 °C is 16 days, and the shelf life of the product stored at 4 °C is greater than 20 days. Storage at 4 °C can better maintain product quality, extend the shelf life, and effectively maintain the overall color of the product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The current research aimed to investigate the physicochemical and bacteriological quality status of the Kalte River in Wolaita Sodo Town, southern Ethiopia. Methods: A total of 42 water samples were collected using sterile glass bottles from three different river sites: Damota (upstream), Kera (midstream), and Gututo (downstream). All the water samples were examined for the presence of heterotrophic bacteria, total coliform and fecal coliform using direct plate count method and membrane filtration method. Standard methods suggested by American water works association were used to analysis the physicochemical parameters of the water samples. Results: The results revealed that the total heterotrophic bacteria, total coliform, and fecal coliform count ranged from 8.9 to 12.6 × 104 cfu/ml, 7.5–11.3 × 102 cfu/ml and 5.7–9.7 × 104 cfu/ml, respectively. The bacterial count results indicated that the river water crossed the WHO-recommended limit of potable water. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, and Shigella species were the common bacterial pathogens isolated from river water samples. The results of the physicochemical analysis revealed that some of the parameters Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and turbidity exceeded the maximum permissible limits of WHO and other parameters were below the WHO permissible limits. Conclusion: Therefore, the presence of bacterial pathogens, fecal coliform indicators, and some physicochemical parameters of the Kalte River exceeding the recommended limits may expose users of the river water to the risk of infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Approximately 70% of diarrheal cases in Kenya are attributed to ingestion of contaminated food and water and costs an estimated $ 1 billion USD due to morbidity and cost of treatment. This study aimed to assess the levels of microbiological contamination of meat sold in selected butcheries in Nairobi and the handling practices of butcher shop attendants. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used during which 200 meat samples were collected, and meat handling practices were observed. Total coliforms and Escherichia coli were enumerated using 3M™ Petrifilm® count plates. Additionally, quantification of tetracycline- and cefotaxime-resistant Enterobacteriaceae was done on agar plates containing the respective antibiotics. Bacterial species were confirmed by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight mass spectrometry. Results and discussion: Seventy two percent and 84% of the samples had E. coli and total coliforms respectively above the acceptable regulatory limits (i.e. E. coli >100 CFU/g, Total coliforms >361 CFU/g,) respectively as per the Kenya Bureau of Standards South African microbiological standards the European Union. Enterobacteriaceae resistant to tetracycline and cefotaxime were detected in 35% and 9.5% of the samples respectively. Eighty-five percent of the butcher shop attendants neither washed their hands before nor after handling the meat, 91% handled money while selling meat concurrently, and 99% did not wear gloves while handling meat. These poor meat handling practices coupled with the presence of microbial loads above the regulatory acceptable limits imply an increased risk of foodborne illness to consumers. Therefore, there is an urgent need for education of butcher shop attendants on appropriate handling of meat, highlighting the importance of good hygienic practices and their relationship to food safety, and provision of incentives for behavior change. This study is important and serves to inform policymakers in the identification of key control points for designing meat safety intervention(s). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to investigate the influence of ripening on the physicochemical, microbiological aspects, and fatty acid profile of Artisanal Coalho Cheeses and to detect if there are peptides with bioactive potential in their composition. Artisanal Coalho Cheese samples were kindly provided by a dairy farm located in Brazil in the Rio Grande do Norte state. A completely randomized design was adopted, with four maturation periods (0, 30, 45, and 60 days). Physicochemical traits (pH, total solids, moisture, non-fat solids, fat in total solids, protein, ash, fatty acid profile) and microbiological characterization (Salmonella sp, Listeria monocytogenes, total and thermotolerant coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus) were analyzed on cheese samples. Additionally, assays were performed for antioxidant and antihypertensive bioactivity through ACE and antimicrobial inhibition of the peptides extracted from the samples. There was a linear increase in total solids and ash content and a decrease in moisture content with increasing maturation time. The matured cheese samples had a lower pH than fresh Artisanal Coalho Cheese. Twenty-seven fatty acids were identified in the cheeses: 15 saturated, 07 monounsaturated, and 05 polyunsaturated, with a linear reduction of essential fatty acids (n6 and n3) during maturation. The microbiological quality of the cheeses was satisfactory, with an absence of undesirable bacteria in 92% of the cheese samples. Water-soluble peptide fractions from all periods tested showed antioxidant and antihypertensive potential with ACE control, and the maturation process potentiated these capacities, with a decline in these activities observed at 60 days. The antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria increased with maturation, reaching better results until 60 days. The maturation process on wooden planks in the periods of 30, 45, and 60 days allows the production of Artisanal Coalho Cheese of an innovative character, safe to consumers from the microbiological point of view, with differentiated physicochemical and functional characteristics and good quality of lipid fraction compared to fresh cheese, enabling the addition of value to the dairy chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Meat contamination occurs in various ways, the most important of which are live animals before slaughter and the slaughter process (de-hiding and evisceration). For this, many substances were used that have an antimicrobial effect and can disinfect the surfaces of the carcass and extend its shelf life. Aim: This research aimed to study the efficiency of using some organic acids (lactic acid and beefxide) to reduce the microbial load (indicator microorganisms) on the surfaces of beef carcasses and some edible organs in the Mosul slaughterhouse. Methods: Two hundred sixty-four swabs (192 carcasses + 72 edible organ samples) were collected over the course of three months from the Mosul slaughterhouse in Nineveh Governorate between September 2023, and December 2023 (132 treated with organic acids and 132 not treated). The petrifilm method was used to detect indicator microorganisms in the samples. Results: Our results showed that the contamination rate in beef carcasses with generic Escherichia coli, coliforms, total coliform counts, and Enterobacteriaceae before treatment was 0.81, 1.22, 1.48, and 1.38 mean log colony forming unit (CFU/cm²), respectively. While the contamination rate in samples treated with organic acids for generic E. coli, coliforms, total coliform counts, and Enterobacteriaceae was -0.1, 0.31, 0.45, and 0.41 mean log CFU/cm2, respectively. Moreover, the level of contamination with indicator microorganisms in edible organs treated with organic acids was lower compared to untreated samples. Even though there was contamination with indicator microorganisms in the liver, heart, and kidney, there was no "significant" difference between them. Whereas there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between lactic acid and beefxide solution in terms of reducing the rate of contamination of the indicator microorganisms in carcasses and the edible organs samples. Regarding the type of swabs used in the study, the results showed the effectiveness of sponge swabs, as the rate of microbial recovery (indicator microorganisms) was higher (p < 0.01) compared to cotton swabs. Conclusion: The study demonstrated the efficiency of using organic acids (lactic acid and beefxide solution) in reducing the microbial load to a level that does not cause diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to develop a suitable method for the production of good quality shidol at the Floodplain Substation, Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute (BFRI), Santahar, Bogura, Bangladesh. For this purpose, an improved quality shidol was prepared following scientific methods by BFRI, while traditional shidol was collected from Rangpur, Kurigram, Dinajpur, Lalmonirhat, Bogura, Nilphamary, Syedpur region. In the present study, proximate composition, biochemical and microbiological analysis of the BFRI made shidol and the traditional shidol were carried out during the 90 days of storage period after vacuum packaging. In proximate composition analysis, higher level of protein and fat content were found in BFRI made shidol than the traditional shidol. However, the traditional shidol samples showed poor quality due to the high total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N), peroxide values, and moisture along with a promising microbial load; in contrast, the results obtained in the BFRI shidol samples were within the acceptable limit for human consumption. The presence of coliform bacteria in the traditional shidol also reflected the improper handling, unawareness of good hygiene and sanitation during production. The results of this study indicate that vacuum packaging can be an effective method in maintaining the quality of shidol by preventing crosscontamination and delaying the degradation of nutrients. Additionally, an improved BFRI technology for shidol production can minimize the biochemical and microbiological quality loss of shidol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faecal contamination of surface waters has the potential to spread not only pathogenic organisms but also antimicrobial resistant organisms. During the bathing season of 2021, weekly water samples, from six selected coastal bathing locations (n  = 93) and their freshwater tributaries (n  = 93), in Northern Ireland (UK), were examined for concentrations of faecal indicator bacteria Escherichia coli and intestinal enterococci. Microbial source tracking involved detection of genetic markers from the genus Bacteroides using PCR assays for the general AllBac marker, the human HF8 marker and the ruminant BacR marker for the detection of human, and ruminant sources of faecal contamination. The presence of beta-lactamase genes bla OXA-48, bla KPC, and bla NDM-1 was determined using PCR assays for the investigation of antimicrobial resistance genes that are responsible for lack of efficacy in major broad-spectrum antibiotics. The beta-lactamase gene bla OXA-48 was found in freshwater tributary samples at all six locations. bla OXA-48 was detected in 83% of samples that tested positive for the human marker and 69% of samples that tested positive for the ruminant marker over all six locations. This study suggests a risk of human exposure to antimicrobial resistant bacteria where bathing waters receive at least episodically substantial transfers from such tributaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New and different approaches are needed to raise the productivity and well-being of chickens. Adding zeolite and magnetizing the drinking water is one of these approaches. 120 male day-old Cobb broiler chickens were used to investigate the potential benefits of magnetized water and zeolite treatments on poultry growth performance, intestinal morphology, meat quality, histopathological examination and gene expression of PepT-1, APN, SGLT1, GHr, IGF-1, SOD, CAT, TNF-α and IL-6. The birds were divided into four experimental groups; the control group had access to conventional roof-top tank water, while the other groups received magnetic treated water, zeolite treated water, and a combination of both, respectively. The current results revealed significant physico-chemical and bacteriological changes. Magnetic water increased pH, Ca2+, and Na+ levels, while zeolite and combined treatments notably reduced hardness, ammonia, and turbidity. Magnetic water decreased total and fecal coliform counts, whereas zeolite water excelled in lowering ammonia levels but increased total bacterial counts. Zeolite treatment alone improved final weight and body weight gain in broilers with increased feed conversion which is associated with upregulation of PepT-1, APN, SGLT1, GHr and IGF-1 expression. Also, intestinal morphometric analysis showed a notable increase in duodenal crypts depth and width with increased jejunal villi length and crypt depth in the group receiving zeolite treated water. Additionally, better meat quality was noted in the zeolite treated group. However, there were nonsignificant changes in the expressions of SOD, CAT, TNF-α and IL-6 among different experimental groups. To increase the antioxidant capacity and immune status of the birds, a higher dose of zeolite may be needed. Nonsignificant pathological alteration was seen in different experimental groups except of mild to moderate degree of lymphoid depletion in spleen and bursa birds received magnetic water, respectively. The current findings strongly suggest the addition of zeolite for better performances. To the best of our knowledge, there are no previous reports on the genetic expression of PepT-1, APN, GHr, IGF-1, SOD, CAT, TNF-α and IL-6 in broilers received magnetized water or zeolite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to safe drinking water is a critical public health challenge, especially in developing nations like India. Pathogenic microorganisms contaminating potable water pose serious health risks. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive microbiological and physiochemical examination of various drinking water sources in the Bikaner district of Rajasthan. Water samples were collected from urban households, rural households, public taps, borewells, canals, rivers, ponds, and other sources across Bikaner. Standard microbiological and analytical chemistry techniques were employed to isolate, identify and characterize microorganisms present, as well as analyze key physiochemical parameters. The microbiological analysis revealed high levels of total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and pathogenic bacteria like Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Citrobacter and Aeromonas across all water samples. Surface water sources like rivers and ponds showed the highest microbial contamination, exceeding WHO limits by over 1000-fold. Groundwater from borewells had comparatively lower but still unacceptable microbiological quality. Tap water also contained coliforms indicating inadequate treatment and post-supply contamination. In-depth comparative studies were conducted on the isolated bacterial strains to characterize their physiological, biochemical, genetic and pathogenic properties. Antibiotic resistance, virulence factors, biofilm formation and environmental persistence of these waterborne pathogens were investigated. Molecular microbiology techniques like PCR genotyping were used to identify species and strain types. The physiochemical analysis examined parameters like pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, chlorine residuals, toxic metals and other chemicals. Most sources violated drinking water standards for multiple parameters. Surface waters showed high turbidity, low dissolved oxygen and presence of heavy metals. Even groundwater sources had physicochemical quality issues due to geogenic and anthropogenic contamination. This multi- dimensional study provides comprehensive baseline data on the microbiological and chemical quality of drinking water available to communities in Bikaner region. The findings confirm widespread contamination by fecal bacteria, other pathogens and unsafe physiochemical traits across all sources tested. This information will guide efforts to mitigate public health risks through proper treatment interventions, water safety plans, and other preventive measures for ensuring access to potable water in this water-stressed area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore the relationship between epidemiology and the spatial patterns of typhoid and wastewater irrigation in Meknes (Morocco). The methodological approach includes the analysis of health data of typhoid and the evaluation of the microbial quality of water and vegetables produced in smallholdings irrigated with wastewater selected from different sampling sites in the urban area and peri-urban area of Meknes. The results revealed that from 2008 to 2019, there were 879 confirmed typhoid cases with an average annual incidence of 11.07 and a peak in 2010, particularly affecting the age group 5 to 14 years (43.46%). The number of typhoid cases was higher in males compared to females, with no significant difference (p > 0.05). Bacteriological analysis of water samples indicates significant fecal contamination, not conforming to irrigation standards. The analysis of vegetables reveals a high level of fecal coliforms and the presence of Salmonella, without significant differences between the sampling sites (p > 0.05), representing a risk factor of infection for consumers. The spatial analysis highlights a correlation between typhoid incidence and the distribution of areas irrigated with wastewater. This further highlights the potential role of wastewater irrigation in typhoid transmission, pointing out the need to improve water management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study implemented and assessed, over a period of four weeks, a full-scale constructed wetland designed to collect and treat the greywater for a rural household located in an arid environment typical of Africa's Sahel region. The system was constructed from local materials and consisted of a shower room, a receiving basin, a pre-treatment filter, and a subsurface horizontal flow wetland planted with Chrysopogon zizanioides. Results showed the overall removal of organic matter was greater than 90%, and orthophosphate and ammonium were reduced by 73% and 60%, respectively, allowing for the treated water to retain some embedded nutrients. The removal efficiency of fecal bacteria varied from 3.41 (enterococci) to 4.19 (fecal coliforms) log10 units which meets World Health Organization Guidelines for restricted irrigation. Our assessment of the full-scale household constructed wetland technology adds to the relatively low number of constructed wetland studies conducted outside a laboratory setting. Furthermore, it supports efforts to promote safe reuse of an underutilized resource at the rural household level in Sub-Saharan Africa and other arid regions in the developing world, supporting prospects for using treated greywater for agricultural reuse in regions that experience water scarcity, climate variability, and land degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural decentralized domestic wastewater treatment (DDWT) facilities, as an alternative to centralized sewage treatment plants, have been rapidly developed in rural areas worldwide. However, the lack of performance evaluations and operational status assessments of these facilities poses a significant obstacle to advancements in rural domestic wastewater treatment strategies. In the present study, 30 rural DDWT facilities with AO (anoxic/oxic) and AAO (anaerobic/anoxic/oxic) processes were investigated. The results revealed that only two facilities reached the first A-grade discharge standards of China, and twelve facilities met the first B-grade discharge standards for all ten wastewater quality indicators. Low standard-achieving ratios for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) (63.3%), total nitrogen (TN) (60.0%), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) (63.3%), total phosphorus (TP) (30.0%), suspended solids (SS) (46.7%), and fecal coliforms (FC) (26.7%) were calculated. Thus, it is essential to improve the treatment efficiency for BOD5, TN, NH3-N, TP, SS, and FC for rural wastewater treatment facilities. In addition, the AAO process had a median weighted average removal efficiency of 82.02%, which was better than that of the AO process (72.48%). Minor equipment failure rates, i.e., less than 20%, did not affect the operation of the rural DDWT facilities, since most equipment in the DDWT facilities was backed up. Notably, problems in several areas, e.g., process design, equipment selection, construction, and especially operations, influencing treatment performance should be investigated and proactively addressed. These findings provide specific suggestions for improvements that could benefit the long-term operation and management of rural DDWT facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface water resources have played a fundamental role in the development of human societies. Considering that different agricultural and industrial activities are carried out in the Acacias River basin, the main objective of this research was to analyze the influence of land use on the water quality in this area by identifying the main sources that influence river water quality. The methodology consisted of establishing 12 sampling stations with different land uses at three times. The National Sanitation Foundation-Water Quality Index (NSF-WQI) was applied to the obtained water quality evaluation data. The main results showed that the stations associated with urban centers presented a higher concentration in the following variables: fecal coliforms, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and phosphates. The principal components analysis revealed a close relation between the parameters of fecal coliforms, phosphates and BOD, and the pollution processes by organic matter, which are probably related to domestic and industrial wastewater discharges, and to detergents in urbanized areas. The parameters with the greatest range of values were total dissolved solids and turbidity. These results coincide with what was observed in the correlation analysis. Finally, nitrates showed higher concentrations at stations 6 and 7, associated with agricultural and industrial influence areas (i.e., oil palm crops in the basin). This study about the Acacias River is, thus, extremely important for the region, and concludes that the river's self-purifying capacity allows improved water quality in the areas where the predominant land use is not associated with human settlements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathogenic microorganisms present in river water pollution are a serious health risk. Escherichia coli is a pathogen commonly found in water. Escherichia coli is an indicator of water contaminated with feces. These pathogens have an impact on human health. Aur River is one of the tidal rivers in Palembang City. From the observations, many people dispose of domestic waste into river bodies, so the river is at risk of being polluted by pathogenic microorganisms. When it recedes, the water looks pitch black, and when it is high, many people bathe, brush their teeth, and wash their clothes in this river. Thus, this study aimed to monitor water quality, including total coliform, of the Aur River Palembang City. The results of this monitoring can be used as the basis for making a policy and strategy to control the quality of this river water. This study was carried out on the Aur River, which is 2.5 km long. Measurements were made at three stations, namely at the upstream, middle, and downstream. Based on measurements of the pH, BOD, COD, DO, and total coliform concentrations, it is concluded that the Aur River has been polluted because the BOD, COD, DO, and total coliform were above the quality standards. The pH is still at the quality standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The prospect of drinking water serving as a conduit for gut bacteria, artificially selected by disinfection strategies and a lack of monitoring at the point of use, is concerning. Certain opportunistic pathogens, notably some nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), often exceed coliform bacteria levels in drinking water, posing safety risks. NTM and other microbiota resist chlorination and thrive in plumbing systems. When inhaled, opportunistic NTM can infect the lungs of immunocompromised or chronically ill patients and the elderly, primarily postmenopausal women. When ingested with drinking water, NTM often survive stomach acidity, reach the intestines, and migrate to other organs using immune cells as vehicles, potentially colonizing tumor tissue, including in breast cancer. The link between the microbiome and cancer is not new, yet the recognition of intratumoral microbiomes is a recent development. Breast cancer risk rises with age, and NTM infections have emerged as a concern among breast cancer patients. In addition to studies hinting at a potential association between chronic NTM infections and lung cancer, NTM have also been detected in breast tumors at levels higher than normal adjacent tissue. Evaluating the risks of continued ingestion of contaminated drinking water is paramount, especially given the ability of various bacteria to migrate from the gut to breast tissue via entero-mammary pathways. This underscores a pressing need to revise water safety monitoring guidelines and delve into hormonal factors, including addressing the disproportionate impact of NTM infections and breast cancer on women and examining the potential health risks posed by the cryptic and unchecked microbiota from drinking water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban wastewater is a significant by-product of human activities. Conventional urban wastewater treatment plants have limitations in their treatment, mainly concerning the low removal efficiency of conventional and emerging contaminants. Discharged wastewater also contains harmful microorganisms, posing risks to public health, especially by spreading antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes. Therefore, this study assesses the potential of a native microalgae-bacteria system (MBS) for urban wastewater bioremediation and disinfection, targeting NH4+-N and PO43−-P removal, coliform reduction, and antibiotic resistance gene mitigation. The MBS showed promising results, including a high specific growth rate (0.651 ± 0.155 d−1) and a significant average removal rate of NH4+-N and PO43−-P (9.05 ± 1.24 mg L−1 d−1 and 0.79 ± 0.06 mg L−1 d−1, respectively). Microalgae-induced pH increase rapidly reduces coliforms (r > 0.9), including Escherichia coli, within 3 to 6 days. Notably, the prevalence of intI1 and the antibiotic resistance genes sul1 and blaTEM are significantly diminished, presenting the MBS as a sustainable approach for tertiary wastewater treatment to combat eutrophication and reduce waterborne disease risks and antibiotic resistance spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The improvement in the utilization rate and nutritional value of soybean meal (SBM) represents a significant challenge in the feed industry. This study conducted a 50 kg SBM fermentation based on the 300 g small-scale fermentation of SBM in early laboratory research, to explore the combined effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and acid protease on fermentation quality, chemical composition, microbial population, and macromolecular protein degradation during fermentation and aerobic exposure of SBM in simulated actual production. The results demonstrated that the increase in crude protein content and reduction in crude fiber content were considerably more pronounced after fermentation for 30 days (d) and subsequent aerobic exposure, compared to 3 d. It is also noteworthy that the treated group exhibited a greater degree of macromolecular protein degradation relative to the control and 30 d of fermentation relative to 3 d. Furthermore, after 30 d of fermentation, adding LAB and protease significantly inhibited the growth of undesired microbes including coliform bacteria and aerobic bacteria. In the mixed group, the microbial diversity decreased significantly, and Firmicutes replaced Cyanobacteria for bacteria in both groups' fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detection and enumeration of coliform bacteria using traditional methods and current molecular techniques against E. coli usually involve long processes with less sensitivity and specificity to distinguish between viable and non-viable bacteria for microbiological water analysis. This approach involves developing and validating an immunosensor comprising ring resonators functionalized with specific antibodies surrounded by a network of microchannels as an alternative method for detecting and indirectly enumerating Escherichia coli in samples of water for consumption. Different ELISA assays were conducted to characterize monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies selected as detection probes for specific B-galactosidase enzymes and membrane LPS antigens of E. coli. An immobilization control study was performed on silicon nitride surfaces used in the immunosensor, immobilized with the selected antibodies from the ELISA assays. The specificity of this method was confirmed by detecting as few as 10 CFU/mL of E. coli from viable and non-viable target bacteria after applying various disinfection methods to water samples intended for human consumption. The 100% detection rate and a 100 CFU/mL Limit of Quantification of the proposed method were validated through a comprehensive assessment of the immunosensor-coupled microfluidic system, involving at least 50 replicates with a concentration range of 10 to 106 CFU/mL of the target bacteria and 50 real samples contaminated with and without disinfection treatment. The correlation coefficient of around one calculated for each calibration curve obtained from the results demonstrated sensitive and rapid detection capabilities suitable for application in water resources intended for human consumption within the food industry. The biosensor was shown to provide results in less than 4 h, allowing for rapid identification of microbial contamination crucial for ensuring water monitoring related to food safety or environmental diagnosis and allowing for timely interventions to mitigate contamination risks. Indeed, the achieved setup facilitates the in situ execution of laboratory processes, allowing for the detection of both viable and non-viable bacteria, and it implies future developments of simultaneous detection of pathogens in the same contaminated sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Composition and antibiotic resistance of FCB were investigated in WWTP. • Sedimentary tank contributed most to the removal of FCB. • The dominant FCB belonged to Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. • Biological unit significantly increased antibiotic resistant rate of FCB community. • Health risk caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae should be emphasized after WWTP. The dynamics of the composition and antibiotic resistance of the fecal coliform bacteria (FCB) in a typical wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) were investigated concerning the seasonal changes. Results showed that WWTP could remove the FCB concentration by 3∼5 logs within the effluent of 104∼105 CFU/L, but the antibiotic resistant rate of FCB species increased significantly after WWTP. The dominant FCB changed from Escherichia coli in the influent (∼73.0%) to Klebsiella pneumoniae in the effluent (∼53.3%) after WWTP, where the Escherichia coli was removed the most, while Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most persistent. The secondary tank removed the most of FCB (by 3∼4 logs) compared to other processes, but increased all the concerned antibiotic resistant rate. The potential super bugs of FCB community showing resistance to all the target antibiotics were selected in the biological treatment unit of WWTP. The FCB showed the highest multiple antibiotic resistance (92.9%) in total which even increased to 100% in the effluent. Klebsiella has the highest antibiotic resistant rate in FCB, with a multiple antibiotic resistance rate of 98.4%. These indicated that the Klebsiella pneumoniae not just Escherichia coli should be specially emphasized after WWTP concerning the health risk associated with FCB community. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The indicator microorganisms increased along the water flow direction. • Indicator microorganisms had a positive correlation with COD. • Increased indicator microorganisms led to over 30% health risk increase. • Indicator microorganisms' concentration was higher in summer/autumn than in spring. • Staff related to water surface operation had the highest health risk. As an important means to solve water shortage, reclaimed water has been widely used for landscape water supply. However, with the emergence of large-scale epidemic diseases such as SARS, avian influenza and COVID-19 in recent years, people are increasingly concerned about the public health safety of reclaimed water discharged into landscape water, especially the pathogenic microorganisms in it. In this study, the water quality and microorganisms of the Old Summer Palace, a landscape water body with reclaimed water as the only replenishment water source, were tracked through long-term dynamic monitoring. And the health risks of indicator microorganisms were analyzed using Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA). It was found that the concentration of indicator microorganisms Enterococcus (ENT), Escherichia coli (EC) and Fecal coliform (FC) generally showed an upward trend along the direction of water flow and increased by more than 0.6 log at the end of the flow. The concentrations of indicator microorganisms were higher in summer and autumn than those in spring. And there was a positive correlation between the concentration of indicator microorganisms and COD. Further research suggested that increased concentration of indicator microorganisms also led to increased health risks, which were more than 30% higher in other areas of the park than the water inlet area and required special attention. In addition, (water) surface operation exposure pathway had much higher health risks than other pathways and people in related occupations were advised to take precautions to reduce the risks. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollution of the Lagos Lagoon is one of the major ecological concerns in Lagos metropolis. The ecological survey of coliform was performed to determine the level of pollution in Lagos Lagoon. Water samples were collected from Iddo, Makoko, Unilag, Oyingbo, and Marina sample stations. The physicochemical and bacteriological analyses were performed under standard procedures. The values of the water samples ranged from; 4.2±0.019 to 7.7±0.016 for pH; 26.7±0.012 to 28.9±0.125 for temperature (°C); 0.38±0.016 to 0.56±0.044 for turbidity (nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU)) and 541.8±13.207 to 40672.02±1252.930 for salinity(mg/L). The selected physicochemical parameter results were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA test. The test revealed that the mean values of the parameters were not significantly different for the five sample stations. The pairwise test revealed no significant difference between the sample stations in the Lagos Lagoon. The predominant bacteria isolated belonged to the following genera: Klebsiella, Escherichia, Providencia, Salmonellae, Enterobacter, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, and Citrobacter. The total viable counts ranged from 1.0 x 107 cfu/mL to 2.5 x 109 cfu/mL, and the total coliform counts ranged from 1.0 x 105 cfu/mL to 2.5 x 106 cfu/mL. The study revealed high coliform count in Lagos Lagoon. Therefore, the study stresses the need for authorities to implement laws and regulations to prohibit the discharge of untreated wastes into waterbodies to control faecal pollution.

River contamination by microorganisms, or another chemical source, poses a serious threat to both the environment and public health. Taking immediate and appropriate actions is essential to mitigate the contamination and prevent further spread. As such, regular monitoring of these pollution agents is essential to act in time and control its minor extension. However, there is a lack of commitment to this emergent concern and respective actions around the world. This work aims to study the contamination of a Portuguese river (Tinto River) within Porto city (a highly populated urban area) regarding the total aerobic microorganisms, coliforms, and Enterococcus (as colony-forming units (CFUs) using specific solid culture media) and total organic matter (TOC). Different locations were considered along the Tinto River course (i.e., 14 locations within 11 km) and samples were collected on distinct days throughout September 2022. The overall results showed microbial contamination of aerobic microorganisms (up to 2 × 105 CFU/100 mL), total coliforms (up to 7 × 104 CFU/100 mL), Escherichia coli (up to 9 × 103 CFU/100 mL), and Enterococcus (up to 8 × 103 CFU/100 mL). The results also surpassed the maximum recommended values (MRVs) described in Portuguese decree-law no. 236/98 for irrigation waters. Moreover, TOC was found in a range of 4.54 mg/L to 57.2 mg/L. This work highlights the dangerous microbial contamination and higher amount of organic matter than would be expected for a surface water resource.

This study assessed the bacteriological quality of raw, treated, and distributed water from Ede-Erinle and Opa reservoirs in Osun State, Nigeria. This was to determine the potability of water from these waterwork stations. Eighteen sampling points were established across the two reservoir networks for this study. Samples were collected bi-monthly for two annual cycles. Serial dilution and pour plate methods were employed for the enumeration of bacterial load. Total heterotrophic bacteria count (THBC) and total coliform bacteria count (TCBC) were enumerated on nutrient and MacConkey agar at 37 °C, respectively. Bacterial isolates were characterized using biochemical identification methods with reference to Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Bacterial isolates and biofilm formation were further identified molecularly through the PCR method using specific universal primers. Mean values of THBC and TCBC in distributed water from Ede-Erinle (9.61 × 104 ± 1.50 × 104 CFU/mL; 69.56 ± 26.81 CFU/mL) and Opa waterworks (9.58 × 104 ± 2.55 × 104 CFU/mL; 142.94 ± 44.41 CFU/mL) exceeded permissible limits for drinking water. Paenibacillus lautus, Bacillus pseudomycoides, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Pseudomonas stutzeri showed biofilm-forming capacity. The study concluded that the presence of coliforms and biofilm-forming bacteria in distributed water implies that the water is unfit for consumption without further treatment. HIGHLIGHTS Molecular identification of coliforms from the two reservoirs and their channels.; Molecular detection of biofilm bacteria in water from the two waterwork systems.; Comparison of molecular loads of water from the two waterwork systems.; Health implications of the identified bacteria from the two waterwork systems.; Potablilty of water from the two reservoirs and their stations.;

There is a need for access to clean potable water worldwide. However, almost every source of surface water in Guatemala is contaminated. This study assesses the potential exposure to water contaminants in proximity to Medecins Sans Frontieres's (MSF) chronic kidney disease clinic population in La Gomera, Guatemala during wet and dry seasons. Five municipal wells and four artisanal wells (servicing approximately 18.9% of La Gomera) were selected for their proximity to MSF La Gomera clinic to determine the presence of coliforms, physicochemical parameters, heavy metals, and pesticide residues. Water samples were collected over 3 consecutive days during La Gomera's wet season and again during the dry season. Wet season 2022: Total coliforms and Escherichia coli exceeded the acceptable limits for several artisanal wells but were not detected in municipal wells. Mercury and arsenic were detected in all wells during at least one sampling period. Dry season 2023: Total coliforms exceeded the acceptable limits for all wells and E. coli was detected in all four artisanal wells. Lead and arsenic were detected in all wells. Our results suggest that water from artisanal wells does not meet COGUANOR or WHO microbiological criteria for human consumption. HIGHLIGHTS No information on water quality in La Gomera, Guatemala.; Comprehensive assessment of water quality in region.; Assess public and private water sources.; Relationship between water quality and health.; Timeseries of water quality.;

[Display omitted] • Culturable enterococci decreased at the thermophilic phase of sludge compost. • The proportion of VBNC enterococci increased at the thermophilic phase. • Extending the cooling phase of sludge compost reduced VBNC enterococci ratio. • Antibiotic-resistant enterococci were residual in the compost product. • Sludge compost products should be considered as a significant reservoir for ARGs. Sludge composting is a sludge resource utilization method that can reduce pollutants, such as pathogens. Enterococci are regarded as more reliable and conservative indicators of pathogen inactivation than fecal coliforms, which are typically used as indicators of fecal pollution. Non-spore pathogenic bacteria may enter a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state during composting, leading to residual risk. The VBNC status of bacteria is related to their survival during composting. However, the survival mechanisms of enterococci during sludge composting remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the VBNC state of enterococci in different phases of simulated sludge composting and the fate of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) during the composting process. This study is expected to provide a basis for subsequent exploration of possible methods to completely inactivate enterococci and reduce ARGs during sludge composting. Culturable enterococci were reduced in the thermophilic phase of sludge composting, but the proportion of VBNC subpopulation increased. It was reported for the first time that most VBNC enterococci were killed by extending the cooling phase of sludge compost, and by prolonging the cooling phase the types of ARG were reduced. However, there was a certain quantity (approximately 104/g dry weight) of culturable and VBNC enterococci in the compost products. In addition, MGEs and ARGs exist in both bacteria and compost products, leading to the risk of spreading antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance when sludge compost products are used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed nutrients and microbial contamination in water and soil samples from Chileka Township, Blantyre City, Malawi. Elevated total and fecal coliforms (1300 cfu/100 mL and 290 cfu/100 mL) in groundwater (GW), and (34,000 cfu/100 mL and 8000 cfu/100 mL) in surface water (SW) were found, representing a risk of exposure to water-borne disease. While the criteria in the Malawi Standard for raw groundwater was mostly met, water from only 20% of the boreholes complied with the WHO requirements. Nitrate (NO3─) and Cl─ (47.8 mg/L and 263 mg/L) exceeded the WHO limits in GW. Cadmium (Cd) occurred in a few cases at concentrations up to 0.217 mg/L and 0.138 mg/L in GW and SW. Lead (Pb) and Cr were below detection limits, while Mn (0.319 mg/L and 0.640 mg/L) in GW and SW, and Fe (6.92 mg/L) in SW compromised taste. Though bacteriologically unfit for raw consumption by humans, both GW and SW chemically met FAO-acceptable limits for irrigation, and standards for livestock watering. The NO3─ and PO43─ maximum concentrations in soil were 58.9 mg/kg and 506 mg/kg, respectively. Lead (Pb) and Cd were not detected whereas Cr, Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe in soil were 27.7 mg/kg, 190 mg/kg, 60.4 mg/kg, 1307 mg/kg and 6552 mg/kg, respectively. Magnesium (Mg), Ca, Na and K were 20,523 mg/kg, 22,334 mg/kg, 544 mg/kg and 5758 mg/kg, respectively in soil. The human health risk assessment results, on the other hand, showed that at least 30% (6 out of 20) of the GW samples and 60% (3 out 8) of the SW samples had HI > 1 for adults, children and infants, indicating existence of non-carcinogenic risk. Similarly, at least 15% (3 out 20) of the GW samples and 18% (1 out of 8) of the SW samples had CR > 0.001 for adults, children and infants, suggesting a risk of developing cancer during a lifetime due to Cd exposure. Though both GW and SW are generally of good chemical quality, chronic exposure to nitrate and cadmium is a health risk in the area. The current trace metal levels are not worrisome, but soil nitrate and phosphate may need regular monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]