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Tidal exchange, capillary rise, water condensation-evaporation cycles, and crystallizationof salts are the main causes of damage in historic brick buildings in Venice. The present studyaddressed these issues by proposing a study of twenty-three brick samples collected on the mainfaçade of the Santa Maria dei Servi Church (14th century). The color, mineralogical composition, and texture of these samples were studied using standard methods such as spectrophotometry,X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), optical microscopy (OM), and field emission scanning electronmicroscopy (FESEM). The presence of carbonates (calcite and dolomite) and newly formed silicatephases, such as gehlenite and diopside, provided indications of the temperatures reached during firing and suggested the absence of a good standardization in the production process. Meanwhile,XRPD and hyperspectral analysis (HA) detected sulfates (e.g., gypsum and mirabilite) as the mainweathering products due to the salt decay process that affects monuments in the Venice lagoonenvironment. Moreover, secondary phases, such as Mg- and Ca-zeolites, occurred in bricks where thegroundmass observed by OM was more vitrificated, and the XRPD patterns displayed the highestamorphous content. On-site mapping of sulfates and chlorophyll by HA was also performed on themain façade of the Church, highlighting the large presence of salts and biodeterioration.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading single cause of morbidity and mortality, causing over 17. 9 million deaths worldwide per year with associated costs of over $800 billion. Improving prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of CVD is therefore a global priority. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has emerged as a clinically important technique for the assessment of cardiovascular anatomy, function, perfusion, and viability. However, diversity and complexity of imaging, reconstruction and analysis methods pose some limitations to the widespread use of CMR. Especially in view of recent developments in the field of machine learning that provide novel solutions to address existing problems, it is necessary to bridge the gap between the clinical and scientific communities. This review covers five essential aspects of CMR to provide a comprehensive overview ranging from CVDs to CMR pulse sequence design, acquisition protocols, motion handling, image reconstruction and quantitative analysis of the obtained data. (1) The basic MR physics of CMR is introduced. Basic pulse sequence building blocks that are commonly used in CMR imaging are presented. Sequences containing these building blocks are formed for parametric mapping and functional imaging techniques. Commonly perceived artifacts and potential countermeasures are discussed for these methods. (2) CMR methods for identifying CVDs are illustrated. Basic anatomy and functional processes are described to understand the cardiac pathologies and how they can be captured by CMR imaging. (3) The planning and conduct of a complete CMR exam which is targeted for the respective pathology is shown. Building blocks are illustrated to create an efficient and patient-centered workflow. Further strategies to cope with challenging patients are discussed. (4) Imaging acceleration and reconstruction techniques are presented that enable acquisition of spatial, temporal, and parametric dynamics of the cardiac cycle. The handling of respiratory and cardiac motion strategies as well as their integration into the reconstruction processes is showcased. (5) Recent advances on deep learning-based reconstructions for this purpose are summarized. Furthermore, an overview of novel deep learning image segmentation and analysis methods is provided with a focus on automatic, fast and reliable extraction of biomarkers and parameters of clinical relevance.

In November 2019, the city of Venice (Italy) was hit by high tides (more than 150cm), with the highest tide peaked at 187cm. According to government statistics (reports, graphs and data of flooding since the year 1860), it is the worst flooding in Venice since 1966, when the city was hit by tides of up to 194cm (76 inches). In addition, in the last century the Venetian air quality has been strongly affected by the industrial activity in the near city of Porto Marghera and by the proximity presence of the Marco Polo Airport, which enriched the atmosphere in the CO2, SOx, NOx airborne composites. The present study addresses these issues by proposing a study of 23 brick samples collected on the main façade of the Santa Maria dei Servi Church (XIV century), one of the historical buildings hit by the high tide’s events in 2019. The façade is characterized by bricks of different color (yellow, pink and red) with an advanced decay conservation state due to the history of the monument and the environmental conditions. Color, mineralogy and texture of these samples were studied using standard methods such as, Spectrophotometry, Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD), Polarized Optical Microscopy (POM) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM-EDS). The presence of carbonates (calcite and dolomite) and new silicate phases (e.g. gehlenite and diopside) provided indications of the temperatures reached during firing and suggested the absence of a good standardization in the production process. While, X-ray diffraction and hyperspectral analysis (in the SWIR range) detected gypsum, halite and mirabilite as the main weathering products due to the salt decay process that affects monuments in Venice and in the overall lagoon environment. This work aims to increase the awareness in the decay process occurring on the historic Venetian urban texture to fix new planning tools and to achieve multiple goals oriented to a sustainable transformation of the city, leading it to more resilient solutions., Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2022 JpGU22, May 22-27, 2022

Cultural Heritage is today suffering under the pressure of the economic growth that triggers hazardous habits. Extreme weather events are one of the many aspects of climate change having a dramatic impact on historical areas. The evidence of this large-scale human impact needs quantification of the current effects and prevision of the future ones, modelling the possible risk scenarios. The valorisation of the historical urban texture by the cooperation between research and governance is the win-win solution to fix new planning tools and achieve multiple goals for a sustainable transformation of the cities and more resilient systems for the future generations. To this purpose, this part of the HYPERION research (D4.4) is addressed to the quantification of the tangible effects of extreme weather events on the urban context, in order to define the hazard situation and support authorities for good practises in the challenge of Cultural Heritage preservation. D4.4 focuses on the influence of extreme events on the decay and vulnerability of historical stone and brick buildings in Venice (Italy), a place that perfectly represents the fragile equilibrium between the mankind, its heritage, and the environment. Two pilot areas were selected as the main cornerstone for the field and laboratory investigations: the Clock Tower in St. Mark’s square and the church of Santa Maria dei Servi (Tier 1 and Tier 2 building, respectively); further investigations were done on carved decorations in St. Mark’s square and the church La Salute. Photogrammetric surveys, performed both on land (with a tripod) and in air (with a drone) allowed for providing 3D models, helping the detection and high-resolution study of the weathering patterns. Hyperspectral analyses, done both on field (with a drone) and in the laboratory, supported the mapping of the building materials, their collocation, and the spectral signature of their unaltered and altered composition. Finally, X-ray diffraction and colorimetric analyses in the laboratory provided complementary information about composition and surface features. The relevant results aim at detailing the climate change risk posed to coastal and lagoon environments, involving the wetting and salt weathering of building materials, due to or exacerbated by extreme floods, sea level rise, storms, coastal erosion, etc.

Multimodal platforms combining electrical neural recording and stimulation, optogenetics, optical imaging, and magnetic resonance (MRI) imaging are emerging as a promising platform to enhance the depth of characterization in neuroscientific research. Electrically conductive, optically transparent, and MRI-compatible electrodes can optimally combine all modalities. Graphene as a suitable electrode candidate material can be grown via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) processes and sandwiched between transparent biocompatible polymers. However, due to the high graphene growth temperature (≥ 900 °C) and the presence of polymers, fabrication is commonly based on a manual transfer process of pre-grown graphene sheets, which causes reliability issues. In this paper, we present CVD-based multilayer graphene electrodes fabricated using a wafer-scale transfer-free process for use in optically transparent and MRI-compatible neural interfaces. Our fabricated electrodes feature very low impedances which are comparable to those of noble metal electrodes of the same size and geometry. They also exhibit the highest charge storage capacity (CSC) reported to date among all previously fabricated CVD graphene electrodes. Our graphene electrodes did not reveal any photo-induced artifact during 10-Hz light pulse illumination. Additionally, we show here, for the first time, that CVD graphene electrodes do not cause any image artifact in a 3T MRI scanner. These results demonstrate that multilayer graphene electrodes are excellent candidates for the next generation of neural interfaces and can substitute the standard conventional metal electrodes. Our fabricated graphene electrodes enable multimodal neural recording, electrical and optogenetic stimulation, while allowing for optical imaging, as well as, artifact-free MRI studies.

Carbonate rocks (limestones, marbles) are among the most commonly used building materials (both as dimension and ornamental stones), and are highly vulnerable to weathering, especially in polluted areas. One of the main issues in the evaluation of cultural heritage vulnerability is the quantification of the deterioration rate. With this goal in mind, and in the frame of the HYPERION Project, the water-driven recession of stone in cultural heritage was simulated and measured in the laboratory by exposing a set of carbonate rocks, historically exploited and used in northern Italy, to accelerated ageing tests by immersion in rainwaters with different compositions. The tests were run cyclically in an environmental test chamber, alternating wetting and drying phases; at fixed intervals, the recession of each sample was quantified by bulk weight-loss measurements and surface mapping at the confocal microscope. The relationship between the different mineralogy and texture of the stones and the rate and areal development of their recession was investigated, finding that, besides water pH, calcite grain size is the most important controlling decay factor. Correction coefficients were also calculated for obtaining more reliable recession estimations from recession equations known in the literature. The findings of this study can be exploited for predicting stone deterioration in cultural heritage constrained by the relevant environmental context and the expected future climate change., SGI-SIMP 2022 Meeting, September 19-21, 2022, Torino, Italy

In many noteworthy buildings in Venice we can observe a strong loss of material at the bottom of the façades (usually in the 1-2 meters from the soil level). Capillary rise, water condensation-evaporation sub-florescence of salts can induce scaling and cracking in bricks with a subsequent reduction of the thickness of the wall section and therefore of its load-bearing capacity. This work proposes a new approach to assess the vulnerability of historical brick masonry patrimony, the most used in Venice. This new approach provides for three main steps: i) the minero-petrographic characterization of the materials (bricks and mortars); ii) the 3D photogrammetric survey and the measurements of the cross-sections of brick walls; iii) the decay assessment. For this purpose, the Church of Santa Maria dei Servi (Cannaregio, 14th century) was selected as case of study. Color, mineralogy and texture of the bricks and mortars, and secondary weathering products were studied by means spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction, optical and scanning electron microscopy, and hyperspectral analysis. 3D surface modelling by empirical descriptions based on photogrammetry was used for understanding the effects of water and salts interaction in the bricks wall of the main façade. Results will be useful to provide previsions of long-term deterioration of that monument and they can be implemented in other brick buildings in Venice, which have the same decay pattern., AIAr Meeting, Padova, June 29 - July 2, 2022

The EU-funded project Hyperion aims at developing a “decision support system for improved resilience and sustainable reconstruction of historical areas” facing the impact of climate change and extreme weather events, with the aid of sensor-based and modeling tools. An essential part of the project involves the quantification of the current decay of cultural heritage, which may shed light on how heritage materials interact with the environment, react to microclimate stresses, and resist to future climate change in weathering models and simulations. To that purpose, a novel experimental method based on the long-term monitoring of historical building materials, their deterioration, and the relevant environmental parameters in different geographic contexts, was designed. A selection of stone and wood materials historically used in different European countries are exposed outdoors to natural weathering, in the urban environment of Italy (Padova and Venice) and Norway (Tønsberg). In every location, the same set of samples are exposed at different orientations (North, South, and horizontal plane) and their surface microclimate parameters are being monitored with temperature and moisture sensors. The microclimate data series are compared with the climate data provided by both the complementary weather stations installed in each monitoring site and the stations of the official regional agencies of environmental monitoring. At the same time, the material decay is being measured by monitoring the changes in surface topography/recession, chemical composition, and color of each building material, that is, comparing the maps acquired before and during the exposure tests by 3D optical profilometry, micro X-ray fluorescence, and colorimetry. This investigation is expected to provide a solid base for developing models of future deterioration of cultural heritage and prediction of its endurance in a changing climate., AIAr Meeting, Padova, June 29 - July 2, 2022

This contribution presents the work of research and technical development for designing a novel method for monitoring and predicting the weathering of cultural heritage, in particular of stones and timber used historically as building materials. An apparatus for long-term field tests was designed in its hardware and software components with a twofold application: Exposure of a set of selected stone and wood specimens to natural weathering, at different orientations (North, South, and horizontal plane) and environmental settings (Italy and Norway). Non-stop acquisition of microclimate data series at different resolutions, down to the scale of the specimen surface, completed by datasets of regional stations of environmental monitoring. Complementary laboratory analyses aim at setting a reference point for the state of conservation of each material before the exposure tests, and monitoring the changes of surface recession/topography (by 3D optical profilometry), thus reconstructing the relevant deterioration trends. Within the framework of the EU-funded project HYPERION, this novel experimental approach is expected to help assessing the interaction of building materials with the environment and their weathering constrained by microclimate and climate variability; combining climate model simulations, the stresses brought about by climate change can also be assessed. The findings might represent a source of precious information for the activities and decision-making protocols of the stakeholders involved in the protection of cultural heritage. Powered by, EGU22-5898; EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria & Online, 23–27 May 2022

An innovative experimental method for the long-term monitoring of outdoor microclimateand material decay at cultural heritage sites was developed to aid the formulation of new damagefunctions and models for climate-change risk assessment. To that end, an apparatus for field exposuretests was designed to monitor a variety of historical building materials in different environmentalsettings. The data series acquired, i.e., surface temperature and moisture, are compared with thecorresponding meteorological datasets on a local and regional scale. The apparatus is designed forsupporting also the monitoring of the physical and chemical changes caused by weathering. Thisnovel method is expected to provide insights into the interaction between historical materials and theenvironment, which can be exploited for the protection and conservation of cultural heritage.