Search

Short-bite diphosphines of the form R2P–X–PR2 (PXP; X = O, S; R = aryl, alkyl), incorporating an oxygen or sulphur atom as bridging unit X, are widely underexplored compared to their N- and C-containing PNP- and PCP-type counterparts. However, these PXP ligands undergo an interesting phosphorotropic equilibrium with the PPX (R2P(＝X)–PR2) tautomer, which opens up a very versatile coordination chemistry. This article covers the impact of the ligand backbone in short-bite ligands on their coordination chemistry, reactivity and applications. Especially in PXP-type complexes, metallophillic interactions can be induced in the case of coinage metals, which lead to fascinating photo-optical properties. Furthermore, PPX/PXP-type complexes are believed to exhibit a promising behavior in catalysis, due to the potential hemilability of the ligand and the therewith involved availability of free active sites for substrate binding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the Museo Campano (Capua, Italy), eight double‐relief silver coins belonging to southern Italian poleis and dated between the end of the 5th century and the beginning of the 3rd century BC were analysed. These coins are of great interest to historians and archaeologists because they provide extensive evidence on the monetary history and circulation of coins since the earliest times in the Campania region. Non‐invasive in situ analyses were performed using point XRF and MA‐XRF measurements and digital microscope photos. These coins were of high fineness. Data analysis methods using ROI imaging, deconvoluted maps, NMF (nonnegative matrix factorization), and k‐means were applied on the elemental maps to study the critical surface areas and to compare the effectiveness of different methods not commonly used for coins. These results combined with numismatic studies provided information on the historical context, the alloy used, and cases such as subaerati and restored coins. Important data were obtained on the currencies of the period under review, which will be useful to integrate with the analysis of further samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A concise and efficient synthesis of the γ‐lactam‐fused azaphenanthrene alkaloid eupolauramine has been achieved. The key feature of the synthesis involves Au(I)‐catalyzed cycloisomerization of N‐naphthyl aminobutynamide intermediate and subsequent intramolecular Ullmann‐type coupling reaction. This study clearly demonstrated the usefulness of coinage metal‐catalyzed cycloisomerization strategy in the construction of architecturally sophisticated pyridine‐fused heterocyclic scaffolds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adamantane‐type organotin sulfide clusters were recently shown to react with coinage metal phosphine complexes under replacement of an organic substituent by a metal‐phosphine unit. An extension of such studies involving the silicon‐based congener [(PhSi)4S6] (A) revealed that the cluster core will be partly disassembled and a {PhSi} moiety is replaced by a coinage metal phosphine complex to form [(Et3PAg)3(PhSi)3S6] (B) and [Na2(thf)2.33][(Me3PCu)(PhSi)3S6] (C). Herein, we present an extension of this work upon variation of the reactants and reaction conditions. Besides the isolation of crystalline precursor complexes [CuCl(PMe2Ph)3] (1) and [AgCl(PMe2Ph)2]2 (2), the study addresses reactions of A with AgCl and a phosphine ligand in CH2Cl2, upon which A is completely disassembled to form [(Ph3P)3Ag(μ‐S)SiCl2Ph] (3). In another case a CH2 group, most likely stemming from CH2Cl2, was attached to the ligand, thus generating [{PhCl(S)SiSCH2P(Ph2)CH2CH2}2] (4). Upon using CuCl and 1,4‐bis(diphenylphosphino)butane (dppb) we isolated the phosphine‐bridged analog of B, [{(dppbCu2)CuP(Ph2)(CH2CH2)(PhSi)3S6}2] (5). In order to receive the yet elusive silver homolog of C, we used PMe2Ph as a bulkier ligand. This way we generated a 2D coordination polymer of the desired composition, [Na2(thf)1.5][(Me2PhPAg)(PhSi)3S6] (6). UV‐visible spectra of 6 indicated a bandgap of 3.89 eV, thus blue‐shifted in regards to B and C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of the coinage metal in monomeric hydride complexes for the reduction of carbon dioxide to formate has been computationally addressed in this work. The common reaction mechanism, i. e. a concerted M−H (M=Cu, Ag, Au) bond attack to the CO2 carbon atom with one oxygen atom coordinating to the metal center, has been analyzed, revealing a kinetically less favorable reactivity for the gold‐hydride complex. A thorough computational investigation discloses that, while all complexes feature covalent electron‐sharing M−H bonds, copper‐ and silver‐hydride complexes display a relevant M(δ+)−H(δ−) bond polarization, which enables an enhanced basicity of the hydride and, thereby, a more kinetically favorable CO2 reduction process. This study provides useful guidelines for the design of monomeric metal hydride complexes as promising candidates for the CO2 reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slang or neologism can be considered as playful words that are being construed as something that defines the current generation's set-up, culture, or background. It may also be considered the language of the current times but may differ depending on the projected culture to where it will be used. The study is about how, from a regular expression, a possible slang/neologism may be formed/constructed. The way that slang/neologism is being idealized as something new reflects how words are so dynamic and how, through their coinage, a word can signify a new meaning, a new perspective, and a new appreciation of culture and standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local types of coinage testify to the emerging use of silver in the Balkan interior, possibly related to abundant ore deposits in the region. Here, we present Pb isotope data for silver coins minted by local tribes and settlements (anepigraphic coins attributed to the Derrones/Laeaei, Damastion, Pelagia, Kings of Paeonia) between the 5th and 3rd centuries BCE. For comparison, we analysed coinage of the potential Greek emporia Dyrrhachium and Apollonia for their main element and Pb-Ag isotope compositions. Statistical data evaluation demonstrates close material connections between coins from the Balkan interior and identify a predominantly local raw material provenance. The majority of Damastion’s issues defines a tight cluster fitting Strabo’s (VII.7.8) account that the settlement possessed nearby silver mines in the Balkan interior. Novobërdë/Novo Brdo (Kosovo) can be plausibly hypothesised among the available reference data to have been one of the main ore districts supplying the mint. Mixing is evident for coins from the Kings of Paeonia and coinage attributed to the Derrones/Laeaei. Virtually identical end-members suggest that Paeonian regal coinage recycled tribal issues with contribution of metal obtained from Damastion’s hypothesised mines. Contemporaneous coinage struck by Dyrrhachium as well as end-members calculated for Thasos and the Macedon kingdom (Albarede et al. in Bullion mixtures in silver coinage from ancient Greece and Egypt, J Archaeol Sci 162:105918, 2024a) signal metal sourced from the Balkans, presumably the Macedonian/Paeonian border area. Comparison of data from Greek city-states and coinage issued by Apollonia and Dyrrhachium for the Romans demonstrates a change in the type and origin of raw materials and bullion composition, indicating a shift in monetary customs and possibly metal production technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its coinage ca. 1850 AD by Philip Barker Webb, the biogeographical region of Macaronesia, consisting of the North Atlantic volcanic archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira with the tiny Selvagens, the Canaries and Cabo Verde, and for some authors different continental coastal strips, has been under dispute. Herein, after a brief introduction on the terminology and purpose of regionalism, we recover the origins of the Macaronesia name, concept and geographical adscription, as well as its biogeographical implications and how different authors have positioned themselves, using distinct terrestrial or marine floristic and/or faunistic taxa distributions and relationships for accepting or rejecting the existence of this biogeographical region. Four main issues related to Macaronesia are thoroughly discussed: (i) its independence from the Mediterranean phytogeographical region; (ii) discrepancies according to different taxa analysed; (iii) its geographical limits and the role of the continental enclave(s), and, (iv) the validity of the phytogeographical region level. We conclude that Macaronesia has its own identity and a sound phytogeographical foundation, and that this is mainly based on three different floristic components that are shared by the Macaronesian core (Madeira and the Canaries) and the outermost archipelagos (Azores and Cabo Verde). These floristic components are: (i) the Palaeotropical‐Tethyan Geoflora, formerly much more widely distributed in Europe and North Africa and currently restricted to the three northern archipelagos (the Azores, Madeira and the Canaries); (ii) the African Rand Flora, still extant in the coastal margins of Africa and Arabia, and present in the southern archipelagos (Madeira, the Canaries and Cabo Verde), and (iii) the Macaronesian neoendemic floristic component, represented in all the archipelagos, a result of allopatric diversification promoted by isolation of Mediterranean ancestors that manage to colonize Central Macaronesia and, from there, the outer archipelagos. Finally, a differentiating floristic component recently colonized the different archipelagos from the nearest continental coast, providing them with different biogeographic flavours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of KLIO: Beiträge zur Alten Geschichte is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Neologism, a term used in linguistics, refers to the creation and definition of new lexical items with new meanings. It is frequently employed in specialized contexts, necessitating the development of new language forms. This study aims to investigate neologisms emerging from gaming language and identify the types that predominantly occur during gameplay. Given that online gaming became a popular pastime during the pandemic, observing the new language arising from in-game chat boxes is particularly intriguing. The study includes conversations from three participants playing three different online games, collected over one day of gameplay. The findings reveal that abbreviations, acronyms, and repurposed standard English terms are prevalent forms of neologisms in gaming language. Abbreviations like "CC" and standard English terms such as "skin" and "clean" are among the most frequently mentioned by players. Interestingly, despite the conversations being in three different languages, the neologisms primarily appear in English.

AbstractThis article revisits the politics of naming and investigates the origins of the term ‘Moscow Actionism’. Why was the term introduced in curatorial literature published around 1995 in Western Europe? Why was it coined to present performances by Anatolii Osmolovskii, Aleksandr Brener and Oleg Kulik, if these artists had already made names for themselves in Russia? Touted by the Moscow press as ‘revolutionaries’, they were already invited to participate in exhibitions abroad. Their success came prior to the term ‘Moscow Actionism’.The author argues that the term was coined to counteract persistent Western stereotypes about Russia as wild, primitive and exotic. The coinage mimicked Western art history nomenclature in an attempt to secure a positive reception for Russian artists, yet it simultaneously succumbed to the hegemony of the Western art history lexicon. As the term entered scholarly literature, it prevailed and generated the erroneous view that Moscow Actionism stands for all Russian performance art in the 1990s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structures of seven gold(III) halide derivatives of general formula LAuX3 (L = methyl­pyridines or di­methyl­pyridines, X = Cl or Br) are presented: tri­chlorido­(2-methyl­pyridine)­gold(III), [AuCl3(C6H7N)], 1 (as two polymorphs 1a and 1b); tri­bromido­(2-methyl­pyridine)­gold(III), [AuBr3(C6H7N)], 2; tri­bromido­(3-methyl­pyridine)­gold(III), [AuBr3(C6H7N)], 3; tri­bromido­(2,4-di­meth­yl­pyridine)­gold(III), [AuBr3(C7H9N)], 4; tri­chlorido­(3,5-di­methylpyridine)­gold(III), [AuCl3(C7H9N)], 5; tri­bromido­(3,5-di­methyl­pyridine)­gold(III), [AuBr3(C7H9N)], 6, and tri­chlorido­(2,6-di­methyl­pyridine)­gold(III), [AuCl3(C7H9N)], 7. Additionally, the structure of 8, the 1:1 adduct of 2 and 6, [AuBr3(C6H7N)]·[AuBr3(C7H9N)], is included. All the structures crystallize solvent-free, and all have Z′ = 1 except for 5 and 7, which display crystallographic twofold rotation symmetry, and 4, which has Z′ = 2. 1a and 2 are isotypic. The coordination geometry at the gold(III) atoms is, as expected, square-planar. Four of the crystals (1a, 1b, 2 and 8) were non-merohedral twins, and these structures were refined using the ‘HKLF 5’ method. The largest inter­planar angles between the pyridine ring and the coordination plane are observed for those structures with a 2-methyl substituent of the pyridine ring. The Au—N bonds are consistently longer trans to Br (average 2.059 Å) than trans to Cl (average 2.036 Å). In the crystal packing, a frequent feature is the offset-stacked and approximately rectangular dimeric moiety (Au—X)2, with anti­parallel Au—X bonds linked by Au⋯X contacts at the vacant positions axial to the coordination plane. The dimers are connected by further secondary inter­actions (Au⋯X or X⋯X contacts, `weak' C—H⋯X hydrogen bonds) to form chain, double chain (`ladder') or layer structures, and in several cases linked again in the third dimension. Only 1b and 7 contain no offset dimers; these structures instead involve C—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds combined with Cl⋯Cl contacts (1b) or Cl⋯π contacts (7). The packing patterns of seven further complexes LAuX3 involving simple pyridines (taken from the Cambridge Structural Database) are compared with those of 1–8. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coinage metals Cu, Ag, and Au are essential for modern electronics and their recycling from waste materials is becoming increasingly important to guarantee the security of their supply. Designing new sustainable and selective procedures that would substitute currently used processes is crucial. Here, we describe an unprecedented approach for the sequential dissolution of single metals from Cu, Ag, and Au mixtures using biomass‐derived ionic solvents and green oxidants. First, Cu can be selectively dissolved in the presence of Ag and Au with a choline chloride/urea/H2O2 mixture, followed by the dissolution of Ag in lactic acid/H2O2. Finally, the metallic Au, which is not soluble in either solution above, is dissolved in choline chloride/urea/Oxone. Subsequently, the metals were simply and quantitatively recovered from dissolutions, and the solvents were recycled and reused. The applicability of the developed approach was demonstrated by recovering metals from electronic waste substrates such as printed circuit boards, gold fingers, and solar panels. The dissolution reactions and selectivity were explored with different analytical techniques and DFT calculations. We anticipate our approach will pave a new way for the contemporary and sustainable recycling of multi‐metal waste substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular solar thermal systems (MOST) represent an auspicious solution for the storage of solar energy. We report silver salts as a unique class of catalysts, capable of releasing the stored energy from the promising 1,2‐dihydro‐1,2‐azaborinine based MOST system. Mechanistic investigations provided insights into the silver catalyzed thermal backreaction, concurrently unveiling the first crystal structure of a 2‐aza‐3‐borabicyclo[2.2.0]hex‐5‐ene, the Dewar isomer of 1,2‐dihydro‐1,2‐azaborinine. Quantification of activation energies by kinetic experiments has elucidated the advantageous energy change associated with Lewis acid catalysts, a phenomenon corroborated through computational analysis. By means of low temperature NMR spectroscopy, mechanistic insights into the coordination of Ag+ to the 1,2‐dihydro‐1,2‐azaborinine were gained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenanthroline-based ligands with bulky aryl groups flanking the metal binding pocket enabled the synthesis and detailed investigation of ethylene complexes of copper(I), silver(I), and gold(I), including structural data of [{2,9-bis(2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline}M(C2H4)][SbF6] (M = Cu, Ag, Au), Additionally, a related copper(I)-ethylene complex with a highly fluorinated ligand is also reported. Gold(I) affects the ethylene moiety significantly as evident from the notable upfield coordination shifts of ethylene carbon signals in the NMR and lengthening of the ethylene C＝C bond length. Silver(I) forms the weakest bond with ethylene in this series of isoleptic, group 11 metal-ethylene complexes. Preliminary catalytic investigations underscore the potential of copper complexes, particularly those with weakly coordinating supporting ligands, as effective catalysts for C(sp3)–H functionalization through trifluoromethyl carbene insertion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the discovery of a series of fullerenes and a handful of noncarbon clusters with the typical topology of I h-C60, the smallest fullerene with a large degree of curvature, C20, and its other-element counterparts are difficult to isolate experimentally. In coinage metal nanoclusters (NCs), the first all-gold fullerene, Au32, was discovered after a long-lasting pursuit, but the isolation of similar silvery fullerene structures is still challenging. Herein, we report a flying saucer-shaped 102-nuclei silver NC (Ag102) with a silvery fullerene kernel of Ag32, which is embraced by a robust cyclic anionic passivation layer of (KPO4)10. This Ag32 kernel can be viewed as a non-centered icosahedron Ag12 encaged into a dodecahedron Ag20, forming the silvery fullerene of Ag12@Ag20. The anionic layer (KPO4)10 is located at the interlayer between the Ag32 kernel and Ag70 shell, passivating the Ag32 silvery fullerene and templating the Ag70 shell. The t BuPhS− and CF3COO− ligands on the silver shell show a regioselective arrangement with the 60 t BuPhS− ligands as expanders covering the upper and lower of the flying saucer and 10 CF3COO− as terminators neatly encircling the edges of the structure. In addition, Ag102 shows excellent photothermal conversion efficiency (η) from the visible to near-infrared region (η  = 67.1% ± 0.9% at 450 nm, 60.9% ± 0.9% at 660 nm and 50.2% ± 0.5% at 808 nm), rendering it a promising material for photothermal converters and potential application in remote laser ignition. This work not only captures silver kernels with the topology of the smallest fullerene C20, but also provides a pathway for incorporating alkali metal (M) into coinage metal NCs via M-oxoanions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structures of seven gold(III) halide derivatives of general formula LAuX3 (L = methyl­pyridines or di­methyl­pyridines, X = Cl or Br) are presented: tri­chlorido­(2-methyl­pyridine)­gold(III), [AuCl3(C6H7N)], 1 (as two polymorphs 1a and 1b); tri­bromido­(2-methyl­pyridine)­gold(III), [AuBr3(C6H7N)], 2; tri­bromido­(3-methyl­pyridine)­gold(III), [AuBr3(C6H7N)], 3; tri­bromido­(2,4-di­meth­yl­pyridine)­gold(III), [AuBr3(C7H9N)], 4; tri­chlorido­(3,5-di­methylpyridine)­gold(III), [AuCl3(C7H9N)], 5; tri­bromido­(3,5-di­methyl­pyridine)­gold(III), [AuBr3(C7H9N)], 6, and tri­chlorido­(2,6-di­methyl­pyridine)­gold(III), [AuCl3(C7H9N)], 7. Additionally, the structure of 8, the 1:1 adduct of 2 and 6, [AuBr3(C6H7N)]·[AuBr3(C7H9N)], is included. All the structures crystallize solvent-free, and all have Z′ = 1 except for 5 and 7, which display crystallographic twofold rotation symmetry, and 4, which has Z′ = 2. 1a and 2 are isotypic. The coordination geometry at the gold(III) atoms is, as expected, square-planar. Four of the crystals (1a, 1b, 2 and 8) were non-merohedral twins, and these structures were refined using the 'HKLF 5' method. The largest inter­planar angles between the pyridine ring and the coordination plane are observed for those structures with a 2-methyl substituent of the pyridine ring. The Au--N bonds are consistently longer trans to Br (average 2.059 Å) than trans to Cl (average 2.036 Å). In the crystal packing, a frequent feature is the offset-stacked and approximately rectangular dimeric moiety (Au--X)2, with anti­parallel Au--X bonds linked by Au⋯X contacts at the vacant positions axial to the coordination plane. The dimers are connected by further secondary inter­actions (Au X or X X contacts, 'weak' C--H⋯X hydrogen bonds) to form chain, double chain ('ladder') or layer structures, and in several cases linked again in the third dimension. Only 1b and 7 contain no offset dimers; these structures instead involve C--H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds combined with Cl Cl contacts (1b) or Cl π contacts (7). The packing patterns of seven further complexes LAuX3 involving simple pyridines (taken from the Cambridge Structural Database) are compared with those of 1-8. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Art-Sanat Journal / Art-Sanat is the property of Art-Sanat and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, we report the preparation of neutral Au(I), Ag(I), and Cu(I) derivatives [(hyp)2P7M]n (M = Au, n = 2; M = Ag, Cu, n = 4) of a heptaphospha-nortricyclane cage. Synthesis was conducted via a halodesilylation route under the cleavage of the sterically less shielded trimethyl silyl group, starting from the heteroleptic cage (hyp)2(tms)P7. All coinage metal derivatives exhibit short metal–metal distances of 2.9542(2) Å (Au), 2.8833(6) Å (Ag), and 2.654(1) Å (Cu), respectively. The same synthetic methodology was also applied for the preparation of a zinc derivative, [{(hyp)2P7}2Zn]*Et2O, for which full multinuclear NMR characterization could be conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates code-borrowing which happens during soccer commentaries in Sepedi on Thobela FM, a radio station which broadcasts in Sepedi. Qualitative in approach, the study collected data from purposively selected Thobela FM listeners to determine whether code-borrowing is beneficial or detrimental to the development of Sepedi soccer terminology. The participants were selected from Mamelodi, Soshanguve and Atteridgeville in Pretoria, where Sepedi is a dominant language. Four different recorded soccer commentaries of five minutes each were played to the participants prior to interviewing them for approximately 30 minutes. The study's findings showed that listeners believe that code-borrowing contributes positively towards the development of soccer terminology in Sepedi, further suggesting the coinage of Sepedi soccer terminology from English equivalents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Identification of a natural-based sensitizer with optimal stability and efficiency for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) application remains a challenging task. Previously, we proposed a new class of sensitizers based on bio-nano hybrids. These systems composed of natural cyanidin dyes interacting with silver nanoclusters (NCs) have demonstrated enhanced opto-electronic and photovoltaic properties. In this study, we explore the doping of silver nanocluster within a cyanidin-Ag3 hybrid employing Density Functional Theory (DFT) and its time-dependent counterpart (TDDFT). Specifically, we investigate the influence of coinage metal atoms (Au and Cu) on the properties of the cyanidin-Ag3 system. Our findings suggest that cyanidin-Ag2Au and cyanidin-AgAuCu emerge as the most promising candidates for improved light harvesting efficiency, increased two-photon absorption, and strong coupling to the TiO2 surface. These theoretical predictions suggest the viability of replacing larger silver NCs with heterometallic trimers such as Ag2Au or AgAuCu, presenting new avenues for utilizing bio-nano hybrids at the surface for DSSC application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Seljuk University Journal of Seljuk Studies is the property of Selcuk University Journal of Seljuk Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aggregate portfolios used by end-clients (e.g., pension, endowment, or retired couple) are most often broadly diversified across stocks, bonds, and alternatives. Such portfolios are constructed and maintained using a widely accepted portfolio construction approach. This approach is frequently shorthanded as "modern portfolio theory" or MPT. A simplified version of this approach assumes random variable distributions (to represent the future returns for each asset category) and associated defining summary statistics (means, standard deviations, and correlations). This is the approach upon which all retail investment software tools are based and underlies most institutional asset allocation and asset/liability modeling efforts. For this approach to be successful, the statistical behavior of the underlying asset categories must satisfy certain behavioral properties. Specifically, (a) means must be sufficiently stable, (b) return distributions must not suffer from regime change, (c) distributions must not deliver risk without return over excessively long time periods, (d) the implementor cannot ex-post cherry pick the best geography and most attractive time period and then base the results on that after-the-fact handpicked-selection, (e) return distributions must not be defined by extreme episodic eras, and (f) excessive levels of trending and momentum must not be present. The objective of this article is to provide meaningful statistical evidence that each of these six requirements is violated. If true, then our industry's generally accepted portfolio construction process is suspect. The article ends with three suggestions for portfolio construction techniques that are generally immune to the issues raised and suggests why forward-looking capital market assumptions are unable to overcome the challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of ISTEM is the property of ISTEM and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Throughout time, there have been influencers who possess the power to affect decisions of others, and this power has become particularly evident in the current multibilliondollar marketplace of influencer marketing. Practitioners and scholars are focusing on the power of social media to affect change, and the popular press has begun to refer to entrepreneurs as influencers and influencers as entrepreneurs. As such, the current research examines the power of influence in terms of influential entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial influencers. Influential entrepreneurs have the power to encourage others to believe in themselves and to ignite passion for personal success, while also garnering support for their own ventures. Entrepreneurial influencers generally begin as marketing influencers who develop a following on a digital platform and then begin to build their own entrepreneurial endeavors by promoting to their followers. We contribute to the entrepreneurial marketing literature by bringing together similar, yet disparate, research to understand people identified as both influencers and entrepreneurs and suggest that influential entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial influencers are not two sides of the same coin. While both possess characteristics of attractiveness and the ability to connect people and communities, findings suggest that influential entrepreneurs are perceived as more credible than entrepreneurial influencers. While entrepreneurial influencers are enabled by external products or brands for which they are promoting, influential entrepreneurs are enabled by the strength of their own personal brands that created a product offering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]