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Aim: To evaluate the incidence of root dentinal microcracks after two extraction techniques through micro‐computed tomographic (micro‐CT) analysis. Methodology: Thirty pairs of premolars, extracted for orthodontic reasons, were assigned to two experimental groups, following a split‐mouth design (n = 30): traumatic technique group (TTG) – teeth extracted following a conventional protocol using forceps, and an atraumatic technique group (ATG) – teeth extracted following an atraumatic technique protocol in which the root was gently detached from the periodontal ligament using a periotome. All teeth were immediately immersed in distilled water and scanned in a micro‐CT device within 72 h following the extraction. The assessment of the images was completed on cross‐section images by two masked evaluators. The Mann–Whitney test was used to assess the significant differences between the groups regarding the number of cross‐sections displaying microcracks whilst the Fischer's exact test was used to assess differences in the frequency of specimens with defects (P < 0.05). Results: A total of 52 750 micro‐CT cross‐sectional images were evaluated. A total of 352 cross‐sections had at least one dentinal defect. Microcracks were observed in five teeth of the TTG group (n = 352 slices) and in two teeth of the ATG group (n = 103 slices). The statistical analysis used was unable to detect a significant difference between the groups in terms of the number of dentinal microcracks (P = 0.233) and in the frequency of teeth displaying microcracks (P = 0.424). Conclusion: A small number of sound teeth without endodontic treatment had dentinal microcracks regardless of the extraction technique applied. No difference was noticed between the traumatic and atraumatic techniques in the incidence of microcracks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algae with nutritional value have great potential for production of algal biomass for addition in products. Bread is one of the most consumed foods and one of the major sources of calories in diets in many countries, it has therefore been the target of many enrichment studies. In this work, conventional breads added with 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5% of Cladophora spp. and Ulva spp. macroalgal biomass were developed and evaluated. In the breads with macroalgal biomass, the nutrient composition, caloric value, technological and sensory evaluation were determined. The addition of macroalgal biomass resulted in protein content increase, ranging from 16 to 18% (w.w-1), fibers increase from 1 to 2% (w.w-1) and a decrease of lipids from 17 to 12% (w.w-1). The sensory and technological characteristics changed slightly in relation to the control bread. The results show the potential use macroalgal biomass in the formulation of conventional bread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One of the most recent subjects related to family rights, being guideline of lawsuits in the politics, social and in the third sector boundaries of the Brazilian society. It regards the question of affiliation in non-conventional families, such as: homo-affection adoptions, adoptions between conventional couples, children born from artificial insemination etc. In these points, there are legal antagonistic agreements about the application of the concept of affiliation, and its application in family court processes. This article reports a historic description from the evolution of the affiliation concept, focused in Brazil, considering the most different applications in law sue processes, technical reports and informal memos. A parallel with the types of affiliation and other correlations with the current law have already been made. Moreover, a research was made, with a fortuitous sample, in the universe of family expert lawyers about their understanding regarding this questions and controversies, as well as issues of difficult agreement. It was concluded that a positive agreement regarding the exceptions of the affiliation concept involves 17% of the asked professionals, as well as women professionals are more sensible in the acceptance of the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Eletrônica em Gestão, Educação e Tecnologia Ambiental is the property of Revista Eletronica em Gestao, Educacao e Tecnologia Ambiental and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Leaf galls induced by a still undescribed new species of Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) are frequent on leaves of Clusia arrudae Planchon & Tirana (Clusiaceae) in the rupestrian fields at 1400 m a.s.l. in Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Galls were 7.1 ± 0.7 mm in diameter, one chambered with only one larva inside. Gall tissue is green and soft. Assessments of photosynthetic capacity using chlorophyll-a fluorescence measurements revealed that photosynthetic performance of gall tissue and healthy leaf tissue were rather similar. Hence, the morphological changes due to gall development were not associated with significant changes in the photosynthetic capacity of the tissue.

Objectives: To investigate the serum levels of VEGF in patients with rheumatoid arthritis of long duration., Methods: Serum VEGF levels were measured in 118 patients with long-standing rheumatoid arthritis according to the ACR criteria (mean duration 12 years). The disease activity score was evaluated by the method of van der Heijde et al., Results: Serum levels of VEGF in patients with RA were significantly higher than in healthy controls. VEGF levels showed no correlation with CRP, SAA amyloid protein, or the disease activity score., Conclusions: Our findings suggest that, contrary to the results reported in patients with early onset RA, where VEGF appears to play an active part in joint inflammation, in long-standing RA elevated VEGF serum levels may be an independent marker although its significance remain to be established.