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National audience; Face aux menaces continues pour la santé et l'environnement et aux risques de regression du droit de l'environnement, ce Précis vise à éclairer les auteurs et les victimes des désordes écologiques sur leurs droits et leurs devoirs. Instrument de référence exhaustif sur le droit de l'environnement français codifié en 2000, il répond aux besoins de toutes les parties prenantes : industriels, agriculteurs, collectivités territoriales et leurs groupements, professions judiciaires, administrations et simples citoyens. L'ouvrage aborde tous les aspects de ce droit nouveau consacré par la constitution depuis 2005 comme un droit fondamental de l'homme gràce à la Charte de l'environnement et à la jurisprudence du Conseil constitutionnel. Cette huitième édition tient compte des évolutions les plus récentes : des conséquences de la constitutionnalisation de l'environnement à la mise en oeuvre de la loi n° 2016-1087 (biodiversité et paysages) et à la réforme de l'autorité environnementale. Elle traite aussi de plusieurs réformes touchant à la fois à l'environnement et à d'autres secteurs comme le patrimoine culturel, l'urbanisme et l'agriculture. En effet, conformément au principe d'intégration, les autorités publiques doivent introduire l'environnement dans toutes les politiques sectorielles.

Les investisseurs en capital risque independants (IVC) se distinguent des organismes captifs, ces derniers etant des filiales de banques, de societes industrielles ou d’organismes publics. On attribue generalement aux premiers une meilleure rentabilite etune meilleure selectivite des projets et aux seconds de moindres performances. L’objectif de notre papier est d’etablir les limites de ces conclusions dans le cas des capital-risqueurs filiales de societes-meres industrielles, les capital-risqueurs industriels ou Corporate Venture Capitalists (CVC). A l’aide d’un modele theorique prenant appui sur des faits stylises, nous retrouvons tout d’abord les resultats traditionnels allant dans le sens d’une meilleure efficacite des IVC, en mettant en evidence a la fois le role des ressources specifiques et des comportements strategiques des deux types de capital-risqueurs. Nous observons aussi qu’a defaut d’ameliorer la rentabilite moyenne des projets finances, les CVC en accroissent dans tous les cas le nombre. Puis, nous introduisons la prise en compte de synergies entre projets, notamment au sein de clusters. Quand de telles interactions sont introduites, nous montrons que les CVC peuvent non seulement contribuer a financer davantage de projets mais aussi accroitre la selectivite globale du secteur. Nous illustrons ces resultats par des simulations numeriques et les commentons en conclusion.

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International audience; We develop a critical interpretation of Schumpeter’s thinking that allowstwo alternative ‘operationalizations’ of his theoretical approach to economic developmentand institutions. We show that they are compatible with the two dominantneo-Schumpeterian economic dynamics approaches - one focused on the nationaleconomic and institutional conditions required for a commitment to an innovationbased strategy for competing at the world technology frontier, and one that combinesSchumpeter’s insights on technological change with Keynesian policiessupporting demand for consumer goods and investment in the context of radicaluncertainty and heterogeneous behavior. The implications for policy of these twoperspectives are discussed in relation to Schumpeter’s ambiguous stance on economicpolicy issues. Finally, based on an articulation of institutions and individualbehavior in light of recent developments in behavioral economics, we provide someimplications for new perspectives on economic policy.

International audience; The purpose of this paper is to show that both Schumpeterian growth theory and Schumpeter’s own thinking can be helpful in order to think about growth policy design and the role of the state. This reflection offers an economic policy roadmap and gives rise to concrete proposals in terms of an adequate mix of demand and supply-side options depending on the country’s distance to the world technology frontier.

International audience; Software firms that produce and sell proprietary software can use dual licensing (DL) strategies,that is, they can distribute their products under different (proprietary, OS, e.g., open source)licensing terms. We investigate the relevance and impacts of such distribution strategies in thepresence of an OS software competitor. We determine the conditions for this strategy to be profitablefor the software firm, and its impact on price, market share, and welfare. We show that aDL strategy can be used to crowd the OS software out of the market. This strategy then is profitablefor the software firm only if the spillovers coming from the hybrid software (i.e., second distributionlaunched by the software firm) are sufficiently high and result in both a higher price anda lower market share for the proprietary software. We also consider a situation where the introductionof DL leads to a market shared between the firm's software and the OS competitor. Inthis situation, the profitability of the DL strategy depends also on the degree of compatibilitybetween the proprietary software and its OS competitor. We show also that this situation cangenerate conflicts of interests between proprietary software vendors and users, resulting in suboptimaloutcomes.

International audience; In this paper we analyze the impact of the French cancel order tax on market quality measured by market liquidity and volatility. Additionally, this paper raises the question whether this tax leads to reduction of high-frequency trading (HFT) activities and a declining in trading volume. Moreover, we test market rules that have not been yet introduced using artificial market framework.

International audience; The empirical relevance of motivation crowding out is a controversial issue in economics and psychology. As pointed out already by Frey and Jegen (2001), this is partly due to the historical development of two distinct and parallel strands of literature that stem from different theoretical traditions, have radically different tenets and therefore, are difficult to reconcile. In this survey, we go back to the details of the debates that took place independently among psychologists and economists, and sketch an integrative interdisciplinary approach likely to favor a more fruitful collaboration between economics and psychology. From this perspective, experimental economics (both field and laboratory) is viewed as a major research field shedding new light on the conditions of relevance of motivation crowding out.

L’interaction entre la capacite creative individuelle et la maniere de l’ameliorer est une question qui presente un enorme potentiel pour l’analyse economique. Dans cette etude, nous nous attardons sur la question en nous concentrant sur les avantages methodologiques d’une approche experimentale. Nous fournissons une revue de la litterature en economie experimentale sur la creativite, en identifiant sept principaux objets d’etude. A savoir, l’impact sur la creativite : (1) des incitations monetaires faibles ou elevees (2) de l’interaction entre les incitations monetaires et les tâches, (3) de la concurrence au sein du groupe (4) de la cooperation au sein du groupe, (5) des facteurs culturels, (6) des incitations sociales non monetaires, et (7) du comportement strategique. Nous classons egalement les etudes de notre revue en fonction des caracteristiques cles des procedures experimentales standard en economie, telles que le type de tâche creative, la maniere dont elle est evaluee et le groupe de sujets specifique. Cette comparaison multidimensionnelle nous permet de conclure que l’absence actuelle de resultats solides sur les determinants de la creativite en economie pourrait etre due a l’absence d’etudes experimentales comparables dans les memes conditions experimentales. Notre revue souligne egalement le role crucial des recherches anterieures sur la creativite dans la litterature psychologique dans l’elaboration des procedures d’incitation a la creativite en economie experimentale.Classification JEL : C91, C92, D91, O31.

Presentation of the article in video : https://vimeo.com/465124099; International audience; In an effort to reduce CO2 emissions, many countries throughout the world are initiating plans to transition to more sustainable forms of energy. Nuclear energy would appear to be a powerful contender to replace fossil fuels, or at least be an unavoidable option, from an energy-mix perspective. However, nuclear energy suffers from a poor image among certain populations, especially the young, who favor the development of renewable energies. We wanted to get a more accurate read of what was happening in France, one of the most nuclearized countries in the world, where the share of nuclear energy is greater than 70%. Since plans are underway to reduce this level to 50% by 2035, understanding popular perceptions on this matter is even more important. In order to gain a better understanding, we interviewed an “expert” population and compared the results obtained with a so-called young “non-expert” student population. The first group is composed of firefighters, about half of whom have attended training in radiological risks, and the other, a non-expert population, composed of students from Université Côte d’Azur (UCA), who are potentially influenced (for better or worse) by social media. The aim of this study is to compare and contrast any differences in perception that these two distinct populations may have on the subject of nuclear energy.

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International audience; We propose a model of dynamic discrete choice between sustainable and unsustainable technologies, and we study the combined impact of Covid-19 and environmental policies such as subsidies and taxes with rebates. The model shows that environmental policies tailored on Covid-19 impact can induce sustainability transitions. However, different scenarios are possible. Covid-19 can have a destabilising effect on repeated choices, as a result of minority game mechanisms induced either by carbon taxes with rebates or by the behavioural effect of diminished attention for the environment. While taxes can be designed to avoid this, the diminished attention for the environment can undermine any gain in terms of reduced pollution due to Covid-19. However, scenarios with multiple equilibria are also present, where the challenge is represented by a behavioural tipping point to un-clock societies from an undesirable equilibrium. If environmental policies are correctly designed, the economic impact of Covid-19 can trigger a transition to sustainable societies where green adoptions are self-reinforcing.

In this paper we revisit Michael Polanyi’s overall contribution to the understanding of tacitknowledge and its implications in philosophy of science with a focus on experimental researchin social sciences. We first review and discuss Polanyi’s references to experiments in general.An extensive number of these experiments are summarised in tabular form in the Appendix,distinguishing between experiments on the phenomenon of tacit knowledge, discussed in Subsection2.1, and experiments on the epistemological implications of tacit knowledge, discussedin Subsection 2.2. Secondly, we discuss tacit knowledge as a confounding factor and limitationto replicability in social science experiments (Subsection 3.1) and tacit knowledge as aphenomenon to be elicitated through controlled variation in experimental design (Subsection3.2). In the concluding section, we call for rejuvenation of the study of social epistemology andthe social construction of science, suggested to start with Polanyi and his generation, whereattention now should be directed to social science rather than hard science as in the past.

International audience; There is robust evidence in the experimental economics literature showing that monopoly power is affected by trading institutions. In this paper, we study whether trading institutions themselves can shape agents' market behavior through the formation of anchors. We recreate experimentally five different double-auction market structures (perfect competition, perfect competition with quotas, cartel on price, cartel on price with quotas, and monopoly) in a within-subject design, varying the order of markets implementation. We investigate whether monopoly power endures the formation of price anchors emerged in previously implemented market structures. Results from our classroom experiments suggest that double-auction trading institutions succeed in preventing monopolists from exploiting their market power. Furthermore, the formation of price anchors in previously implemented markets negatively impacts on monopolists' power in later market structures.

International audience; This article explores urban dwellers' perceptions of climate change and their propensity to act ecologically. It argues that a better understanding of people's moral and psychological functioning toward ecology could guide the creation of more suitable environmental management strategies. The study is based on semi-structured interviews investigating the environmental values of urban inhabitants; the interviews were conducted in 2018, in a coastal French area affected by recurring floods. Our results showed no significant relationships among the three studied factors of experiencing natural hazards, becoming aware of sustainable issues and developing intentions to 'act green'. In fact, these last two aspects depended mainly on informal education and socio-economic conditions. Using a 'heuristic of fear' (Jonas 1984) to develop sustainability practices is therefore inefficient, at best. Instead, practical efforts should be centred on upbringing, education, self-efficacy and socio-economic and political regulations, especially in a country like France where people are historically used to welcoming collective regulations by the Welfare State.

International audience; Notion encore mal définie, mais incontestablement au centre du droit économique contemporain, l’entreprise est aujourd’hui à l’épreuve du changement climatique. Elle est au cœur d’un droit mouvant qui mobilise les instruments classiques du droit des obligations (les actes juridiques et la responsabilité), afin qu’ils puissent servir la lutte contre le changement climatique. Ces dynamiques provoquent des changements profonds au sein même de l’entreprise, mais aussi au sein de nos systèmes juridiques.

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We can know more than we can tell. In this paper we discuss how Polanyi applied his tacit knowledge concept to approach creativity. As a first step, Polanyi’s epistemological position is briefly discussed. Then his conceptualisation of tacit knowledge is presented, followed by a discussion of how Polanyi relates tacit knowledge to creativity in general and creativity in science in particular. We argue that Polanyi not only was a theoretician on creativity, but also a very creative educator aiming to communicate widely using film as medium, thereby, increasing legitimacy of science. We also argue that tacit knowledge is relevant in modern economics through the link to creativity and innovation, using endogenous growth theory as the showcase. Nous en savons plus que nous pouvons en dire. Dans cet article, nous examinons comment Polanyi relie sa vision de la connaissance tacite à la question de la créativité dans la science. Dans un premier temps, nous présentons le positionnement épistémologique de Polanyi. Ensuite, nous présentons sa conception de la connaissance tacite, suivie d’une discussion sur la manière dont elle s’articule avec la question de la créativité en général et celle de la découverte scientifique en particulier. Nous défendons le point de vue selon lequel Polanyi est non seulement un théoricien de la créativité, mais aussi un vulgarisateur scientifique très créatif contribuant par là à acroître la légitimité de la science. Nous montrons également que la connaissance tacite est pertinente pour l’analyse économique en raison de son lien avec la créativité et l’innovation, en utilisant la théorie de la croissance endogène comme illustration.

Depuis dix ans et avec le mouvement big data, l’intelligence artificielle a le vent en poupe. Les acteurs politiques et economiques retrouvent ainsi un interet a promouvoir activement l’intelligence artificielle dans le meme temps que les chercheurs issus de tous les horizons scientifiques orientent de plus en plus leurs travaux vers cet objet d’etude qui, bien souvent et a tort, leur apparait nouveau. Cet engagement collectif est necessaire contenu de l’immensite des enjeux humains, sociaux et economiques qui sont associes au developpement de l’intelligence artificielle. Le probleme est qu’il s’accompagne d’un tapage mediatique qui tend a embrouiller les debats et les travaux. Un exemple frappant est le fait qu’il existe aujourd’hui plusieurs specialistes renommes qui expriment l’idee que l’intelligence artificielle n’existe pas ! De telle sorte que, meme dans la communaute scientifique, il est parfois difficile d’identifier ce qu’est l’intelligence artificielle. Cet article vise a lever le voile sur cette obscurite.

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francaisL’ethique strategique : l’altruisme epure de l’effet de la consideration pour autrui Dans un jeu d’investissement et effort en deux etapes, nous modelisons l’investissement « altruiste » dans la capacite d’un autre agent a beneficier des synergies entre les efforts des deux agents. Notre analyse theorique est developpee en supposant que les agents ne retirent pas une utilite directe de leur investissement « altruiste », c’est-a-dire sans tenir compte des preferences des autres au sein de leur propre utilite. Les resultats d’une experience en laboratoire confirment notre prediction comportementale que, pour un cout d’investissement suffisamment bas, les sujets se coordonnent sur un investissement positif, ce qui, a son tour, augmente leur effort dans la deuxieme etape. Cet effort depend positivement a la fois du propre investissement et de celui de l’autre agent, tel que prevu par notre modele. Ce comportement est observe independamment des preferences des sujets a l’egard du risque et de l’inegalite. EnglishIn a two-stage investment-effort game, we model altruistic investment in another agent’s capacity to benefit from synergies between the two agents’ efforts. We conduct the theoretical analysis of the game by assuming that agents who invest in others have no direct utility from their giving behavior, i.e., without considering other-regarding preferences. Results of a laboratory experiment confirm our behavioral prediction that, for a low enough investment cost, subjects coordinate on a positive complementarity-building investment, which in turn boosts their effort in the second stage. The latter increases in both own and others’ complementarity-building investment, as predicted by our model. All this holds independently of subjects’ risk and inequity aversion.

We construct an agent based computational model of the labour market with heterogeneous workers and firms to study the behaviour of the Beveridge curve along the business cycle. In this framework, search frictions arise because filling a vacancy is a costly activity that takes time, whereas productivity mismatch comes from firms’ imperfect information about the value of the workers before the job interview takes place. The model offers an interpretation for the outward movement exhibited by the U.S. Beveridge curve since the last months of 2009. Sectoral misallocation plays a role. Moreover, when the speed of recovery from a recession is not uniform across sectors, unemployed workers are less selective in their application strategy and firms must spend more time in choosing the best match. Unemployment remains high in spite of an increase in the number of vacancies.

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International audience; We experimentally study the eect of the mode of digital communication on the emergence of trust in a principal-agent relationship. We consider three modes of communication that dier in the capacity to transmit nonverbal content: plain text, audio, and video. Communication is pre-play, one-way, and unrestricted, but its verbal content is homogenized across treatments. Overall, both audio and video messages have a positive (and similar) eect on trust as compared to plain text; however, the magnitude of these eects depends on the verbal content of agent's message (promise to act trustworthily vs. no such promise). In all conditions, we observe a positive eect of the agent's promise on the principal's trust. We also report that trust in female principals is sensitive to the availability of nonverbal cues about their partners.

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International audience; This paper presents a duopoly model in which a commercial organization and a community compete by providing digital products while being able to share their innovation outputs to develop their own activities. The commercial organization always benefits from either a ‘closed’ or an ‘open’ institutional regime shift. Our numerical analysis evidences that the ‘closed’ shift provides the best levels of innovation and welfare whereas it is not found to be profit-improving when product differentiation is small. This result partially qualifies the conventional idea according to which public policies may be designed to defend commercial interests rather than public ones.; Cet article présente un modèle de duopole dans lequel une firme et une communauté se concurrencent en produisant des produits/services numériques tout en ayant la possibilité de partager leurs innovations pour développer leurs propres activités. Nous montrons que la firme bénéficie toujours d’un changement de régime ‘ouvert’ ou ‘fermé’ d’innovation. Notre analyse numérique souligne que, si un ‘basculement fermé’ est favorable au bien-être social et à l’innovation agrégée, celui-ci n’est pas systématiquement profitable à la firme. Ces observations exposent clairement une défaillance de marché potentielle, tout en nuançant les vertus du paradigme d’innovation ouvertes en matière de maximisation des profits.

International audience; We study the impact of the spring 2020 lockdown in France on gender-related potentially addictive behaviors and associated negative emotions. We rely on an online survey we administered 1 week after the beginning of the lockdown, with responses collected within 2 weeks after the beginning of the lockdown ( N = 1,087). We focus on potential addictions to non-creative activities as food consumption and smartphone usage (female-related), and videogame play (male-related). We find that women were about 1.6 times more likely than men to losing control of their usual diet and about 2.3 times more likely than men to increase smartphone usage, while no significant gender effect is detected as for increased videogame play. This is since the negative emotions driving the increase of female-related non-creative activities (sadness, discouragement, and nervousness) were themselves female-related, while the negative emotions driving the increase of male-related non-creative activities (boredom, emptiness, and stress) were shared by women too. Our study supports the intuition that the same negative emotion induced by COVID-19 side-effects could lead to different potentially addictive behaviors; this difference is explained by the interplay between different gender’s sensitivities to such emotion and different gender’s preferences for specific non-creative activities.

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We study two well-known electronic markets: an over-the-counter (OTC) market, in which each trader looks for the best counterpart through bilateral negotiations, and a double auction (DA) market, in which traders post their quotes publicly. We focus on the DA–OTC efficiency gap and show how it varies with different market sizes (10, 20, 40, and 80 traders). We compare experimental results from a sample of 6400 undergraduate students in Economics and Management with zero-intelligence agent-based simulations. Simulation results show that the traded quantity increases with market size under both DA and OTC. Experimental results confirm the same tendency under DA, while the share of periods in which the traded quantity is lower than the efficient one increases with market size under OTC, ultimately leading to a DA–OTC efficiency gap increasing with the market size. We rationalize these results by putting forward a simple model of OTC market as a repeated bargaining procedure under incomplete information on buyers' valuations and sellers' costs. We show that efficiency decreases slightly with size due to two counteracting effects: acceptance rates in earlier interactions decrease with size, and earlier offers increase, but not always enough to compensate for the decrease in acceptance rates.

International audience; We contribute to the ongoing debate in the psychological literature on the role of thin slices of observable information in predicting others' social behavior, and its generalizability to cross-cultural interactions. We experimentally assess the degree to which subjects, drawn from culturally dierent populations (France and Japan), are able to predict strangers' trustworthiness based on a set of visual stimuli (mugshot pictures, neutral videos, loaded videos, all recorded in an additional French sample) under varying cultural distance to the target agent in the recording. Our main nding is that cultural distance is not detrimental for predicting trustworthiness in strangers, but that it may aect the perception of dierent components of communication in social interactions.

International audience; This paper examines the application of the blockchain technology to local complementary currencies through two consensus protocols: the Proof of Work (PoW) and the Proof of Stake (PoS). Given the increasing digitisation of local currencies, and the challenges affecting their management and operation, we analyse the potential of a technological solution in addressing these issues. The case of local currencies with a blockchain is different from the case of crypto-currencies as there is no speculation possible due to the one-to-one fixed exchange rate with the legal tender, and the geographical limit of use for local currencies. In this context, the blockchain offers different services and has different properties. The choice of the right validation process matters in this case, but also incentives of miners and validators to participate in the process.; Cet article examine les possibilités d’application d’une technologie de type blockchain au fonctionnement de monnaies compl´éentaires locales, en considérant deux types de protocoles de consensus : la preuve de travail et la preuve d’enjeu. Il s’attache en particulier à étudier leur application au contexte de digitalisation de ces monnaies. Une blockchain associée à une monnaie compl´ementaire locale se distingue profondément d’une blockchain associée à un crypto-actif : elle exclut tout usage spéculatif à la monnaie locale qui, contrairement aux crypto-actifs, a une parité fixe avec la monnaie légale et dispose d’un bassin de circulation restreint. Dans un tel cadre, une blockchain rend des services différents, elle a aussi des propriétés différentes. Le choix du protocole de consensus compte cependant, de même que le type d’incitation poussant les mineurs ou les validateurs `à participer au réseau.

International audience; This paper gives an interpretation of Michael Polanyi’s vision of government and economics as spanningbetween Hayek and Keynes. The influence of Hayek is manifested by the opposition to centralplanning and the defence of self-organization as a superior mechanism for coordinating individualplans, while the one of Keynes is evidenced in the strong support for government interventionism inorder to dampen economic fluctuations, fight unemployment and limit income inequalities. Polanyiblended these two influences and provided an idiosyncratic approach of government and economics,which has until recently been underrated in the literature. Our aim in this paper is to show that, byconsidering Polanyi’s mixed vision of the market economy as embedded in his broader pursuits intothe nature of knowledge and liberalism one can find coherence which otherwise cannot be found.

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This paper analyses Michael Polanyi’s vision of economics. We stress two major features: first, the radical opposition to central planning and his defence of self-organization as a superior mechanism for coordinating individual plans that he shared with Hayek; second, the strong support for state interventionism in order to fight unemployment and limit income inequalities that he borrowed from Keynes. Polanyi blended these two apparently contradictory influences and provided an original institutionalist approach, which has unfortunately been underrated in the economics literature. We argue that this approach is consistent with Polanyi’s intellectual background and more specifically, his view on tacit knowledge and his critical approach of liberalism.

In the paper we introduce weighted and restricted versions of the Deegan-Packel power index. We show that the classical Deegan-Packel index, which was proposed as an alternative to the Shapley-Shubik index, in fact coincides with the Shapley value of some specific game determined by the set of minimal winning coalitions, and therefore, it has close affinities with the Shapley-Shubik index. We investigate monotonicity properties of the weighted Deegan-Packel index and introduce easy to check conditions under which it is monotonic with respect to the players' weights. An axiomatic characterization of the weighted Deegan-Packel index is provided. The computations done for three real-life examples from realm of politics demonstrate clearly the coincidence of our theoretical predictions with the reality.

One thing is certain, digital technology and environmental issues are (re) inventing the world in which we live. But the doubt lies at the level of the compatibility of two worlds with congenital divergences. Does this opposition doom a possible triptych of AI, blockchain and environmental law to failure? A priori, congenital opposition persists even in these advanced technologies against the principles of environmental law. From the energy footprint to the risk of a performative effect, including the risk of damage, the list of incompatibilities points is long. And yet, the pursuit of the "monumental goal" of saving the planet must nurture the hope of compatibility between these technologies and environmental principles. The analytical capabilities of AI and the automaticity of the blockchain are so many elements that fuel this hope. A hope that must be maintained by an ethical approach, protective of fundamental values, and under the watchful eye of environmental lawyers who are called upon to shed light on this “blind spot”.; Une chose est certaine, le numérique et les enjeux environnementaux (ré)inventent le monde dans lequel nous vivons. Mais le doute se situe au niveau de la compatibilité de deux mondes aux divergences congénitales. Cette opposition voue-t-elle à l'échec un possible triptyque IA, blockchain et droit de l'environnement ? A priori, l'opposition congénitale perdure même dans ces technologies avancées face aux principes du droit de l'environnement. De l'empreinte énergétique au risque d'effet performatif, en passant par les risques d'atteinte, la liste des points d'incompatibilités est longue. Et pourtant, la poursuite du « but monumental » que constitue la sauvegarde de la planète doit nourrir l'espoir d'une compatibilité entre ces technologies et les principes environnementaux. Les capacités analytiques de l'IA et l'automaticité de la blockchain sont autant d'éléments qui nourrissent cet espoir. Un espoir qui doit être entretenu par une approche éthique, protectrice des valeurs fondamentales, et sous l'œil vigilant des juristes environnementalistes qui sont appelés à éclairer cet « angle mort ».

International audience; L'objet de cet ouvrage est de dresser un inventaire et analyser un corpus juridique souvent complexe relatif à la production agricole dans ses rapports à l'environnement. L'ouvrage est destiné tout autant aux praticiens des organisations professionnelles et administrations, aux chercheurs en agronomie et sciences appliquées à l'agriculture, qu'aux juristes, ruralistes intéressés par le droit de l'environnement, et environnementalistes curieux des questions agricoles.

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National audience; L'étude a pour objectif d'analyser les modalités de mise en oeuvre de la règlementation existante et la façon dont le parc national de Port-Cros la fait respecter, la sanctionner et assure le suivi des infractions que constatent ses agents.

We propose a theoretical perspective on framing effects where decision makers violate the axiom of description invariance. We first propose a framework that makes this axiom explicit and then we weaken it to allow for description dependence. This framework provides a structure to disentangle different violations of description invariance. We then identify a particular class of violations that we call tidy description-dependent preferences, which are compatible with a transitive preference relation over the consequences of the choice set. We show that many violations observed in the literature are actually in this class.

International audience; In an effort to reduce CO2, emissions, manty countries throughout the word are initiating plans to transition to mor sustainable form of ernergy. Nuclear energy would appear to be a powerful contender to replace fossil fuels, ar at least be an unavaoidable option, from an energy-mix perspective.

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International audience; This article aims at making an updated typology of recent experimental studies in the IS literature on the period 1999-2019. Based on a full-text search within the Association for Information Systems (AIS) "basket" of eight top IS journals (EJIS, ISR, JAIS, ISJ, JIT, JMIS, JSIS and MISQ), this research gathered 392 articles and highlights the use of 4 different types of experiments in IS, mainly: laboratory experiments , field experiments, online experiments (scenario simulation game-based; brainstorming-based.. .) and natural experiments. Each category is discussed through the perspective of its degree of control, and technological realism. Results show the significant predominance of laboratory experiments over field and natural experiments on the period. This, in turn, stresses the preferred tendency followed by IS scholars to perceive experimental methods as a way to control the source of variations of variables under study. In addition, this paper provides a better understanding of the context of use of a specific experimental method. Overall, it is shown that laboratory experiments (including scenario-based lab experiments) are mainly used, in a deterministic manner, to assess or test the impact of an IS on human decision-making or behaviour. By contrast, artificial simulations experiments are more appropriate to study emergent phenomena and to make predictions, often providing key insights about quality and effectiveness of IS. ⇤ The authors are grateful to anonymous referees of the scientific committee of the AIM 2020 for their insights comments and suggestions.

International audience; L’actualité de ces dix-huit derniers mois montre tout l’intérêt d’une veilledans les matières qui composent cette rubrique. Si le jeune Code de la commandepublique n’est pas encore à la hauteur des attentes en matière de développementdurable, le droit de la concurrence lui évolue vers plus de fermeté pour sanctionnerles pratiques anticoncurrentielles qui portent atteinte à l’environnement. Les enjeuxsociaux et environnementaux pénètrent le droit des sociétés en attendant laconcrétisation des données comptables de la RSE. En droit social, le préjudiced’anxiété s’ouvre davantage aux victimes dans les affaires d’amiante. En revanche,les personnes électrosensibles peinent à faire reconnaître les risques pour leur santé.Le droit des entreprises en difficulté s’adapte progressivement aux obligationsenvironnementales tandis que le voile de la société mère se déchire sous la pousséede l’obligation de vigilance. Face à ces avancées, le diagnostic de performanceénergétique ne révèle pas tout son potentiel et le droit des troubles anormaux devoisinage continue ses atermoiements. Enfin, des développements sur le climatrendent compte des nouveaux enjeux économiques.

L’objectif de cet article est de contribuer à l’analyse de l’évolution de nos relations au vivant non humain, en s’attachant à mettre à jour la nature des changements qui sont à l’oeuvre aujourd’hui au sein de la diversité des voies de la transition dite écologique. Notre démarche consiste à analyser ces changements dans le domaine de l’agriculture qui recouvre une grande variété de pratiques de gestion du vivant dont les plus intensives sont fortement remises en question. Notre choix s’est porté sur le cas des pratiques alternatives de sélection de semences et celui de la prise en compte de la sensibilité animale dans le cadre de l’élevage, pour lesquels les transformations s’accompagnent d’un discours sur une évolution du lien au vivant. Notre regard croisé de juristes et d’écologue a permis de montrer que les changements de nature de ce lien ne sont pas corrélés nécessairement aux changements de pratiques qui peuvent apparaître radicaux, mais pour lesquels le vivant reste néanmoins un objet-ressource. La relation au vivant qui se construit au contact du vivant animal ou végétal préexiste et se développe, mais demeure souvent invisible, car difficilement qualifiable et catégorisable. Cette non reconnaissance par la majorité des acteurs encadrant la profession agricole, même engagés dans la transition écologique, participe de la résistance, observée dans les deux cas étudiés, à opérer les changements nécessaires pour construire d’autres relations au vivant et les faire reconnaître. Dans la discussion, nous proposons d’explorer les perspectives apportées par la notion de communauté et de responsabilité pour dépasser radicalement la question de la mise à distance humains et vivants-non humains., The objective of this article is to contribute to the analysis of the evolution of our relations with non-human living beings, by attempting to reveal the nature of the changes that are at work today within the plurality of paths of the so-called ecological transition. Our approach consists in analysing these changes in the field of agriculture, which covers a wide range of life management practices, the most intensive of which are strongly questioned. We chose the case of alternative seed selection practices and the consideration of animal sensitivity in breeding, for which the transformations are accompanied by a discourse on an evolution of the link to living organisms. Our cross-eye view of lawyers and ecologists has shown that the changes in the nature of this link are not necessarily correlated to changes in practices that may appear radical for which living organisms remain a resource object. The relationship to living organisms that is built in the sensory practice of living animals or plants pre-exists and develops, but often remains invisible because it is difficult to qualify and categorize. This non-recognition is part of the resistance, observed in the two cases studied, to make the changes necessary to build a "relational" relationship with living beings. In the discussion, we propose to explore the perspectives provided by the notion of community and responsibility to radically overcome the question of human and living - non-human distance.

Après l'adoption de la loi relative à la cybersécurité et la lutte contre la cybercriminalité, le Togo fait un pas de plus dans la gestion des risques et menaces liés aux activités numériques. En effet, c'est par la loi du 29 octobre 2019 relative à la protection des données à caractère personnel que le Togo compte réglementer la collecte, le traitement, la transmission, le stockage, l'usage et la protection des données à caractère personnel. Le texte adopté a pour objectif de garantir que tout traitement de données personnelles ne porte atteinte aux libertés et aux droits fondamentaux des personnes physiques.