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Le coût des fractures ostéoporotiques est estimé en France à près de 7 milliards d'euros pour l'année 2019 soit 2,6 % des dépenses de santé. Le coût moyen d'une fracture de hanche en France est d'environ 22 000 euros la première année. Les coûts directs sont les plus importants, représentés par les frais d'hospitalisation et de soins de suite. Le coût de l'évaluation et de la prise en charge de l'ostéoporose représente moins de 1 % du coût moyen annuel. À l'avenir, l'impact financier et sociétal des fractures ostéoporotiques va augmenter en lien avec le nombre accru de fractures de fragilité liées au vieillissement de la population contrastant avec un manque d'évaluation et de prise en charge pharmacologique de l'ostéoporose. The cost of osteoporotic fractures in France is estimated at nearly 7 billion euros for 2019, or 2.6% of healthcare expenditure. The average cost of a hip fracture in France is around 22,000 euros in the first year. Direct costs are the most important, represented by hospitalization and nursing home. The cost of assessing and managing osteoporosis represents less than 1% of the average annual cost. In the future, the financial and societal impact of osteoporotic fractures is set to increase, due to the growing number of fragility fractures associated with an ageing population, coupled with a lack of assessment and pharmacological management of osteoporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When compared to standard surgical management, rapid enzymatic debridement of deep burns reduces the need for surgery while achieving similar long-term results. However, few studies have directly compared the costs of standard surgical and enzymatic burn care. We conducted a study comparing the care costs of 44 adult burn patients treated before (n=22) and after (n=22) introducing rapid bromelain-based enzymatic debridement (BED) of deep burns. Mean age was 59 years, 54% were male, and mean total body surface area (TBSA) was 23.5%. Burn etiology included flame and scalding burns (8). Groups treated with standard of care and enzymatic debridement were comparable in terms of age, sex and TBSA. Burn management with BED significantly reduced total debridement costs as well as grand total costs when compared with traditional surgical care. Such reduction was mostly related to lower costs associated with reduced surgical care and less facilities and resources consumption in the BED group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Orinoquía Natural Region in Colombia, particularly the Cumaral and Bajo Upía subzone, serves as the country's primary palm oil production area. However, it faces with labor shortages and a lack of current mechanization data. This study aims to assess mechanization status to enhance productivity and competitiveness in the oil palm industry. The goal was to determine the mechanization landscape, characterize available technologies, and evaluate their impact on productivity and costs for different types of oil palm producers. Utilizing a semi-structured questionnaire, data was collected from plantation administrators and technical assistants. Analysis focused on identifying mechanization options and assessing machinery adoption, productivity, and costs. Tractors are predominantly used for power, with limited adoption of advanced machinery like grabbers, variable-rate fertilizers, and electrostatic sprayers. Additionally, there's a notable gap in harvest equipment availability, suggesting a need for further technological development and machinery rental strategies. This study highlights the importance of updated mechanization data and provides insights for decision-makers seeking to improve oil palm productivity and competitiveness in Colombia. By understanding the mechanization landscape, stakeholders can address labor shortages and drive sustainable growth in the oil palm sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Recherches en Sciences de Gestion is the property of ISEOR and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Dans un environnement marqué par des évolutions technologiques croissantes, une concurrence rude et une crise financière pesante, les Petites ou Moyennes Entreprises (PME) sont tenues de maîtriser plusieurs facteurs clés de succès. Parmi ceux-ci, le triptyque coût, qualité et délai qui constitue les trois composantes interdépendantes pour une gestion efficace de l’entreprise. La revue de littérature recense une panoplie d’indicateurs permettant de piloter ces trois variables. Parmi les indicateurs les plus exploités en termes de délais nous pouvons avancer le délai de paiement, le délai de livraison, le délai de fabrication, le délai d’encaissement, le délai d’attente. Avec cette panoplie d’indicateurs, cet article, via une méthodologie d’approche théorique des différents indicateurs, a pour but d’explorer l’impact des différents délais dans le développement et la croissance de la PME d’une part et d’en proposer un tableau de bord délais permettant au dirigeant de la PME de piloter de près son entité.

La sécurisation des droits fonciers a pour objectif de garantir les droits réels d’une personne sur un bien foncier. L’absence d’un régime de sécurisation fiable est un frein du développement socio-économique des pays africains. Cette étude vise la réalisation d’une comparaison entre les régimes de sécurisation foncière en Afrique à travers les cas de trois pays africains en voie de développement à savoir le Maroc, la Tunisie et le Rwanda. L’objectif étant de tirer les atouts et les faiblesses du régime adopté dans chacun de ces pays. Il s’agit d’une comparaison juridique entres les législations et réglementations des pays en question. Cette étude a permis de dégager les clés de succès d’un régime de sécurisation foncière qui sont l’obligation de la sécurisation, le coût faible, les délais réduits. Ces atouts sont les traits d’un régime de sécurisation fiable et performent permettant aux pays africains de mener à bien leur développement.

Aesthetic surgery tourism is a growing phenomenon, with a steady increase of people travelling abroad for surgical procedures. In our hospital, a relevant number of patients consulted the emergency department for complications after cosmetic surgery performed in foreign countries. This progressively increasing trend leads to multiple outpatient clinic consultations and surgical re-operations. We investigated this phenomenon at Lausanne University Hospital from May 2015 to December 2018, with the aim to give a review of the surgical and hospital care costs, finally affecting the Swiss insurance system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of ALTER: European Journal of Disability Research, Journal Europeen de Erche sur le Handicap is the property of European Society for Disability Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Cadernos de Pesquisa is the property of Fundacao Carlos Chagas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Problème : Les bactériémies associées aux cathéters veineux centraux (BACC)sont liées à un accroissement des coûts en soins de santé et de la morbidité chez les patients. La présente étudeavait pour but d’estimer les frais directs en milieu hospitalier liés à la BACC chez les receveurs de greffe de sang et de moelle au Canada munis d’un cathéter veineux central (CVC) tunnellisé. Méthode :Une comparaison cas-témoins de dossiers de patients d’un seul centre a été réalisée. Les dossiers indiquant une BACC ont été appariés à des dossiers de patients n’indiquant aucune BACC à des fins de comparaison dans les domaines suivants : durée du séjour, examens de laboratoire, examens diagnostiques, médicaments employés, consultations avec un médecin spécialiste, frais de remplacement des cathéters, et enfin, durée du séjour dans l’unité de soins intensifs. Résultats : Les sujets atteints de bactériémie restaient en moyenne 19,37jours de plus à l’hôpital. Les frais supplémentaires associés au diagnostic et au traitement de la BACC s’élevaient à 4739,95 $ en moyenne. Selon les estimations, le fardeau financier total de la BACC dans le domaine de la greffe de sang et de moelle du Canada pour l’exercice 2013 se montait à 44 816,48 $parincident. De plus, les infections réduisaient la durée d’utilisation des cathéters de 18,68jours, en moyenne.

Résumé Introduction Le coût de la radiothérapie est une préoccupation pour les systèmes de santé. Les schémas classiques non fractionnés ou multifractionnés ont montré la même efficacité en termes de soulagement des douleurs mais un traitement non fractionné semble moins coûteux. Cependant, en pratique courante, les traitements multifractionnés restent encore majoritaires ce qui représente un surcoût pour la société. Par ailleurs, l'utilisation de la stéréotaxie se démocratise et offre de nouvelles perspectives curatives, mais à quel prix ? Matériel et méthodes Une étude rétrospective monocentrique réalisée au sein d'un département de radiothérapie français a été menée afin d'évaluer et de comparer le coût des irradiations des métastases osseuses non compliquées en fonction du schéma de radiothérapie choisi : 30 Gy en dix fractions, 20 Gy en cinq fractions, 8 Gy en une séance ou en conditions stéréotaxiques. Résultats Entre janvier 2014 et décembre 2015, 91 patients ayant reçu 116 traitements ont été inclus dans l'étude, dont 44 hommes (48 %) et 47 femmes (52 %), âgés de 63 ans (25–88 ans). Trente-quatre traitements (29 %) étaient 30 Gy en dix fractions (groupe 30 Gy), 24 (21 %) de 20 Gy en cinq fractions (groupe 20 Gy), 25 (22 %) par 8 Gy en séance fraction (groupe 8 Gy) et 33 traitements (28 %) en conditions stéréotaxiques (groupe stéréotaxie). Le coût d'une radiothérapie par stéréotaxie était significativement plus important que celui d'un traitement 3D classique (p < 0,001). Si l'on ajoutait à ce montant le coût du transport, la stéréotaxie restait la plus couteuse (p < 0,001). Le coût d'un traitement par 30 Gy était significativement plus important que celui d'un traitement par 20 Gy (p = 0,006) ou 8 Gy (p < 0,001), cela même après avoir additionné le coût du transport (p < 0,001), sans différence significative entre 20 Gy et 8 Gy (p = 0,11). En ce qui concerne le coût global du traitement, incluant le coût total des traitements, du transport associé et des ré-irradiations, la stéréotaxie était le traitement le plus coûteux (p < 0,001). Le coût global était significativement plus important dans le groupe 30 Gy que dans celui Gy (p = 0,012) ou 8 Gy (p = 0,001), sans différence significative entre 20 Gy et 8 Gy (p = 0,38). Il n'existait pas de différence significative du coût du suivi entre les groupes 30 Gy, 20 Gy, 8 Gy et stéréotaxie à un mois (p = 0,09) mais à trois mois (p = 0,01) et six mois (p = 0,0001) il était significativement plus important après un traitement tridimensionnel. Il n'y avait pas de différence significative du coût global incluant la radiothérapie initiale, le transport et l'ensemble du suivi sur six mois entre les groupes (p = 0,04). Conclusion La stéréotaxie est une technique d'irradiation efficace et curative mais plus onéreuse. Elle est à privilégier chez certains patients, ayant une espérance de vie plus longue, dans un contexte de traitement non palliatif. Le traitement non fractionné de 8 Gy paraît être le plus avantageux financièrement tout en conservant une efficacité équivalente aux traitements multifractionnés et en préservant la qualité de vie des patients. Abstract Purpose The cost of radiotherapy is a concern for health systems. The conventional non fractionated or multifractionated schemes have shown the same efficacy in terms of pain relief but a non fractionated treatment seems less expensive. However, in general practice, multifractionated treatments are still the majority, which represents an additional cost for society. Moreover, the use of stereotactic body radiotherapy becomes more democratic and offers new curative perspectives, but at what price? Material and methods A monocentric retrospective study was conducted in a French radiotherapy department to evaluate and compare the cost of irradiation of uncomplicated bone metastases according to the selected radiotherapy regimen : 30 Gy in 10 fractions, 20 Gy in five fractions, 8 Gy in one fraction or stereotactic body radiotherapy. Results Between January 2014 and December 2015, 91 patients receiving 116 treatments were included in the study, including 44 men (48%) and 47 women (52%) were 63 years old (25–88 years). Thirty-four treatments (29%) were performed by 30 Gy in 10 fractions (30 Gy group), 24 treatments (21%) by 20 Gy in 5 fractions (20 Gy group), 25 treatments (22%) by 8 Gy in one fraction (8 Gy group) and 33 treatments (28%) by stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT group). The cost of stereotactic body radiotherapy was significantly higher than that of three-dimensional treatments (P < 0.001). If the cost of transport was added to this cost, stereotactic body radiotherapy remained the most expensive (P < 0.001). The cost of the irradiation delivering 30 Gy treatment was significantly higher than the cost of treatment with 20 Gy (P = 0.006) or 8 Gy (P < 0.001), even after adding the transport cost (P < 0.001), with no significant difference between 20 Gy and 8 Gy (P = 0.11). For the overall cost of treatment including the total cost of treatments, associated transport and reirradiation, stereotactic body radiotherapy was the most expensive treatment (P < 0.001) and this cost was significantly higher in the 30 Gy group than in the 20 Gy group (P = 0.012) or 8 Gy group (P = 0.001), with no significant difference between 20 Gy and 8 Gy (P = 0.38). There was no significant difference in the cost of follow-up between 30 Gy, 20 Gy, 8 Gy and stereotactic body radiotherapy at one month (P = 0.09) but at three months (P = 0.01) and six months (P = 0.0001), this cost was significantly higher after a three-dimensional treatment. There was no significant difference in overall cost including initial radiotherapy, transport and overall follow-up over 6 months between groups (P = 0.04). Conclusion Stereotactic body radiotherapy is an efficient and curative irradiation technique but more expensive. It is preferred for some patients with a longer life expectancy in a non-palliative treatment setting. The treatment delivering 8 Gy treatment appears to be the most cost-effective while leading to an equivalent efficiency to multifractionated treatments and preserving the quality of life of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Résumé Introduction Le citrate 4 % est une alternative à l’héparine en tant que solution verrou de cathéter en hémodialyse chronique (HD). Nous avons comparé les épisodes de dysfonction de cathéter, les paramètres de qualité de dialyse, l’utilisation d’activateurs tissulaires du plasminogène (TPA) et les coûts selon la solution verrou utilisée dans notre centre. Matériel et méthodes Il s’agit d’une étude de cohorte prospective, monocentrique (NephroCare Tassin-Charcot), portant sur 49 patients prévalents en HD, répartis en 2 groupes principaux selon la prescription du verrou au 2 mars 2016 (suivi jusqu’au 10 mai 2016) : héparine ( n = 26) et citrate ( n = 22). Résultats Il y avait davantage de patients diabétiques dans le groupe citrate (12/22) que dans le groupe héparine (5/26 ; p = 0,025). Les 2 groupes étaient comparables pour les autres paramètres étudiés. Nous n’avons pas observé de différence en termes de dysfonction de cathéter (4,23 contre 4,14 % dans les groupes héparine et citrate respectivement ; p = 1,0) et de qualité de dialyse. La prescription d’un verrou à base de citrate était associée à un moindre recours aux TPA (1/604 contre 14/946 dans le groupe héparine ; p = 0,022) et s’accompagnait d’un coût moyen par séance nettement inférieur (1,42 € contre 2,94 €). Conclusion L’administration de citrate 4 % en tant que solution verrou n’est pas inférieure à l’héparine en termes de dysfonction de cathéter, s’accompagne d’une qualité de dialyse comparable, permet de réduire le recours aux activateurs tissulaires du plasminogène et s’accompagne d’une baisse importante des coûts chez des patients prévalents en hémodialyse chronique. Introduction Citrate 4% is an alternative to heparin as catheter-locking solution in chronic hemodialysis patients. We compared catheter dysfunction episodes, dialysis adequacy, plasminogen-tissular activators use and costs according to catheter-locking solution in our centre. Methods Prospective, monocentric, cohort study (NephroCare Tassin-Charcot) on 49 prevalent patients in chronic hemodialysis. Two main groups were formed according to the prescription of catheter-locking solution at the beginning of the study (03/02/2016) and followed until 05/10/2016: heparin ( n = 26) and citrate ( n = 22). Results The number of diabetic patients was higher in the citrate group (12/22) than in the heparin one (5/26; P = 0.025). The 2 groups were comparable for the other studied variables. We didn’t observe any difference in terms of catheter-dysfunction (4.23 versus 4.14% in heparin and citrate groups, respectively; P = 1.0) and dialysis adequacy. The prescription of citrate was associated with lower TPA uses (1/604 versus 14/946; P = 0.022) and lower costs (1.42 € for one session versus 2.94 €). Conclusion Administration of citrate 4% as a catheter-locking solution is not inferior to heparin in terms of catheter-dysfunction episodes, is associated with similar dialysis adequacy results, lower plasminogen-tissular activators uses and reduced costs in chronic prevalent hemodialysed patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Innovar: Revista de Ciencias Administrativas y Sociales is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The socio-economic burden of influenza outbreaks is often underestimated. Influenza epidemics result not only in direct medical costs but also in indirect costs due to a loss in productivity and loss of time due to morbidity or premature death. Furthermore, changed lifestyle and reduced economic demand can have dramatic macro-economic effects. Influenza vaccination is an effective measure to protect against an infection. Various studies have shown that influenza vaccination is costeffective or even cost-saving for particular target groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the role of physician-related as compared to patient-related factors, we compared the efficiency effect of a patient being enrolled in an MC health plan versus the general practitioner (GP) being part of a physician network. Methods: Secondary analysis of claims data of the Swiss basic health insurance. Multivariate linear regression was performed to investigate the association between efficiency effect and enrolment in a MC health plan and/or participation of the GP in a physician network. Results: MCenrollees managed by network physicians had the expected result o f-13% . Management of non-MCenrollees by the same physicians was less efficient (-2%). Patient-sided gatekeeping without network physicians lead to efficiency effects of -10% . Conclusion: Obviously, management by network physicians differs according to the health plan of their patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: De nombreux médicaments (vaccins, insulines, médicaments dérivés du sang, produits issus des biotechnologies, etc.) doivent être stockés au froid. Malgré un nombre croissant de nouveaux médicaments se conservant au froid, et l'augmentation de leurs coûts, l'automatisation du stockage réfrigéré souffre à l'inverse d'un manque d'innovation technologique. La mise en place d'un robot de stockage et de délivrance au sein d'une chambre froide a permis une meilleure gestion des médicaments représentant une part importante des dépenses annuelles. De réelles réflexions devraient être menées au sein des pharmacies à usage intérieur pour promouvoir l'automatisation des chambres froides. Many drugs (vaccines, insulins, plasma-derived medicinal products, other biologic products) require cold storage. Despite an increasing number of new and costly cold-storage drugs, the automation of cold storage suffers from a lack of technological innovation. The installation of an automated drug storage and delivery robot in a cold room has much improved inventories and led to a cost effective storage. We suggest to the hospital pharmacist to consider the new automation feature for cold storage drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Objectif Évaluer le bénéfice théorique qu’aurait le remplacement de l’aponévrectomie chirurgicale par une aponévrotomie percutanée à l’aiguille dans la maladie de Dupuytren. Méthodes Une analyse du modèle a été réalisée avec une enquête nationale transversale dans les hôpitaux publics et privés français en 2012. Tous les séjours pour une aponévrectomie d’un rayon ont été « virtuellement » remplacés par 1, 2 ou 3 séances de soins ambulatoires pour une aponévrotomie percutanée à l’aiguille. Les coûts ont été basés sur le coût de l’hôpital (par groupe tarifaire lié à la maladie) et sur la classification commune des actes médicaux effectués en ambulatoire en 2013. Résultats La maladie de Dupuytren représentait 18 707 hospitalisations (26 millions d’euros [2013 euros]) en France en 2012, 8534 hospitalisations pour une aponévrectomie d’un rayon (11,9 millions €). En remplaçant l’aponévrectomie chirurgicale par une aponévrotomie percutanée à l’aiguille dans la maladie de Dupuytren, 91 % à 97 % et 56 % à 59 % des coûts de traitement pourraient être épargnés en utilisant comme référence les hospitalisations pour aponévrectomie d’un rayon ou les coûts hospitaliers totaux, respectivement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue Valaque d'Etudes Economiques is the property of Valahia University of Targoviste and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Valaque d'Etudes Economiques is the property of Valahia University of Targoviste and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of the pricing policy of drinking water in Algeria. We also examine the economic, social and environmental impacts resulting from this policy. The stakes of pricing were presented through economic concepts and principles, taking into account the social and environmental considerations with respect to the use of economic tools. We found that the pricing system of drinking water applied in Algeria is less effective and unable to cover all actual costs. Moreover, it fails to address needs and standards imposed by the sustainable pricing of drinking water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Microbial larviciding may be a potential supplement to conventional malaria vector control measures, but scant information on its relative implementation costs and effectiveness, especially in rural areas, is an impediment to expanding its uptake. We perform a costing analysis of a seasonal microbial larviciding programme in rural Tanzania.Methods: We evaluated the financial and economic costs from the perspective of the public provider of a 3-month, community-based larviciding intervention implemented in twelve villages in the Mvomero District of Tanzania in 2012-2013. Cost data were collected from financial reports and invoices and through discussion with programme administrators. Sensitivity analysis explored the robustness of our results to varying key parameters.Results: Over the 2-year study period, approximately 6873 breeding sites were treated with larvicide. The average annual economic costs of the larviciding intervention in rural Tanzania are estimated at 2014 US$ 1.44 per person protected per year (pppy), US$ 6.18 per household and US$ 4481.88 per village, with the larvicide and staffing accounting for 14% and 58% of total costs, respectively.Conclusions: We found the costs pppy of implementing a seasonal larviciding programme in rural Tanzania to be comparable to the costs of other larviciding programmes in urban Tanzania and rural Kenya. Further research should evaluate the cost-effectiveness of larviciding relative to, and in combination with, other vector control strategies in rural settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Using the example of Merck's donations of ivermectin, to show how tax incentives and non-profit collaborators can make corporate largesse consistent with obligations to maximise returns to shareholders.Methods: We obtained information from publicly available data and estimated Merck's tax deductions according to the US Internal Revenue Code. Reviews of Merck-Kitasato contracts and personal interviews provided additional information regarding key lessons from this collaboration.Results: Our best estimate of the direct cost to Merck of the ivermectin tablets donated during 2005-2011 is around US$ 600 million, well below the stated value of US$ 3.8 billion. Our calculation of tax write-offs reduces the net cost to around US$ 180 million in that period. Indirect market benefits and effects on goodwill further enhanced the compatibility of Merck's donation programme with the company's profit-maximising objective. The case offers lessons for effective management of collaborations with public and non-profit organisations.Conclusion: Merck's role in the donation of ivermectin for the treatment of onchocerciasis is widely and justly acknowledged as a prime example of corporate largesse in the public interest. It is nevertheless important to note that several public and non-profit collaborators, and United States taxpayers, played significant roles in increasing Merck's incentives, and indeed ability, to conduct the donation programme that changed so many lives in poor countries, while meeting its responsibilities to shareholders. Overall, the record indicates responsible corporate management of Merck's ivermectin programme and demonstrates the feasibility of socially responsible policies in a manner compatible with obligations to shareholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To synthesise evidence on the implementation, costs and cost-effectiveness of demand generation interventions and their effectiveness in improving uptake of modern contraception methods.Methods: A Cochrane systematic review was conducted. Searches were performed in electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE) and the grey literature. Randomised controlled trials, cluster randomised trials and quasi-experimental studies, including controlled before-after studies (CBAs) and cost and cost-effectiveness studies that aimed to assess demand interventions (including community- and facility-based interventions, financial mechanisms and mass media campaigns) in low- and middle-income countries were considered. Meta-analyses and narrative synthesis were conducted.Results: In total, 20 papers meeting the inclusion criteria were included in this review. Of those, 13 were used for meta-analysis. Few data were available on implementation and on the influence of context on demand interventions. Involving family members during counselling, providing education activities and increasing exposure to those activities could enhance the success of demand interventions. Demand generation interventions were positively associated with increases in current use (pooled OR 1.57; 95% CI: 1.46-1.69, P < 0.01). Financial mechanism interventions (vouchers) appeared effective to increase use of modern contraceptive methods (pooled OR 2.16; 95% CI: 1.91-2.45, P < 0.01; I2 = 0%). Demand interventions improved knowledge (pooled OR 1.02; 95% CI 0.63-1.64, P = 0.93) and attitudes towards family planning and improved discussion with partners/husbands around modern contraceptive methods. However, given the limited number of studies included in each category of demand generation interventions, the dates of publication of the studies and their low quality, caution is advised in considering the results. Very limited evidence was available on costs; studies including data on costs were old and inconsistent.Conclusion: Demand generation interventions contribute to increases in modern contraceptive methods use. However, more studies with robust designs are needed to identify the most effective demand generation intervention to increase uptake of modern contraceptive methods. More evidence is also needed about implementation, costs and cost-effectiveness to inform decisions on sustainability and scaling-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adoption of the cattle feedlot system allows greater control of costs, however, the survey of spending must be well planned. This study aimed to analyze and evaluate the economic feasibility of producing a feedlot beef cattle in Auriflama/SP. Input costs have integrated 85.14%, however obtained profitability index 68.55% and positive net present value from the 4th year. Considering the analysis studied the livestock had to be a profitable and viable activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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