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Extended Abstract Background: Soil salinity is regarded as a primary cause of damage and decrease in agricultural yields globally. Halophyte plants can withstand elevated levels of salt, which typically result in the destruction of other crops. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa, Willd), belonging to Chenopodiaceae, is a very tolerant plant to unfavorable environmental conditions that exhibits great tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Quinoa is an optional halophyte plant that can tolerate sea level salinity (40 dSm-1) and has a favorable economic performance in most areas of Iran with little annual rainfall (the country's average rainfall is about 250 mm) and cannot be cultivated due to soil salinity and drought. To explore the mechanisms of resistance to salt stress in quinoa plants, the impact of salt treatments at two different levels (6.9 and 13.8 dSm-1) and nine sampling intervals (ranging from zero to seven days) was studied in the Titicaca variety. This involved analyzing the ionic reactions and the expression of specific genes related to dealing with salt stress. Methods: to study the ionic changes and reactions of some genes involved in salinity stress, the Titicaca genotype was planted under the effect of two salinity levels 6.9 dSm-1 (1:1 seawater:double distilled water) and 13.8 dSm-1 (sea water) along with a control in two replications with the factor of sampling time using factorial (time in nine levels and salinity in two levels) based on a completely randomized design. After applying salt treatments, leaf samples were collected at 6 hours and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 days after salt application. The accumulation of sodium and potassium ions along with the expression changes in four salinity-related genes, including Na+/H+ antiporter (NHX), Salt Overly Sensitive 1 (SOS1), Choline Mono Oxygenase (CMO), and Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH), were evaluated in this research. The gene expression was assessed using the QRT-PCR technique with SyberGreen dye and the GAPDH reference gene. Results: The accumulation of sodium and potassium ions in leaves was impacted by salinity, and there was a significant increase in both levels of salinity at the 1% probability level. An increase in sodium ions was associated with the increased accumulation of potassium ions, indicating that the plant attempted to counteract the negative effects of elevated sodium ions resulting from stress conditions. Additionally, by elevating the salinity level from 6.9 to 13.8 dSm-1, the potassium ion to sodium ion ratio started to increase from the third day after stress. This could serve as a crucial physiological mechanism for enhancing the plant's salinity tolerance and promoting higher productivity in saline environments. With increasing the duration of stress and the salt concentration, the activation of all four genes associated with salinity was altered in response to the buildup and existence of ions within the cell. Based on the current research, the activation of the NHX gene in quinoa was observed from the initial day under both salinity stress levels. The activation of the SOS1 gene was escalated as the stress persisted in the subsequent days. In this context, the expression pattern of SOS1 demonstrated a rise at 6.9 dSm-1 on the initial, subsequent, and third days. On the third day of stress, the activity of genes related to glycine betaine production rose at both stress levels. First, the CMO gene showed increased activity, followed by an increase in the activity of the BADH gene. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, the quinoa crop, similar to other salt-tolerant plants, employs various strategies (such as ionic balance and alterations in gene expression) to endure saline conditions. The research findings indicate that there was a notable rise in the NHX1 gene expression following the introduction of the sodium ion into the cytosol and receipt of the stress signal. Upon this heightened expression, the plant attempted to chelate sodium ions to mitigate the impact of stress in the vacuole. Additionally, it appears that the plant utilizes the SOS1 gene to initiate an alternative pathway for achieving tolerance and cell stability. This involves releasing sodium ions to the root area, storing them in vacuoles, preventing their build-up in the cytoplasm, and regulating sodium transport over long distances between the roots and leaves. The process also involves the selected loading of sodium ions from the xylem vessels. On the third day, there was a rise in the expression of the CMO gene at the same time as the notable rise of sodium ions in the cytosol, indicating the plant's effort to achieve osmotic equilibrium in the cell by generating glycine-betaine osmolyte and activating the proline synthesis pathway. Alternatively, the plant seeks to preserve the ionic equilibrium by boosting potassium intake and enhancing the stability of the K+/Na+ ratio to mitigate the detrimental impact of stress. Because of inadequate research on this crucial plant, the results of this study can serve as an appropriate blueprint for future research.

Background: Soil salinity is regarded as a primary cause of damage and decrease in agricultural yields globally. Halophyte plants can withstand elevated levels of salt, which typically result in the destruction of other crops. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa, Willd), belonging to Chenopodiaceae, is a very tolerant plant to unfavorable environmental conditions that exhibits great tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Quinoa is an optional halophyte plant that can tolerate sea level salinity (40 dSm-1) and has a favorable economic performance in most areas of Iran with little annual rainfall (the country's average rainfall is about 250 mm) and cannot be cultivated due to soil salinity and drought. To explore the mechanisms of resistance to salt stress in quinoa plants, the impact of salt treatments at two different levels (6.9 and 13.8 dSm-1) and nine sampling intervals (ranging from zero to seven days) was studied in the Titicaca variety. This involved analyzing the ionic reactions and the expression of specific genes related to dealing with salt stress. Methods: to study the ionic changes and reactions of some genes involved in salinity stress, the Titicaca genotype was planted under the effect of two salinity levels 6.9 dSm-1 (1:1 seawater:double distilled water) and 13.8 dSm-1 (sea water) along with a control in two replications with the factor of sampling time using factorial (time in nine levels and salinity in two levels) based on a completely randomized design. After applying salt treatments, leaf samples were collected at 6 hours and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 days after salt application. The accumulation of sodium and potassium ions along with the expression changes in four salinity-related genes, including Na+/H+ antiporter (NHX), Salt Overly Sensitive 1 (SOS1), Choline Mono Oxygenase (CMO), and Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH), were evaluated in this research. The gene expression was assessed using the QRT-PCR technique with SyberGreen dye and the GAPDH reference gene. Results: The accumulation of sodium and potassium ions in leaves was impacted by salinity, and there was a significant increase in both levels of salinity at the 1% probability level. An increase in sodium ions was associated with the increased accumulation of potassium ions, indicating that the plant attempted to counteract the negative effects of elevated sodium ions resulting from stress conditions. Additionally, by elevating the salinity level from 6.9 to 13.8 dSm-1, the potassium ion to sodium ion ratio started to increase from the third day after stress. This could serve as a crucial physiological mechanism for enhancing the plant's salinity tolerance and promoting higher productivity in saline environments. With increasing the duration of stress and the salt concentration, the activation of all four genes associated with salinity was altered in response to the buildup and existence of ions within the cell. Based on the current research, the activation of the NHX gene in quinoa was observed from the initial day under both salinity stress levels. The activation of the SOS1 gene was escalated as the stress persisted in the subsequent days. In this context, the expression pattern of SOS1 demonstrated a rise at 6.9 dSm-1 on the initial, subsequent, and third days. On the third day of stress, the activity of genes related to glycine betaine production rose at both stress levels. First, the CMO gene showed increased activity, followed by an increase in the activity of the BADH gene. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, the quinoa crop, similar to other salt-tolerant plants, employs various strategies (such as ionic balance and alterations in gene expression) to endure saline conditions. The research findings indicate that there was a notable rise in the NHX1 gene expression following the introduction of the sodium ion into the cytosol and receipt of the stress signal. Upon this heightened expression, the plant attempted to chelate sodium ions to mitigate the impact of stress in the vacuole. Additionally, it appears that the plant utilizes the SOS1 gene to initiate an alternative pathway for achieving tolerance and cell stability. This involves releasing sodium ions to the root area, storing them in vacuoles, preventing their buildup in the cytoplasm, and regulating sodium transport over long distances between the roots and leaves. The process also involves the selected loading of sodium ions from the xylem vessels. On the third day, there was a rise in the expression of the CMO gene at the same time as the notable rise of sodium ions in the cytosol, indicating the plant's effort to achieve osmotic equilibrium in the cell by generating glycine-betaine osmolyte and activating the proline synthesis pathway. Alternatively, the plant seeks to preserve the ionic equilibrium by boosting potassium intake and enhancing the stability of the K+/Na+ ratio to mitigate the detrimental impact of stress. Because of inadequate research on this crucial plant, the results of this study can serve as an appropriate blueprint for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides, first, a description then an analysis of the overall framework of a communication situation on X/Twitter. By opting for an analysis according to the model of settings of Brown and Fraser, we identify the contours of the notion of reception as a component of the more developed diagram of communication. Apart from the particularities marking computer-mediated communications, the analysis we carried out allows us to dissect the context and reveals how reception must be adapted to interaction on Twitter.

Chief marketing officers (CMOs) engage with their stakeholders on social media platforms to create a digital impact. CMO communication on societal issues is understudied despite heightened global attention to brands' social practices. This poses three research questions: (1) How central is corporate social responsibility (CSR) and sociopolitical activism in the communication of global brands' CMOs?, (2) Does CMOs' communication about CSR or sociopolitical activism have a digital impact?, and (3) How do brand origin (i.e., geographic location of headquarters) and CMO nationality (U.S. vs. non-U.S.) moderate the CSR/sociopolitical activism–digital communication impact? Drawing on expectancy violation theory, this research (Ntweets = 17,468 over NCMOs = 81) finds that CMOs rarely publish CSR or sociopolitical activism communication on Twitter (5.3% and 3.2%) and demonstrates a higher digital impact of retweets for CSR and a lower impact for sociopolitical activism tweets than regular communication. Furthermore, non-U.S. headquarters and CMO nationality strengthen the positive effect of CSR communication and weaken the negative effect of sociopolitical activism communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high-capacity and quality ceramic materials have the potential of miniaturization and convenience for electronic components. In this work, CaMnO 3 (CMO) and La 0.5 Sr 0.5 CrO 3 (LSCO) powders are prepared by the traditional solid phase method and the laminated LSCO/CMO/LSCO samples are made via the rolling process. It can be found that the CMO and LSCO layers are clearly kept flat in co-sintered samples by SEM analysis. The capacity value of >0.1 μF/cm2(<100 Hz), the obviously reduced dielectric loss and the increased insulation resistivity are achieved in LSCO/CMO/LSCO samples at room temperature. Through the characterization of complex impedance spectroscopy, XRD and XPS, the ameliorative dielectric performance mainly depends on the interface between CMO and LSCO layers, which produces the high resistance value and blocks the long-range transition of the carriers. This phenomenon has an important significance for the development and application of large-capacity and co-sintered ceramic capacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continued increase in several mobile applications forces to replace existing limited spectrum indoor radio frequency wireless connections with high-speed ones. Visible light communications (VLC) technology has gained prominence in the development of high data rate transmission for fifth-generation networks. In optical wireless communications, light-emitting diode (LED) transmitters are used in applications that desire mobility as LED divergence enables larger coverage. Since each VLC access point covers a small area, handovers of mobile users are inevitable. Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) can be used in VLC systems to tackle the above issue and to meet the increasing demand for indoor connectivity with high bit rates. In this paper, a new system architecture for WDM with coded modulated optical in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) VLC system in conjunction with red, green, blue, and yellow (RGBY) LEDs is proposed to reduce the impact of random receiver orientation of indoor mobile users over VLC downlink channels and improves the system's bit-error-rate (BER) performance. Simulation results show that the proposed method is not affected by the user's mobility and hence it performs better than other approaches, in terms of BER for all scenarios and at all positions. This study reveals that using WDM-OFDM-VLC with RGBY LEDs to construct a VLC system is very promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Varón, viudo, fumador de 20 cigarrillos/día, 75 años, que vive solo, acude a la farmacia para recoger medicación. Observamos un exceso de cajas de metformina en receta electrónica, ya que siempre dice “que tiene todavía en casa”. Es un paciente seleccionado por su hospital de referencia para ser incluido en el proyecto “Telémaco”, ya que utiliza medicación de dispensación hospitalaria. Prestamos atención farmacéutica con un enfoque multidisciplinar y multidimensional, según la metodología Capacidad-Motivación-Oportunidad, lo que nos permite trabajar en colaboración con el servicio de farmacia hospitalaria por unos objetivos comunes, tras la estratificación del paciente. El resultado final es el control de sus problemas de salud, trabajando de manera conjunta para conseguir el mismo objetivo, facilitando el soporte asistencial y aquellos recursos sociales que mejor se adaptan a las necesidades del paciente, para alcanzar el óptimo estado de bienestar y calidad de vida del paciente. Este modelo de atención farmacéutica supone un cambio en la forma de trabajar y registrar las intervenciones farmacéuticas, tal y cómo la conocíamos hasta ahora a nivel de las farmacias comunitarias y de los hospitales. Se presta una atención farmacéutica dual, ya que surge de la combinación de la atención presencial con la atención digital, gracias al soporte de las nuevas tecnologías para estar más cerca de los profesionales, acompañando a los pacientes, aumentando sus conocimientos y optimizando el tiempo de respuesta, en coordinación con su equipo asistencial. Supone una optimización de los recursos, dedicando más tiempo y esfuerzo a aquellos pacientes que más lo necesitan. Se trabaja por objetivos a partir de la entrevista con el paciente, generando intervenciones orientadas a las características específicas de cada paciente. Es un modelo de atención farmacéutica continuada, no episódica, gracias a la utilización de las nuevas tecnologías, para mejorar los resultados en salud. Este modelo de atención farmacéutica genera pacientes y profesionales satisfechos.

Let X be a ball Banach function space on ℝ n . Let Ω be a Lipschitz function on the unit sphere of ℝ n , which is homogeneous of degree zero and has mean value zero, and let TΩ be the convolutional singular integral operator with kernel Ω(⋅)/|⋅|n. In this article, under the assumption that the Hardy–Littlewood maximal operator M is bounded on both X and its associated space, the authors prove that the commutator [b, TΩ] is compact on X if and only if b ∈ CMO (ℝ n) . To achieve this, the authors mainly employ three key tools: some elaborate estimates, given in this article, on the norm of X about the commutators and the characteristic functions of some measurable subsets, which are implied by the assumed boundedness of ℳ on X and its associated space as well as the geometry of ℝ n ; the complete John–Nirenberg inequality in X obtained by Y. Sawano et al.; the generalized Fréchet–Kolmogorov theorem on X also established in this article. All these results have a wide range of applications. Particularly, even when X : = L p (⋅) (ℝ n) (the variable Lebesgue space), X : = L p → (ℝ n) (the mixed-norm Lebesgue space), X : = L Φ (ℝ n) (the Orlicz space), and X : = (E Φ q) t (ℝ n) (the Orlicz-slice space or the generalized amalgam space), all these results are new. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents experimental and numerical investigations of the microwave dielectric properties of the ceramic matrix CaMoO4 (CMO) with the addition of 8, 12, and 20 wt% TiO2, obtained through the solid-state reaction method. X-ray diffraction and Rietveld's refinement revealed no evidence of secondary phases, indicating no reaction between the CMO and TiO2 phases. The dielectric properties presented an improvement with the addition of TiO2, with the CMO8 sample presenting ε r ′ = 12.8, tan δ = 7.8 × 10–4, and τf = − 6 ppm°C−1, demonstrating that this material has thermal stability (τf < 0). The ceramic was tested as a dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) and numerical simulation results showed that the materials have a realized gain of 4.40–4.92 dBi, a bandwidth of 741‒1079 MHz, and a radiation efficiency above 86%. The results indicate that CMO‒TiO2 systems could be employed in devices operating in the S-band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Background Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) is a rare autoinflammatory bone disease for which a lack of bacterial involvement is a key diagnostic feature to distinguish it from other symptomatically related diseases. However, the growing evidence suggesting an involvement of the host-associated microbiota in rheumatic disorders together with the now wide accessibility of modern culture-independent methods warrant a closer examination of CRMO. Methods In this study, we show through bacterial 16S rRNA gene profiling that numerous features of the oral- and fecal microbial communities differentiate children with and without CRMO. Results Notably, communities in diseased children are characterized by a lack of potential probiotic bacteria in the fecal community and an overabundance of known pathobionts in the oral microbial communities. Of special interest is the HACEK group, a set of commonly known oral pathogens that are implicated in the development of several acute and chronic diseases such as osteitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Furthermore, we observe that gut bacterial communities in the diseased children appear to reflect an altered host physiology more strongly than the oral community, which could suggest an oral disease origin followed by propagation and/or responses beyond the oral cavity. Conclusions Bacterial communities, in particular the oral microbiota, may serve as an indicator of underlying susceptibility to CRMO, or play a yet undefined role in its development.

We provide a constructive proof of H1 (ℝd) (the classical Hardy space) factorization in terms of fractional commutators in Lorentz spaces. As a direct application, we obtain a characterization of functions in BMO space. Furthermore, we also obtain a Lorentz compactness characterization of fractional commutators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Charter schools began as an experiment to improve public education in the United States of America (Weil, 2000). The theory was that these schools would operate outside of traditional public schools and would be free of the oversight and regulatory requirements constraining the current educational systems, in exchange for increased accountability and performance Lake, 2013). These new educational programs would be incubators of innovation and spawn new educational methods, addressing the challenges plaguing traditional public schools (Price & Jankens, 2016). The purpose of this research was to explore charter school performance in Michigan by looking closer at charter school operators - charter school management companies. By isolating factors that are unique to each charter school, this research drew additional conclusions and gained further insight into influences that impact charter school performance. The results of this study provide insight into how charter schools perform, specifically when looking at the differences in management styles. The results also illuminate the differences between charter schools by for-profit and nonprofit status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the challenges related to the music industry's digital transformation and potential role of blockchain from the perspective of collective management organizations (CMOs). Building on desk research and primary data from semi-structured surveys conducted with C-level executives and managers, this empirical analysis identifies major projects, their state of development, and prospects for digital transformation based on blockchain in the music industry. The findings reveal that there are a limited number of blockchain projects led by and/or with the relevant participation of CMOs. However, most are just research projects, proofs of concept, or pilots, showing that blockchain is currently in an experimental phase of development on the periphery of the music industry's digital transformation. This is not very different from analysts' understanding of the current situation and perspectives on the mass adoption of blockchain in other industries. In summary, blockchain is neither at the core of the music industry's digital transformation nor a priority for CMOs leading this process from the perspective of intellectual property rights management. The limited quality of music metadata, sparsity of sound data sources, and absence of a common data governance framework among different stakeholders within the industry are the main impediments to transforming blockchain into a global solution with transformative potential. Overall, the results provide a snapshot of the current status and possible future trajectories of blockchain adoption as a paradigm for intellectual property rights exchange within the music industry. The paper aims to investigate the challenges involved in the potential deployment of blockchain technologies as a key constituent in the digital transformation of CMOs. Building on desk research and primary data from semi-structured surveys conducted with C-level executives and managers involved in digital transformation strategies within the CMOs. As main contributions, the paper identifies: • The current state of development of blockchain technologies in collective management; • How blockchain is perceived by decision makers within the CMOs; • How and why these organizations are evaluating the adoption of blockchain technologies as a solution to major issues regarding management of the intellectual property rights in the music industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managerial research has suggested that Chief Marketing Officers (CMOs) are not living up to expectations. Such studies indicate that a high percentage of CEOs are not very impressed with their CMOs, believe they are disconnected from financial accountability, and in many cases, do not consider them highly effective. Such views may help explain why CMOs have the shortest tenure in the C-suite. Moreover, most CEOs believe that CMOs are to blame for the short tenure. What makes this belief interesting is that upper echelons theory suggests that CMOs should be impacted by those above them—the board of directors and CEO. Strategy is discussed and set at the board level and presumably, board decisions and interactions should impact a CMO's ability to achieve performance objectives. Yet, there has been no investigation into how the board of directors may impact CMO performance. In this research, I conduct five depth interviews with board members, CMOs, and executive recruiters to explore the issue and generate new insight. The interviews reveal a new theory of CMO performance, one that is contingent on the beliefs and actions of the board. In addition to three key themes and portions of the interview transcripts, this research provides a table summarizing the actions that boards can take to amplify CMO performance by employment stage. As exploratory research, this provides a first step in generating more complete understanding of an important upper echelons issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firm leaders expect their chief marketing officers (CMOs) to have significant impact on firm performance, and boards of directors (boards) consider marketing-related issues critical board-level priorities. Despite the importance of marketers and marketing to firm outcomes, boards do not appear to value CMOs at the strategy-setting level of the firm as they rarely include CMOs in board discussions and deliberations. The disconnect between the importance of marketing and the marginalization of marketers at the board level prompts the following question: How and in what ways may boards impact CMO performance? This research includes two reviews of the extant literature (from 1984 through 2021): (1) board impact on CMOs, and (2) board impact on the satisfaction, performance, and outcomes of the broader top management team (TMT), including chief financial officers, chief information officers, chief operating officers, chief technology officers, and chief strategy officers. We find that only four articles investigate the impact of boards on any functional TMT member's performance and that none specifically consider how the board may impact CMO satisfaction, performance, and outcomes. Given the lack of research, we create a conceptual framework that links board characteristics to CMO outcomes and develop a research agenda with over 50 questions as the basis to develop scholarship. Importantly, this research highlights the paucity of insight regarding board-level influence on any functional TMT member, including the CMO. Consequently, the model and research agenda can benefit multiple disciplines including marketing, finance, information technology, operations, management, and human resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

22q11 microdeletion syndrome has known ocular associations, the most common being tortuous retinal vessels. This case demonstrates a novel association of 22q11 syndrome—microvascular microangiopathy. Purpose: To describe a novel retinal finding of 22q11 microdeletion syndrome. Methods: Retrospective chart review of a single patient. Results: A 32-year-old man with genetically confirmed 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome was found to have bilateral tortuous retinal vessels and right microvascular microangiopathy with microaneurysms, hard exudate, and cystoid macular oedema. Other underlying causes for this including diabetic and hypertensive retinopathy were excluded. No treatment was required because he was asymptomatic, and the visual acuity remained 20/30 in that eye with over one year of follow-up. Conclusion: 22q11 microdeletion syndrome can be associated with microvascular microangiopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let L be a Schrödinger operator of the form L = - Δ + V acting on L 2 (R n) where the non-negative potential V belongs to the reverse Hölder class RH q for some q ≥ (n + 1) / 2 . Let CMO L (R n) denote the function space of vanishing mean oscillation associated to L . In this article, we will show that a function f of CMO L (R n) is the trace of the solution to L u = - u tt + L u = 0 , u (x , 0) = f (x) , if and only if, u satisfies a Carleson condition sup B : balls C u , B : = sup B (x B , r B) : balls r B - n ∫ 0 r B ∫ B (x B , r B) | t ∇ u (x , t) | 2 dx dt t < ∞ , and lim a → 0 sup B : r B ≤ a C u , B = lim a → ∞ sup B : r B ≥ a C u , B = lim a → ∞ sup B : B ⊆ B (0 , a) c C u , B = 0. This continues the lines of the previous characterizations by Duong et al. (J Funct Anal 266(4):2053–2085, 2014) and Jiang and Li () for the BMO L spaces, which were founded by Fabes et al. (Indiana Univ Math J 25:159–170, 1976) for the classical BMO space. For this purpose, we will prove two new characterizations of the CMO L (R n) space, in terms of mean oscillation and the theory of tent spaces, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study commutators of weighted fractional Hardy-type operators within the frameworks of local generalized Morrey spaces over quasi-metric measure spaces for a certain class of "radial" weights. Quasi-metric measure spaces may include, in particular, sets of fractional dimentsions. We prove theorems on the boundedness of commutators with CMO coefficients of these operators. Given a domain Morrey space 𝓛p,φ(X) for the fractional Hardy operators or their commutators, we pay a special attention to the study of the range of the exponent q of the target space 𝓛q,ψ(X). In particular, in the case of classical Morrey spaces, we provide the upper bound of this range which is greater than the known Adams exponent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite efforts to address the lack of female representation in executive leadership roles, the number of women in leadership roles is still low in comparison to men. Data in the form of online interviews were collected for a sample of 69 CMOs from the World's Most Influential CMO's report by Forbes Magazine and analyzed using the automated text analysis software, LIWC, employing the dimensions of Analytic, Clout, Authentic, and Tone. A series of ANOVAs was conducted to determine the impact of gender on these dimensions. Clout and Authentic were significantly impacted by the gender of the CMO. The paper considers two gender communication theories that could potentially explain these differences. The paper concludes by discussing managerial implications, acknowledging the limitations, and identifying avenues for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investor stock market response has received a great deal of attention in the marketing literature. However, firms are not faceless corporations; individuals such as CEOs set their strategies. Upper echelon and strategic leadership theories hold that chosen strategies derive from these individuals' opinions, which are a function of their personalities, demographics, experiences, and values. Building on recent literature, the authors propose how CEO characteristics can influence innovation and stock returns. Investors are motivated by cash flow expectations—in particular, the prospect of increasing and accelerating future cash flows, reducing associated risks, and increasing residual value. This systematic review focuses on four main characteristics—personality, demographics, experience and compensation—to arrive at a set of propositions on innovation and stock returns. After reviewing the extensive literature on CEO characteristics, the authors outline the emerging findings on CMO characteristics; propose future research directions on CEO and CMO characteristics, innovations, and stock returns; and offer implications for practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that the compactness of the commutators of point-wise multiplication with bilinear homogeneous Calderón-Zygmund operators acting on product of Lebesgue spaces is characterized by the multiplying function being in the space CMO. This space is the closure in BMO of its subspace of smooth functions with compact support. It is shown in this work that for bilinear Calderón-Zygmund operators arising from smooth (inhomogeneous) bilinear Fourier multipliers or bilinear pseudodifferential operators, one can actually consider multiplying functions in a new subspace of BMO larger than CMO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Implementing complex and multi-level public health programmes is challenging in school settings. Discrepancies between expected and actual programme outcomes are often reported. Such discrepancies are due to complex interactions between contextual factors. Contextual factors relate to the setting, the community, in which implementation occurs, the stakeholders involved, and the characteristics of the programme itself. This work uses realist evaluation to understand how contextual factors influence the implementation process, to result in variable programme outcomes. This study focuses on identifying contextual factors, pinpointing combinations of contextual factors, and understanding interactions and effects of such factors and combinations on programme outcomes on different levels of the implementation process. Methods Schools which had participated in a school-based health promotion programme between 2012 and 2015 were included. Two sets of qualitative data were collected: semi-structured interviews with school staff and programme coordinators; and written documents about the actions implemented in a selection of four schools. Quantitative data included 1553 questionnaires targeting pupils aged 8 to 11 in 14 schools to describe the different school contexts. Results The comparison between what was expected from the programme (programme theory) and the outcomes identified in the field data, showed that some of the mechanisms expected to support the implementation of the programme, did not operate as anticipated (e.g. inclusion of training, initiation by decision-maker). Key factors which influenced the implementation process included, amongst other factors, the mode of introduction of the programme, home/school relationship, leadership of the management team, and the level of delegated power. Five types of interactions between contextual factors were put forward: enabling, hindering, neutral, counterbalancing and moderating effects. Recurrent combinations of factors were identified. Implementation was more challenging in vulnerable schools where school climate was poor. Conclusion A single programme cannot be suited or introduced in the same manner in every context. However, key recurrent combinations of contextual factors could contribute to the design of implementation patterns, which could provide guidelines and recommendation for grass-root programme implementation.

Several halophytes and a few crop plants, including Poaceae, synthesize and accumulate glycine betaine (GB) in response to environmental constraints. GB plays an important role in osmoregulation, in fact, it is one of the main nitrogen-containing compatible osmolytes found in Poaceae. It can interplay with molecules and structures, preserving the activity of macromolecules, maintaining the integrity of membranes against stresses and scavenging ROS. Exogenous GB applications have been proven to induce the expression of genes involved in oxidative stress responses, with a restriction of ROS accumulation and lipid peroxidation in cultured tobacco cells under drought and salinity, and even stabilizing photosynthetic structures under stress. In the plant kingdom, GB is synthesized from choline by a two-step oxidation reaction. The first oxidation is catalyzed by choline monooxygenase (CMO) and the second oxidation is catalyzed by NAD+-dependent betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase. Moreover, in plants, the cytosolic enzyme, named N-methyltransferase, catalyzes the conversion of phosphoethanolamine to phosphocholine. However, changes in CMO expression genes under abiotic stresses have been observed. GB accumulation is ontogenetically controlled since it happens in young tissues during prolonged stress, while its degradation is generally not significant in plants. This ability of plants to accumulate high levels of GB in young tissues under abiotic stress, is independent of nitrogen (N) availability and supports the view that plant N allocation is dictated primarily to supply and protect the growing tissues, even under N limitation. Indeed, the contribution of GB to osmotic adjustment and ionic and oxidative stress defense in young tissues, is much higher than that in older ones. In this review, the biosynthesis and accumulation of GB in plants, under several abiotic stresses, were analyzed focusing on all possible roles this metabolite can play, particularly in young tissues.

Several halophytes and a few crop plants, including Poaceae, synthesize and accumulate glycine betaine (GB) in response to environmental constraints. GB plays an important role in osmoregulation, in fact, it is one of the main nitrogen-containing compatible osmolytes found in Poaceae. It can interplay with molecules and structures, preserving the activity of macromolecules, maintaining the integrity of membranes against stresses and scavenging ROS. Exogenous GB applications have been proven to induce the expression of genes involved in oxidative stress responses, with a restriction of ROS accumulation and lipid peroxidation in cultured tobacco cells under drought and salinity, and even stabilizing photosynthetic structures under stress. In the plant kingdom, GB is synthesized from choline by a two-step oxidation reaction. The first oxidation is catalyzed by choline monooxygenase (CMO) and the second oxidation is catalyzed by NAD+-dependent betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase. Moreover, in plants, the cytosolic enzyme, named N -methyltransferase, catalyzes the conversion of phosphoethanolamine to phosphocholine. However, changes in CMO expression genes under abiotic stresses have been observed. GB accumulation is ontogenetically controlled since it happens in young tissues during prolonged stress, while its degradation is generally not significant in plants. This ability of plants to accumulate high levels of GB in young tissues under abiotic stress, is independent of nitrogen (N) availability and supports the view that plant N allocation is dictated primarily to supply and protect the growing tissues, even under N limitation. Indeed, the contribution of GB to osmotic adjustment and ionic and oxidative stress defense in young tissues, is much higher than that in older ones. In this review, the biosynthesis and accumulation of GB in plants, under several abiotic stresses, were analyzed focusing on all possible roles this metabolite can play, particularly in young tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterologous expression of genes in to Escherichia coli helps establish the function of the encoded proteins in complex pathways of higher organisms. This methodology is particularly important in the case of plants where the whole genome sequence information is unavailable. Choline monooxygenase (CMO) and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) are two key enzymes of the glycine betaine biosynthetic pathway in Suaeda maritima, a halophyte found growing in the Pichavaram mangroves in Tamil Nadu. The present research is conducted to study the function of SmCMO and SmBADH cDNAs involved in glycine betaine biosynthetic pathway in Suaeda maritima in providing NaCl stress adaptability to E. coli. Three different E. coli strains namely DH5α, MC4100 and BL21 (DE3) are used for the study. Stability of pET32aSmCMO+pET32aSmBADH double recombinants and subsequent analyses for salinity tolerance in each of the strains were performed using pET32a protein expression vector. BL21 (DE3) double recombinants showed the maximum level of NaCl tolerance in both Minimal and LB media when compared with that of the other two strains as well as with nonrecombinant BL21 (DE3) cells. This study enabled the functional characterization of S. maritima glycine betaine pathway genes as well as the additive effect of the cDNAs in conferring NaCl tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]