41 results on '"CLV3"'
Search Results
2. Stem Cells: Engines of Plant Growth and Development.
- Author
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Hong, Liu and Fletcher, Jennifer C.
- Subjects
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STEM cells , *PLANT development , *PLANT growth , *PLURIPOTENT stem cells , *LIFE cycles (Biology) - Abstract
The development of both animals and plants relies on populations of pluripotent stem cells that provide the cellular raw materials for organ and tissue formation. Plant stem cell reservoirs are housed at the shoot and root tips in structures called meristems, with the shoot apical meristem (SAM) continuously producing aerial leaf, stem, and flower organs throughout the life cycle. Thus, the SAM acts as the engine of plant development and has unique structural and molecular features that allow it to balance self-renewal with differentiation and act as a constant source of new cells for organogenesis while simultaneously maintaining a stem cell reservoir for future organ formation. Studies have identified key roles for intercellular regulatory networks that establish and maintain meristem activity, including the KNOX transcription factor pathway and the CLV-WUS stem cell feedback loop. In addition, the plant hormones cytokinin and auxin act through their downstream signaling pathways in the SAM to integrate stem cell activity and organ initiation. This review discusses how the various regulatory pathways collectively orchestrate SAM function and touches on how their manipulation can alter stem cell activity to improve crop yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Stem Cells: Engines of Plant Growth and Development
- Author
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Liu Hong and Jennifer C. Fletcher
- Subjects
meristem ,stem cell ,CLV3 ,WUS ,KNOX ,ARR ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
The development of both animals and plants relies on populations of pluripotent stem cells that provide the cellular raw materials for organ and tissue formation. Plant stem cell reservoirs are housed at the shoot and root tips in structures called meristems, with the shoot apical meristem (SAM) continuously producing aerial leaf, stem, and flower organs throughout the life cycle. Thus, the SAM acts as the engine of plant development and has unique structural and molecular features that allow it to balance self-renewal with differentiation and act as a constant source of new cells for organogenesis while simultaneously maintaining a stem cell reservoir for future organ formation. Studies have identified key roles for intercellular regulatory networks that establish and maintain meristem activity, including the KNOX transcription factor pathway and the CLV-WUS stem cell feedback loop. In addition, the plant hormones cytokinin and auxin act through their downstream signaling pathways in the SAM to integrate stem cell activity and organ initiation. This review discusses how the various regulatory pathways collectively orchestrate SAM function and touches on how their manipulation can alter stem cell activity to improve crop yield.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. The NGATHA-like Genes DPA4 and SOD7 Are Not Required for Stem Cell Specification during Embryo Development in Arabidopsis thaliana.
- Author
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Nicolas, Antoine and Laufs, Patrick
- Subjects
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CELL differentiation , *SHOOT apical meristems , *STEM cells , *ARABIDOPSIS thaliana , *EMBRYOS - Abstract
In plants, stem cells are embedded in structures called meristems. Meristems can be formed either during embryogenesis or during the plant's life such as, for instance, axillary meristems. While the regulation of the stem cell population in an established meristem is well described, how it is initiated in newly formed meristems is less well understood. Recently, two transcription factors of the NGATHA-like family, DEVELOPMENT-RELATED PcG TARGET IN THE APEX4 (DPA4)/NGAL3 and SUPPRESSOR OF DA1-1 7 (SOD7)/NGAL2 have been shown to facilitate de novo stem cell initiation in Arabidopsis thaliana axillary meristems. Here, we tested whether the DPA4 and SOD7 genes had a similar role during stem cell formation in embryo shoot apical meristems. Using DPA4 and SOD7 reporter lines, we characterized the expression pattern of these genes during embryo development, revealing only a partial overlap with the stem cell population. In addition, we showed that the expression of a stem cell reporter was not modified in dpa4-2 sod7-2 double mutant embryos compared to the wild type. Together, these observations suggest that DPA4 and SOD7 are not required for stem cell specification during embryo shoot apical meristem initiation. This work stresses the difference in the regulatory network leading to meristem formation during the embryonic and post-embryonic phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. CLAVATA3-like Gene Acts as a Gynoecium Suppression Function in White Campion.
- Author
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Kazama, Yusuke, Kitoh, Moe, Kobayashi, Taiki, Ishii, Kotaro, Krasovec, Marc, Yasui, Yasuo, Abe, Tomoko, Kawano, Shigeyuki, and Filatov, Dmitry A
- Subjects
Y chromosome ,X chromosome ,GYNOECIUM ,SILENE (Genus) ,SEX chromosomes ,FEMALE infertility ,GENES - Abstract
How do separate sexes originate and evolve? Plants provide many opportunities to address this question as they have diverse mating systems and separate sexes (dioecy) that evolved many times independently. The classic "two-factor" model for evolution of separate sexes proposes that males and females can evolve from hermaphrodites via the spread of male and female sterility mutations that turn hermaphrodites into females and males, respectively. This widely accepted model was inspired by early genetic work in dioecious white campion (Silene latifolia) that revealed the presence of two sex-determining factors on the Y-chromosome, though the actual genes remained unknown. Here, we report identification and functional analysis of the putative sex-determining gene in S. latifolia , corresponding to the gynoecium suppression factor (GSF). We demonstrate that GSF likely corresponds to a Y-linked CLV3 -like gene that is specifically expressed in early male flower buds and encodes the protein that suppresses gynoecium development in S. latifolia. Interestingly, GSFY has a dysfunctional X-linked homolog (GSFX) and their synonymous divergence (d S = 17.9%) is consistent with the age of sex chromosomes in this species. We propose that female development in S. latifolia is controlled via the WUSCHEL-CLAVATA feedback loop, with the X-linked WUSCHEL -like and Y-linked CLV3 -like genes, respectively. Evolution of dioecy in the S. latifolia ancestor likely involved inclusion of ancestral GSFY into the nonrecombining region on the nascent Y-chromosome and GSFX loss of function, which resulted in disbalance of the WUSCHEL-CLAVATA feedback loop between the sexes and ensured gynoecium suppression in males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL3 activates SEPALLATA2 but inhibits CLAVATA3 to regulate meristem determinacy and maintenance in Arabidopsis
- Author
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Li, Dongming, Fu, Xing, Guo, Lin, Huang, Zhigang, Li, Yongpeng, Liu, Yang, He, Zishan, Cao, Xiuwei, Ma, Xiaohan, Zhao, Meicheng, Zhu, Guohui, Xiao, Langtao, Wang, Haiyang, Chen, Xuemei, Liu, Renyi, and Liu, Xigang
- Subjects
Agricultural ,Veterinary and Food Sciences ,Plant Biology ,Biological Sciences ,Crop and Pasture Production ,Genetics ,Human Genome ,1.1 Normal biological development and functioning ,Underpinning research ,Generic health relevance ,Arabidopsis ,Arabidopsis Proteins ,Flowers ,Homeodomain Proteins ,Meristem ,Phytochrome ,Transcription Factors ,meristem maintenance ,meristem determinacy ,FHY3 ,CLV3 ,SEP2 - Abstract
Plant meristems are responsible for the generation of all plant tissues and organs. Here we show that the transcription factor (TF) FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL3 (FHY3) plays an important role in both floral meristem (FM) determinacy and shoot apical meristem maintenance in Arabidopsis, in addition to its well-known multifaceted roles in plant growth and development during the vegetative stage. Through genetic analyses, we show that WUSCHEL (WUS) and CLAVATA3 (CLV3), two central players in the establishment and maintenance of meristems, are epistatic to FHY3 Using genome-wide ChIP-seq and RNA-seq data, we identify hundreds of FHY3 target genes in flowers and find that FHY3 mainly acts as a transcriptional repressor in flower development, in contrast to its transcriptional activator role in seedlings. Binding motif-enrichment analyses indicate that FHY3 may coregulate flower development with three flower-specific MADS-domain TFs and four basic helix-loop-helix TFs that are involved in photomorphogenesis. We further demonstrate that CLV3, SEPALLATA1 (SEP1), and SEP2 are FHY3 target genes. In shoot apical meristem, FHY3 directly represses CLV3, which consequently regulates WUS to maintain the stem cell pool. Intriguingly, CLV3 expression did not change significantly in fhy3 and phytochrome B mutants before and after light treatment, indicating that FHY3 and phytochrome B are involved in light-regulated meristem activity. In FM, FHY3 directly represses CLV3, but activates SEP2, to ultimately promote FM determinacy. Taken together, our results reveal insights into the mechanisms of meristem maintenance and determinacy, and illustrate how the roles of a single TF may vary in different organs and developmental stages.
- Published
- 2016
7. Robust control of floral meristem determinacy by position-specific multifunctions of KNUCKLES.
- Author
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Erlei Shang, Xin Wang, Tinghan Li, Fengfei Guo, Toshiro Ito, and Bo Sun
- Subjects
- *
ROBUST control , *MERISTEMS , *FLOWER development , *ZINC-finger proteins , *CARPEL - Abstract
Floral organs are properly developed on the basis of timed floral meristem (FM) termination in Arabidopsis. In this process, two known regulatory pathways are involved. The WUSCHEL (WUS)-CLAVATA3 (CLV3) feedback loop is vital for the spatial establishment and maintenance of the FM, while AGAMOUS (AG)-WUS transcriptional cascades temporally repress FM. At stage 6 of flower development, a C2H2-type zinc finger repressor that is a target of AG, KNUCKLES (KNU), directly represses the stem cell identity gene WUS in the organizing center for FM termination. However, how the robust FM activity is fully quenched within a limited time frame to secure carpel development is not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that KNU directly binds to the CLV1 locus and the cis-regulatory element on CLV3 promoter and represses their expression during FM determinacy control. Furthermore, KNU physically interacts with WUS, and this interaction inhibits WUS from sustaining CLV3 in the central zone. The KNU-WUS interaction also interrupts the formation of WUS homodimers and WUS-HAIRYMERISTEM 1 heterodimers, both of which are required for FM maintenance. Overall, our findings describe a regulatory framework in which KNU plays a position-specific multifunctional role for the tightly controlled FM determinacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Knox homologs shoot meristemless (STM) and KNAT6 are epistatic to CLAVATA3 (CLV3) during shoot meristem development in Arabidopsis thaliana.
- Author
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Nidhi, Sharma, Preciado, Jesus, and Tie, Liu
- Abstract
Background: In Arabidopsis, the genes SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM) and CLAVATA3 (CLV3) antagonistically regulate shoot meristem development. STM is essential for both development and maintenance of the meristem, as stm mutants fail to develop a shoot meristem. CLV3, on the other hand, negatively regulates meristem proliferation, and clv3 mutants possess an enlarged shoot meristem. Genetic interaction studies revealed that stm and clv3 dominantly suppress each other's phenotypes. STM works in conjunction with its closely related homologue KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX GENE 6 (KNAT6) to promote meristem development and organ separation, as stm knat6 double mutants fail to form shoot meristem and produce a fused cotyledon. Results: In this study, we show that clv3 fails to promote shoot meristem formation in stm-1 background if we also remove KNAT6. stm-1 knat6 clv3 triple mutants result in shoot meristem termination and produce fused cotyledons similar to stm knat6 double mutant. Notably, the stm-1 knat6 and stm-1 knat6 clv3 alleles lack tissue in the presumed region of SAM that is a novel phenotype reported in Arabidopsis mutants. stm-1 knat6 clv3 also showed reduced inflorescence size as compared to clv3 single or stm clv3 double mutants. Conclusion: In contrast to previously published data, these data suggest that STM and KNAT6 are redundantly required for the vegetative SAM, but insufficient for the inflorescence meristem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. The NGATHA-like Genes DPA4 and SOD7 Are Not Required for Stem Cell Specification during Embryo Development in Arabidopsis thaliana
- Author
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Antoine Nicolas and Patrick Laufs
- Subjects
embryo ,stem cells ,meristem ,CLV3 ,NGAL ,DPA4/NGAL3 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
In plants, stem cells are embedded in structures called meristems. Meristems can be formed either during embryogenesis or during the plant’s life such as, for instance, axillary meristems. While the regulation of the stem cell population in an established meristem is well described, how it is initiated in newly formed meristems is less well understood. Recently, two transcription factors of the NGATHA-like family, DEVELOPMENT-RELATED PcG TARGET IN THE APEX4 (DPA4)/NGAL3 and SUPPRESSOR OF DA1-1 7 (SOD7)/NGAL2 have been shown to facilitate de novo stem cell initiation in Arabidopsis thaliana axillary meristems. Here, we tested whether the DPA4 and SOD7 genes had a similar role during stem cell formation in embryo shoot apical meristems. Using DPA4 and SOD7 reporter lines, we characterized the expression pattern of these genes during embryo development, revealing only a partial overlap with the stem cell population. In addition, we showed that the expression of a stem cell reporter was not modified in dpa4-2 sod7-2 double mutant embryos compared to the wild type. Together, these observations suggest that DPA4 and SOD7 are not required for stem cell specification during embryo shoot apical meristem initiation. This work stresses the difference in the regulatory network leading to meristem formation during the embryonic and post-embryonic phases.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Comprehensive study and multipurpose role of the CLV3/ESR‐related (CLE) genes family in plant growth and development.
- Author
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Khan, Shahid U., Khan, Muhammad Hafeez U., Ahmar, Sunny, and Fan, Chuchuan
- Subjects
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PLANT development , *PLANT genes , *GENE families , *PLANT growth , *SIGNAL peptides , *ENDOSPERM - Abstract
The CLAVATA3/endosperm surrounding region‐related (CLE) is one of the most important signaling peptides families in plants. These peptides signaling are common in the cell to cell communication and control various physiological and developmental processes, that is cell differentiation and proliferation, self‐incompatibility, and the defense response. The CLE signaling systems are conserved across the plant kingdom but have a diverse mode of action in various developmental processes in different species. In this review, we concise various methods of peptides identification, structure, and molecular identity of the CLE family, the developmental role of CLE genes/peptides in plants, environmental stimuli, and CLE family and some other novel progress in CLE genes/peptides in various crops, and so forth. According to previous literature, about 1,628 CLE genes were identified in land plants, which deeply explained the tale of plant development. Nevertheless, some important queries need to be addressed to get clear insights into the CLE gene family in other organisms and their role in various physiological and developmental processes. Furthermore, we summarized the power of the CLE family around the environment as well as bifunctional activity and the crystal structure recognition mechanism of CLE peptides by their receptors and CLE clusters functions. We strongly believed that the discovery of the CLE family in other organisms would provide a significant breakthrough for future revolutionary and functional studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Evolution of CLE peptide signalling.
- Author
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Whitewoods, CD
- Subjects
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CELL division , *SIGNAL peptides , *STOMATA , *LEAF development , *PLANT stems , *MERISTEMS - Abstract
CLEs are small non-cell autonomous signalling peptides that regulate cell division rate and orientation in a variety of developmental contexts. Recent years have generated a huge amount of research on CLE function across land plants, characterising their role across the whole plant; they control stem cell division in the shoot, root and cambial meristems, balance developmental investment into symbiosis, regulate leaf development, pattern stomata and control axillary branching. They have even been co-opted by parasitic nematodes to mediate infection. This review synthesises these recent findings and embeds them in an evolutionary context, outlining the likely evolution of the CLE signalling pathway. I use this framework to infer common mechanistic themes and pose key future questions for the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Morphological and Physiological Framework Underlying Plant Longevity in Arabidopsis thaliana.
- Author
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Wang, Yukun, Kumaishi, Kie, Suzuki, Takamasa, Ichihashi, Yasunori, Yamaguchi, Nobutoshi, Shirakawa, Makoto, and Ito, Toshiro
- Subjects
REACTIVE oxygen species ,PLANT life cycles ,APOPTOSIS ,STEM cells ,CELL populations ,LONGEVITY - Abstract
Monocarpic plants have a single reproductive phase, in which their longevity is developmentally programmed by molecular networks. In the reproductive phase of Arabidopsis thaliana , the inflorescence meristem (IM) maintains a central pool of stem cells and produces a limited number of flower primordia, which result in seed formation and the death of the whole plant. In this study, we observed morphological changes in the IM at cellular and intracellular resolutions until the end of the plant life cycle. We observed four biological events during the periods from 1 week after bolting (WAB) till the death of stem cells: (1) the gradual reduction in the size of the IM, (2) the dynamic vacuolation of IM cells, (3) the loss of the expression of the stem cell determinant WUSCHEL (WUS), and (4) the upregulation of the programmed cell death marker BIFUNCTIONAL NUCLEASE1 (BFN1) in association with the death of stem cells. These results indicate that the stem cell population gradually decreases in IM during plant aging and eventually is fully terminated. We further show that the expression of WUS became undetectable in IM at 3 WAB prior to the loss of CLAVATA3 (CLV3) expression at 5 WAB; CLV3 is a negative regulator of WUS. Moreover, clv3 plants showed delayed loss of WUS and lived 6 weeks longer compared with wild-type plants. These results indicated that the prolonged expression of CLV3 at 4–5 WAB may be a safeguard that inhibits the reactivation of WUS and promotes plant death. Finally, through transcriptome analysis, we determined that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the control of plant longevity. Our work presents a morphological and physiological framework for the regulation of plant longevity in Arabidopsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Morphological and Physiological Framework Underlying Plant Longevity in Arabidopsis thaliana
- Author
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Wang, Yukun, Kumaishi, Kie, Suzuki, Takamasa, Ichihashi, Yasunori, Yamaguchi, Nobutoshi, Shirakawa, Makoto, Ito, Toshiro, Wang, Yukun, Kumaishi, Kie, Suzuki, Takamasa, Ichihashi, Yasunori, Yamaguchi, Nobutoshi, Shirakawa, Makoto, and Ito, Toshiro
- Abstract
Monocarpic plants have a single reproductive phase, in which their longevity is developmentally programmed by molecular networks. In the reproductive phase of Arabidopsis thaliana, the inflorescence meristem (IM) maintains a central pool of stem cells and produces a limited number of flower primordia, which result in seed formation and the death of the whole plant. In this study, we observed morphological changes in the IM at cellular and intracellular resolutions until the end of the plant life cycle. We observed four biological events during the periods from 1 week after bolting (WAB) till the death of stem cells: (1) the gradual reduction in the size of the IM, (2) the dynamic vacuolation of IM cells, (3) the loss of the expression of the stem cell determinant WUSCHEL (WUS), and (4) the upregulation of the programmed cell death marker BIFUNCTIONAL NUCLEASE1 (BFN1) in association with the death of stem cells. These results indicate that the stem cell population gradually decreases in IM during plant aging and eventually is fully terminated. We further show that the expression of WUS became undetectable in IM at 3 WAB prior to the loss of CLAVATA3 (CLV3) expression at 5 WAB; CLV3 is a negative regulator of WUS. Moreover, clv3 plants showed delayed loss of WUS and lived 6 weeks longer compared with wild-type plants. These results indicated that the prolonged expression of CLV3 at 4–5 WAB may be a safeguard that inhibits the reactivation of WUS and promotes plant death. Finally, through transcriptome analysis, we determined that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the control of plant longevity. Our work presents a morphological and physiological framework for the regulation of plant longevity in Arabidopsis.
- Published
- 2023
14. CLE peptide-mediated signaling in shoot and vascular meristem development.
- Author
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Dao, Thai and Fletcher, Jennifer
- Abstract
Background: Multicellular organisms rely on the transmission of information between cells to coordinate various biological processes during growth and development. Plants, like animals, utilize small peptide ligands as signaling molecules to transmit information between cells. These polypeptides typically act as extracellular messengers that are perceived by membrane-bound receptors, which then transduce the signal into the recipient cell to modify downstream gene transcription. The CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-RELATED (CLE) proteins represent one of the largest and best understood families of small polypeptides in plants. Members of the CLE family play critical roles in mediating cell fate decisions during plant development, particularly within the unique meristem structures that contain stem cell reservoirs acting as sources of cells for continuous organ formation. Objective: Here we review the roles of CLE family members in regulating the activity of the shoot apical meristems that generate the aerial parts of the plants, and of the vascular meristems that produce the sugar- and water-conducting tissues. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed using the Google Scholar and PubMed search engines. The keywords 'CLE', 'CLV3', 'TDIF', 'meristem', and 'plant stem cells' were used as search terms. The 95 retrieved articles, dating from 1992, were organized by topic and their key findings incorporated into the text. Results: We summarize our current understanding of how the CLE peptide CLV3 orchestrates the activity of shoot apical meristems, describing its expression, processing and movement, as well as its intracellular signal transduction pathways, key target genes and downstream gene regulatory networks. We also discuss the roles of CLE peptide signaling in the vascular meristems to promote procambial cell proliferation and suppress xylem differentiation. Conclusions: Signaling pathways mediated by CLE peptides are critical for stem cell maintenance and differentiation in shoot apical and vascular meristems in plants, exposing CLE genes as potential targets for increasing yield and biomass production. While large numbers of CLE genes are being discovered in plants, only a few have been functionally characterized. We anticipate that future research will continue to elucidate the roles of the CLE family in plant development, and their potential impacts on agriculture and commerce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Peptide encoding Populus CLV3/ESR‐RELATED 47 (PttCLE47) promotes cambial development and secondary xylem formation in hybrid aspen
- Author
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Salma Chaabouni, Ykä Helariutta, Bo Zheng, Ari Pekka Mähönen, Ove Nilsson, Melis Kucukoglu, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), and Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Physiology ,Secondary growth ,Plant Science ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,CLAVATA3 ,RNA interference ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Xylem ,Gene expression ,Vascular cambium ,Gene silencing ,Cambium ,GENE-EXPRESSION ,PttCLE47 ,Full Paper ,Chemistry ,Forest Science ,Research ,fungi ,Botany ,Meristem ,Full Papers ,11831 Plant biology ,ARABIDOPSIS ,Wood ,Cell biology ,HD-ZIP ,secondary growth and development ,030104 developmental biology ,Populus ,MERISTEM ,CLE peptides ,SHOOT ,1182 Biochemistry, cell and molecular biology ,wood formation ,STEM-CELL FATE ,Peptides ,CLV3 ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
The CLAVATA3 (CLV3)/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (ESR)‐RELATED (CLE) peptide ligands in connection with their receptors are important players in cell‐to‐cell communications in plants. Here, we investigated the function of the Populus CLV3/ESR‐RELATED 47 (PttCLE47) gene during secondary growth and wood formation in hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × tremuloides) using an RNA interference (RNAi) approach. Expression of PttCLE47 peaks in the vascular cambium. Silencing of the PttCLE47 gene expression affected lateral expansion of stems and decreased apical height growth and leaf size. In particular, PttCLE47 RNAi trees exhibited a narrower secondary xylem zone with less xylem cells/cell file. The reduced radial growth phenotype also correlated with a reduced number of cambial cell layers. In agreement with these results, expression of several cambial regulator genes was downregulated in the stems of the transgenic trees in comparison with controls. Altogether, these results suggest that the PttCLE47 gene is a major positive regulator of cambial activity in hybrid aspen, mainly promoting the production of secondary xylem. Furthermore, in contrast to previously characterized CLE genes expressed in the wood‐forming zone, PttCLE47 appears to be active at its site of expression.
- Published
- 2019
16. An auxin responsive CLE gene regulates shoot apical meristem development in Arabidopsis
- Author
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Hongyan eGuo, Wei eZhang, Hainan eTian, Kaijie eZheng, Xuemei eDai, Shanda eLiu, Qingnan eHu, Xianling eWang, Bao eLiu, and Shucai eWang
- Subjects
Arabidopsis ,Oryza sativa ,auxin ,peptide hormone ,Apical Meristem ,CLV3 ,Plant culture ,SB1-1110 - Abstract
Plant hormone auxin regulates most, if not all aspects of plant growth and development, including lateral root formation, organ pattering, apical dominance and tropisms. Peptide hormones are peptides with hormone activities. Some of the functions of peptide hormones in regulating plant growth and development are similar to that of auxin, however, the relationship between auxin and peptide hormones remains largely unknown. Here we report the identification of OsCLE48, a rice (Oryza sativa) CLE (CLAVATA3/ENDOSPERM SURROUNDING REGION) gene, as an auxin response gene, and the functional characterization of OsCLE48 in Arabidopsis and rice. OsCLE48 encodes a CLE peptide hormone that is similar to Arabidopsis CLEs. RT-PCR analysis showed that OsCLE48 was induced by exogenously application of IAA (indole-3-acetic acid), a naturally occurred auxin. Expression of integrated OsCLE48p:GUS reporter gene in transgenic Arabidopsis plants was also induced by exogenously IAA treatment. These results indicate that OsCLE48 is an auxin responsive gene. Histochemical staining showed that GUS activity was detected in all the tissue and organs of the OsCLE48p:GUS transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Expression of OsCLE48 under the control of the 35S promoter in Arabidopsis inhibited shoot apical meristem development. Expression of OsCLE48 under the control of the CLV3 native regulatory elements almost completely complemented clv3-2 mutant phenotypes, suggesting that OsCLE48 is functionally similar to CLV3. On the other hand, expression of OsCLE48 under the control of the 35S promoter in Arabidopsis has little, if any effects on root apical meristem development, and transgenic rice plants overexpressing OsCLE48 are morphologically indistinguishable from wild type plants, suggesting that the functions of some CLE peptides may not be fully conserved in Arabidopsis and rice.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL3 activates SEPALLATA2 but inhibits CLAVATA3 to regulate meristem determinacy and maintenance in Arabidopsis.
- Author
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Dongming Li, Xing Fu, Lin Guo, Zhigang Huang, Yongpeng Li, Yang Liu, Zishan He, Xiuwei Cao, Xiaohan Ma, Meicheng Zhao, Guohui Zhu, Langtao Xiao, Haiyang Wang, Xuemei Chen, Renyi Liu, and Xigang Liu
- Subjects
- *
HYPOCOTYLS , *MERISTEMS , *ARABIDOPSIS , *TRANSCRIPTION factors , *RNA sequencing - Abstract
Plant meristems are responsible for the generation of all plant tissues and organs. Here we show that the transcription factor (TF) FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL3 (FHY3) plays an important role in both floral meristem (FM) determinacy and shoot apical meristem maintenance in Arabidopsis, in addition to its well-known multifaceted roles in plant growth and development during the vegetative stage. Through genetic analyses, we show that WUSCHEL (WUS) and CLAVATA3 (CLV3), two central players in the establishment and maintenance of meristems, are epistatic to FHY3. Using genome-wide ChIP-seq and RNA-seq data, we identify hundreds of FHY3 target genes in flowers and find that FHY3 mainly acts as a transcriptional repressor in flower development, in contrast to its transcriptional activator role in seedlings. Binding motif-enrichment analyses indicate that FHY3 may coregulate flower development with three flowerspecific MADS-domain TFs and four basic helix-loop-helix TFs that are involved in photomorphogenesis. We further demonstrate that CLV3, SEPALLATA1 (SEP1), and SEP2 are FHY3 target genes. In shoot apical meristem, FHY3 directly represses CLV3, which consequently regulates WUS to maintain the stem cell pool. Intriguingly, CLV3 expression did not change significantly in fhy3 and phytochrome B mutants before and after light treatment, indicating that FHY3 and phytochrome B are involved in light-regulated meristem activity. In FM, FHY3 directly represses CLV3, but activates SEP2, to ultimately promote FM determinacy. Taken together, our results reveal insights into the mechanisms of meristem maintenance and determinacy, and illustrate how the roles of a single TF may vary in different organs and developmental stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Reevaluation of the CLV3-receptor interaction in the shoot apical meristem: dissection of the CLV3 signaling pathway from a direct ligand-binding point of view.
- Author
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Shinohara, Hidefumi and Matsubayashi, Yoshikatsu
- Subjects
- *
SHOOT apical meristems , *CELLULAR signal transduction , *LIGAND binding (Biochemistry) , *ARABIDOPSIS thaliana , *PLANT stems - Abstract
The CLAVATA signaling pathway is a key component of the network that controls stem cell renewal and differentiation in Arabidopsis thaliana. CLAVATA3 ( CLV3) is a post-translationally arabinosylated secreted peptide signal that regulates WUSHEL (WUS) transcription to affect the balance of stem cell differentiation and proliferation in the shoot apical meristem ( SAM). Known membrane-localized receptors involved in the perception of CLV3 signaling include CLV1, the CLV2/ CORYNE (CRN) complex and RPK2. The CLV3 peptide can directly bind to CLV1; however, it is unclear whether the CLV3 peptide directly binds to CLV2 or RPK2. In this study, we re-evaluated the direct interaction between CLV3 and its receptors by photoaffinity labeling with photoactivatable arabinosylated CLV3. We showed that CLV2 and RPK2 exhibited no direct binding to the CLV3 peptide. Further analysis showed that the receptor kinase BAM1 directly binds the CLV3 peptide. A loss-of-function clv1 bam1 double mutant exhibited a large number of stem cells that accumulated in the SAM and was insensitive to exogenous treatment with the arabinosylated CLV3 peptide. WUS gene transcripts were up-regulated, and the region of WUS expression was enlarged at the SAM in the clv1 bam1 double mutant. These results indicate that CLV1 and BAM1 are direct receptors that are sufficient to affect the regulatory network controlling stem cell number in the SAM. In contrast, the CLV2/ CRN complex and RPK2 are not involved in direct ligand interactions but may act as co-receptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Morphological and Physiological Framework Underlying Plant Longevity in Arabidopsis thaliana
- Author
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Yukun Wang, Kie Kumaishi, Takamasa Suzuki, Yasunori Ichihashi, Nobutoshi Yamaguchi, Makoto Shirakawa, and Toshiro Ito
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Programmed cell death ,plant longevity ,media_common.quotation_subject ,inflorescence meristem ,Arabidopsis ,Plant Science ,lcsh:Plant culture ,01 natural sciences ,Transcriptome ,03 medical and health sciences ,Arabidopsis thaliana ,lcsh:SB1-1110 ,Primordium ,programmed cell death ,media_common ,biology ,fungi ,Longevity ,WUS ,food and beverages ,ROS ,Meristem ,biology.organism_classification ,Cell biology ,stem cell ,030104 developmental biology ,Stem cell ,CLV3 ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Monocarpic plants have a single reproductive phase, in which their longevity is developmentally programmed by molecular networks. In the reproductive phase of Arabidopsis thaliana, the inflorescence meristem (IM) maintains a central pool of stem cells and produces a limited number of flower primordia, which result in seed formation and the death of the whole plant. In this study, we observed morphological changes in the IM at cellular and intracellular resolutions until the end of the plant life cycle. We observed four biological events during the periods from 1 week after bolting (WAB) till the death of stem cells: (1) the gradual reduction in the size of the IM, (2) the dynamic vacuolation of IM cells, (3) the loss of the expression of the stem cell determinant WUSCHEL (WUS), and (4) the upregulation of the programmed cell death marker BIFUNCTIONAL NUCLEASE1 (BFN1) in association with the death of stem cells. These results indicate that the stem cell population gradually decreases in IM during plant aging and eventually is fully terminated. We further show that the expression of WUS became undetectable in IM at 3 WAB prior to the loss of CLAVATA3 (CLV3) expression at 5 WAB; CLV3 is a negative regulator of WUS. Moreover, clv3 plants showed delayed loss of WUS and lived 6 weeks longer compared with wild-type plants. These results indicated that the prolonged expression of CLV3 at 4–5 WAB may be a safeguard that inhibits the reactivation of WUS and promotes plant death. Finally, through transcriptome analysis, we determined that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the control of plant longevity. Our work presents a morphological and physiological framework for the regulation of plant longevity in Arabidopsis.
- Published
- 2020
20. A CLAVATA3-like Gene Acts as a Gynoecium Suppression Function in White Campion.
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Kazama Y, Kitoh M, Kobayashi T, Ishii K, Krasovec M, Yasui Y, Abe T, Kawano S, and Filatov DA
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- Animals, Evolution, Molecular, Plants genetics, Sex Chromosomes, Y Chromosome, Genes, Plant, Silene genetics
- Abstract
How do separate sexes originate and evolve? Plants provide many opportunities to address this question as they have diverse mating systems and separate sexes (dioecy) that evolved many times independently. The classic "two-factor" model for evolution of separate sexes proposes that males and females can evolve from hermaphrodites via the spread of male and female sterility mutations that turn hermaphrodites into females and males, respectively. This widely accepted model was inspired by early genetic work in dioecious white campion (Silene latifolia) that revealed the presence of two sex-determining factors on the Y-chromosome, though the actual genes remained unknown. Here, we report identification and functional analysis of the putative sex-determining gene in S. latifolia, corresponding to the gynoecium suppression factor (GSF). We demonstrate that GSF likely corresponds to a Y-linked CLV3-like gene that is specifically expressed in early male flower buds and encodes the protein that suppresses gynoecium development in S. latifolia. Interestingly, GSFY has a dysfunctional X-linked homolog (GSFX) and their synonymous divergence (dS = 17.9%) is consistent with the age of sex chromosomes in this species. We propose that female development in S. latifolia is controlled via the WUSCHEL-CLAVATA feedback loop, with the X-linked WUSCHEL-like and Y-linked CLV3-like genes, respectively. Evolution of dioecy in the S. latifolia ancestor likely involved inclusion of ancestral GSFY into the nonrecombining region on the nascent Y-chromosome and GSFX loss of function, which resulted in disbalance of the WUSCHEL-CLAVATA feedback loop between the sexes and ensured gynoecium suppression in males., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.)
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- 2022
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21. PHOSPHATIDYLSERINE SYNTHASE1 is Required for Inflorescence Meristem and Organ Development in Arabidopsis.
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Liu, Chengwu, Yin, Hengfu, Gao, Peng, Hu, Xiaohe, Yang, Jun, Liu, Zhongchi, Fu, Xiangdong, and Luo, Da
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- *
PHOSPHATIDYLSERINE synthase , *INFLORESCENCES , *MERISTEMS , *MORPHOGENESIS , *ARABIDOPSIS , *MEMBRANE lipids , *QUANTITATIVE research - Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS), a quantitatively minor membrane phospholipid, is involved in many biological processes besides its role in membrane structure. One PS synthesis gene, PHOSPHATIDYLSERINE SYNTHASE1 (PSS1), has been discovered to be required for microspore development in Arabidopsis thaliana L. but how PSS1 affects postembryonic development is still largely unknown. Here, we show that PSS1 is also required for inflorescence meristem and organ development in Arabidopsis. Disruption of PSS1 causes severe dwarfism, smaller lateral organs and reduced size of inflorescence meristem. Morphological and molecular studies suggest that both cell division and cell elongation are affected in the pss1-1 mutant. RNA in situ hybridization and promoter GUS analysis show that expression of both WUSCHEL (WUS) and CLAVATA3 (CLV3) depend on PSS1. Moreover, the defect in meristem maintenance is recovered and the expression of WUS and CLV3 are restored in the pss1-1 clv1-1 double mutant. Both SHOOTSTEMLESS (STM) and BREVIPEDICELLUS (BP) are upregulated, and auxin distribution is disrupted in rosette leaves of pss1-1. However, expression of BP, which is also a regulator of internode development, is lost in the pss1-1 inflorescence stem. Our data suggest that PSS1 plays essential roles in inflorescence meristem maintenance through the WUS-CLV pathway, and in leaf and internode development by differentially regulating the class I KNOX genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2013
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22. The sequence flanking the N-terminus of the CLV3 peptide is critical for its cleavage and activity in stem cell regulation in Arabidopsis.
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Ting-Ting Xu, Xiu-Fen Song, Shi-Chao Ren, and Chun-Ming Liu
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- *
PEPTIDES , *ARABIDOPSIS , *MASS spectrometry , *CHIMERIC proteins , *CLEAVAGE (Embryology) - Abstract
Background Although it is known that CLAVATA3 (CLV3) acts as 12- and/or 13-amino acid (AA) secreted peptides to regulate the number of stem cells in shoot apical meristems (SAMs), how functional CLV3 peptides are generated and if any particular sequences are required for the processing remain largely unknown. Results We developed a mass spectrometry (MS)-based in vitro assay to monitor the cleavage of heterologously produced CLV3 fusion protein. Through co-cultivation of the fusion protein with Arabidopsis seedlings, we identified two cleavage sites: the previously reported one before Arg70 and a new one before Met39. Using synthetic peptides together with MALDITof- MS analyses, we demonstrated that the non-conserved 5-AA motifs flanking N-termini of the CLV3 and its orthologous CLE1 peptides were critical for their cleavages and optimal activities in vitro. We also found that substitutions of Leu69 by Ala in fusion protein and in synthetic peptide of CLV3 compromised their cleavages, leading to significantly reduced activities in regulating the sizes of shoot and root meristems. Conclusions These results suggest that 5-AA residues flanking the N-terminus of CLV3 peptide are required for proper cleavages and optimal function in stem cell regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2013
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23. CLE Signaling Systems During Plant Development and Nematode Infection.
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Kiyohara, Syunsuke and Sawa, Shinichiro
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- *
PLANT cellular signal transduction , *PLANT development , *NEMATODE infections , *GENETIC code , *ARABIDOPSIS , *GENE expression in plants , *MERISTEMS - Abstract
Plants contain numerous CLAVATA3 (CLV3)/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (ESR) (CLE) genes encoding small secreted peptide hormones that function in a variety of developmental and physiological processes. The first known Arabidopsis CLE gene was originally discovered through the analysis of clv3 mutants, which exhibit fasciated stems and an increased number of floral organs. In total, 32 CLE genes have been identified in Arabidopsis. Amongst these are CLV3 and CLE40, which repress the expression of homeobox-containing genes WUSCHEL (WUS) and WUSCHEL-related homeobox 5 (WOX5) to control shoot apical meristem (SAM) and root columella initial cell activity, respectively. Interestingly, the CLE signaling pathway appears to be conserved amongst plants. In this review, we discuss the latest research uncovering the diverse functions and activities of CLE peptides in plants; especially during shoot, root and vascular development. In addition, we discuss the important role of CLE peptides during infection by phytoparasitic nematodes. Understanding the molecular properties of CLE peptides and their modes of action will provide further insight into plant cell–cell communication, which could also be applied to manipulate plant–nematode interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
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- 2012
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24. CLE Peptides in Plants: Proteolytic Processing, Structure-Activity Relationship, and Ligand-Receptor InteractionF CLE Peptides in Plants: Proteolytic Processing, Structure-Activity Relationship, and Ligand-Receptor Interaction.
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Gao, Xiaoming and Guo, Yongfeng
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- *
PEPTIDES , *STRUCTURE-activity relationships , *RECEPTOR-ligand complexes , *ENDOSPERM , *AMINO acids , *LEUCINE , *PLANT cellular signal transduction , *CELL division , *PLANTS - Abstract
Ligand-receptor signaling initiated by the CLAVATA3/ ENDOSPERM SURROUNDING REGION (CLE) family peptides is critical in regulating cell division and differentiation in meristematic tissues in plants. Biologically active CLE peptides are released from precursor proteins via proteolytic processing. The mature form of CLE ligands consists of 12-13 amino acids with several post-translational modifications. This review summarizes recent progress toward understanding the proteolytic activities that cleave precursor proteins to release CLE peptides, the molecular structure and function of mature CLE ligands, and interactions between CLE ligands and corresponding leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor-like kinases (RLKs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2012
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25. Contributions of Individual Amino Acid Residues to the Endogenous CLV3 Function in Shoot Apical Meristem Maintenance in Arabidopsis.
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Song, Xiu-Fen, Yu, Da-Li, Xu, Ting-Ting, Ren, Shi-Chao, Guo, Peng, and Liu, Chun-Ming
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- *
PEPTIDE hormones , *AMINO acid synthesis , *STEM cells , *ARABIDOPSIS , *SHOOT apical meristems , *PLANT genetics - Abstract
As a peptide hormone, CLV3 restricts the stem cell number in shoot apical meristem (SAM) by interacting with CLV1/CLV2/CRN/RPK2 receptor complexes. To elucidate how the function of the CLV3 peptide in SAM maintenance is established at the amino acid (AA) level, alanine substitutions were performed by introducing point mutations to individual residues in the peptide-coding region of CLV3 and its flanking sequences. Constructs carrying such substitutions, expressed under the control of CLV3 regulatory elements, were transformed to the clv3-2 null mutant to evaluate their efficiencies in complementing its defects in SAMs in vivo. These studies showed that aspartate-8, histidine-11, glycine-6, proline-4, arginine-1, and proline-9, arranged in an order of importance, were critical, while threonine-2, valine-3, serine-5, and the previously assigned hydroxylation and arabinosylation residue proline-7 were trivial for the endogenous CLV3 function in SAM maintenance. In contrast, substitutions of flanking residues did not impose much damage on CLV3. Complementation of different alanine-substituted constructs was confirmed by measurements of the sizes of SAMs and the WUS expression levels in transgenic plants. These studies established a complete contribution map of individual residues in the peptide-coding region of CLV3 for its function in SAM, which may help to understand peptide hormones in general. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
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- 2012
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26. Over-expression of WOX1 Leads to Defects in Meristem Development and Polyamine Homeostasis in Arabidopsis.
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Zhang, Yanxia, Wu, Renhong, Qin, Genji, Chen, Zhangliang, Gu, Hongya, and Qu, Li‐Jia
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- *
GENE expression in plants , *POLYAMINES , *ARABIDOPSIS , *MERISTEMS , *PLANT development , *CELL populations , *PLANT enzymes - Abstract
In plants, the meristem has to maintain a separate population of pluripotent cells that serve two main tasks, i.e., self‐maintenance and organ initiation, which are separated spatially in meristem. Prior to our study, WUS and WUS‐like WOX genes had been reported as essential for the development of the SAM. In this study, the consequences of gain of WOX1 function are described. Here we report the identification of an Arabidopsis gain‐of‐function mutant wox1‐D, in which the expression level of the WOX1 (WUSCHEL HOMEOBOX 1) was elevated and subtle defects in meristem development were observed. The wox1‐D mutant phenotype is dwarfed and slightly bushy, with a smaller shoot apex. The wox1‐D mutant also produced small and dark green leaves, and exhibited a failure in anther dehiscence and male sterility. Molecular evidences showed that the transcription of the stem cell marker gene CLV3 was down‐regulated in the meristem of wox1‐D but accumulated in the other regions, i.e., in the root‐hypocotyl junction and at the sites for lateral root initiation. The fact that the organ size and cell size in leaves of wox1‐D are smaller than those in wild type suggests that cell expansion is possibly affected in order to have partially retarded the development of lateral organs, possibly through alteration of CLV3 expression pattern in the meristem. An S‐adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC) protein, SAMDC1, was found able to interact with WOX1 by yeast two‐hybrid and pull‐down assays in vitro. HPLC analysis revealed a significant reduction of polyamine content in wox1‐D. Our results suggest that WOX1 plays an important role in meristem development in Arabidopsis, possibly via regulation of SAMDC activity and polyamine homeostasis, and/or by regulating CLV3 expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
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27. Analogs of the CLV3 Peptide: Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationships Focused on Proline Residues.
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Kondo, Tatsuhiko, Yokomine, Kenjiro, Nakagawa, Aya, and Sakagami, Youji
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- *
PEPTIDES , *STRUCTURE-activity relationships , *CAULIFLOWER , *PLANT proteins , *PEPTIDE hormones , *PLANT shoots , *GENE expression in plants - Abstract
CLAVATA3 (CLV3) is a plant peptide hormone in which the proline residues are post-translationally hydroxylated and glycosylated. CLV3 plays a key role in controlling the stem cell mass in the shoot meristem of Arabidopsis thaliana. In a previous report, we identified a dodecapeptide (MCLV3) from CLV3-overexpressing Arabidopsis calli; MCLV3 was the smallest functional peptide derived from the CLV3 precursor. Here, we designed a series of MCLV3 analogs in which proline residues were substituted with proline derivatives or N-substituted glycines (peptoids). Peptoid substitution at Pro9 decreased bioactivity without affecting specific binding to the CLV1-related protein in cauliflower membrane. These findings suggest that peptoid-substituted peptides would be lead compounds for developing potential agonists and antagonists of CLV3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
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28. Robust control of floral meristem determinacy by position-specific multifunctions of KNUCKLES.
- Author
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Shang E, Wang X, Li T, Guo F, Ito T, and Sun B
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- Flowers cytology, Homeodomain Proteins metabolism, Protein Binding, Repressor Proteins metabolism, Signal Transduction, Stem Cells metabolism, Arabidopsis metabolism, Arabidopsis Proteins metabolism, Carrier Proteins metabolism, Flowers metabolism, Meristem metabolism
- Abstract
Floral organs are properly developed on the basis of timed floral meristem (FM) termination in Arabidopsis In this process, two known regulatory pathways are involved. The WUSCHEL ( WUS )- CLAVATA3 ( CLV3 ) feedback loop is vital for the spatial establishment and maintenance of the FM, while AGAMOUS ( AG )- WUS transcriptional cascades temporally repress FM. At stage 6 of flower development, a C2H2-type zinc finger repressor that is a target of AG, KNUCKLES (KNU), directly represses the stem cell identity gene WUS in the organizing center for FM termination. However, how the robust FM activity is fully quenched within a limited time frame to secure carpel development is not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that KNU directly binds to the CLV1 locus and the cis-regulatory element on CLV3 promoter and represses their expression during FM determinacy control. Furthermore, KNU physically interacts with WUS, and this interaction inhibits WUS from sustaining CLV3 in the central zone. The KNU-WUS interaction also interrupts the formation of WUS homodimers and WUS-HAIRYMERISTEM 1 heterodimers, both of which are required for FM maintenance. Overall, our findings describe a regulatory framework in which KNU plays a position-specific multifunctional role for the tightly controlled FM determinacy., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interest.
- Published
- 2021
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29. FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL3 activates SEPALLATA2 but inhibits CLAVATA3 to regulate meristem determinacy and maintenance in Arabidopsis
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Meicheng Zhao, Langtao Xiao, Xiaohan Ma, Yang Liu, Xigang Liu, Xing Fu, Dongming Li, Haiyang Wang, Xuemei Chen, Zishan He, Zhigang Huang, Guohui Zhu, Yongpeng Li, Lin Guo, Renyi Liu, and Xiuwei Cao
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,SEP2 ,1.1 Normal biological development and functioning ,Meristem ,Arabidopsis ,Flowers ,Biology ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,meristem maintenance ,Underpinning research ,Genetics ,Transcription factor ,Meristem determinacy ,Homeodomain Proteins ,Multidisciplinary ,Phytochrome ,Arabidopsis Proteins ,fungi ,Human Genome ,food and beverages ,Meristem maintenance ,Biological Sciences ,biology.organism_classification ,ABC model of flower development ,030104 developmental biology ,FHY3 ,Photomorphogenesis ,Generic health relevance ,meristem determinacy ,CLV3 ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Transcription Factors - Abstract
Plant meristems are responsible for the generation of all plant tissues and organs. Here we show that the transcription factor (TF) FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL3 (FHY3) plays an important role in both floral meristem (FM) determinacy and shoot apical meristem maintenance in Arabidopsis, in addition to its well-known multifaceted roles in plant growth and development during the vegetative stage. Through genetic analyses, we show that WUSCHEL (WUS) and CLAVATA3 (CLV3), two central players in the establishment and maintenance of meristems, are epistatic to FHY3 Using genome-wide ChIP-seq and RNA-seq data, we identify hundreds of FHY3 target genes in flowers and find that FHY3 mainly acts as a transcriptional repressor in flower development, in contrast to its transcriptional activator role in seedlings. Binding motif-enrichment analyses indicate that FHY3 may coregulate flower development with three flower-specific MADS-domain TFs and four basic helix-loop-helix TFs that are involved in photomorphogenesis. We further demonstrate that CLV3, SEPALLATA1 (SEP1), and SEP2 are FHY3 target genes. In shoot apical meristem, FHY3 directly represses CLV3, which consequently regulates WUS to maintain the stem cell pool. Intriguingly, CLV3 expression did not change significantly in fhy3 and phytochrome B mutants before and after light treatment, indicating that FHY3 and phytochrome B are involved in light-regulated meristem activity. In FM, FHY3 directly represses CLV3, but activates SEP2, to ultimately promote FM determinacy. Taken together, our results reveal insights into the mechanisms of meristem maintenance and determinacy, and illustrate how the roles of a single TF may vary in different organs and developmental stages.
- Published
- 2016
30. Analogs of the CLV3 Peptide: Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationships Focused on Proline Residues
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Tatsuhiko Kondo, Aya Nakagawa, Youji Sakagami, and Kenjiro Yokomine
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Arabidopsis thaliana ,Proline ,Physiology ,Structure–activity relationship ,Plant Science ,Structure-Activity Relationship ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Arabidopsis ,Peptide synthesis ,biology ,Arabidopsis Proteins ,fungi ,Plant peptide hormone ,Peptoid ,Cell Biology ,General Medicine ,Meristem ,biology.organism_classification ,Special Issue – Regular Papers ,Peptide hormone ,Peptide Fragments ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,CLV3 - Abstract
CLAVATA3 (CLV3) is a plant peptide hormone in which the proline residues are post-translationally hydroxylated and glycosylated. CLV3 plays a key role in controlling the stem cell mass in the shoot meristem of Arabidopsis thaliana. In a previous report, we identified a dodecapeptide (MCLV3) from CLV3-overexpressing Arabidopsis calli; MCLV3 was the smallest functional peptide derived from the CLV3 precursor. Here, we designed a series of MCLV3 analogs in which proline residues were substituted with proline derivatives or N-substituted glycines (peptoids). Peptoid substitution at Pro9 decreased bioactivity without affecting specific binding to the CLV1-related protein in cauliflower membrane. These findings suggest that peptoid-substituted peptides would be lead compounds for developing potential agonists and antagonists of CLV3.
- Published
- 2010
31. An auxin responsive CLE gene regulates shoot apical meristem development in Arabidopsis
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Qingnan Hu, Shucai Wang, Xianling Wang, Hongyan Guo, Kaijie Zheng, Xuemei Dai, Shanda Liu, Hainan Tian, Bao Liu, and Wei Zhang
- Subjects
Peptide Hormone Gene ,Apical dominance ,Arabidopsis ,Oryza sativa ,GUS reporter system ,Plant Science ,lcsh:Plant culture ,Auxin ,Botany ,lcsh:SB1-1110 ,Lateral root formation ,Original Research ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,peptide hormone ,biology ,fungi ,food and beverages ,Meristem ,biology.organism_classification ,Cell biology ,chemistry ,Plant hormone ,OsCLE48 ,auxin ,Apical Meristem ,CLV3 - Abstract
Plant hormone auxin regulates most, if not all aspects of plant growth and development, including lateral root formation, organ pattering, apical dominance, and tropisms. Peptide hormones are peptides with hormone activities. Some of the functions of peptide hormones in regulating plant growth and development are similar to that of auxin, however, the relationship between auxin and peptide hormones remains largely unknown. Here we report the identification of OsCLE48, a rice (Oryza sativa) CLE (CLAVATA3/ENDOSPERM SURROUNDING REGION) gene, as an auxin response gene, and the functional characterization of OsCLE48 in Arabidopsis and rice. OsCLE48 encodes a CLE peptide hormone that is similar to Arabidopsis CLEs. RT-PCR analysis showed that OsCLE48 was induced by exogenously application of IAA (indole-3-acetic acid), a naturally occurred auxin. Expression of integrated OsCLE48p:GUS reporter gene in transgenic Arabidopsis plants was also induced by exogenously IAA treatment. These results indicate that OsCLE48 is an auxin responsive gene. Histochemical staining showed that GUS activity was detected in all the tissue and organs of the OsCLE48p:GUS transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Expression of OsCLE48 under the control of the 35S promoter in Arabidopsis inhibited shoot apical meristem development. Expression of OsCLE48 under the control of the CLV3 native regulatory elements almost completely complemented clv3-2 mutant phenotypes, suggesting that OsCLE48 is functionally similar to CLV3. On the other hand, expression of OsCLE48 under the control of the 35S promoter in Arabidopsis has little, if any effects on root apical meristem development, and transgenic rice plants overexpressing OsCLE48 are morphologically indistinguishable from wild type plants, suggesting that the functions of some CLE peptides may not be fully conserved in Arabidopsis and rice. Taken together, our results showed that OsCLE48 is an auxin responsive peptide hormone gene, and it regulates shoot apical meristem development when expressed in Arabidopsis.
- Published
- 2015
32. Antagonistic peptide technology for functional dissection of CLE peptides revisited
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Pietro Cattaneo, Karine Gustavo Pinto, Mari Wildhagen, Rüdiger Simon, Reidunn B. Aalen, Yvonne Stahl, Christian S. Hardtke, Melinka A. Butenko, Ive De Smet, and Nathan Czyzewicz
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ,NODULATION ,Physiology ,Arabidopsis ,Peptide ,peptide structure ,Plant Science ,ABSCISSION ,Bioinformatics ,01 natural sciences ,Genome ,INFLORESCENCE-DEFICIENT ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Peptide sequence ,GENE-EXPRESSION ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,0303 health sciences ,biology ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Arabidopsis/genetics ,Arabidopsis/metabolism ,Arabidopsis Proteins/chemistry ,Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics ,Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods ,Peptides/genetics ,Peptides/metabolism ,Sequence Alignment ,food and beverages ,3. Good health ,small signalling peptides ,PROTOPHLOEM DIFFERENTIATION ,CLV3 ,Research Paper ,Context (language use) ,Sequence alignment ,Computational biology ,03 medical and health sciences ,peptide variants ,Gene ,030304 developmental biology ,Arabidopsis Proteins ,ROOT-MERISTEM ,Biology and Life Sciences ,RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASES ,biology.organism_classification ,root ,chemistry ,ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA ,CLE ,IDA ,STEM-CELL FATE ,Peptides ,Function (biology) ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Highlight Information collected using antagonistic peptide approaches can be very useful, but these approaches do not work in all cases and require insight on ligand-receptor interactions and peptide ligand structure., In the Arabidopsis thaliana genome, over 1000 putative genes encoding small, presumably secreted, signalling peptides can be recognized. However, a major obstacle in identifying the function of genes encoding small signalling peptides is the limited number of available loss-of-function mutants. To overcome this, a promising new tool, antagonistic peptide technology, was recently developed. Here, this antagonistic peptide technology was tested on selected CLE peptides and the related IDA peptide and its usefulness in the context of studies of peptide function discussed. Based on the analyses, it was concluded that the antagonistic peptide approach is not the ultimate means to overcome redundancy or lack of loss-of-function lines. However, information collected using antagonistic peptide approaches (in the broad sense) can be very useful, but these approaches do not work in all cases and require a deep insight on the interaction between the ligand and its receptor to be successful. This, as well as peptide ligand structure considerations, should be taken into account before ordering a wide range of synthetic peptide variants and/or generating transgenic plants.
- Published
- 2015
33. The CLAVATA3/ESR motif of CLAVATA3 is functionally independent from the nonconserved flanking sequences
- Author
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Lonneke van der Geest, Elżbieta Golemiec, Martijn Fiers, Willem J. Stiekema, Chun-Ming Liu, Roel C. van der Schors, Ka Wan Li, and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology
- Subjects
Receptor complex ,Physiology ,Sequence analysis ,Amino Acid Motifs ,Meristem ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Arabidopsis ,cle19 ,Sequence alignment ,Plant Science ,Biology ,Conserved sequence ,stem-cell homeostasis ,Protein structure ,Sequence Analysis, Protein ,Genetics ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Peptide sequence ,Conserved Sequence ,Homeodomain Proteins ,plant-parasitic nematode ,Arabidopsis Proteins ,pathway ,Genetic Complementation Test ,fungi ,food and beverages ,root-meristem ,proteins ,Cell biology ,Protein Structure, Tertiary ,clv3 ,PRI Bioscience ,receptor-like kinase ,arabidopsis shoot meristem ,gene encodes ,Sequence motif ,Sequence Alignment ,Gene Deletion ,Plant Shoots ,Research Article - Abstract
It is believed that CLAVATA3 (CLV3) encodes a peptide ligand that interacts with the CLV1/CLV2 receptor complex to limit the number of stem cells in the shoot apical meristem of Arabidopsis thaliana; however, the exact composition of the functional CLV3 product remains a mystery. A recent study on CLV3 shows that the CLV3/ESR (CLE) motif, together with the adjacent C-terminal sequence, is sufficient to execute CLV3 function when fused behind an N-terminal sequence of ERECTA. Here we show that most of the sequences flanking the CLE motif of CLV3 can be deleted without affecting CLV3 function. Using a liquid culture assay, we demonstrate that CLV3p, a synthetic peptide corresponding to the CLE motif of CLV3, is able to restrict the size of the shoot apical meristem in clv3 seedlings but not in clv1 seedlings. In accordance with this decrease in meristem size, application of CLV3p to in vitro-grown clv3 seedlings restricts the expression of the stem cell-promoting transcription factor WUSCHEL. Thus, we propose that the CLE motif is the functional region of CLV3 and that this region acts independently of its adjacent sequences.
- Published
- 2006
34. Maize multiple archesporial cells 1 (mac1), an ortholog of rice TDL1A, modulates cell proliferation and identity in early anther development
- Author
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Timothy Kelliher, W. Zacheus Cande, Inna N. Golubovskaya, Ljudmilla Timofejeva, Guo-Ling Nan, Chung-Ju Rachel Wang, Virginia Walbot, Lisa Harper, Vanessa Vernoud, Rachel L. Egger, University of California [Berkeley], University of California, Academia Sinica, Dept Biol, Stanford University, Tallinn University of Technology (TTÜ), Reproduction et développement des plantes (RDP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), NI Vavilov Inst Plant Ind, Partenaires INRAE, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), US National Science Foundation [07-01880], University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Somatic cell ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Mutant ,Population ,FATE ,PROTEIN ,Flowers ,Meiocyte ,Zea mays ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,Plant reproduction ,SPOROCYTELESS ,Arabidopsis ,EMBRYOGENESIS ,[SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology ,Secretion ,SPOROGENESIS ,education ,Molecular Biology ,Research Articles ,Cell Proliferation ,Plant Proteins ,030304 developmental biology ,2. Zero hunger ,Genetics ,0303 health sciences ,education.field_of_study ,Epidermis (botany) ,biology ,Cell fate acquisition ,Cell growth ,MEIOTIC PROPHASE ,Reproduction ,Oryza ,biology.organism_classification ,GENE ,Cell biology ,Maize ,ARABIDOPSIS ANTHER ,Anther development ,RECEPTOR KINASE ,CLV3 ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Developmental Biology - Abstract
International audience; To ensure fertility, complex somatic and germinal cell proliferation and differentiation programs must be executed in flowers. Loss-of-function of the maize multiple archesporial cells 1 (mac1) gene increases the meiotically competent population and ablates specification of somatic wall layers in anthers. We report the cloning of mac1, which is the ortholog of rice TDL1A. Contrary to prior studies in rice and Arabidopsis in which mac1-like genes were inferred to act late to suppress trans-differentiation of somatic tapetal cells into meiocytes, we find that mac1 anthers contain excess archesporial (AR) cells that proliferate at least twofold more rapidly than normal prior to tapetal specification, suggesting that MAC1 regulates cell proliferation. mac1 transcript is abundant in immature anthers and roots. By immunolocalization, MAC1 protein accumulates preferentially in AR cells with a declining radial gradient that could result from diffusion. By transient expression in onion epidermis, we demonstrate experimentally that MAC1 is secreted, confirming that the predicted signal peptide domain in MAC1 leads to secretion. Insights from cytology and double-mutant studies with ameiotic1 and absence of first division1 mutants confirm that MAC1 does not affect meiotic cell fate; it also operates independently of an epidermal, Ocl4-dependent pathway that regulates proliferation of subepidermal cells. MAC1 both suppresses excess AR proliferation and is responsible for triggering periclinal division of subepidermal cells. We discuss how MAC1 can coordinate the temporal and spatial pattern of cell proliferation in maize anthers.
- Published
- 2012
35. Increasing model robustness for stem cell regulation in plant shoots
- Author
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Korsbo, Niklas and Korsbo, Niklas
- Abstract
The transcription factor WUSCHEL and the peptide CLAVATA3 have key roles to plat in the regulatory network effecting the differentiation of the stem cells at the shoot apical meristem of Arabidopsis. The signal pathway of this network has been under investigation for several years and models utilizing the already identified parts of the network have been developed. Such models have however so far been unable to explain a buffering ability of WUSCHEL against certain perturbations made experimentally to the promoter strength of CLAVATA3. For this thesis several alternative models have been proposed and investigated. All of them have a basis in a previously published model and adds or replaces different connections in order to be able to produce the experimentally observed dynamics. These in silico experiments have yielded several new models that are able to explain the buffering capabilities of WUSCHEL. They also show that many types of self-activation of WUSCHEL can produce not only the WUSCHEL buffering dynamics, but also the dynamics of the additional six mutant experiments that were used as a basis for the previous model.
- Published
- 2013
36. The role of LC and FAS in regulating floral meristem and fruit locule number in tomato
- Author
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Chu, Yi-Hsuan
- Subjects
- Horticulture, Plant Biology, Tomato, locule number, LC, FAS, CLV3, WUS, Near-Isogenic Lines, floral meristem
- Abstract
In tomato, lc and fas control the variation between the small and bilocular fruits from the wild ancestor (S. pimpinellifolium) and large fruit cultivars (S. lycopersicum var. lycopersicum) with up to ten locules. SlWUS and SlCLV3 are the candidates of lc and fas, respectively. The regulatory balance between these two genes plays a pivotal role in meristem maintenance in Arabidopsis. However, the genetic and molecular mechanisms of SlWUS and SlCLV3 have not been functionally characterized in tomato. Here, we performed a detailed phenotypic analysis of the reproductive organs in tomato near-isogenic lines. The results showed that lc and fas synergistically controlled floral organ and locule number. In addition, results from targeted RNA interference (RNAi) and transgenic complementation of fas clearly demonstrated that SlCLV3 was the gene underlying fas. By using mRNA in situ hybridization and transcriptome profiling, we observed temporal and spatial changes in the expression patterns of these two genes during floral development. Our results indicated that lc was a gain-of-function mutation of SlWUS while fas was a loss-of-function mutation of SlCLV3. We also conducted transcriptome analyses to capture differentially expressed genes (DEGs) responding to single and double mutations of lc and fas across vegetative/reproductive meristems and young flower buds. We adopted a recently developed 3’ Tag RNA-seq method for RNA-seq library preparation and compared its performance with the standard whole mRNA-seq method. Gene Ontology analysis over the DEGs showed enriched functionalities related to meristem/floral development and organ patterning. In addition, co-expression analysis revealed that microtubule motor activity and sterol/brassinosteroids biology might underlie differences between wild and fasciated tomato. In summary, the findings on tomato locule number and meristem control in this dissertation have provided new insights into the mechanisms in tomato fruit development.
- Published
- 2017
37. CLE peptide ligands and their roles in establishing meristems
- Author
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Chun-Ming Liu, Ka Lei Ku, and Martijn Fiers
- Subjects
family ,Cell division ,Cellular differentiation ,Meristem ,Peptide ,Plant Science ,Biology ,Ligands ,stem-cell homeostasis ,Plant Growth Regulators ,clavata3 ,Gene ,Plant Proteins ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,EPS-1 ,plant-parasitic nematode ,Cell growth ,Kinase ,Stem Cells ,fungi ,root-meristem ,clv3 ,PRI Bioscience ,receptor-like kinase ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,gene encodes ,arabidopsis shoot ,protein ,Peptides ,Intracellular - Abstract
Research in the past decade revealed that peptide ligands, also called peptide hormones, play a crucial role in intercellular communication and defense response in plants. Recent studies demonstrated that a family of plant-specific genes, CLAVATA3 (CLV3)/ENDOSPERM SURROUNDING REGION (ESR) (CLE), which has at least 31 members in Arabidopsis genome, are able to generate extracellular peptides to regulate cell division and differentiation. A hydroxyl 12-amino acid peptide derived from the conserved CLE motif of CLV3 promotes cell differentiation, whereas another CLE-derived peptide suppresses the differentiation. These peptides probably interact with membrane-bound, leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) to execute the decision between cell proliferation and differentiation.
- Published
- 2006
38. An auxin responsive CLE gene regulates shoot apical meristem development in Arabidopsis.
- Author
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Guo H, Zhang W, Tian H, Zheng K, Dai X, Liu S, Hu Q, Wang X, Liu B, and Wang S
- Abstract
Plant hormone auxin regulates most, if not all aspects of plant growth and development, including lateral root formation, organ pattering, apical dominance, and tropisms. Peptide hormones are peptides with hormone activities. Some of the functions of peptide hormones in regulating plant growth and development are similar to that of auxin, however, the relationship between auxin and peptide hormones remains largely unknown. Here we report the identification of OsCLE48, a rice (Oryza sativa) CLE (CLAVATA3/ENDOSPERM SURROUNDING REGION) gene, as an auxin response gene, and the functional characterization of OsCLE48 in Arabidopsis and rice. OsCLE48 encodes a CLE peptide hormone that is similar to Arabidopsis CLEs. RT-PCR analysis showed that OsCLE48 was induced by exogenously application of IAA (indole-3-acetic acid), a naturally occurred auxin. Expression of integrated OsCLE48p:GUS reporter gene in transgenic Arabidopsis plants was also induced by exogenously IAA treatment. These results indicate that OsCLE48 is an auxin responsive gene. Histochemical staining showed that GUS activity was detected in all the tissue and organs of the OsCLE48p:GUS transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Expression of OsCLE48 under the control of the 35S promoter in Arabidopsis inhibited shoot apical meristem development. Expression of OsCLE48 under the control of the CLV3 native regulatory elements almost completely complemented clv3-2 mutant phenotypes, suggesting that OsCLE48 is functionally similar to CLV3. On the other hand, expression of OsCLE48 under the control of the 35S promoter in Arabidopsis has little, if any effects on root apical meristem development, and transgenic rice plants overexpressing OsCLE48 are morphologically indistinguishable from wild type plants, suggesting that the functions of some CLE peptides may not be fully conserved in Arabidopsis and rice. Taken together, our results showed that OsCLE48 is an auxin responsive peptide hormone gene, and it regulates shoot apical meristem development when expressed in Arabidopsis.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. CLAVATA3-like genes are differentially expressed in grape vine (Vitis vinifera) tissues.
- Author
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Tominaga-Wada R, Nukumizu Y, Wada T, Sawa S, and Tetsumura T
- Subjects
- Phylogeny, Plant Proteins classification, Plant Proteins genetics, Plant Proteins metabolism, Vitis metabolism
- Abstract
The CLAVATA3 (CLV3)/endosperm surrounding region [(ESR) CLE] peptides function as intercellular signaling molecules that regulate various physiological and developmental processes in diverse plant species. We identified five CLV3-like genes from grape vine (Vitis vinifera var. Pinot Noir): VvCLE 6, VvCLE 25-1, VvCLE 25-2, VvCLE 43 and VvCLE TDIF. These CLV3-like genes encode short proteins containing 43-128 amino acids. Except VvCLE TDIF, grape vine CLV3-like proteins possess a consensus amino acid sequence known as the CLE domain. Phylogenic analysis suggests that the VvCLE 6, VvCLE25-1, VvCLE25-2 and VvCLE43 genes have evolved from a single common ancestor to the Arabidopsis CLV3 gene. Expression analyses showed that the five grape CLV3-like genes are expressed in leaves, stems, roots and axillary buds with significant differences in their levels of expression. For example, while all of them were strongly expressed in axillary buds, VvCLE6 and VvCLE43 expression prevailed in roots, and VvCLE25-1, VvCLE25-2 and VvCLE TDIF expression in stems. The differential expression of the five grape CLV3-like peptides suggests that they play different roles in different organs and developmental stages., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Individual amino acid residues in CLV3 peptide contribute to its stability in vitro.
- Author
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Song XF, Xu TT, Ren SC, and Liu CM
- Subjects
- Amino Acid Substitution, Amino Acids, Arabidopsis genetics, Arabidopsis metabolism, Arabidopsis Proteins genetics, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Homeodomain Proteins genetics, Homeodomain Proteins metabolism, Meristem genetics, Meristem metabolism, Protein Stability, Structure-Activity Relationship, Arabidopsis Proteins chemistry, Arabidopsis Proteins metabolism, Peptides chemistry, Peptides metabolism
- Abstract
CLV3 acts as a peptide ligand to interact with leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor kinases in neighboring cells to restrict the size of shoot apical meristems (SAMs) in Arabidopsis. To examine contributions of individual amino acid residues in CLV3 peptide in SAM maintenance, 12 synthetic Ala-substituted CLV3 peptides were applied to clv3-2 seedlings cultured in vitro, and the sizes of SAMs were measured after 9 d. The result showed that Pro-9 and His-11 are the most critical residues, while Val-3 and Ser-5 are the least important ones for CLV3 functions in SAMs in vitro. With MALDI-TOF mass spectrum analyses, we further showed that Ala substitution in His-11 led to a greatly reduced stability of the peptide, leading to a complete degradation of the peptide after cultured with seedlings for only one hour. The substitution of Pro-9 by Ala also led to a complete degradation of the peptides after 2 d incubation. In contrast, Ala substitutions in Val-3 or Ser-5 gave very little changes on peptide stabilities. These results suggested that stabilities of Ala-substituted CLV3 peptides are positively correlated with their activities in SAMs. We thus propose that the stability of CLV3 may partially contribute to its function in SAM maintenance.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. The sequence flanking the N-terminus of the CLV3 peptide is critical for its cleavage and activity in stem cell regulation in Arabidopsis
- Author
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Xiu-Fen Song, Shi-Chao Ren, Chun-Ming Liu, and Ting-Ting Xu
- Subjects
AA substitution ,Flanking sequence ,Recombinant Fusion Proteins ,Amino Acid Motifs ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Arabidopsis ,Peptide ,Sequence alignment ,Plant Science ,Cleavage (embryo) ,Plant Roots ,Structure-Activity Relationship ,Stem cell regulation ,Leucine ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Peptide cleavage ,Peptide sequence ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,biology ,Arabidopsis Proteins ,Stem Cells ,fungi ,food and beverages ,Meristem ,biology.organism_classification ,Molecular biology ,Cell biology ,N-terminus ,chemistry ,Seedlings ,Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization ,Biological Assay ,Stem cell ,Peptides ,Sequence Alignment ,CLV3 ,Research Article - Abstract
Background Although it is known that CLAVATA3 (CLV3) acts as 12- and/or 13-amino acid (AA) secreted peptides to regulate the number of stem cells in shoot apical meristems (SAMs), how functional CLV3 peptides are generated and if any particular sequences are required for the processing remain largely unknown. Results We developed a mass spectrometry (MS)-based in vitro assay to monitor the cleavage of heterologously produced CLV3 fusion protein. Through co-cultivation of the fusion protein with Arabidopsis seedlings, we identified two cleavage sites: the previously reported one before Arg70 and a new one before Met39. Using synthetic peptides together with MALDI-Tof-MS analyses, we demonstrated that the non-conserved 5-AA motifs flanking N-termini of the CLV3 and its orthologous CLE1 peptides were critical for their cleavages and optimal activities in vitro. We also found that substitutions of Leu69 by Ala in fusion protein and in synthetic peptide of CLV3 compromised their cleavages, leading to significantly reduced activities in regulating the sizes of shoot and root meristems. Conclusions These results suggest that 5-AA residues flanking the N-terminus of CLV3 peptide are required for proper cleavages and optimal function in stem cell regulation.
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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