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The objective of the study was the evaluation of survival and productivity indicators in different species/hybrids of Eucalyptus in the adult stage, as well as the vegetative rescue of adult trees and cuttings, testing for species/hybrids, concentration of growth regulator and substrates in rooting. In the evaluation of species/hybrids, height (m), diameter at breast height (DBH, cm) and individual volume (m3 per individual) were measured, and survival was evaluated. In the vegetative rescue treatment, the number of shoots produced at 90, 120 and 210 days was evaluated. In the cutting experiments, the species that produced rescue shoots were tested, in addition to indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) doses (0, 1 500, 3 000 and 4 500 mg L−1) and four substrates for rooting cuttings. The experiments of IBA doses and substrates were carried out using Eucalyptus saligna plants. In the cutting experiments, after 120 days of cultivation, the following variables were evaluated: callus formation (%), survival (%), rooting (%), number and length of roots. The best results regarding survival and quantitative variables of the species/hybrids were obtained for E. dunnii, E. dunnii × E. grandis and E. pellita. In the vegetative rescue, E. dunnii × E. grandis and E. pellita had the highest formation of shoots and the girdling vegetative rescue method had the best results in terms of generated shoots. E. saligna had better results regarding the variables related to the rooting of cuttings. The substrate S3 and the use of 1 500 mg L−1 of IBA provided the highest survival rate and better variables related to the rooting of the cuttings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. In Costa Rica, an incidence of nearly 40 % has been reported for a disease caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata in commercial plantations of Gmelina arborea (melina), which is the second most widely planted forest tree species in the country. Consequently, there is a pressing need to explore genetic material that exhibit resistance to this pathogen. Objective. To evaluate two methods of C. fimbriata inoculation and their effect on elite genotypes of melina, for their use within the melina genetic improvement program at the international forest genetic improvement cooperative GENFORES. Materials and methods. A pathogenicity test was established using the CIF 001 isolate of C. fimbriata under greenhouse conditions, in Santa Clara, San Carlos, Costa Rica. Two inoculation methods were evaluated in five elite genotypes from October 2019 to January 2020. The effect of the pathogen was evaluated by measuring total height development, basal diameter, number of leaves, incidence, and internal injury within the plant. The assessment was conducted at 30, 60, 90, and 120 days. Results. Mortality was observed from day 38 and reached an incidence of 26.7 % at 120 days. The treatment using solid medium displayed the highest incidence percentage. Genotypes 15N and 58 exhibited high susceptibility to the CIF 001 isolate, whereas genotypes 1 and 57 exhibited high tolerance. Based on the results, it was determined that the pathogenicity test of C. fimbriata on melina can be evaluated at 90 days. Conclusion. Solid medium was the most effective method for inoculating melina with C. fimbriata (isolate CIF 001). Evaluations showed the need to assess results at least 90 days after inoculation. Based on the analysis of the internal lesion, genotype 1 was identified as highly resistant to the effect of the pathogen. The inclusion of this genotype as an evaluation technique will substantially enhance the protocol for assessing tolerance to the pathogen.

ABSTRACT The aim of the work was to analyze the influence of variables such as shading, temperature and humidity in the production and rooting of mini-cuttings of Sequoia sempervirens (D. Dom) Endl. in a clonal mini-garden. The experiment was conducted at the Forest Nursery at the University of Santa Catarina State - CAV/UDESC, Lages - SC. The minicuttings were obtained by vegetative rescue of a single clone (A228). The original S. sempervirens individuals studied are located in the National Forest of São Francisco de Paula -RS (FLONA). Sprouts were collected 90 days after the application of girdling rescue techniques. Subsequently, mini-stumps were obtained, which were submitted to three different treatments: T1 - Mini-stumps without shading protection, T2 - Mini-stumps with single layer of shading and T3 - Mini-stumps with double layer of shading. There was no significant difference for humidity and temperature in relation to the production of mini-cuttings by the mini-stumps, while for shading the treatments T2 and T3 showed greater efficiency. It is possible that the shading treatments on S. sempervirens mini-stumps allows the vegetative tissue to be more juvenile, obtaining excellent results in cutting.

Lysimachia nummularia L. is a plant belonging to the Primulaceae family, which is particularly valuable as a medicinal raw material used in folk medicine in many countries. It has excellent antibacterial and antioxidant capacity of metabolites. That is why the microclonal propagation of Lysimachia nummularia L. is a relevant issue. The purpose of this paper is to develop approaches to microclonal propagation of L. nummularia. For microclonal reproduction of L. nummularia, the method of activation of isolated tissues and organs already present in the plant meristem and induction of direct regeneration directly by explant tissues was used. To select highly productive cell lines of representatives of the genus Lysimachia, callus culture was obtained by indirect morphogenesis from stem and leaf explants. It was found that the formation of tissues and organs of L. nummularia into in vitro culture depended on the composition of the nutrient medium and the quantitative and qualitative ratio of growth regulators in it. Active proliferation of L. nummularia microshoots into in vitro culture was noted on the variants of Murashige and Skoog, and Driver and Kuniyuki nutrient medium with 6-benzylaminopurine 4.0 mg∙l -1, indolyl butyric acid 0.03 mg∙l -1, gibberellic acid 0.1 mg∙l -1. It was established that for microclonal reproduction, induction, and proliferation of the root system and obtaining regenerating plants of L. nummularia, the most effective is the use of nutrient media according to Murashige and Skoog with the addition of thidiazuron 0.5 mg∙l -1 and 0.25 mg∙l -1 kinetin. The optimal conditions for the induction of callusogenesis and obtaining the culture of cells and callus tissues of L. nummularia and its passage in vitro were selected. It has been shown that the modified nutrient medium of Murashige and Skoog, with 2.4-dichlorophenacetic acid 1.5 mg∙l -1 and indole-3-acetic acid 0.2 mg∙l -1, is optimal for the accumulation of callus tissue biomass of L. nummularia, which ensured the frequency of callusogenesis for the first and second passages up to 98.0 ± 0.2%. 5 cell lines that actively synthesize stilbenoids and the highly productive LN-EE 02/19 cell line, which is capable of synthesizing and accumulating in callus tissues up to 10-12 mg∙g-1 of myricetrin, were selectively isolated. As a result of the analysis, the callus culture cell line LN-EE 02/19 was obtained, which allows obtaining myricetrin in amounts up to 10.0-12.0 mg∙l -1 of raw biomass. The developed protocol can be used both for L. nummularia plants and other representatives of the Primulaceae family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the work was to analyze the influence of variables such as shading, temperature and humidity in the production and rooting of mini-cuttings of Sequoia sempervirens (D. Dom) Endl. in a clonal mini-garden. The experiment was conducted at the Forest Nursery at the University of Santa Catarina State - CAV/UDESC, Lages - SC. The minicuttings were obtained by vegetative rescue of a single clone (A228). The original S. sempervirens individuals studied are located in the National Forest of São Francisco de Paula -RS (FLONA). Sprouts were collected 90 days after the application of girdling rescue techniques. Subsequently, mini-stumps were obtained, which were submitted to three different treatments: T1 - Mini-stumps without shading protection, T2 - Mini-stumps with single layer of shading and T3 - Mini-stumps with double layer of shading. There was no significant difference for humidity and temperature in relation to the production of mini-cuttings by the mini-stumps, while for shading the treatments T2 and T3 showed greater efficiency. It is possible that the shading treatments on S. sempervirens mini-stumps allows the vegetative tissue to be more juvenile, obtaining excellent results in cutting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European white elm (Ulmus laevis Pall.) tissue in vitro is a donor material for obtaining cultures with stable resistance to pathologies of infectious origin, namely to Dutch elm disease. To solve this problem, it is necessary to develop an effective protocol for the regeneration of U. laevis in vitro. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of chloramine concentrations on the mycobiota of U. laevis plant tissues for propagation in vitro. 10-15 cm parts of shoots from 25-year-old U. laevis were used as plant material. The study was conducted in the autumn of 2021. Microshoots previously sterilized with chloramine (1.0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 10.0%) for 10 min were cultivated on a solid nutrient medium according to the WPM recipe (McCown & Lloyd, 1981) with the addition of 0.2 mg∙l -1 2 - iP (6-(γ,γ- Dimethylallylamino)purine) and 2.0 g∙l-1 of activated carbon. For microbiological analysis, sterilised plant material was cultured by accumulation in Petri dishes with a nutrient medium (sour potato agar) in a thermostat without lighting at +26 ± 1°C and a relative humidity of 68 ± 2%. Methods of biotechnological, mycological, and statistical research were employed in this study. Over 95% of the samples were found to be infected with microscopic fungi of the genus Mucor Fresen., Penicillium Link, Chaetomium Kunze and Trichoderma Pers. The effect of preparation concentration on the total number of infected explants is statistically insignificant at 5%. It was found that 5.0% preparation is effective for neutralising mycobiota of the genus Chaetomium and Trichoderma; 10.0% – for neutralising Penicillium mycobiota. If the concentration of chloramine increases, the intensity of infection of explants with mycobiota of various genera decreases. As a result of the research, a small amount of aseptic cultures were obtained from the shoots of U. laevis isolated in autumn. This study is relevant for biologists, biotechnologists, microbiologists, and biological scientists [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A vegetative multiplication trial was conducted in two commercially important timber species with different rooting abilities from the genus Dalbergia. Dalbergia latifolia, globally known as 'Indian rosewood', is a premium-quality high priced Indian timber species. It is vulnerable in the forest and bears the constraint of poor adventitious rooting through branch cuttings, hence classified as a difficult-to-root (DR) species. On the other hand, D. sissoo is a multipurpose timber species of North India known for its guaranteed rooting, hence classified as an easy-to-root (ER) species. Among the commercially synthesised auxins viz. indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), and rooting synergists, thiamine and piperazine, 5.0 mM IAA resulted in the highest rooting percentage (12%) in the branch cuttings of the DR species. High genetic variation was observed among the accessions of the DR species on rooting ability. No significant correlation was obtained between the endogenous auxin (IAA) level and rooting ability in both DR and ER species. The results indicated that the adventitious rooting potential varies from tree to tree within a species and is significantly not dependent on their endogenous IAA level. The findings did not support the concept that endogenous auxins directly affect root formation. However, a more refined extraction procedure and assay, with advanced instrumentation, at different stages, can validate the possible role of IAA in adventitious rhizogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy independence of the country can be solved in several ways. One of them is the creation of energy plantations of woody plants. The area increase of such plantations is limited by the insufficient amount of high-quality planting material. Hybrid plants of the genus Populus are of considerable interest when creating plantations. Given that not all hybrids are successfully propagated by conventional vegetative methods, the use of biotechnological methods, namely microclonal propagation, solves the mentioned problem. This method allows obtaining a large amount of highquality, uniform planting material. The purpose of this study was to develop the technology of microclonal propagation of black poplar hybrids ‘San Giorgio’ and ‘Ghoy’. The study used generally accepted biotechnological methods in the author’s modification at all stages of obtaining planting material of regenerating plants of poplar hybrids. Studies have established a positive effect when obtaining an aseptic culture of sterilising substances 0.1% AgNO3, 2.5 and 1.25% NaClO, 0.05% sodium merthiolate and 0.1% HgCl2. The largest number of aseptic viable explants was obtained by cultures using a 0.05% solution of sodium merthiolate after exposure for 5 and 10 minutes. When rooting microshoots on a hormone-free nutrient medium ½ MS and with the addition of 0.1-1.0 mg/l IBA, it was established that the best parameters for rooting microshoots are on a hormone-free nutrient medium ½ MS. Adaptation was carried out for 4 weeks in a greenhouse on a substrate that included components of peat:sand:perlite in a ratio of 1:1:1. The viability of regenerating plants of black poplar hybrids ‘San Giorgio’ and ‘Ghoy’ was more than 91%. The conducted research and the obtained results will be useful for producers of planting material and the scientific environment, which develop renewable energy sources through the creation of energy plantations of fast-growing woody plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a clonal network, a mother plant is connected with daughter ramets. During network development, new ramets may encounter barriers that disrupt network integrity. As a result, resource allocation within a network is disturbed. In this study, the effect of network integrity disruption on the size of ramets and their sexual reproduction was investigated in mouse-ear hawkweed (Hieracium pilosella). Three types of networks were formed experimentally with unlimited resource allocation, with limited resource allocation between a mother plant and its daughter ramets and with limited resource allocation between all ramets. Networks were either supported by the presence of a mycorrhizal fungus or restricted by its absence. We found that the size of the mother and the effectiveness of sexual reproduction did not differ among network types. The length and dry mass of runners were higher in cases with limited resource exchange between a mother plant and its daughters. In the clonal plant network without any barriers to connection, a higher number of rosettes and lower dry mass of daughters were recorded. The mean number of daughter flowers did not differ among the network types. Mycorrhizal network is one of the most important factors for the sexual reproduction of clonal plants. With a reduced mycorrhizal network, plants invested in clonal growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Obtaining juvenile material may favor the clonal propagation of Brazil nut, Bertholletia excelsa. We aimed to assess the emission of epicormic shoots on detached branches of Brazil nut trees as a function of the mother tree and branch diameter, in order to provide juvenile material for use in clonal multiplication. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 6 (mother trees) x 3 (stem diameter: < 20 20-40 and 40-80 mm) factorial design, with four replicates. Every five days the number of shoots emitted was counted and the sprouting speed index and average sprouting time were calculated. The number of epicormic shoots and the sprouting speed index were dependent on the interaction between mother tree and branch diameter. Branches with larger diameter (20-40 and 40-80 mm) showed higher potential for obtaining propagules for use in Brazil nut clonal multiplication (cutting, grafting and in vitro cultivation).

Abstract Background Effective matching of genotypes and environments is required for the species to reach optimal productivity and act effectively for carbon sequestration. A common garden experiment across five different environments was undertaken to assess genotype x environment interaction (GxE) of coast redwood in order to understand the performance of genotypes across environments. Results The quantitative genetic analysis discovered no GxE between investigated environments for diameter at breast height (DBH). However, no genetic component was detected at one environment possibly due to stressful conditions. The implementation of universal response function allowed for the identification of important environmental factors affecting species productivity. Additionally, this approach enabled us to predict the performance of species across the New Zealand environmental conditions. Conclusions In combination with quantitative genetic analysis which identified genetically superior material, the URF model can directly identify the optimal geographical regions to maximize productivity. However, the finding of ideally uncorrelated climatic variables for species with narrow ecological amplitude is rather challenging, which complicates construction of informative URF model. This, along with a small number of tested environments, tended to overfit a prediction model which resulted in extreme predictions in untested environments.

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As the energizing and therapeutic effects of infusions of mate (Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil) leaves are increasingly recognized, rising global consumption is also increasing the demand for plantlets with high genetic and morphological qualities. Mini-cuttings are an alternative for clonal plantlets; however, more details are needed on factors that affect the success of this technique. Here, toward maximizing production, we evaluated adventitious rooting competence of mini-cuttings of different sizes and the morphophysiological quality of the resultant plantlets. Small (one bud; length up to 2.5 cm), medium (multiple buds; length 2.6–5.0 cm), and large (multiple buds; length 5.1–10.0 cm) mini-cuttings were planted in a mixture of commercial substrate, vermiculite, and coarse sand (1:1:1 v:v:v), grown in a humidity chamber, then evaluated after 45, 60, 75, and 90 days for survival, percentage of callus and shoot formation, number and length of shoots, percentage of rooted cuttings, and number and length of roots. Any rooted mini-cuttings were then cultivated in commercial substrate and subsurface soil (2:1 v:v) and evaluated after 30, 60, 90 and 120 days of cultivation for morphophysiology of the plantlets, percentage of survival, number of leaves, shoot height, stem diameter, and ratio of shoot height to stem diameter. After 120 days, the plantlets were evaluated for the ratio of shoot and root dry mass, total length, surface area, total volume, and mean diameter of roots and Dickson quality index. Adventitious rooting of the mini-cuttings and the morphophysiological quality of the plantlets were not influenced by the size of the vegetative propagule. Therefore, single-bud mini-cuttings have similar adventitious rooting competence, and result in plantlets with adequate morphophysiological quality, based upon leaf development, shoot height, stem diameter and length, and surface area, volume and diameter of roots. Single-bud mini-cuttings up to 2.5 cm long can thus be used to maximize production of mate plantlets by mini-cuttings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the grafting of Araucaria angustifolia in two container volumes and at three heights. Rootstocks with 30±5.0 cm were grafted with 4.0±1.0-cm buds in 110 and 280-cm3 plastic tubes (containers) at three heights (5.0±1.0, 10±1.0, and 15±1.0 cm). There was a reduction in graft survival as the height of the grafting point increased, and the lower volume limited the development of the root system. Therefore, grafting at 5.0±1.0 cm in 280-cm3 containers brings new perspectives to improve the clonal forestry of the species, with a significant reduction in plants production time (of up to 12 months), as well as in production costs, used materials, and physical area.

Gmelina arborea (melina) is a valuable tree species throughout tropical areas, and there are extensive commercial plantations of this species in Southeast Asia, West Africa, and Latin America. As part of a research program for the genetic improvement and management of G. arborea at Instituto Tecn´ologico de Costa Rica, we developed, validated, and optimized fifteen microsatellite loci. We used 23 clones belonging to five different companies currently using clonal selection to manage their commercial plantations. Our results showed that all fifteen loci were polymorphic and together had 75 alleles (2-7 alleles/locus). We also found that eleven loci showed lower heterozygosity than expected under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). We calculated the genetic similarity among all clone pairs using the number of shared alleles to examine the potential of these loci for clone discrimination. Overall, pairwise similarity among clones ranged from 0.36 to 0.83, and our findings also showed that clones from the same commercial plantation tended to be more similar to each other than to clones from other plantations. These microsatellite loci will contribute toward the characterization of the genetic diversity, the identification of elite clone lines for timber production, and breeding and adequate management of commercial plantations of G. arborea.

ABSTRACT The growth of an eucalypt plantation should be monitored to identify factors that influence its development, helping in the decision-making process, aiming to reduce productivity losses. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the age of replanting on the yield and growth of eucalypt stands. The experiment was conducted in an area of CENIBRA S.A. Company, and established in a commercial plantation in August 2011. The application of herbicide and the ant control were performed in total area before planting. Seedlings of Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis clones in 3.0 × 2.5 m spacing were used. Limestone (1,500 kg ha-1) was applied in total area before planting and 100 g plant-1 of NPK fertilizer (06-30-06) was applied immediately after planting. Four months after the installation of the experiment, 300 kg ha-1 of NPK (06-10-29) was applied. Treatments consisted of four dates of seedling replanting (0, 20, 40 and 80 days after planting) without complementary fertilization, and two treatments (replanting 40 and 80 days after planting) with supplementary fertilization (100g plant-1 NPK 06-30-06). The individual volume of replanting trees was 46.6% lower than of non-replanted ones. Treatments with complementary planting fertilization did not differ (p > 0.05) by the T-test. It is concluded that the longer the time between planting and replanting, the smaller the individual volume of the replanting trees and that the complementary fertilization in seedlings replanted does not favor their growth.

Increased genotypic diversity has been associated with increased biomass production in short-rotation tree species. Increasing the genotypic diversity of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in an attempt to increase productivity has not been extensively studied nor tested operationally or over long durations (i.e., >7 yr). We used genetically mixed and pure rows of loblolly pine growing throughout its planted range— Virginia, North Carolina, and Brazil—to test the effects of genetic mixing on volume production. There were no significant effects of mixing rows compared to pure rows on uniformity or mortality. Under intensive silviculture, individual trees planted in mixed rows had approximately 7% greater volume than those in the pure rows (estimate = 0.015 m3 /tree ± 0.006) in the final year of measurement—year 8 for Brazil and year 10 for North Carolina and Virginia. Scaling the increase in individual stem volume under mixed rows and intensive silviculture to 1235 stems ha−1 would equate to an additional 1.85 m³ ha−1 yr−1 in mean annual increment. Measuring the net biodiversity effect, our data suggest the positive growth response is driven by complementarity and not selection, meaning both genetic entries tend to grow larger when grown together. Additional trials are necessary to test the effects of mixing rows across large plots and to assess whether this increase is sustained throughout the rotation. If this increasing trend were to hold for intensively managed plantations, strategically mixing rows to increase productivity could be a valuable addition to an intensively managed plantation requiring relatively little added operational consideration to implement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to improve the rooting efficiency of Eucalyptus urophylla clones by in vitro reinvigoration/rejuvenation in two clones (02 and 04) from the breeding program of the V&M Florestal company. An in vitro culture began with 200 meristems of each clone, which were excised, disinfected, and inoculated in culture medium. When shoots from these first meristems inoculated reached a height of 3 cm, 100 new meristematic regions of 0.5 cm were isolated and inoculated in culture medium. The other shoots from were inoculated in a rooting medium, where they remained for 30 days. After this period, the plants were acclimatized and used as stock plants for shoot production in a commercial nursery. This process was repeated until the shoots attained an ex vitro rooting rate of more than 80%. After reinvigoration/rejuvenation of clones 02 and 04, the relationship between rooting and the presence of starch and phenolic compounds at the base of the minicuttings was histochemically analyzed. For clone 02, three in vitro subcultures were needed to increase the rooting rate, and for clone 04, only one in vitro subculture was required. In vitro reinvigoration/rejuvenation is a determining factor for greater rooting efficiency of minicuttings of 02 and 04 clones. Production of sclerenchyma fibers around the root vascular cylinder and starch and phenolic compound production are directly related to rooting efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eucalyptus plantations in Brazil are expanding toward the northern and mid-western regions of the country. The objective of the present study was to select clones adapted to the local conditions, with a focus on the Cerrado region. Three clonal experiments were conducted in the municipalities of Catalão, Corumbá-de-Goiás, and Luziânia, in Goiás State, with 109 genotypes of eucalypts. The experimental design consisted of a randomized complete block design with single-tree plots and 29 blocks. Diameter at breast height and total height of all trees were measured four years after planting, for use in the estimation of wood volume for each genotype. The genotype x environmental interaction was significant and predominantly (74%) complex. The genotypic correlation among environments was moderate (< 0.47), indicating that clones should be selected for specific sites. However, some clones performed relatively well across all environments, such as clones CCL21, CCL30, AEC144, CCL07, and CCL35. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: There is considerable genetic gain of tree volume from clonal deployment in Norway spruce (Picea abies(L.) H. Karst) and clonal deployment will have at least 50% more or double genetic gain than the seedling deployment. Context: Genetic parameters and genetic gains for wood quality and growth traits were estimated in six large clonal progeny trials. Aims: Develop the optimal clonal deployment strategy of Norway spruce in Sweden. Methods: Wood quality and growth traits were measured in all clonal trials and additive and non-additive genetic variances are partitioned. Results: Additive and non-additive genetic variances were equally important for growth traits while non-additive variance was small or not significant for wood quality trait. The genetic gain predicted for clonal deployment was greater than any of the other four deployment strategies. Selecting the top 1% of tested clones (clonal forestry) would have 48.4% and 134.6% more gain than the gain predicted for the seedling deployment of selected full-sib families and half-sib family (family forestry), respectively, at the same selection intensity. Conclusion: This study highlights that testing of 30–40 clones per family would maximize the realized genetic gain for different clonal selection scenarios, either selecting the best ten or 20 clones without any co-ancestry restrictions or selecting the best single clone from each of the best ten or 20 families (e.g., co-ancestry restriction). Clonal mean selection and vegetative deployment are the most effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Effective matching of genotypes and environments is required for the species to reach optimal productivity and act effectively for carbon sequestration. A common garden experiment across five different environments was undertaken to assess genotype x environment interaction (GxE) of coast redwood in order to understand the performance of genotypes across environments. Results: The quantitative genetic analysis discovered no GxE between investigated environments for diameter at breast height (DBH). However, no genetic component was detected at one environment possibly due to stressful conditions. The implementation of universal response function allowed for the identification of important environmental factors affecting species productivity. Additionally, this approach enabled us to predict the performance of species across the New Zealand environmental conditions. Conclusions: In combination with quantitative genetic analysis which identified genetically superior material, the URF model can directly identify the optimal geographical regions to maximize productivity. However, the finding of ideally uncorrelated climatic variables for species with narrow ecological amplitude is rather challenging, which complicates construction of informative URF model. This, along with a small number of tested environments, tended to overfit a prediction model which resulted in extreme predictions in untested environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seeds of the species Inga edulis are recalcitrant and lose viability quickly, which restricts seedling production at only a certain time of the year. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the potential of mini-cutting and the influence of different indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) concentrations on the vegetative propagation of Inga edulis. The vegetative material was collected from juvenile plants from a clonal mini-garden. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, with five replications and each experimental unit with eight cuttings. Treatments consisted of different IBA concentrations (0, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 mg kg-1). The percentage of live and rooted mini-cuttings, number of roots emitted from the base, longest root length, total number of roots, fine root length, total root length, root surface area, weighted average root diameter, root volume, shoot dry matter, root dry matter, total dry matter, specific root length, specific root surface area, and root density were analyzed after 45 days in a greenhouse. All Inga edulis mini-cuttings survived, and rooting was over 85%. IBA concentrations had no significant effect on most of the analyzed variables. However, exogenous auxin concentration between 2000 and 4636.96 mg kg-1 provided mini-cuttings with a higher number of roots, surface area, and root volume. Rooting of juvenile Inga edulis mini-cuttings may occur without the use of IBA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was undertaken to contribute to the continuous search for efficient protocol for the macropropagation of Lannea coromandelica. It investigates the main factors involved in the macropropagation process, namely cutting type, rooting medium composition and rooting hormones at nursery conditions. Among this study identified that soft wood cutting as the ideal propagating material for mass multiplication of Lannea coromandelica genetic resources and also IBA at 3000 ppm as the optimal rooting hormone and sand and soil as the ideal potting media for clonal propagation.

Species of Eucalyptus are some of the most planted trees in the world, providing fiber, cellulose, energy, and wood for construction and furniture in renewable fashion, with the added advantage of fixing large amounts of atmospheric carbon. The efficiency of eucalypts in forestry relies mostly on the clonal propagation of selected genotypes both as pure species and interspecific hybrids. The formation of new roots from cambium tissues at the base of cuttings, referred to as adventitious rooting (AR), is essential for accomplishing clonal propagation successfully. AR is a highly complex, multi-level regulated developmental process, affected by a number of endogenous and environmental factors. In several cases, highly desirable genotypes from an industrial point of view carry along the undesirable trait of difficulty-to-root (recalcitrance). Understanding the bases of this phenotype is needed to identify ways to overcome recalcitrance and allow efficient clonal propagation. Herein, an overview of the state-of-the-art on the basis of AR recalcitrance in eucalypts addressed at various levels of regulation (transcript, protein, metabolite and phenotype), and OMICs techniques is presented. In addition, a focus is also provided on the gaps that need to be filled in order to advance in this strategic biological problem for global forestry industry relying on eucalypts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This final paper of the series discusses implications of various aspects of using clones in forestry. Benefits from using clones are considerable. A large benefit arises from the ability to deploy genetic gain much sooner than is possible through conventional seed orchards. This benefit applies even to the use of clones to implement family forestry, even though the clones themselves are not tested. The requirement for genetic diversity at both the stand and landscape levels requires active management to ensure that diversity is conserved. This is achieved partly through the management of breeding populations, as well as by managing the genetic diversity and number of genotypes deployed in clone mixtures. A numerical example is given comparing diversity of clone and seed orchard deployment over time. Many aspects of managing concerns about using clones are about communication to clarify public perceptions and establishing a code of practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conditions in Sweden for using vegetative propagation and clones for forest regeneration differ from many other parts of the world where clones are used. In this paper, we describe how Swedish forestry takes place under semi-natural conditions, which should be considered when planning for conservation of species genetic diversity. We also describe how the Swedish long-term breeding program is sustainable by combining genetic progress and gene conservation. It involves clonal replication as the standard field-test strategy. In this way, the breeding program continuously supplies a large number of tested genotypes to be used as parents for recurrent breeding, seed orchards and for vegetative propagation of nursery stock. By computer simulation, we illustrate the progress of genetic gain and diversity in reforestation material from the breeding program. Finally, we briefly refer to Swedish experiences of clones in field trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of vegetative propagation in forestry has a long history. In this chapter of special issue, the genetic gain from clonal forestry relative to family forestry is reviewed. Both theoretical studies and experimental data from progeny and clonal trials indicate that extra genetic gain (5–25%) is possible in conifer from clone testing and deployment relative to deployment of family forestry, effectively doubling that achievable from family forestry within the same generation. There are three perceived risks from using clones in forestry: (1) risk of plantation failure, (2) risk of diversity loss at the forest and landscape levels, and (3) risk associated with success rate of vegetative (or SE) propagation. Three theoretical models are reviewed and described to assess risk and to determine the number of clones required to mitigate these risks. All studies support that a "safe" number of clones is between 5 and 30. Genetic gains and experiences are reported for individual species, particularly in conifers, as well as in Eucalypts. The combination of genomic selection with somatic embryogenesis has the potential to accelerate the development of clonal forestry by shortening clonal testing or omitting long-term clonal testing completely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The level of genetic diversity maintained in a population is determined by the combined action of mutation, gene flow, genetic drift and selection. Forest tree breeding is a relatively recent phenomenon compared to most crop species and the material that is being deployed is, genetically, often very similar to wild-growing populations. The introduction of vegetative propagation has been hailed as a more efficient and flexible method than seed orchards to rapidly realize breeding progress and to adapt material to future climate change. What remains unclear is how a large deployment of vegetatively propagated material may affect the patterns of genetic diversity within and among forest stands. Here we review what is currently known about genetic diversity in managed and natural forest stands and specifically address the impacts of clonal forestry. To assess this we develop a quantitative model to describe the consequences of clone deployment on genetic and genotypic diversity in Swedish forests. We conclude with some remarks specific to Swedish conditions, likely scenarios for clonal deployment and finally some suggestions for future research priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • We quantified realised genetic gain for Norway spruce. • Six improved groups were studied in four experiments in central Sweden. • The differences in single tree properties and areal production were studied. • All genetically improved groups produced higher volumes than unimproved local provenances. • The differences were greater for areal production than for early measured height. Abstract Six groups of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) plants with varying levels of genetic gain and unimproved local provenances were compared in four realised gain trials at four sites in central Sweden. The groups were planted separately in experimental plots and compared in terms of survival rate and height 4 years after planting, as well as survival rate, height, diameter and areal volume production 13–16 years after planting. The genetically improved groups all produced higher volumes than the unimproved local provenances, and the clonal bulk of 23 full-sib families' volume production per unit area was 56% higher than that of local provenances. The genetic groups followed expected levels of genetic gain, except for individual clones (which varied substantially in performance) and full-sib families. There were greater relative differences between local provenances and genetic groups in areal volume production 13–16 years after planting than in height at 4 years after planting. The results confirm that growth of improved genetic groups is largely consistent with expected values of realized genetic gain. They also indicate that clonal mixes rather than one or a few clones should be deployed in clonal forestry. The comparison of early measured height with areal production showed that early height measurements are good indicators of realized genetic gain and differences in areal production are greater than early differences in height. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Early regeneration after a fire depends on the sprouting strategy of prefire species. • Sprouting plays decisive roles in the regeneration of temperate Korean forests. • Forest fire itself has little influence on postfire species composition. • Rather, forest fire accelerates succession from Pinus- to Quercus-dominated forests. Abstract Although sprouting, as a functional trait to respond forest disturbances, has been acknowledged, the quantitative data was lacking across disturbance and vegetation types, especially in temperate forests. The damaged areas by the largest recorded East Coast Fire of April 2000 in South Korea, showed strikingly rapid recovery, particularly by woody species that had dominated prefire. Therefore, we proposed two hypotheses: first, this early, quick regeneration was attributed to the sprouting ability of species that existed before the fire. Second, if the first assumption were true, then a fire would not affect the species composition afterward. To test these, we extensively investigated and traced regeneration strategies for all plants within 117 burned and 40 unburned stands in the regions where Pinus densiflora was the dominant species. Regardless of whether stand coverage was high or low, the proportions were constant among the three strategies, i.e., basal sprouting (73.0%), clonal sprouting (22.5%), and seed germination (4.5%). Overall, vegetative coverage due to sprouting accounted for 95.5% of the total. Woody species contributed the most to fast restoration and were regenerated in proportion to prefire tree size. Among all 233 taxa, 81.1% was able to resprout by basal and clonal sprouting. Multivariate analysis supported our hypothesis that the floristic composition, in terms of absence or presence, did not differ between pre- and postfire stands. Biodiversity indices showed a slight increase due to the significant rise in species evenness. Finally, sprouting ability was lacking for Pinus densiflora , the most dominant tree before the fire, it appears that the succession from pine-dominated forest to deciduous forest was accelerated postfire by the release of deciduous species that were previously suppressed in the understory, e.g., Ouercus mongolica , Q. variabilis, Fraxinus sieboldiana , and Lespedeza cyrtobotrya. Indeed, these results suggest that sprouting is prevalent and plays decisive roles. It is highly likely that the species have adapted to a frequent, severe fire regime in the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clonal propagation method was developed for Leucaena clones (L. leucocephala and L. diversifolia) using lateral shoots which gave many advantages over the conventional method of using nodal stem cuttings. Lateral shoots of 25-30 cm length with apical buds emerging at 30-60° angle from stock plants maintained in sand beds gave higher rooting than nodal stem cuttings. Anatomical configuration of stem cuttings taken at positions 1-4 from shoot apex differed significantly between lateral and nodal cuttings and E. camaldulensis used as control. Rooting was significantly higher (87%) at 25-30 cm length (position 4) in lateral shoots (where vessel frequency was highest) compared with other positions (28-43%) and nodal cuttings (16-53%), whereas Eucalyptus stem cuttings had higher frequency of vessels of lower diameter and > 80% rooting at all positions. Rooting occurred in Leucaena lateral shoots within 20 days of misting with roots emerging all around the stem along a length of 2 cm from base of the cutting. Lateral cuttings produced significantly higher number of roots (22 roots per plant) than nodal cuttings (6 roots per plant) with significant reduction in nursery period (60 days), better rooting (> 80%) and root architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the study conducted to reproduce trees and to improve the life and structure of the trees in the U.S. It was said that the next stage of the relationship between man and the forest will possibly be known to their descendants as the time in history when forest trees were domesticated in the U.S. Some organized gathering of seed from the best-looking trees in the hope of improving the breed, the large plantations have not been laboratories for selective breeding aimed at developing desirable traits such as straight trunks, superior wood, and resistance to disease.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different compositions of renewable substrates and seasons of the year on the quality of Piptocarpha angustifolia clonal plants. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design in a 4x6 factorial arrangement (four seasons x six substrate compositions). The analyzed substrates were: S1, commercial substrate with pine bark and coconut fiber base (CF); S2, carbonized rice husk (CRH); S3, fibrous and grainy CF; S4, 50% CF and 50% CRH; S5, 30% CF and 70% CRH; and S6, 70% CF and 30% CRH. Minicuttings of 8±1 cm were planted in tubes of 110 cm3 and placed in a greenhouse, during the four seasons of the year. The evaluated variables were: survival and number of roots at 70 days; survival and emission of shoots at 100 days; rooting, shoot height, stem diameter, and their ratios; easiness of removal from tubes; aggregation to the substrate; and multiplication rate at 130 days. The highest CRH/CF ratio favored the development of better-quality plants, and S5 was the most adequate substrate. Spring is more favorable to the survival and quality of cuttings, and, together with summer, favors the highest multiplication rates. The S5 substrate has better physical and chemical quality and improves P. angustifolia clonal plants.

Using current technologies, several forest plantation companies in Indonesia are pursuing clonal forestry program with E. pellita to increase plantation productivity using selected clones. This paper evaluates the early growth and stand volume productivity of selected clones of E. pellita as part of a breeding program for pulpwood. Two clonal trials of E. pellita were established in Central Java with two different plot configurations: single tree-plot and multiple tree-plot. Trial evaluation was done at two years age involving tree height, diameter, stem volume and stand volume. Result show that among the clones there were significant differences for all traits assessed. All of the tested clones exceeded the control seedling of F-1 generation by 9-50% for height, 10-36% for diameter and 22-137% for stem volume, respectively. Clonal repeatability ranged from 0.7-0.9, with corresponding individual ramet repeatability ranged from 0.2-0.4. Overall stand volume productivity at given age reached 15 m³/ha.

There is an unsettled debate on the benefits of mechanical disturbance for native species in fire-prone habitats. We compared the demographic effects of fire and mechanical treatments (Gyro-tracing) on Polygonella myriophylla, a prostrate clonal shrub listed as endangered and narrowly endemic to pyrogenic scrub ecosystems in south-central Florida. This species is commonly found in gaps within a matrix dominated by resprouting shrubs, but also occurs under other shrubs and along the shoulders of adjacent road-side habitats. We designed and executed a replicated (that plots per treatment, 1 ha per plot; total 147 initial plants) experiment including plots burned, mechanically chopped, with both treatments and without treatments at the Lake Wales Ridge Wildlife and Environmental Area - Carter Creek in Highlands County, central Florida (2005-2008; treated in summer of 2005). Cumulative mortality of standing P. myriophylla after 3 y was higher in burned plots (> 80%) than in chopped-only and untreated plots (∼ 50 % and ∼ 40 % respectively). Post disturbance growth in canopy area among the surviving plants was consistently higher in mechanically disturbed plots compared to untreated plots and intermediate burned conditions. We found three putative seedlings, accounting for less than 3% of the initial genets, before treatment application, but many seedlings after treatments. Seedling recruitment (∼ 90) post-treatment was higher in disturbed plots, highest when both treatments occurred together, and almost null in untreated plots. Recruitment was highest in the first-year post disturbance (70%), decreasing in subsequent years. Disturbances may improve the persistence of P. myriophylla by increasing recruitment and individual growth, however; fire and mechanical disturbance should be used with caution for this species given many plants died during treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Clonal propagation by in vitro means of adult forest trees is often difficult or not possible with current technology. This problem, generally described as recalcitrance, has been approached from several angles by researchers and reviewers. However, it has not yet been reviewed from the point of view that it may eventually be possible to overcome recalcitrance by mimicking the rejuvenation process that occurs during sexual reproduction. It is suggested that somatic cell nuclear transfer, in a manner similar to the one used for animal cloning, could be helpful. Furthermore, application of controlled stress and autophagy, or inducing apomixes by halting natural or artificially induced meiosis before chromosome segregation, could perhaps assist in overcoming recalcitrance. The discussion below indicates that mimicking the sexual or apomictic process in vitro is worthy of further exploration and should be evaluated as a means of genetically improving tree species, especially those of high economic value. Studies along these lines may also be helpful in improving our knowledge of the epigenetic, cytogenetic, and genomic mechanisms involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wide gap between the present level of productivity and potential productivity (2 ton ha-1) of cashew nut in the country as well as in the state of Odisha is due to use of traditional varieties of low yield potential and non adoption of scientific orchard management practices. To address the issue of low productivity of cashew in the state, a multi locational trial was laid out during the year 2008 using clonal planting materials of twenty five released cashew varieties collected from different co-operating centres of AICRP on Cashew, India. The collected grafted plants were planted at a spacing of 7.5 m x 7.5 m following Randomized Block Design (RBD) having six plants per treatment and replicated twice. Recommended package of practices were adopted uniformly to raise a good crop. Data recorded on various vegetative growth parameters, yield attributing traits and nut yield of different cashew varieties revealed that Vengurla-7 recorded maximum for the vegetative parameters like tree height (5.45m), trunk girth (84.05cm) and canopy spread in North-South direction (8.75m) while canopy spread in East-West direction was recorded maximum in variety, BPP-8(8.75m). Maximum number of flowering laterals m-2 was recorded in variety, Chintamani-1(28.87) while variety, BPP-8 recorded maximum nuts m-2(46.0). Number of nuts panicle-1 recorded maximum in variety, Bhubaneswar-1 (9.0). Nut weight(9.6 g) as well as kernel weight(3.02g) was recorded maximum in variety, Vengurla-7. Variety, Kanaka recorded highest shelling(32.76%) among the tested varieties. Nut yield per plant was significantly maximum in variety, BPP-8 (16.75 kg plant-1) while that of lowest in variety Jharagram- 1(1.60kg plant-1) at 7th harvest. TSS was recorded maximum in variety, Bhubaneswar-1 while acidity was maximum in variety Vengurla-4(0.22%). Yield is the ultimate target for any evaluation programme. Evaluation of twenty five released varieties revealed that variety BPP-8 was the highest nut yielder under hot and humid climatic zone of Odisha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]