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A renewable energy-based combined energy generation system is modeled and assessed in this study to provide a potential solution to environmental problems where different power plants have been produced. The proposed power generation system consists of five main sub-plants: solar collector process supported by wind turbines, organic Rankine cycle, freshwater production plant, hydrogen production plant, and proton exchanged membrane fuel cell plant. The proposed power generation plant utilizes solar energy and wind energy to operate itself. Some comparative and comprehensive studies have been conducted to assess the performance of the renewable energy-based plant. The integrated plant has been designed to produce hydrogen at 0.0184 kg per second, while freshwater is produced at 82.71 kg per second. The plant can also generate 5027 kW of power at the defined conditions. Energy and exergy efficiencies of the designed system have been computed as 42.57% and 33.61%. Comprehensive and comparative sub-plant assessments have been performed in the paper to present practical information about the related subsystem. • A new solar and wind energy-based multi-generation system is proposed. • A detailed thermodynamic analysis for more effective design is given. • Energy and exergy efficiencies for the integrated system are calculated. • The proposed plant generates five useful outputs. • Parametric works are applied to determine optimum working conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polysulfone (Psf) ultrafiltration flat-sheet membranes were modified with hydroxyapatite (HA) powder during preparation using the wet-phase inversion method. HA was incorporated to enhance the protein separation capabilities. The asymmetric Psf membranes were synthesized using NMP as the solvent. Through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis, it was revealed that HA was distributed across the membrane. Incorporating HA led to higher flux, the improved rejection of protein, and enhanced surface hydrophilicity. The permeability flux increased with HA concentration, peaking at 0.3 wt.%, resulting in a 38% improvement to 65 LMH/bar. Whey protein separation was evaluated using the model proteins BSA and lysozyme, representing α-Lactalbumin. The results of protein rejection for the blend membranes indicated that the rejection rates for BSA and lysozyme increased to 97.2% and 73%, respectively. Both the native and blend membranes showed similar BSA rejection rates; however, the blend membranes demonstrated better performance in lysozyme separation, indicating superior selectivity compared to native membranes. The modified membranes exhibited improved hydrophilicity, with water contact angles decreasing from 66° to 53°, alongside improved antifouling properties, indicated by a lower flux decline ratio value. This simple and economical modification method enhances permeability without sacrificing separation efficiency, hence facilitating the scalability of membrane production in the whey protein separation industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expanded polystyrene (EPS) is one of major plastic pollutants which toxicity increased when exposed to UV irradiation. In this study, the feasibility of upcycling waste EPS (WEPS), which originates from food packaging, into a flat-sheet filtration membrane was explored. The membrane was fabricated using the wet-phase inversion method, with polyimide serving as a blending additive varied from 2 to 8 wt.%. Characterization was carried out using water contact angle measurements, SEM, and UV–Vis spectrophotometry. The experimental results indicated that all WEPS/PI membranes demonstrated microplastic rejection rates exceeding 80%, and they exhibited greater uniformity compared to the pristine WEPS membrane. Furthermore, protein rejection improved with the concentration of PI. The addition of 8 wt.% polyimide led to a 240% increase in protein rejection, with all membranes having hydrophilic surface. The SEM images revealed that the introduction of polyimide altered the membrane's structure, enhancing its filtration properties by modifying the finger-like structure of the membrane. The addition of 8% polyimide to the WEPS dope solution decreased both pore size and porosity to the least value observed, while also enhancing the antifouling property by 67%. The experimental findings indicate that the WEPS/PI membrane holds significant promise to solve challenges of waste EPS accumulation, as well as offering sustainable solutions for addressing microplastic pollution by recycling the waste EPS into high-end filtration membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The superiorities provided by polymeric composite membranes in comparison to the original membrane have generated increased attention, particularly in the field of protein separation applications. This work involved the fabrication of polysulfone composite membranes using variable loadings of activated carbon particle sizes, namely, 37 µm, 74 µm, 149 µm, and 297 µm. The membranes were fabricated via the phase-inversion method, employing water as the coagulant. In this study, the impact of the AC powder particle sizes on membrane morphology, water contact angle, porosity, average pore size, molecular weight cutoff, pure water flux, and protein rejection was examined. Different membrane morphologies and properties were achieved by incorporating a variety of AC particle sizes. A porous membrane with the maximum pure water flux was generated by the loading of finer AC particles. Concurrently, protein rejection is increasing as a result of the use of AC particles as an infill in the composite membrane. In comparison to all fabricated membranes, the AC filler with a particle size of 149 µm exhibited the highest rejection of the lysozyme protein, reaching up to 73.9%, with a relatively high water permeability of 33 LMH/Bar. In conclusion, this investigation provides recommendations for the selection of AC particle sizes for protein separation in conjunction with PSF ultrafiltration membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solving global water shortages has become an urgent challenge, hindering sustainable development. Therefore, comparing different solar still designs from application and economic perspectives is necessary. Solar distillation is considered a major innovation in the alternative energy sector for purifying brackish or brine water into clean water. Despite the extensive literature on improved solar stills, determining the most efficient designs for residential and industrial applications remains difficult. This review compares the productivity of spherical, hemispherical, and tubular solar still designs. The aim is to study the factors that influence the efficiency of each type and to analyze recent research and results obtained under different conditions. The results show that innovations in solar distillation design can take many forms to improve efficiency and productivity. For example, adding parabolic mirrors can increase productivity in spherical, hemispherical, and tubular stills by 35 to 70%. Likewise, innovative designs such as rotating spheres and changing bowl shapes significantly increased the productivity of spherical and hemispherical stills. Likewise, retrofitting a still with vacuum generation technology can significantly increase yields by 50 to 70%. In addition, using nanomaterials, especially nanophase change materials (NPCM), has increased the efficiency of the spherical and tubular stills by 116.5%, producing 7.62 kg/m2 per day. Therefore, the NPCM-equipped model was still the most efficient option among the three designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water pollution remains a pressing global challenge, threatening human health and ecosystem stability. Ultrafiltration emerges as a vital technology in this contest, offering a powerful tool for contaminant removal and safeguarding clean water resources. Thus, the optimization of ultrafiltration processes holds paramount significance for efficient contaminant removal. This study revolutionizes wastewater treatment by introducing a hybrid machine learning approach that optimizes ultrafiltration processes for superior contaminant removal. Utilizing the powerful synergy between eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and Bayesian optimization, we developed predictive models with remarkable accuracy (R2 values exceeding 99%) for post-treatment concentrations of metal ions, organic pollutants, and salts. This translates to precise control over the ultrafiltration process, driven by 4 key input variables: metal ion concentration, organic pollutants, salts, and applied pressure. The findings not only demonstrate the effectiveness of this hybrid approach but also pave the way for significant advancements in wastewater treatment strategies, ultimately contributing to cleaner water. This research marks a significant leap in machine learning applications for environmental challenges, paving the way for further advancements in wastewater treatment technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clean water is one of the important aspects that must be prioritized in urban planning. The higher the standard of living of the community, the need for clean water will also increase. However, the fulfillment of adequate clean water needs in Supiori Regency is still not optimal. Based on the Minister of Public Works Regulation No. 14/2010, the coverage of drinking water services in Supiori Regency is classified as poor, with a clean water service level of less than 50%. Optimization efforts are needed to optimize and distribute clean water services in Supiori Regency meet the target of clean water services and create a sustainable community life. The research method uses three types of analysis. First, the ratio of clean water services in the settlements of Supiori Regency was analyzed using a calculation method that refers to the standard of clean water needs and availability. Second, the analysis of clean water services was conducted based on community perceptions. Third, this study analyzed the factors that influence clean water services using multiple linear regression. Descriptive analysis was used to identify optimization steps. The results showed that the ratio of clean water services in South Supiori District only reached 30.38%, while in East Supiori District, it was lower, at 19.78%. Based on community perceptions, 93% of the population in South Supiori District and 75% in East Supiori District have not used the Water Supply System. Regression analysis shows that in Supiori Selatan District, factors affecting clean water services include pipe distance, community participation, and number of family members. In East Supiori District, the influencing factors are pipe distance, management, and maintenance of clean water. So, there are optimization efforts that can be done, among others, through mapping services based on regional conditions. For areas that are difficult to reach by SPAM services, the community can utilize the nearest water source to meet their clean water needs independently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explains the influence of fly ash type C and type F on the properties of membrane geopolymer. The geopolymer paste was synthesized through a mix of fly ash (FA) and an alkaline activator (AA) (2:1 mass ratio of FA:AA). The alkali activator was prepared from sodium silicate and 12 M sodium hydroxide solution in a mass ratio of 1.6. Hydrogen peroxide 3 wt.% was applied as the pore-forming agent, and 4 wt.% glass fiber was employed for reinforcement. The properties of the geopolymer were investigated via Fourier-transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The compressive strength confirmed the higher performance of the type C fly ash-based geopolymer membrane (CFAGM) over the type F fly ash-based geopolymer membrane (FFAGM). On the other hand, FFAGM exhibited an enhanced water permeation flux owing to the larger pore diameter. These results affirmed the excellent performance compared to the previous study.

Dye hurts the threat of human health problems and environmental pollution. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) based membrane is a good material to be used as an dye separation membrane for having the high hydrophilicity of the membrane. It has been successfully isolated from kapok (ceiba pentandra) with characteristic X-ray diffraction patterns and FTIR absorption peaks, which corresponded to the typical peaks of cellulose. The ultrafiltration membrane was made up of a cellulose acetate matrix created using the phase inversion method. Characterization results indicated that the inclusion of MCC derived from kapok led to a reduction in the contact angle from 65 to 52o, and an increase in membrane porosity from 82 to 85%. In the separation of dye, the composite membrane incorporating MCC filler demonstrated superior performance compared to the membrane lacking MCC, manifesting in an elevated water flux from 43 to 84 L/m².h and methylene blue (MB) rejection from 64 to 99%. The use of MCC as a filler in cellulose acetate membranes can enhance the characteristics and performance of the membrane in MB separation.

As a promising wastewater treatment technology, ultrafiltration membranes face challenges related to fouling and flux reduction. To enhance these membranes, various strategies have been explored. Among them, the incorporation of nano-activated carbon (nAC) powder has emerged as an effective method. In this study, composite polysulfone (PSF) ultrafiltration membranes were fabricated using nAC powder at concentrations ranging from 0 to 8 wt.%. These membranes underwent comprehensive investigation, including assessments of membrane morphology, hydrophilicity, pure water flux, equilibrium water content, porosity, average pore size, and protein separation. The addition of activated carbon improved several desirable properties. Specifically, the hydrophilicity of the PSF membranes was enhanced, with the contact angle reduced from 69° to 58° for 8 wt.% of nAC composite membranes compared to the pristine PSF membrane. Furthermore, the water flux test revealed that 6 wt.% activated carbon-based membranes exhibited the highest flux, with a nearly 3 times improvement at 2 bar. Importantly, this enhancement did not compromise the protein rejection. Additionally, the introduction of nAC had a significant effect on the membrane's pore size by improving lysozyme rejection up to 40%. Overall, these findings will guide the selection of the optimal concentration of nAC for PSF ultrafiltration membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current industrial technologies for seawater desalination involve high cost and energy consumption, that is, distillation and reverse osmosis, where these technologies are difficult to implement especially in developing countries. A cost‐effective, environmental‐friendly, and sustainable technology is essential in providing alternative methods for generation of clean water. Solar vapor generation is one of the potential green technologies in generating clean water, where the production and collection of clean water is made possible by using a solar absorber in a solar still. The practicality and performance of the carbonized sawdust based solar absorber in a solar still for the seawater desalination towards clean water generation was conducted outdoors with gradual enhancement on the solar still setup. The enhanced solar still with reflective surface and external thermal insulator improved the solar absorber performance, in contrast to the evaporation of the bulk seawater only and using solar absorber in the solar still without any enhancement. The average efficiency and evaporation rate of the solar absorber in the enhanced solar still was recorded at 61.5% and 0.98 kg m−2 h−1, respectively. The pH (7.52) and salinity (10 ppm) of the collected clean water meets the standard of safe water by the World Health Organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clean water supply in low-income countries can be improved by utilizing affordable renewable energy-powered desalination technologies. In this research work, viability of community scale solar desalination plant (at least 3.0 m3/d capacity) capable of addressing the daily fresh water demands of hundred families in twenty three coastal locations of Somalia has been investigated through year-round simulations. The required desalination plant size and investment is heavily dependent on solar radiation potential of the site. The potable water production cost ranges between 8.66 to 9.48 USD/m3, and is lower than the nonreliable conventional water supply cost in eighteen Somalia coastal locations. Moreover, the desalination plant can sooth at least 2.5 to 13.6-kilo tons of CO2 emission, 6.0 to 33.3-tons of SO2 emission and, 2.30 to 12.6-tons of NOX emission during its 5.0 to 25.0 years operation period. The sustainability index and finance payback time of community scale solar desalination plant is about 1.08, and 4.0 to 13.0 years, respectively. The economics and environmental foot print results indicate feasibility and potential application of community scale solar desalination plant in water starved Somalia coastal locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of low-concentration fumed silica (FS) in polyethersulfone (PES) membranes. The PES/FS blend membrane was fabricated using a wet phase inversion technique as a flat sheet membrane. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed improved pore connectivity and rounder middle structures due to the addition of fumed silica. The experimental results indicated that the fabricated membranes fell within the ultrafiltration range, with pure water flux increasing as fumed silica concentration rose. The pure water flux improved by 64% compared to the native PES membrane. Furthermore, the blend membranes exhibited better selectivity, rejecting pepsin and lysozyme 11% and 19% more efficiently, respectively. Although the low concentration of fumed silica had minimal impact on the water contact angles of the membrane surface, all membranes demonstrated hydrophilicity. This cost-effective approach enhances permeability while maintaining separation characteristics, making it suitable for clean water applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clean water is one of the main requirements of the people that utilize the Nizam Zachman Jakarta Ocean Fishing Port (PPSNZJ). The significant demand for water supply at the port has made the management pay more attention to the quantity and quality of clean water provided. The issues related to clean water faced by PPSNZ include complaints from users about the availability and quality of clean water. This study aims to calculate the demand, availability, and criticality index of clean water to support operational activities at Nizam Zachman Fishing Port and to assess the quality of clean water used at the port. A case study with purposive respondents provides the research methodolog. The data analysis applied both STORET analysis and the water criticality index. The research results indicate that the demand for clean water at PPSNZ is 861,478.1278 m3, the availability of clean water is 885,766.9 m3, and the percentage of clean water criticality at PPSNZ is 103%. This means that the clean water in the PPSNZ area does not experience a water crisis, and it adequately meets the needs of the area's users. The quality of clean water at PPSNZ, based on the STORET calculation, shows good quality with a score of 0, in accordance with the clean water quality standards set by the Minister of Health Regulation No. 492/Menkes/Per/IV/2010 regarding clean water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose in the nano regime, defined as nanocellulose, has been intensively used for water treatment. Nanocellulose can be produced in various forms, including colloidal, water redispersible powders, films, membranes, papers, hydrogels/aerogels, and three-dimensional (3D) objects. They were reported for the removal of water contaminants, e.g., heavy metals, dyes, drugs, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, microbial cells, and other pollutants from water systems. This review summarized the recent technologies for water treatment using nanocellulose-based materials. A scientometric analysis of the topic was also included. Cellulose-based materials enable the removal of water contaminants, and salts offer advanced technologies for water desalination. They are widely used as substrates, adsorbents, and catalysts. They were applied for pollutant removal via several methods such as adsorption, filtration, disinfection, coagulation/flocculation, chemical precipitation, sedimentation, filtration (e.g., ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF)), electrofiltration (electrodialysis), ion-exchange, chelation, catalysis, and photocatalysis. Processing cellulose into commercial products enables the wide use of nanocellulose-based materials as adsorbents and catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Healthy City concept aims to improve the physical and social environment in order to expand community resources and strengthen daily life functions, one of which is through healthy, clean water management. The aim of this research is efficient clean water management, with a special focus on Pagak District, Malang Regency, Indonesia, which often faces the challenge of drought. Water Poverty Index (WPI) analysis and Social Network Analysis (SNA) are used to achieve this goal. WPI is a comprehensive tool that considers five main components: availability of water resources, access to clean water, adequate water management capacity, efficient water use, and the impact of water management on the environment. Next, SNA analysis is carried out as a systematic approach to understanding social capital in a community, thereby enabling a deeper understanding of social dynamics and available resources. The research results show that in Pagak District, Tlogorejo Village has the lowest WPI value of 44.51, which is categorized as critical. Apart from that, Tlogorejo Village also has the lowest SNA score with a participation rate of 1.39 and a relationship density of 35.3%. Implementing the Healthy City concept recognizes the importance of overcoming the challenges of clean water management in areas experiencing water scarcity through improving the physical and social environment. Implementation of this strategy not only increases access to clean water but also strengthens social ties and overall community well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review explores the advancements and remaining challenges in inorganic membrane science, particularly focusing on their potential for industrial applications. It delves into the fundamental principles of inorganic membrane design, fabrication, and characterization techniques. The review also critically analyzes key challenges faced by inorganic membranes, such as physical aging, plasticization, defective formation, and fouling. Strategies for overcoming the limitations to enhance permeability and long-term stability are discussed. Specific examples are provided to illustrate the applications of inorganic membranes in gas separation and wastewater treatment, emphasizing their high chemical stability, as compared to conventional polymeric membranes. The energy efficiency of inorganic membranes for volatile organic compound (VOC) removal at ambient temperatures is highlighted with PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) serving as an example for removing toluene, xylene, and acetone from gas streams. Finally, the review assesses future research directions to further enhance the engineering applicability of inorganic membranes for wastewater treatment and gas separation, solidifying their position as a promising technology for diverse industrial processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various industrial activities release heavy metal ions into the environment, which represent one of the major toxic pollutants owing to their severe effects on the environment, humans, and all living species. Despite several technological advances and breakthroughs, wastewater treatment remains a critical global issue. Traditional techniques are dedicated to extracting heavy metal ions from diverse wastewater origins, encompassing coagulation/flocculation, precipitation, flotation, and ion exchange. Their cost, side toxicity, or ineffectiveness often limit their large-scale use. Due to their adaptable design, simple operation, and reasonable cost, membrane filtration and adsorption have proven their efficiency in removing metals from wastewater. Recently, adsorption-based filters have appeared promising in treating water. Within this range, filters incorporating natural, synthetic, or hybrid adsorbents present an appealing alternative to conventional approaches. This review aims to list and describe the conventional and advanced wastewater treatment methods by comparing their efficiency, cost, and environmental impact. Adsorption-based filters were highlighted due to the significant advantages they can provide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explains the influence of fly ash type C and type F on the properties of membrane geopolymer. The geopolymer paste was synthesized through a mix of fly ash (FA) and an alkaline activator (AA) (2:1 mass ratio of FA:AA). The alkali activator was prepared from sodium silicate and 12 M sodium hydroxide solution in a mass ratio of 1.6. hydrogen peroxide 3 wt.% was applied as the pore-forming agent, and 4 wt.% glass fiber was employed for reinforcement. The properties of the geopolymer were investigated via Fourier-transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The compressive strength confirmed the higher performance of the type C fly ash-based geopolymer membrane (CFAGM) over the type F fly ash-based geopolymer membrane (FFAGM). On the other hand, FFAGM exhibited an enhanced water permeation flux owing to the larger pore diameter. These results affirmed the excellent performance compared to the previous study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public health is affected by environmental health. Poor sanitation conditions will have a bad impact on human life, ranging from deterioration of the quality of people's living environment to pollution of drinking water sources, which can lead to an increase in cases of diarrhea and other diseases. Clean water sources, healthy latrines, and standardized Wastewater Treatment Systems (SPAL) are essential. This study aims to study how basic sanitation conditions in households correlate with the likelihood of developing diarrhea in toddlers. In this study, a quantitative method with a cross-sectional design was used to determine the relationship between the availability of clean water, the availability of healthy latrines, and the management of SPAL RT, and the possibility of diarrhea in toddlers. In this study, 63 samples of mothers from 74 populations had babies. To get information, questionnaires are distributed. The data were tested with chis-quare, and an error rate of 0.05% was taken into account. The results showed that the availability of clean water was correlated with the likelihood of diarrhea with a P_value of 0.004, the management of household waste sewers had a correlation with P_value 0.008, and the availability of good latrines had no correlation with the possibility of diarrhea with P_value 0.262. The results show that the Ujong Fatihah Health Center must continue to make efforts and socialization to increase public knowledge. Health staff must be educated by village officials on the importance of maintaining daily hygiene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ramsar wetlands are crucial for global ecology. They are essential for preserving the balances of ecosystems. The aim of this work is to prevent the current situation of Sebkha of Soliman (880 ha; 36°43'N, 010°29'E; Nabeul, Tunisia) from deteriorating further. It is one of the few wetlands that receives water from both the sea, Wadi, and a wastewater treatment plant. According to a study of the organic pollution in the Sebkha's waters and sediments conducted in March 2022, there are high concentrations of suspended matter, that exceed 80 mg/L. The total organic matter exceeds 110 g/kg DW, and the biological oxygen demand exceeds 56 mg O2 /L. Additionally, there are more than 24*10³ bacteria per liter., We also identified mineral pollution primarily caused by nitrate (2.4 g/kg DW), phosphorus (2.42 g/kg DW), and iron (40 mg/L). Pollution is dispersed over three areas: the least polluted area is near the sea, the most polluted area is in the center of Sebkha, and the area farthest from the sea has medium pollution levels. The distribution of pollutants in the Sebkha is influenced by the contribution of pollutants and the self-purification by seawater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, hydrochar is derived from abundant and low‐cost waste sawdust using hydrothermal carbonization in distilled water with a series of temperatures (150, 200, and 250 °C) and time (2 and 3 h), where the hydrochar characteristics are evaluated toward its application as a solar absorber. The hydrochar‐based solar absorber is fabricated and tested using outdoor solar vapor generation under direct solar radiation with an average solar intensity of 1.26 kW m−2. The solar absorber incorporated with hydrochar is derived at 250 °C for 3 h and displays the best average efficiency (71.35 ± 0.90%) and evaporation rate (1.30 ± 0.04 kg m−2 h−1). The collected clean water salinity (below 300 ppm) and pH (6.72–7.23) from the solar absorber is within the safe drinking water limit by the World Health Organization. Therefore, the hydrochar‐based solar absorber can be used to generate clean water from seawater desalination using solar vapor generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pencemaran air permukaan maupun air tanah di akibatkan oleh berbagai aktivitas manusia di sekitarnya. Masyarakat Desa Ibul Besar III mengalami kesulitan akses sanitasi layak karena masih menggunakan air sungai sebagai sumber air bersih utama. Kondisi air sungai setempat dari segi kualitas tampak keruh dan tidak memenuhi Baku Mutu Lingkungan (BML), sehingga berisiko menimbulkan gangguan penyakit seperti diare, infeksi kulit, dsb. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis persepsi masyarakat tentang air bersih dan kualitas air bersih di Desa Ibul Besar III. Desain penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui metode wawancara mendalam. Penentuan informan dilakukan dengan metode purposive sampling yaitu sebanyak 8 orang. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa persepsi masyarakat menggunakan air sungai sebagai sumber air bersih utamanya karena tidak ada sumber lain yang dapat digunakan. Masyarakat setempat menyebutkan air sungai hanya layak digunakan untuk mandi dan mencuci. Upaya pengolahan air bersih yang dilakukan beberapa masyarakat sebelum menggunakan air sungai dengan menambahkan kaporit dan upaya pengendapan. Berdasarkan hasil uji kualitas air, parameter suhu, bau, TDS, e.coli dan total coliform memenuhi standar BML, sedangkan pH, warna, dan kekeruhan tidak memenuhi standar BML. Diperlukan penyediaan sarana dan prasarana penunjang ketersediaan dan upaya pengolahan seperti media filtrasi air sederhana dari pemerintah desa guna memperoleh air bersih memenuhi standar BML yang ditetapkan.

Benoa and Tanjung Benoa Village in Badung Regency is growing every year. Population growth impacts the increasing demand for clean water, which groundwater dominates. This affects the fluctuation of groundwater level and groundwater quality. This research method is descriptive and quantitative based on field observation and laboratory tests. Groundwater level fluctuations were observed for 12 months to determine the difference between the rainy and dry seasons. This research aims to determine changes in the dynamics of groundwater conditions in the Benoa and Tanjung Benoa villages. Based on the analysis results, the groundwater table fell 0.9 m in the dry season and rose 0.74 m in the wet season. The minimum pH value was 6.01; the maximum pH was 7.24. The average conductivity was 921-1,003 μs/cm. The average water temperature was 27.4˚C to 28.2˚C. The lowest chloride concentration averaged 68.69-76.40 mg/L, and the highest was 92.3-98.8 mg/L. Dissolved oxygen ranged from 5.9 to 7.2 mg/L.

Problems with clean water in coastal areas alongside an increase in population and community economic activities have diversified community activities. Coastal settlements bordering the high seas are characterized as arid areas with a lack of clean water. Here, the use of the range groundwater supply against seawater intrusion means that the water consumed by the community tastes salty and brackish. The availability of abundant seawater, processed through desalination technology, can be used to meet the daily clean water needs of coastal communities. Sustainable development goal (SDG) 6 Water and Sanitation is concerned with ensuring that everyone has access to clean water and sanitation. In this regard, desalination technology is considered viable to achieve the SDGs in the environmental sector. Some countries have focused on using desalination technology to achieve target 6.4 by 2030. This goal aims to improve the efficiency of water use to reduce the number of people experiencing clean water scarcity by ensuring a sustainable supply of fresh water. The objective of this study is to examine the application of seawater desalination technology for clean water in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and Indonesia, and identify the implications of desalination policies in these countries. Comparative studies were conducted using secondary data and literature studies on transforming seawater into clean water with technology. KSA applies seawater desalination technology to meet water needs. However, in Indonesia, policymaking has not holistically examined the potential of using seawater desalination technology for clean water. Until now, unlike in the KSA, Indonesia has not addressed the importance of the use of desalination technology in state policy.

The scarcity of clean water due to heavy metal and microbial contamination is a global issue. In many parts of the world, heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, and U, along with bacteria like Escherichia coli, have been found to exceed permissible limits in groundwater and other water sources that the public depends on for daily drinking water. To address this, we have synthesized a novel composite material consisting of Ag-impregnated hydroxyapatite-coated activated carbon nanoparticles embedded in alginate beads, for the simultaneous removal of heavy metals (U, Pb, and Cd) and Escherichia coli from drinking water. The material's efficiency was evaluated through a series of batch and column experiments. Batch studies indicate 90 % sequestration of U within 5 hours and Pb and Cd within 7 hours, while Escherichia coli (107 cfu/mL) was eradicated instantly. The study confirms that sorption follows pseudo-second-order kinetics via chemisorption and ion-exchange mechanisms. Fixed-bed column studies, using a logistic growth model, showed strong agreement between theoretical and experimental parameters for the Bohart-Adams, Thomas, and Yoon-Nelson models. The beads demonstrated a high affinity for heavy metals, achieving complete removal and disinfection within an empty bed contact time of 1.12 minutes. Reusability studies indicate that even after the third regeneration and reuse cycle, removal efficiency remained about 95 % for U and Pb, and 85 % for Cd. Furthermore, the effects of variations in water quality parameters such as pH, dissolved carbonates, humic acid, and ionic strength (except for Cd) on removal efficiency were minimal. In summary, the study revealed that the Ag-impregnated hydroxyapatite-coated activated carbon nanoparticles embedded in alginate beads are an efficient, sustainable, and cost-effective material for the simultaneous removal of Pb, Cd, U, and Escherichia coli from water with diverse physicochemical properties.

The urgent need to address the global energy and environmental crisis necessitates the development of efficient solar‐power harvesting systems. Among the promising candidates, hierarchical inorganic nanostructures stand out due to their exceptional attributes, including a high specific surface area, abundant active sites, and tunable optoelectronic properties. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the fundamental principles underlying various solar energy harvesting technologies, including dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), photocatalytic, photoelectrocatalytic (water splitting), and photothermal (water purification) systems, providing a foundational understanding of their operation. Thereafter, the discussion is focused on recent advancements in the synthesis, design, and development of hierarchical nanostructures composed of diverse inorganic material combinations, tailored for each of these solar energy harvesting systems. We meticulously elaborate on the distinct synthesis methods and conditions employed to fine‐tune the morphological features of these hierarchical nanostructures. Furthermore, this review offers profound insights into critical aspects such as electron transfer mechanisms, band gap engineering, the creation of hetero‐hybrid structures to optimize interface chemistry through diverse synthesis approaches, and precise adjustments of structural features. Beyond elucidating the scientific fundamentals, this review explores the large‐scale applications of the aforementioned solar harvesting systems. Additionally, it addresses the existing challenges and outlines the prospects for achieving heightened solar‐energy conversion efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problems with clean water in coastal areas alongside an increase in population and community economic activities have diversified community activities. Coastal settlements bordering the high seas are characterized as arid areas with a lack of clean water. Here, the use of the range groundwater supply against seawater intrusion means that the water consumed by the community tastes salty and brackish. The availability of abundant seawater, processed through desalination technology, can be used to meet the daily clean water needs of coastal communities. Sustainable development goal (SDG) 6 Water and Sanitation is concerned with ensuring that everyone has access to clean water and sanitation. In this regard, desalination technology is considered viable to achieve the SDGs in the environmental sector. Some countries have focused on using desalination technology to achieve target 6.4 by 2030. This goal aims to improve the efficiency of water use to reduce the number of people experiencing clean water scarcity by ensuring a sustainable supply of fresh water. The objective of this study is to examine the application of seawater desalination technology for clean water in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and Indonesia, and identify the implications of desalination policies in these countries. Comparative studies were conducted using secondary data and literature studies on transforming seawater into clean water with technology. KSA applies seawater desalination technology to meet water needs. However, in Indonesia, policymaking has not holistically examined the potential of using seawater desalination technology for clean water. Until now, unlike in the KSA, Indonesia has not addressed the importance of the use of desalination technology in state policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The instrumentation design of an online monitoring device for aquaculture media is discussed in this article. The main processor in this internet of things (IoT) real-time telemetry system is an ESP32 board. Temperature, acidity level, conductivity level, dissolved oxygen (DO) level, and degree of oxygen reduction in the water were the aquaculture parameters measured. The ESP32 collects data from each sensor, groups it into a dataset, displays it on the LCD, saves it to the SD card, and then uploads it to the real-time database. In addition, an Android application is being developed for users. This device has been tested to ensure that each measured parameter is accurate and precise. The accuracy test, one of the major results of laboratory scale tests, demonstrates that each parameter has a different measurement error that represents with average error absolute. Six tested sensors/instruments were subjected to the test. Average absolute error for temperature sensor is +0.76%, pH sensor is +1.52%, electrical conductivity (EC) sensor is +10.8%, oxidation reduction potential (ORP) sensor is +14.6%, DO sensor is +9.3%, and total dissolve solids (TDS) sensor is +13.2%. This device is very dependable and convenient for monitoring the condition of aquaculture media in real-time and accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Karst groundwater is raw water used by Spamdus Genjahan to fulfill domestic water needs. Considering the vulnerability of karst groundwater to pollution and its distribution process, the research aimed to describe the suitability of water in the network as well as the spatial distribution of E.coli and the relationship between distance and it's concentration. The concentration of E.coli was tested from water samples taken from 20 outlets as representatives of the close, medium and farthest distances from the source. The feasibility of water is carried out by comparing the results of laboratory tests with the water quality threshold value for clean water and domestic purposes. Spatial distribution was analyzed through spatial analysis using Geographic Information Systems, while the relationship between distance and E.coli concentration was carried out using the scatterplot method in GIS. The results showed that the concentration of E.coli in most of the samples was above the allowable threshold for sanitation hygiene purposes. Meanwhile, the distance from the outlet to the source did not show a strong correlation with the level of E.coli concentration. However, there are weak indications that lead to an increase in concentration with the E.coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the efficiency and potential of indirect freeze crystallization (IFC) as a valuable resource-recovery technology in wastewater treatment, particularly focusing on acid mine water and hazardous material wastewater-treatment plants. Wastewater treatment poses challenges to recovering valuable resources effectively, enforcing the need for sustainable and resource-efficient technologies like freeze crystallization. Through a thorough examination of IFC principles and mechanisms, this paper aims to highlight its applications, advantages, and limitations. The investigation includes a comprehensive literature review and detailed methodology from one of the IFC pilot plants, as well as a critical analysis of the environmental and economic implications of IFC. By addressing scaling challenges in reverse osmosis and proposing an environmentally friendly brine disposal method through IFC, this paper contributes to reducing the environmental footprint associated with wastewater treatment. Additionally, this paper highlights the importance of extracting valuable resources from highly saline water and emphasises the potential economic and environmental benefits of resource recovery, particularly focusing on the promising technology of IFC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the objectives of sustainable development is water, sanitation, and hygiene, or WASH. Developing countries, however, continue to face the difficulty of sophisticated WASH. There are disparities regarding how the WASH project for sustainable development is being implemented among different administrative units. In the three central districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan -- Charsadda, Mardan, and Nowshera -- the current study sought to evaluate the relative WASH conditions. Using a structured questionnaire and simple random sample, data in the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) domains about WASH was gathered. Composite indices for each domain (knowledge, attitude and practices) and an overall composite WASH index were calculated. Based on the WASH index values, the results showed that Nowshera had a relatively better WASH status than Mardan and Charsadda. The study's findings suggested that while a sizable section of the study region may have access to enough water and toilets, attention should also be paid to the water's quality and the toilets' outlets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The availability of clean water is a complex and urgent problem. Water is a natural resource that is very important for human survival. The problem faced is that the clean water system in the area where residents live is not running smoothly. To overcome this, a good clean water distribution network and good clean water system management are needed and are able to serve the clean water needs of residents in the area. In order to make this happen, quite a large investment is needed. One of them is by carrying out company investment in the form of increasing the capacity of the raw water supply system. Based on the background mentioned, the title of this research is Feasibility Analysis of Investment in the Clean Water System of the Wae Mbeliling Drinking Water Company, Lembor District. The settlement method for this calculation is for Feasibility Investment Analysis using the Net Present Value (NPV) method and the Break Event Point (BEP) method. From the results of the analysis, an NPV value of Rp. 678,904,405,208 (NPV > 0). So the investment in developing the production capacity and clean water network of Perumda Air Minum Wae Mbeliling, Lembor District, is worth continuing. An NPV value that is positive or greater than (> 0) indicates that the income is greater than the value invested. It was found that the return value occurred in the 4th year by marking the accumulation of positive profits starting from the 4th year. This explains that the investment in replacing the clean water distribution network of Perumda Air Minum Wae Mbeliling, Lembor District is feasible, because there is a proven return on investment. from the BEP value for 1 year.

Southeast Asia is vulnerable to climate change with over half of its population already being impacted by drought, flooding, and rise in sea levels recently. This work reviews the current water resource challenges in Indonesia, prone to the rising impacts of climate change. A baseline assessment of Indonesia's water and drinking water resources related to its original sources is presented. In response to a growing concern over chronic challenges that undermine water supply nationwide, this study analyses drinking water safety supervision. To accomplish this, a literature survey (100 studies published during the 2000–2023 period) was performed to identify regional groundwater resources sustainability and water security issues. Among the main findings of this study, only 10% of rainfall infiltrates to the groundwater, while 70% of its rivers are heavily polluted by domestic waste. During the study period, water availability decreased to 1,200 m3/year in 2020, with only 35% of the resources being economically feasible for reuse. The water supply deficit in Indonesia was estimated to be 5.5 hm3/year with roughly 67% of the population's water demand satisfied in 2021. Although this deficit might be fulfilled with private vendors, water supply/demand forecasts in 2030 suggest that the gap could not be closed by increasing water supply. HIGHLIGHTS About 70% of rivers in Indonesia were heavily polluted by domestic waste.; Water availability decreased to 1,200 m3/year in 2020.; Only 35% of the water is economically feasible to be reused.; Only 67% of the water demand was supplied in 2021.; Only 10% of rainfall infiltrates the underlying groundwater.;

Introduction: According to Pekanbaru City Health Department in 2019, there were 17.,67% of toddlers in Pekanbaru with poor nutritional status. Poor sanitation can trigger the emergence of infectious diseases that can reduce nutritional absorption in toddlers throughout the digestive process, resulting in stunting. The aim of this study was to analyze environmental sanitation influences on stunting. Methods: This research used case control study design. The case and control groups each received 30 samples. Independent variables include water source for sanitation, condition of latrines, condition of hand washing facilities with soap, condition of waste water drainage channels, management of household waste, type and condition of floors, presence of vectors and disease carrier animals, drinking water quality from biological conditions. The dependent variable was stunting. All data were collected using questionnaires that were asked directly to participants. Data analysis was performed by using the chi-square and multiple logistic regression tests. Results and Discussion: Water sources for sanitation, availability and condition of latrines, drinking water quality from biological terms influences on stunting (p-value

Copyright of Jurnal Teknologi dan Rekayasa Sumber Daya Air is the property of Brawijaya University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jurnal Teknologi dan Rekayasa Sumber Daya Air is the property of Brawijaya University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Vanillic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid) (VA) is a natural benzoic acid derivative commonly found in herbs, rice, maize, and some fruits and vegetables. However, due to the wide use of VA in various industrial sectors, its presence in the environment might harm living organisms. This study evaluated the toxicity of VA and its isomers, iso-VA and orto-VA. Firstly, the antimicrobial effect of VA and its isomers iso-VA and orto-VA (in doses of 1000; 100, 10, 1; 0.1; 0.01 mg/L) against Escherichia coli, Sarcina spp., Enterobacter homaechei, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans were identified. The toxic effect and protein degradation potential of VA and its isomers were determined using E. coli grpE:luxCDABE and lac:luxCDABE biosensor strains. However, the genotoxicity and oxidative stress generation were assessed with the E. coli recA:luxCDABE biosensor and E. coli strain. The results showed that VA, iso-VA, and orto-VA exhibited antimicrobial activity against all tested bacterial strains. However, VA's antimicrobial effect differed from iso-VA and orto-VA. Similar toxic, genotoxic, and oxidative stress-inducing effects were observed for VA and its isomers. Each compound exhibited toxicity, cellular protein degradation, and genotoxic activity against E. coli grpE:luxCDABE, E. coli lac:luxCDABE, and E. coli recA:luxCDABE strains. Analysis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation within E. coli cells highlighted oxidative stress as a contributing factor to the toxicity and genotoxicity of VA and its isomers. While the findings suggest potential applications of VA compounds as food preservatives, their presence in the environment raises concerns regarding the risks posed to living organisms due to their toxic and genotoxic characteristics.

This research confronts the pressing challenge of escalating clean water demand in Bandung, a dynamically expanding metropolitan city in Indonesia's West Java Province. Drawing on secondary data from the Central Bureau of Statistics and other relevant literature, the study leverages Microsoft Excel to perform a dual analysis: forecasting population growth and calculating future water demand through 2032. A pivotal outcome reveals that the existing water supply infrastructure in Bandung will be woefully insufficient to meet the exponentially growing clean water requirements. Uniquely, this study employs multiple forecasting methodologies, adding depth and reliability to the projections. It there by offers new, essential insights into the quantifiable volume of water that will be needed to sustain future urban development. The research argues that current supply-focused water management strategies are inherently flawed and calls for an immediate paradigm shift toward demand-side management to mitigate the impending water crisis. Specific recommendations include the incorporation of alternative water sources such as rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge. Moreover, the study emphasizes the need for rapid governmental action, including policy revision and public education campaigns, to ensure water sustainability. This research stands as a critical resource for policymakers, urban planners, and water management experts aiming to bridge the looming water supply-demand gap in Bandung.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide radicals O2−, hydroxyl radicals OH−, and hydrogen peroxide H2O2 may have detrimental effects on marine organisms, including their integuments and visual appearances. Although some studies have described the impact of ROS on marine ecosystems and species ecology, the influence on the optical response of the integuments of marine species and on their visual appearances remains unknown. In this article, we used histology and optical characterisation to show, for the first time, that skin melanophores (melanin-containing chromophores) of the coral reef fish, Stegastes apicalis, change their shapes and fluorescent proprieties upon oxidation with H2O2 radicals. Our observations also suggest that pheomelanosomes may occur in fish integuments, where, previously, it was thought that fish melanosomes only contain eumelanin. This investigation relied on light and electron microscopy and steady-state fluorimetry, as well as time-resolved streak imaging systems. We suggest that the changes in the morphological and spectral characteristics of melanophores can be used as a marker of physiological stress induced by environmental factors such as ROS. Moreover, S. apicalis may be used as a potential model for studying the interaction between the surrounding environment and natural organisms in biologically diverse ecosystems, such as the Great Barrier Reef in Australia.

A sanitary system is a supporting component designed to meet the clean water requirements of a building, primarily for sanitation activities. The average sanitary equipment used typically requires a shower pressure of ±1 Bar. However, the shower pressure can be significantly affected by factors such as the distance from the top tank and the building's layout, considering only the pressure due to gravity. To address inadequate shower pressure, an auxiliary pump known as a booster pump is necessary. The need for a booster pump is determined by the cumulative demand from plumbing equipment, where the total capacity required is 6057 liters/hour. To address this demand, the system employs two pump units, each with a capacity of 3 m3/hour. The distribution pipes utilized in the system adhere to established standards and are made of random polypropylene with a diameter of 2 inches and a flow rate of 0.005889 m3/second. The overall head loss resulting from this installation amounts to 31.62 meters. To accommodate the booster system, a pressure tank with a capacity of 67 liters is employed. The minimum working pressure required for the pumps is 1.8 Bar.

This community service aims to increase the knowledge and skills of Kulim Jaya Village residents in making simple clean water filters on a household scale so that they can get access to clean water more easily. The method of implementing this service used participatory training. The service evaluation instrument was an observation sheet and was analyzed descriptively. The results of this service showed that this simple household-scale clean water filter was able to overcome clean water problems, and there was an increase in residents' knowledge and skills in making clean water filter equipment to overcome clean water difficulties. This simple, clean water filter tool makes it easier for the people of Kulim Jaya Village residents to obtain and increase clean water for their daily needs.

This study investigated the effect of low-concentration fumed silica (FS) in polyethersulfone (PES) membranes. The PES/FS blend membrane was fabricated using a wet phase inversion technique as a flat sheet membrane. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed improved pore connectivity and rounder middle structures due to the addition of fumed silica. The experimental results indicated that the fabricated membranes fell within the ultrafiltration range, with pure water flux increasing as fumed silica concentration rose. The pure water flux improved by 64% compared to the native PES membrane. Furthermore, the blend membranes exhibited better selectivity, rejecting pepsin and lysozyme 11% and 19% more efficiently, respectively. Although the low concentration of fumed silica had minimal impact on the water contact angles of the membrane surface, all membranes demonstrated hydrophilicity. This cost-effective approach enhances permeability while maintaining separation characteristics, making it suitable for clean water applications.