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Charles Spence Bate (1818–1889) was one of the more influential mid to late 19th century crustacean taxonomists, with broad interests spanning several taxonomic groups, such as Amphipoda and Decapoda. Despite several contemporary obituaries, no full publication list for him has ever been assembled. In the present contribution, we provide a complete listing of publications and all species- and genus-level crustacean taxa described by Spence Bate, and indicate their current status. Corrections to publication dates are listed, and several decisions are made to stabilise crustacean nomenclature. In a scientific career spanning almost 50 years (1850–1889), Spence Bate described a total of 402 species and 70 genera in Decapoda, 181 species and 46 genera in Amphipoda, as well as eight genera and eight species of Cumacea, four genera and 16 species of Isopoda, three of Tanaidacea and one of Cirripedia. Of these, 36.2% of species and 45.7% of genera are still considered as the accepted names for their taxa today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A solitary Anelasma squalicola specimen was collected from the cloaca of a Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus), the first time this association has been recorded. The specimen's identity was confirmed through morphological and genetic assessment (mitochondrial markers: COI and control region). A. squalicola is a species typically associated with deep‐sea lantern sharks (Etmopteridae) and, until the present observation, had never been observed at a sexually mature size in the absence of a mating partner. Given the reported negative effects of this parasite on its hosts, monitoring Greenland sharks for additional cases is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trehalose is important in activity, development, and environmental-stress response, especially in invertebrates. It is mainly synthesized by trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP), and degraded by trehalase (TRE). In the present study, the tps , tpp , and tre were identified from various crustacean species and their phylogeny, structure, network, and transcriptome were analyzed. The tps and tpp are fused in crustaceans, accompanied with multi-copies of genes to improve the synthesis capacity of trehalose, and they may be formed by whole-genome duplication (WGD) and/or segmental duplications. Phylogenetic subgroups of enzymes in the same species may be due to the different lengths and distribution positions of domains. The protein with single TPP domain in the salmon louse, the copepod Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1837), probably has a depoisoning effect. Structure analyses and location predictions showed that crustacean TRE possess an α-helix-rich structure with barrel core, and are membrane-bound, cytoplasmic, and secreted. Additionally, the non-acid TRE might not be adjusted by Ca2+ because there is no binding domain in crustaceans. Expression profiles of different tissues, developmental periods, and environmental-challenge responses, as well as genes of co-expression networks suggested that TPS (including TPP) and TRE might play important roles in physiological activities including development and environmental adaptation in crustaceans. Multi-copies of tre may enhance survival ability of copepods in diverse and sometimes harsh environments. Branchiopods, copepods, and the marine shrimp Penaeus vannamei Boone, 1931 are suspected to adopt possible acid TRE as a supplementary strategy in response to stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Echiniscoididae are the only family of the clade Echiniscoidea residing in marine habitats. Their characteristic feature is the multiplication of claws on legs, commonly regarded as an adaptation to unstable tidal environment. Although DNA barcoding data indicated the presence of numerous unnamed candidate species within Echiniscoides about a decade ago, only recently have new species been formally described. In this paper, we present new genetic, morphological and morphometric data and establish five Echiniscoides species found in samples acquired from various tropical regions: Echiniscoides basalticus sp. nov. (Mauritius, Indian Ocean), Echiniscoides bufocephalus sp. nov. (Qatar, Indian Ocean), Echiniscoides lichenophilus sp. nov. (Dominican Republic, Atlantic Ocean), Echiniscoides musa sp. nov. (Brazil, Atlantic Ocean), and Echiniscoides trichosus sp. nov. (Rapa Nui, Pacific Ocean). We discuss the taxonomic importance of cuticular sculpturing in Echiniscoididae. Finally, we elevate all subspecies of Echiniscoides sigismundi to species level. The key to all echiniscoidids is provided.http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:63154710-C3BA-402A-A11B-C211DAE59CAB

The collection of Crustacea preserved in the Museum of Zoology "P. Doderlein" in Palermo (Italy) has been revised in the framework of the activities of the National Biodiversity Future Center. The main part of the collection is composed of Decapoda, while a smaller part includes Stomatopoda, Isopoda, Amphipoda, and Cirripedia. Overall the collection includes common species, some of which are now protected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudoplankton are organisms that are adapted for a mode of life attached to floating objects. In modern oceans common examples are lepadid barnacles, which attach themselves to man-made and natural objects, especially wood logs. In the fossil record, pseudoplankton examples are commonly found in black shales, such as the lower Toarcian Posidonia Shale Formation of Germany. Here there are occasional large logs of fossil wood covered in specimens of the inoceramid bivalve Pseudomytiloides dubius, with or without specimens of the pentacrinitid crinoid Seirocrinus subangularis. Some Posidonia Shale logs show evidence of for intra-species succession with younger S. subangularis specimens attached onto the stems of older ones. Another example of pseudoplankton from the Posidonia Shale is the occurrence of the numerous disarticulated specimens of the phosphatic-shelled eolepadid barnacle Toarcolepas mutans associated with a piece of fossil wood, which constitutes the oldest example of pseudoplanktonic barnacles in the fossil record. Here we report a limestone concretion from the lower Toarcian Strawberry Bank Lagerstätte (Ilminster, Somerset, UK) that preserves a piece of fossil wood with a pseudoplanktonic colony comprising at least a hundred specimens of T. mutans that attached onto a layer of P. dubius bivalves, that had already attached onto the wood. This is one of very few examples of temporal succession for pseudoplankton in the Toarcian and is also unusual in being preserved in a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic facies, rather than a black shale. The occurrence of T. mutans in the Strawberry Bank Lagerstätte concretion represents the second record of the species and also the equal oldest example of pseudoplanktonic barnacles in the fossil record. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Echiniscoididae are the only family of the clade Echiniscoidea residing in marine habitats. Their characteristic feature is the multiplication of claws on legs, commonly regarded as an adaptation to unstable tidal environment. Although DNA barcoding data indicated the presence of numerous unnamed candidate species within Echiniscoides about a decade ago, only recently have new species been formally described. In this paper, we present new genetic, morphological and morphometric data and establish five Echiniscoides species found in samples acquired from various tropical regions: Echiniscoides basalticussp. nov. (Mauritius, Indian Ocean), Echiniscoides bufocephalussp. nov. (Qatar, Indian Ocean), Echiniscoides lichenophilussp. nov. (Dominican Republic, Atlantic Ocean), Echiniscoides musasp. nov. (Brazil, Atlantic Ocean), and Echiniscoides trichosussp. nov. (Rapa Nui, Pacific Ocean). We discuss the taxonomic importance of cuticular sculpturing in Echiniscoididae. Finally, we elevate all subspecies of Echiniscoides sigismundi to species level. The key to all echiniscoidids is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a lapsus calami in our explanation of the etymology of the name Chthamalus southwardorum sp. nov. in Pitombo Burton 2007.

The ivory barnacle Amphibalanus eburneus is a marine crustacean, which presents near-cosmopolitan distribution due to extensive introduction and exhibits a wide spectrum of phenotypic variation. To elucidate geographical differentiation among populations through invasion, we investigated variation in genetic structure, shell morphology, and recruitment pattern for A. eburneus, from the southern Korean Peninsula where it has been established since the late 1980s. We selected samples from four populations in corresponding ecologically-relevant regions representing all surrounding South Korean waters. From these we amplified the mitochondrial genetic marker cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) from 57 individuals and performed a populational genetic analyses with 11 additional GenBank sequences to evaluate population structure. To examine morphological variation, we applied two-dimensional landmark-based geometric morphometrics to the scutum and tergum for 148 and 151 individuals, respectively. Furthermore, we estimated the density of year-old individuals in the field to compare recruitment responses among localities. We detected 33 haplotypes among the four locations belonging to three distinct clades based on moderate intraspecific pairwise genetic distance (=3.5%). The haplotypes in these clades were not locality-specific in their distribution. In contrast, we did detect interpopulation variation in opercular shape and morphospace structure, and one population could be separated from the rest based on its distinct tergum morphotype alone. This morphologically distinct population was also differentiated by displaying the lowest mean recruitment density. Our results indicate that although there is no relationship between molecular variation in the COI gene and geographic regions in South Korea, association with locality for operculum morphology, and recruitment response suggest ecological adaptation by this barnacle in a new habitat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During intertidal rocky shore surveys on the east coast of South Africa in 2018, the non-indigenous giant purple barnacle Megabalanus tintinnabulum (Linnaeus, 1758), a well-known fouling and globally-invasive species, was discovered. This motivated a survey of the entire South African east coast at 31 rocky shore sites, which confirmed that breeding populations of this barnacle have been established in most wave-exposed low-shore intertidal habitats between the Mozambique border and Mkambati Nature Reserve and that its current South African distribution spans 725 km of coastline. Another non-indigenous and common fouling species, the titan acorn barnacle M. coccopoma (Darwin, 1854), was discovered at three of the sites, its local distribution spanning 370 km of coastline. While currently uncommon, this species is known to reach high densities in other non-native regions. Both Megabalanus species are large and conspicuous and were not found during extensive surveys in the 1990s and early 2000s, suggesting that their introduction and spread occurred within the past two decades. Their establishment on subtidal reefs remains to be confirmed but is likely, based on frequent encounters of empty shells washed up on beaches or on buoys. Prior to this, no non-indigenous invasive species have been reported to occur on intertidal rocky shores of the subtropical South African east coast, while the country's south and west coasts have experienced severe ecological impacts from invasive mussels and barnacles since the 1970s. Two alternative processes have likely led to the introduction and spread of the two species: (i) their dispersal from ship fouling communities and spread along the coast from focal points, such as local ports and harbours; or (ii) their arrival by southward range expansions of tropical populations concurrent with recent climate-mediated thermal shifts in the region. The supporting evidence of both are discussed, as well as management implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global shipping is a common vector of non-native species (NNS), especially biofouling organisms. Ports with heavy ship traffic can contain a higher proportion of NNS compared to surrounding coastal habitats. Port Canaveral, Florida, is a busy and growing port, but little is known about the native and non-native species present. A baseline survey was designed to identify barnacle species, conspicuous members of the biofouling communities growing on structures in the port, and determine their origin status (i.e., native or NNS). In addition to species identity, the relative abundance of each species and NNS at five different sites during two time periods was assessed. Eight species of barnacles were identified, three of which are non-native in Florida. Barnacle communities differed by site and time period, with a significant interaction between the two factors. During both time periods, NNS comprised more than 90% of the barnacles at four of the sites. While this survey provides a baseline for barnacles present at Port Canaveral, Florida, expanding the surveys to include other organisms will give a more complete view of the number of NNS present at the port, supporting managers' future assessment of community changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first record of the epibiont cirripedium of sea turtles, Chelonibia testudinaria (Linnaeus, 1758), is described for northern Chile (the second record for the species in the country), extending the distribution of this species by almost 10 latitudinal degrees (about 1020 km), and filling a gap in its geographic range in the southeastern Pacific.

The acorn barnacle (Cirripedia: Balanomorpha) is a sessile crustacean arthropod, distributing around the intertidal areas of tropical and temperate regions worldwide. Current practices for taxonomic identification are based on shell morphology and light microscopy, together with the use of scanning electron microscopy for arthropodal characters, which the latter technique requires complicated procedures. Through the recent technology of confocal light-sheet microscopy, here we demonstrate a clear description of Caudoeuraphia caudata (Pilsbry, 1916), a new record of its presence in eastern Thailand. This type of microscopy enables the high acquisition of fluorescent imaging of a whole barnacle’s body and arthropodal structures, including cirri and mouthpart imaging in three dimensions, with simple procedures for sample preparation and through harboring autofluorescence of their own barnacle structures. Hence, this technology could potentially be an alternative way for identifying acorn barnacles at the species-level and visualizing the diversity of these marine arthropods.

The collection of Crustacea preserved in the Museum of Zoology “P. Doderlein” in Palermo (Italy) has been revised in the framework of the activities of the National Biodiversity Future Center. The main part of the collection is composed of Decapoda, while a smaller part includes Stomatopoda, Isopoda, Amphipoda, and Cirripedia. Overall the collection includes common species, some of which are now protected.

The present study investigated the phylogeography of the intertidal barnacle Tetraclita in the Gulf of Thailand ecoregion (Sunda Shelf Province in the Pacific) and the Andaman Sea Coral Coast ecoregion (Andaman Province in the Indian Ocean) in Thailand’s waters. Tetraclita species were identified by a combined morphological and molecular approach using mitochondrial gene fragments (CO1 and 12S rRNA). Tetraclita singaporensis is a major occupiers on the Andaman coast but is sparse in the western Gulf of Thailand. Tetraclita squamosa inhabits almost all of our collection sites in the Gulf of Thailand but has a very low abundance in the Andaman Sea. Tetraclita kuroshioensis has two genetically distinct populations, one in the Andaman Sea and the other in the West Pacific region. S-DIVA analysis showed that the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of T. kuroshioensis was distributed in both the Andaman Sea and West Pacific region, with a relative probability of 63%; the analysis further identified two molecular subclades, one on each side of the Sunda Shelf by vicariance about 0.53 million years ago, far before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The MRCA of T. squamosa was based in the West Pacific region (relative probability: 90%), and dispersed into the Andaman Sea after the LGM. The MRCA of T. singaporensis was in the Andaman Sea (relative probability: 89.5%) and dispersed into the Gulf of Thailand via monsoonal currents through the Malacca Strait after the LGM. Presently, T. singaporensis is absent from the West Pacific region, further supporting its origin in the Andaman Sea. The distribution of intertidal barnacles in the Sunda Shelf and Andaman provinces is a result of the interplay between geological events and present day oceanographic currents.

Valves of a thoracican cirripede belonging to a new species of the Neolepadidae, Ashinkailepas indica Gale sp. nov. are described from a Late Pleistocene cold seep (52.6 ka), cored in the Krishna-Godavari Basin, offshore from the eastern coast of India. This constitutes the first fossil record of the genus, and its first occurrence in the Indian Ocean. Other fossil records of the Neolepadidae (here elevated to full family status) are discussed, and it is concluded that only Stipilepas molerensis from the Eocene of Denmark, is correctly referred to the family. Cladistic analysis of the Neolepadidae supports a basal position for Ashinkailepas, as deduced independently from molecular studies, and the Lower Cretaceous brachylepadid genus Pedupycnolepas is identified as sister taxon to Neolepadidae. Neolepadids are not Mesozoic relics as claimed, preserved in association with the highly specialised environments of cold seeps and hydrothermal vents, but are rather an early Cenozoic offshoot from the clade which also gave rise to the sessile cirripedes.

Barnacles of the genus Chthamalus are commonly encountered rocky intertidal shores. The phylogeography of the different species in the Western Indian Ocean is unclear. Using morphological characteristics as well as the molecular markers mitochondrial cytochrome oxygenase subunit I (COI) and the nuclear sodium-potassium ATPase (NaKA), we identified four clades representing four species in the Western Indian Ocean and its adjacent seas. Among these species, a newly identified species, Chthamalus barilani, which was found in Madagascar, Zanzibar and Tanzania. Chthamalus from the coasts of Tanzania and Zanzibar is identified morphologically as C. malayensis, and clusters with C. malayensis from the Western Pacific and the Indo Malayan regions. C. malayensis is regarded as a group of four genetically differentiated clades representing four cryptic species. The newly identified African clade is genetically different from these clades and the pairwise distances between them justify the conclusion that it is an additional cryptic species of C. malayensis. This type of genetic analyses offers an advantage over morphological characterization and allowed us to reveal that another species, C. barnesi, which is known from the Red Sea, is also distributed in the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf. We could also confirm the presence of the South African species C. dentatus in the Mozambique channel. This represents the Northeastern limit of C. dentatus, which is usually distributed along the coast of southern Africa up to the Islands of Cape Verde in West Africa. Altogether, based on a combination of morphology and genetics, we distinct between four clusters of Chthamalus, and designate their distribution in the West Indian Ocean. These distinctions do not agree with the traditional four groups reported previously based merely on morphological data. Furthermore, these findings underline the importance of a combining morphological and genetics tools for constructing barnacle taxonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barnacles of the genus Chthamalus are commonly encountered rocky intertidal shores. The phylogeography of the different species in the Western Indian Ocean is unclear. Using morphological characteristics as well as the molecular markers mitochondrial cytochrome oxygenase subunit I (COI) and the nuclear sodium-potassium ATPase (NaKA), we identified four clades representing four species in the Western Indian Ocean and its adjacent seas. Among these species, a newly identified species, Chthamalus barilani, which was found in Madagascar, Zanzibar and Tanzania. Chthamalus from the coasts of Tanzania and Zanzibar is identified morphologically as C. malayensis, and clusters with C. malayensis from the Western Pacific and the Indo Malayan regions. C. malayensis is regarded as a group of four genetically differentiated clades representing four cryptic species. The newly identified African clade is genetically different from these clades and the pairwise distances between them justify the conclusion that it is an additional cryptic species of C. malayensis. This type of genetic analyses offers an advantage over morphological characterization and allowed us to reveal that another species, C. barnesi, which is known from the Red Sea, is also distributed in the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf. We could also confirm the presence of the South African species C. dentatus in the Mozambique channel. This represents the Northeastern limit of C. dentatus, which is usually distributed along the coast of southern Africa up to the Islands of Cape Verde in West Africa. Altogether, based on a combination of morphology and genetics, we distinct between four clusters of Chthamalus, and designate their distribution in the West Indian Ocean. These distinctions do not agree with the traditional four groups reported previously based merely on morphological data. Furthermore, these findings underline the importance of a combining morphological and genetics tools for constructing barnacle taxonomy.

The present study is the first completed and taxonomically validated literature review of the biodiversity of barnacles (Cirripedia) in India. A total of 144 species in 75 genera and 19 families have been recorded in India. The highest number of species has been recorded from the Bay of Bengal province, located on the eastern side of the Indian Peninsula, comprising the Eastern India ecoregion (76 species) and Northern Bay of Bengal ecoregion (34 species). The West and South India Shelf province has fewer species (Western India ecoregion: 29 species; South India and Sri Lanka ecoregion: 40 species; and Maldives ecoregion: 10 species) compared to the Bay of Bengal province. The Andaman province is composed of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and contains 65 species. Most of the coral-associated barnacles (family Pyrgomatidae) have been recorded in the corals reefs of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (7 species), Eastern India (6 species), and Northern Bay of Bengal ecoregions (5 species). Sponge-associated barnacles (mostly in the subfamily Acastinae) were recorded in the Eastern India ecoregion, Southern India and Sri Lanka, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands ecoregions. Deepwater species were recorded the most extensively in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands ecoregion (21 species), followed by the South India and Sri Lanka ecoregion (9 species) and Eastern India ecoregion (7 species). Six Atlantic/boreal cold water species previously reported in India were removed due to incorrect identification, and some incorrectly identified species were validated and corrected.

Among the turtle and whale barnacles (Coronuloidea: Chelonibiidae, Coronulidae, †Emersoni-idae and Platylepadidae), the members of the chelonibiid species Chelonibia testudinaria (Linnaeus, 1758) are known as epizoic barnacles that can attach to a rather wide spectrum of substrates (pri-marily sea turtles, crabs and sirenians). At present, three living morphs of C. testudinaria have been recognised; of these, the less host-specific is the patula morph, which also displays a remarkably simple, unspecialised shell architecture. Here we report on several chelonibiid shells, referred to the patula morph of C. testudinaria, encrusting a cetacean scapula collected from the floor of the Adriatic Sea facing Salento (Apulia Region, southeastern Italy) and tentatively referred to Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, 1821). This is one of the few records worldwide of a coronuloid barnacle from an inanimate substrate, as well as the second as an encruster on mammalian bone. Such an unusual occurrence is then briefly discussed in the broader framework of the coronuloid commensalism and substrate habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the distribution and habitats of Amigdoscalpellum hispidum, Weltnerium stroemii, Scalpellum scalpellum, Weltnerium cornutum, Catherinum striolatum, Weltnerium nymphocola and Hamatoscalpellum hamatum in the Norwegian and Barents Seas, and their morphology. These are seven of the eight scalpellid species recorded in the area. Expeditions from 2006 to 2018 of the MAREANO (Marine areal database for Norwegian waters) programme have provided a comprehensive collection of Scalpellidae that can contribute to our knowledge of their distribution. The collections were from 335 localities in 40–2300 m depth. Of the 1406 specimens collected, 1396 were collected by beam trawl and 37 were from grabs. Patchy distributions and the association of species with other organisms (e.g. hydroids and gorgonian corals) can explain the low abundance in grabs compared with beam trawls, the latter covering larger areas and mixed sediments better. Weltnerium stroemii was the most abundant species and had the largest depth and temperature range, followed by A. hispidum and W. nymphocola. Species were assigned into three geographic groups based on their depth distribution. Shelf species: W. stroemii, S. scalpellum and A. hispidum occurring mainly shallower than 400 m in water temperatures >4°C; Upper slope species: W. nymphocola, W. cornutum and H. hamatum, found mainly between 600–1000 m in temperatures from 4 to 0°C; Lower slope species: C. striolatum occurring below 1500 m in temperatures <0°C. The species C. striolatum and W. cornutum are new to the Norwegian fauna and future deep-sea exploration will probably discover further scalpellid species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here we present the complete mitochondrial genome of Tetraclita squamosa squamosa, which is 15,191 bp in length with 67.20% AT content. It contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal-RNA genes and 22 transfer-RNA genes. All PCGs except nad4l in T. squamosa squamosa start with ATN, and terminated with a complete stop codon, except nad3. Phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial PCGs shows that T. squamosa squamosa is clustered with T. serrata into a branch (BP = 100). Our result is consistent with previous reports that genus Tetraclita and family Tetraclitidae are not monophyletic. This study contributes to further phylogenetic analysis within Cirripedia.

Capitulum mitella (Crustacea: Cirripedia) is an important stalked barnacle. The first mitochondrial genome of C. mitella from China was presented, which is a circular molecule of 15,930 bp in length and AT content is 64.4%. It encodes 37 genes, including 13 PCGs, 22 tRNAs, and two rRNAs, which is consistent with most barnacles species reported. There are 15 genes encoded on the light strand and 22 genes encoded on the heavy strand. Identical to most barnacles species reported, srRNA and lrRNA genes are adjacent and separated only by trnV gene. Phylogenetic trees showed that C. mitella clustered with Pollicipes polymerus, indicating Pollicipedidae is monophyletic. However, Scalpelliformes was not monophyletic from the phylogenetic tree. From the level of order, the Lepadiformes was located at the base of the phylogenetic tree, indicating that its divergence time was earlier than Scalpelliformes. The results provided more insights into phylogenetic consideration at the genomic level within superorder Thoracica.

The acorn barnacle (Cirripedia: Balanomorpha) is a sessile crustacean arthropod, distributing around the intertidal areas of tropical and temperate regions worldwide. Current practices for taxonomic identification are based on shell morphology and light microscopy, together with the use of scanning electron microscopy for arthropodal characters, which the latter technique requires complicated procedures. Through the recent technology of confocal light-sheet microscopy, here we demonstrate a clear description of Caudoeuraphia caudata (Pilsbry, 1916), a new record of its presence in eastern Thailand. This type of microscopy enables the high acquisition of fluorescent imaging of a whole barnacle’s body and arthropodal structures, including cirri and mouthpart imaging in three dimensions, with simple procedures for sample preparation and through harboring autofluorescence of their own barnacle structures. Hence, this technology could potentially be an alternative way for identifying acorn barnacles at the species-level and visualizing the diversity of these marine arthropods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se describen las primeras fases de nauplios de especies chilenas; Balanus (Megabalanus) psittacus (Molina, 1782), Balanus (Austrobalanus) flosculus Darwin, 1854, y Elmintus kingi Gray, 1831 (Cirripedia, Balanidae). Sobre la base de una prueba de laboratorio, iniciada con especímenes adultos recolectados en Estero Chope (11°48?S; 73°05?O), y en el estuario del río Contaco (40°34?S; 73°37?O), la estructura general del cuerpo, las apófisis caudal y abdominal, el cono bucal y los apéndices, la setación se describen comparativamente en términos de número, disposición y tipo de setas, de manera de obtener los caracteres diferenciadores intra e interespecíficos. También se establecen características morfológicas que aseguran una rápida identificación de todas las fases a nivel de grupo. Se incluye una descripción del cypris de Balanus psittacus, detallando la estructura del cirro, las antenas adhesivas, etc.

We present a morphological study of Indonesian sponge-inhabiting barnacles using standard light microscopy in combination with micro-CT scanning and computer-aided 3D-reconstruction of the external shell morphology. A taxonomic analysis of the material detected four different genera of sponges inhabited by five different species of balanomorph barnacles, two of which are undescribed. Together with conventional morphological examination by dissection, we provide modern nondestructive imaging methods, using micro-CT scanning to enhance our knowledge of the morphological characters of sponge-inhabiting barnacles from eastern Indonesia. Although there were some methodological limitations regarding the contrast-enhancing technique, this study demonstrates micro-CT as a useful non-destructive technique of integrative taxonomy, for the examination of sponge-inhabiting barnacles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lattice organs on the dorsal part of the carapace were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in females, males, and/or cypridiform ascothoracid-larvae (in the ascothoracid-larva I stage, for the first time ever) of six species of Ascothoracida representing four genera and three families: Waginella sandersi (Newman, 1974), W. ? metacrinicola (Okada, 1926), and Gorgonolaureus muzikae Grygier, 1981 (family Synagogidae); Baccalaureus Broch 1929 , unidentified species (Lauridae); and Ascothorax gigas Wagin, 1968 and A. synagogoides (Wagin, 1964) (Ascothoracidae). All were of the "keel in a trough" or "tube in a trough" type, but they varied even more than those of previously studied ascothoracidans in number, form, orientation, and terminal pore position. Such extensive variability, summarized graphically herein, limits the potential utility of Ascothoracida (parasites of anthozoans and echinoderms) as an out-group for polarizing lattice organ character-state variation in Cirripedia (free-living and parasitic barnacles). While the ground-pattern of lattice organs in Thecostraca (comprising Ascothoracida, Cirripedia, and Facetotecta, or "y-larvae") includes two anterior and three posterior pairs, ascothoracid-larvae and males of Ascothorax Djakonov, 1914 and Dendrogaster Knipovich, 1890 (family Dendrogastridae) have only two posterior pairs; evidence as to which pair is missing is discussed. The hypothesis that dorsal setae in thecostracan nauplii are the precursors of lattice organs in later developmental stages is reexamined; one-to-one positional matching of such setae to lattice organs is difficult in Ascothoracida. Newly characterized structures of unknown function, termed "reticulated pore-plates", exist along the hinge line in a juvenile male of G. muzikae. The "pits" reported earlier along the anterior valve margin in ascothoracid-larva II of A. synagogoides are actually clusters of pores that may be homologous to these pore-plates. Potentially homologous pore-fields in other ascothoracidans are reviewed from the literature or described anew using SEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was carried out in 2016, during Summer, Autumn, Winter and Spring seasons in order to know the impact of primary productivity and biomass on zooplankton distribution durig the year in the three stations (Karmat Ali, Kerdland and Abu Al-Khaseeb (Hamdan)) that were selected on Shatt Al-Arab River. The results showed that the distributions of zooplankton in Karmat Al, iKerland and Hamdan (Abu Al-Khaseeb) stations. In Karmat Ali station, Cirripedia larvae recorded the highest number in May and it was 948, next to it Cladoceracame, it recorded the number 569 in June, then came Pseudodiaptumusardjuna its number in September was 277. Fish eggs & larvae were few through thefour seasons. Cyclops sp showed its highest occurrence in June. Kerland station; Cirripedia larvaerecorded the highest number in March, it was 1588 and then Cladocerarecorded the number 995 in April. Cyclops sp. showed its highest occurrence e(90) in May. Fish eggs & larvae itsn high number was (14 2). Hamdan (Abu Al-Khaseeb; Cyclops sprecorded the highest number in April, it was 261, then Copepod nauplii (in April) recorded the number 237. Cirripedia larvae and Nematode were found in all seasons. Chlorophyll a content and biomass; Karmat Ali station; The highest levels of chlorophyll a content and biomass and they were in Autumn and Winter seasons, were 12.55 and 840.85 respectively, the least levels for them were in Spring season, they were 0.014 and 0.938 respectively. Kerland station; The highest levels of chlorophyll a content and biomass and they were in Autumn season, were 10.146 and 679.8 respectively, the least levels for them were in Spring season, they were 0.000704 and 0.047168 respectively. Abi Al-Khaseeb station; The highest levels of chlorophyll a content and biomass and they were in Winter season, were 34.176 and 2289.8 respectively, the least levels for them were in Summer season, they were 0.03124 and 2.1 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many ecological investigations rely on understanding the movement of animals through marine environments. Most available tracking techniques are invasive (e.g., tissue sampling) and require extensive effort and/or cost (e.g., capture-mark-recapture or satellite telemetry). The isotopic compositions of barnacle shells (δ13C and δ18O) are known to record the ambient water temperature and salinity conditions in which they grew. Thus, isotopic analysis of “hitchhiking” barnacles on animals or objects has the potential to yield information about their movement between water bodies of varying isotopic properties. We present, for the first time, isotopic data for barnacle shell samples that grew on a satellite-tracked sea turtle host. The satellite telemetry record, together with documented barnacle growth rates, allowed for sequential samples from individual barnacle shells to be assigned a specific time and location for direct comparison of isotope values to environmental conditions. We developed models that allow barnacle shell δ13C and δ18O to be linked, with a high degree of predictability, to sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS). Our sea turtle case study demonstrated how these models can be used to create isoscapes, allowing hosts to be tracked in space and time at higher resolution than most attempts to use soft-tissue isotopes for a similar purpose, and at considerably lower cost than satellite telemetry. The conceptual advance presented here could be applied widely to understand the movement of any animal or object that carries hitchhiking barnacles.

Here we present the complete mitochondrial genome of Megabalanus tintinnabulum. The genome is 15,107 bp in length with a 67.35% AT content. It contains 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 rRNAs genes, and 22 tRNAs. Both rRNAs are encoded on the light strand, as in the other crustacean and barnacle mitochondrial genomes. Besides five tRNAs are encoded on the light strand (nad1, trnV, trnL1, trnC, trnQ, and trnK). Only one PCG is encoded on the light strand (nad1), whereas the other 12 PCGs are located on the heavy strand, which is consistent with M. ajax. Phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial PCGs shows that M. tintinnabulum is clustered with M. ajax into a branch (BP = 100), and the group with M. volcano with high support. This study contributes to further phylogenetic analysis within Cirripedia.

Studying the diversity and distribution of epibionts of sea turtles can provide substantial information about the behaviour and ecology of the host. Yet, such information is lacking in many areas. In the present study, the assemblage and distribution of coronuloid barnacles on the green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas were accessed in the harsh environment of the Persian Gulf. Three coronuloid barnacle species (Platylepas hexastylos, Stomatolepas transversa, and Chelonibia testudinaria) and an acorn barnacle (Balanus trigonus) were recorded. Different coronuloid barnacles occupied varying microhabitats on the turtle's body indicating their niche partitioning. Also, all three coronuloid species showed an aggregated distribution. Individuals of C. testudinaria mostly occupied the posterior margin, whereas the individuals of P. hexastylos mostly covered the anterior part of the carapace. As epibiont organisms can provide valuable insights into movement patterns, migration routes, geographical distribution as well as the health of sea turtles, the information given here can facilitate the development of strategies for the conservation of these endangered species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge about the development of the nervous system in cirripeds is limited, particularly with regard to the changes that take place during the two metamorphoses their larvae undergo. This study delivers the first detailed description of the development of the nervous system in a cirriped species, Amphibalanus improvisus by using immunohistochemical labeling against acetylated alpha-tubulin, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The development of the nervous system in the naupliar stages corresponds largely to that in other crustaceans. As development progresses, the protocerebral sensory organs differentiate and the intersegmental nerves forming the complex peripheral nervous system appear, innervating the sensory structures of the cephalic shield. During metamorphosis into a cypris the lateral sides of the cephalic shield fold down into a bilateral carapace, which leads to a reorganization of the peripheral nervous system. The syncerebrum of the cypris exhibits the highest degree of complexity of all developmental stages, innervating the frontal filaments, nauplius eye, compound eyes and the antennules. During settlement, when the second metamorphosis occur, the closely associated frontal filaments and compound eyes are shed together with the cuticle of the carapace and the antennules. In adults, the syncerebral structures are reduced while the ventral nerve cord and the peripheral nervous system increase in complexity. The peripheral nervous system plays an important role in processing sensory input and also in settlement. In summary, through the larval development we observed a structural and thus also functional increase of complexity in favor of the peripheral nervous system and the ventral nerve cord. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ivory barnacle Amphibalanus eburneus (Gould, 1841), native to the Western Atlantic, is a worldwide invader whose spread has been facilitated by shipping and shellfish culture. During a rapid assessment survey held in August 2018, several juvenile and adult barnacles were found among fouling communities of native mussel farms from Lake Butrint (Albania, Adriatic Sea). The majority of these barnacles were subsequently identified as A. eburneus. The present record fills a gap in the global invasive distribution of this taxon and represents the first record of the species from Albania. The appearance of A. eburneus in this novel location is most likely due to secondary spreading via shipping and/or fouling or introduction via shellfish culture. Barnacles, in general, can have adverse effects on native ecosystems and biota by competing for space and food and contributing to biofouling on ships/vessels and anthropogenic structures. Therefore, future studies may focus on the possible impacts of A. eburneus on the local native mussel economy and native biota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metazoans respond to hypoxic stress via the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway, a mechanism thought to be extremely conserved due to its importance in monitoring cellular oxygen levels and regulating responses to hypoxia. However, recent work revealed that key members of the HIF pathway have been lost in specific lineages (a tardigrade and a copepod), suggesting that this pathway is not as widespread in animals as previously assumed. Using genomic and transcriptomic data from 70 different species across 12 major crustacean groups, we assessed the degree to which the gene HIFα, the master regulator of the HIF pathway, was conserved. Mining of protein domains, followed by phylogenetic analyses of gene families, uncovered group-level losses of HIFα, including one across three orders within Cirripedia, and in three orders within Copepoda. For these groups, additional assessment showed losses of HIF repression machinery (EGLN and VHL). These results suggest the existence of alternative mechanisms for cellular response to low oxygen and highlight these taxa as models useful for probing these evolutionary outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Valves of a thoracican cirripede belonging to a new species of the Neolepadidae, Ashinkailepas indica Gale sp. nov. are described from a Late Pleistocene cold seep (52.6 ka), cored in the Krishna-Godavari Basin, offshore from the eastern coast of India. This constitutes the first fossil record of the genus, and its first occurrence in the Indian Ocean. Other fossil records of the Neolepadidae (here elevated to full family status) are discussed, and it is concluded that only Stipilepas molerensis from the Eocene of Denmark, is correctly referred to the family. Cladistic analysis of the Neolepadidae supports a basal position for Ashinkailepas, as deduced independently from molecular studies, and the Lower Cretaceous brachylepadid genus Pedupycnolepas is identified as sister taxon to Neolepadidae. Neolepadids are not Mesozoic relics as claimed, preserved in association with the highly specialised environments of cold seeps and hydrothermal vents, but are rather an early Cenozoic offshoot from the clade which also gave rise to the sessile cirripedes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We determined the first mitochondrial genome of Tetraclita kuroshioensis from China. The mitochondrial genome of T. kuroshioensis was found to be 15,175 bp in length and consisted of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs. The longest non-coding region was 425 bp in length. Phylogenetic analysis showed that T. kuroshioensis clustered with T. serrata and then clustered with T. squamosa squamosa with high bootstrap value (BP = 100). In the future, sequencing of additional mitochondrial genomes should provide additional insights into the deep phylogeny of Cirripedia.

Cirripedia is a lower crustacean that has an invaluable place in several aspects of intertidal ecology and anti-fouling research. In this study, we present the first mitochondrial genome of Chthamalus malayensis. The complete mitochondrial genome of C. malayensis is a circular molecule of 15,230 bp. In comparison to the pancrustacean ground pattern, the mitochondrial genome of C. malayensis has a deletion of the trnC gene. Phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial protein-coding genes showed that C. malayensis clusters with C. antennatus (BP = 98) and is grouped with C. challengeri, Octomeris sp. BKKC-2014, and Notochthamalus scabrosus. Further studies are needed to reveal the specific phylogenic relationships within Cirripedia.

The seasonal breeding patterns of a wide array of marine invertebrates are shaped by strong and deterministic environmental factors over their geographic distribution range, such as temperature or photoperiod. Whether or not such patterns will remain adaptive at more localized scales may depend on how consistent are secondary drivers controlling resource supply to parents and offspring. We address this question by examining the seasonal patterns of both the trophic state of coastal waters, and larval production and quality produced by a filter-feeding invertebrate, the intertidal barnacle Chthamalus bisinuatus , along a 150 km long trophic gradient in Southeastern Brazil. Results are consistent to previous remote sensing work showing strong seasonal variation of chlorophyll- a and particulate organic carbon concentrations, increasing 2 to 2.5 times from summer – early autumn to winter, compatible to enhanced production through vertical mixing caused by passing cold fronts. The spatial gradient was also verified and found to be consistent between seasons, but contrasts were of smaller magnitude (coefficients of variations between 15 and 35%). All reproductive parameters showed important seasonal but no spatial trends. Larval production was much higher in summer-early autumn, agreeing with previous results based on gonad development and early recruitment rate for this same species and published results for other chthamalids. However, per capita parental transfer of neutral fatty acids to larvae and larval survival without exogenous food increased 2 and 1.4 times from the breeding to the non-breeding season, respectively, indicating that coastal oceanographic processes favor larval quality when reproductive activity is lower. Given that food limitation is likely frequent in the study region, shifting from oligotrophic to mesotrophic, and that effects of larval nourishing can be carried over to benthic barnacle stages, results also suggest that the contribution of out-of-season offspring to overall recruitment may be disproportionately higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barnacles form a globally ubiquitous group of sessile crustaceans that are particularly common in the coastal intertidal. Several barnacle species are described as highly euryhaline and a few species even have the ability to colonize estuarine and brackish habitats below 5 PSU. However, the physiological and/or morphological adaptations that allow barnacles to live at low salinities are poorly understood and current knowledge is largely based on classical eco-physiological studies offering limited insight into the molecular mechanisms. This review provides an overview of available knowledge of salinity tolerance in barnacles and what is currently known about their osmoregulatory strategies. To stimulate future studies on barnacle euryhalinity, we briefly review and compare barnacles to other marine invertebrates with known mechanisms of osmoregulation with focus on crustaceans. Different mechanisms are described based on the current understanding of molecular biology and integrative physiology of osmoregulation. We focus on ion and water transport across epithelial cell layers, including transport mechanisms across cell membranes and paracellular transfer across tight junctions as well as on the use of intra- and extracellular osmolytes. Based on this current knowledge, we discuss the osmoregulatory mechanisms possibly present in barnacles. We further discuss evolutionary consequences of barnacle osmoregulation including invasion-success in new habitats and life-history evolution. Tolerance to low salinities may play a crucial role in determining future distributions of barnacles since forthcoming climate-change scenarios predict decreased salinity in shallow coastal areas. Finally, we outline future research directions to identify osmoregulatory tissues, characterize physiological and molecular mechanisms, and explore ecological and evolutionary implications of osmoregulation in barnacles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultraviolet light has intriguing potential as a marine antifoulant, targeting almost any species and applicable to almost any surface, while not accumulating in the environment. This study field-tested the effects of periodic ultraviolet-C illumination on marine macrofouling. Across four experiments, several UV illumination duty cycles were tested against controls with no illumination. Duty cycles between 1:2 (time with UV:total time per cycle) and 1:20 were all similarly effective, inhibiting almost all macrofouling at three different temperate Northeast Pacific and Northwest Atlantic sites. Susceptible taxa included barnacles, bryozoans, tunicates (colonial and solitary), and, to a slightly lesser extent, mussels. Duty cycles of 1:30 and 1:60 reduced but did not eliminate biofouling. Measurements of ultraviolet illumination on oceanographic sensors showed similar results. The results suggest further investigation of ultraviolet light as an antifoulant for marine sensors, including susceptibility of other taxa, optimizing illumination patterns, and exploring the potential for evolved resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At high latitudes, the marine transitional zone between the highly productive kelp communities and the devoid of vegetation deep-waters is occupied mainly by number of red algae species, both encrusting and cespitose, which associate with rich and diverse fauna. However, zoologists and botanists never scrutinized these communities in equal manner up to present. We investigated the transition red algae zone in the White Sea in summer 2016 and 2017 using scuba equipment. The photic depth is limited to 18–23 m at different locations. Sessile species prevail among 315 epibenthic organisms in species number (~ 80%) and biomass (~ 90%). Communities of the red algae zone are rich in species (from 54 to 177). The most distinct differences were observed between the communities of Kandalaksha and Onega Bays. Vertical heterogeneity of the red algae zone was revealed; at most locations, Rhodophyta predominate in the upper subzone and Cirripedia predominate in the lower parts of the red algae zone. At the investigated depths, shallow-water and deep-water sets of species were defined. Interspecific spatial interactions between sessile organisms are revealed: 72.2 ± 3.5% of them were recorded as epibionts, and 29.1 ± 2.5% were registered as basibionts. These interactions provide evidence of the increase of species diversity: 32.7 ± 6.8% of sessile taxa were recorded exclusively as epibionts. Algae Phycodrys rubens, Odonthalia dentata, and Coccotylus truncatus, ascidian Styela rustica, barnacles Balanus crenatus, Verruca stroemia, and polychaete Pista maculata are foundation species, each supporting multi-level suites (up to four levels) of dependent species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this present study, distantly related acorn barnacle species in the subfamily Newmanellinae (Cirripedia, Thoracica, Tetraclitidae), including Neonrosella vitiata (Darwin, 1854) and Newmanella spinosus Chan & Cheang, 2016, were discovered in the Andaman Sea of Thailand. Neo. vitiata can be readily distinguished from other newmanellids by shell plate and operculum morphology (external shell, tergum geometry, and pattern of parietal tube) and arthropodal characters (presence of basi-dorsal point at base of penis and triangular spines on cirri, setal type, and mouth parts). Both species were found to share overlapping territories on rocks at the rockweed zone, an area submerged under seawater most of the time throughout the year. This study highlights the first discovery of Neonrosella in the eastern Indian Ocean, whose ultrastructure compared to Newmanella is redescribed and illustrated here based on scanning electron microscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe a fossil barnacle (GMNH-PI-5978) from the middle Miocene Haratajino Formation, Tomioka Group, Central Japan. The fossil is the first record of fossil barnacle from the Haratajino Formation and classifies into Scalpelliformes fam., gen. et sp. indet. The fossil marks the fifth Miocene record in the Japanese scalpelliform fossils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]