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This study presents the results of testing various amendments for use in the immobilisation of metals in contaminated soils. The incubation tests were carried out for five indigenous amendments from different sources, and the results showed significant changes in the pH value of the contaminated soil following their application. At the same time, the effects of the application of these limestone amendments on the mobility of metals in the soil were estimated by specific extractions of different forms of metals existing in the soil. The results obtained allowed the ranking of the tested amendments according to their immobilization ability. Thus, for cadmium, lead and zinc, the calcium carbonate from Murfatlar and the calcium carbonate from Fieni showed the highest immobilization efficiency. The ground limestone from Baita had the lowest efficiency compared to the other amendments studied. The results obtained showed that the use of indigenous limestone amendments had significant effects on the decrease in the mobility of heavy metals in contaminated soil, providing promising prospects for their use in the restoration of these soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plant that was the object of the research was represented by the sorghum plant (Sorghum bicolor var. eusorghum) and the aim of the work was to be able to observe the behaviour of some hybrids in the pedo-climatic conditions of the Braila Agricultural Research and Development Station. It is known about grain sorghum that it presents some physiological characteristics that allow it to be cultivated in restrictive pedo-climatic conditions. These conditions refer to the presence of poor soils and areas where temperatures are higher than average and water supplies are poor. Under such conditions it is more difficult for the maize crop to provide economically profitable production. In this situation, growers can use sorghum as a safe option for obtaining profitable productions. In this paper it will be discussed the adaptability and productivity, two important elements for this crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Professional training and consulting systems in the field of plant protection, and not only, are of particular importance for our country in the context of agricultural policies developed at the level of the European Union. The particularities specific to the implementation of community policies in Romania must be reflected in the level of specialization of agricultural specialists regarding their skills. Agricultural consultancy services represent a vital element in the field of informational and technological transfer in agriculture, providing farmers with information that can contribute to improving their standard of living and that of the rural population. From the research carried out, it appears that Romanian farmers need specialized consultancy in three directions: 1) preparation for accessing European Rural Development Program funds; 2) streamlining plant and animal production; 3) facilitating access to consultants on legal issues, cadastre, feasibility studies, marketing, management, etc. The paper also presents results regarding plant protection products used by farmers in Ilfov county in 2020. The purpose of the paper is assess the farmers knowledge where they could find valuable information to their problems regarding plant protection as reflection of their training level and of the efficiency of the consultancy system in Romania. The working method consisted of a sociological survey and an opinion poll. For technical advice, 28.0% of the surveyed farmers would turn to the Agricultural Directorate. For the use of plant protection products, 51.0% of farmers turned to their delivery company. An important shoulder of farmers, 71.0%, are not aware of the National Action Plan regarding the reduction of risks associated with the use of plant protection products. Most of the farmers, 45.0%, would turn to a private consultant to receive support in accessing European Rural Development Program funds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant health (in this case winter wheat, corn and sunflower crops) is fundamental to the sustainability and competitiveness of agriculture, food safety and environmental protection. Currently, modern winter wheat, corn and sunflower crop protection strategies are focused on combating harmful organisms (diseases, weeds and pests) that cause quantitative and qualitative losses to these crops. The research in this paper focused on the presentation of all plant protection products applied to wheat, corn and sunflower crops by 50 farmers from Ilfov county in the 2019 agricultural year. The assortment of fungicides, insecticides and herbicides used is extremely varied. We also made observations in the field to identify which diseases and pests were present in the crops and consulted the farmers on the extent of their control. The degree of attack of powdery mildew, two weeks after the application of the treatments, was calculated based on the incidence and severity of the diseases. The diagnosis of diseases was made by visual observation of the typical symptoms of their manifestations. Information from farmers was obtained on the basis of questionnaires. Total control of weeds in farmers' crops was provided by an assortment represented by 8 wheat herbicides, 2 sunflower herbicides and 10 maize herbicides. Due to environmental concerns and concern for human health, the application of products for the protection of wheat, corn and sunflower crops was done taking into account good practices in the context of promoting integrated management of diseases, weeds and pests according to European directive 2009/128/EC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is an important oilseed crop in Europe and in Romania because of their ability to germinate and grow at low temperatures in the temperate regions. Rapeseed is primarily used to produce edible vegetable oil and meal for animal feed. Rapeseed production is negatively influenced by several diseases, arthropod pests and weeds. Chemical control is still an indispensable method in effective rapeseed protection against these harmful organisms in Romania. The work falls into integrated management strategy for rapeseed harmful organisms based on risk assessment, monitoring and management of the rapeseed crop that can be used as a framework by growers to manage rapeseed bioaggressors with reduced plant protection products inputs is required. The research was carried out during the vegetation period of 2021 and 2022 in Pota Câlnău commune, Buzău county. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of herbicide treatments is an important method for reducing the competition between crop and weeds. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the degree of selectivity and the effectiveness of five new herbicides applied early post-emergently (stage of development of crop 2-4 leaves; stage of development of weeds 1-3 leaves) in the control of the annual and perennial monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weed species from the maize crop. The study was performed on cambic chernozem in the experimental) fields of the National Agricultural Research and Development Institute Fundulea in the years 2017 and 2018. The herbicide treatments were: Adengo [isoxaflutol 225 g/l + tiencarbazon-metil 90 g/l + ciprosulfamide (safener) 150 g/l] + Lontrel 300 (300 g/l clopyralid); Adengo [isoxaflutol 225 g/l + tiencarbazon-metil 90 g/l + ciprosulfamide (safener) 150 g/l], Merlin Duo (isoxaflutol 37,5 g/l + terbutilazin 375 g/l), Akris (dimetenamid-P 280 g/l + terbutilazin 250 g/l) and Arigo (nicosulfuron 12% + rimsulfuron 3% + mezotrione 36%) + Adj. (Trend). In this study, best control of annual and perennial weeds was achieved in the experimental variants: Adengo + Lontrel; Arigo + Adj. The herbicides application must be correlated with: the infestation degree of weeds, the spectrum and dominance of weeds, the time of application, the type of soil, the local climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Romania, wool waste from the felt industry would be suitable for the fertilization with compost sorghum saccharatum. This hypothesis was tested in an experiment at USAMV Bucharest. The experience consists in the fertilization treatments of reddish preluvosol with both the lemon straw directly into the soil and a compost consisting of a mixture of waste wool, bovine and wheat. Experience includes untreated control variant (Mt), compost variant (C) and variant of wool debris embedded directly into soil (L). Experience results showed that variant (L) generated the largest biomass, followed insignificantly by variant (C). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maize is a staple food worldwide, and the issues of growing it in current drought-oriented scenario of climate change rise challenges in agricultural practices, especially for the rainfed agriculture that is widely extended in Romania. The current paper presents the results of a field research conducted during 2017 and 2018 at Moara Domnească Didactic Farm, located in Southeastern Romania, aiming to highlight the influence of technological factors, as fertilization and hybrid, on maize yield recorded in rainfed conditions. Rainfalls capitalization by the maize crop shows yield increases between 25.2 kg and 37.8 kg grains per mm rainfalls, depending on hybrid and fertilization rates. The highest yield is recorded by the hybrid DKC 5086 (8512,7 kg/ha) at the fertilization level N80P40. Yield growth generated by mineral fertilization recorded an average value for the researched hybrids of 14.1 kg per kg of nitrogen applied and of 9.1 kg per kg of phosphorus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The herbicides with ALS (inhibiting the enzyme acetolactate synthase) are rather unique in their ability to control weeds through both foliar uptake and through root uptake as they are also biologically active in soil. This provides control of both emerged weeds and those that emerge after time of application. Other benefits include low application rates and low mammalian toxicity. Carryover of a herbicide beyond the year of application can be of benefit in controlling weed growth in subsequent years, but can also be of concern in causing injury to sensitive crop species that may be grown in the years following application. The paper present the results concerning the study on the residual effect of some herbicides (inhibiting the enzyme acetolactate synthase - ALS) applied for weed control in sunflower crops in relationship with the climatic conditions. The phytotoxicity and persistence of the herbicides in soil was assessed using the mustard root inhibition bioassay. In earlier stage of mustard vegetation the treatments withimazamox herbicide had a residual effect, but over time this effect was significantly reduced. The chemical composition of the soil was not affected by the applied herbicides. The results indicate that for wheat was not residual effect for any of treatments used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The elimination of waste from every industry is one of the critical problems facing manufacturers. Different technologies for different types of waste can be used in a way that is as convenient as possible for the manufacturer. Textile industry is one of the fields of activity that produces a series of biodegradable waste. Among these, the waste generated by the industrialization of wool is a product whose disposal in the environment requires sustainable treatment processes. Therefore, scientific literature has proposed the transformation of waste wool by composting and its direct use as an amendment for agricultural and gardening soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper present the results obtained for the corn crop grown in 2016 under the pedological and climatic conditions of South Romania, Călăraşi County. The research aimed to analyze the influence of different soil tillage systems on the development and yield of a hybrid corn belonging to the FAO group 350. The variants studied were part of the conventional tillage system (20 cm plowing, 30 cm plowing) and minimum tillage system (30 cm scarification, 40 cm scarification, 20 cm Tiger 3 MT, 30 cm Tiger 3 MT). Under the influence of different soil tillage systems, the highest grain yield (8,065.3 kg/ha) was obtained at 30 cm plowing, with plants characterized by a height of 220.5 cm, and a LAI of 2.50. The lowest grain yield was generated by the tillage 20 cm Tiger 3 MT and had a value of 4775.7 kg/ha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will present the results obtained on the reddish preluvosoil, in the period of 2014-2016, situated on the experimental field of the Department of Soil Sciences, at Moara Domneasca. The wheat crop is part of a crop rotation wheat-barley-sugar beet. The experience is a two-factor concept, organised in three repetitions, with the next factors: a - organic fertilization and b - mineral fertilization. The research aims to find the perfect balance between the used resources and the best results, in an economic point of view. As natural fertilizers were used plant residues and manure, nutrient needs are supplemented with mineral fertilizer based mostly on nitrogen. The research has shown, that nitrogen fertilization with organic and mineral nitrogen increases wheat production along with profits. In terms of production, the best is a3 - b4 (40 t/ha leaves an pices of sugar beet and a dose of N150), but, economically, the variant a1-b4 (unfertilized organically with a dose of N150) gives the best outcome for the farm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gălăţui town, is located in the center of Calarasi County on DJ 307, between the towns Balcescu and Independence. Soil tillage systems both conventional and especially unconventional designed to ensure optimal growth conditions development and plant, soil and water conservation as well as obtaining higher quality productions with high economic efficiency. The research was conducted on a sample belonging to TC Gălăţui demonstration, County Calarasi, on a typical chernozem. The paper presents the production results obtained in the area shown above, the maize grain under the influence of soil works basic, conventional and unconventional. It was tested a maize hybrid with good productivity and resistance to water stress, a phenomenon commonly found in Southeast Baragan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the period 2012-2013 in Mostistea Plain, Fundulea, South-Est of Romania on experimental conditions, under non irrigated conditions on cambic chernozem soil was carried out a field experiment with sunflower (Helianthus annuus). The paper presents the results concerning the weed control efficency of the imidazolinone and tribenurommethyl tolerant sunflower technology and their effect on soil quality. Treatments with herbicides imazamox and tribenuron-methyl were applied to sunflower using technologies and specific resistant hybrids. Beside herbicide Express® 50 SG (sulfonylureas chemical group) was used the herbicide Frontier Forte (dimethenamid-P) and Stratos Ultra® (cicloxidim). In the year 2013 the degree of weed infestation was higher due to heavy rainfall, but we got a good weed control with the cultivation of IMI and SU sunflowers in both years. Enzyme activity from soil expressed as catalase activity was similar to untreated control for sunflower treated pre-emerget with Frontier Forte®. Treatments applied postemergence (Imazamox, Trimenuron-methyl) had either positive or values comparable to untreated control. It showed an increase of cellulolytic activity after two month from herbicide treatments, suggesting an improvement in soil biological conditions. The herbicides Frontier Forte® (pre-emergence) and Pulsar® 40 at post-emergence application did not affect soil respiration, which suggests that these herbicides did not affect life from the soil. The fact that in the case of pre-emergent herbicide Frontier Forte®, soil respiration is relatively low compared to the untreated control suggests that microbial degradation was dificient at the moment. In respect of the nitrogen fixed nonsimbiotic our results shown that after 10 days and one month of treatments application, the values were comparable to the control, suggesting that the insignificant difference between the mean values of atmospheric dinitrogen fixed-free (nonsimbiotic) can be interpreted as lack of influence of herbicide treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]