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The main argument in this article contends that a primary reason why Erdoğan has managed to stay in power in the last decade despite failure in resolving numerous social, domestic, and foreign policy crises stems from Kılıçdaroğlu's insistence on sustaining a collaborative relationship with the state. This article chronicles Kılıçdaroğlu's political attitude and his loss of CHP leadership in the wake of his ignominious defeat in the 2023 national elections. The article uses case examples that highlight and analyze his efforts at collaborationism during his term as the leader of the CHP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inherent uncertainties of biomass-driven systems including seasonality, supply chain problems, and energy conversion limitations put reliability and availability of such systems under question. The optimization of the energy systems taken into account the reliability, availability and maintainability (denoted by RAM), parameters, and constraints can dramatically change the system design, configuration, and operation. An enviro-economic optimization of biomass-powered energy systems, considering the impact of the reliability and maintainability parameters in the final optimal cost of the energy generation and after-commissioning operation, is pinpointed in this study. The objective function was developed as an explicit function to provide the system performance parameters such as rated capacities and utilization times and reliability elements such as maintenance intervals and mean time to failure (denoted by MTTF) as independent parameters for the multivariable nonlinear optimization problem. Such parameters are then used for deriving maintainability and availability parameters such as mean time to repair (denoted by MTTR) to assure the required availability levels. Developing a methodology to be used for performing the same analysis for other configurations using distinguished energy systems, storage or biomass fuel is another problem that was considered in this research. The results showed that integrating RAM parameters to optimization analysis still keeps the biomass-fueled systems competitive economically with other energy systems. The study showed that a biomass-powered system is more sensitive to electrical module performance parameters than to thermal module and biomass types. Furthermore, thermal module requires more frequent maintenance activities in comparison with electrical module in order to retain a system reliability level above the thresholds. Moreover, reliability can be integrated as a nonlinear constraint into the above-mentioned optimization problem, resulting in optimal rated capacities closer to maximum nominal capacities in case of electrical module. RAM integration to optimization changes the performance parameters of an enviro-economic optimization analysis. The sensitivity to parameters and approaches could be high, and other fuels, technologies, or system configurations shall be considered to deliver more confident results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition towards a sustainable and renewable energy future is essential to mitigate climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Small–medium combined heat and power (CHP) systems are increasingly popular for distributed energy generation, as they offer improved energy efficiency and reduced emissions compared to traditional power generation systems. This article reviews recent research articles related to small–medium CHP systems, including their role in renewable energy systems, use of biofuels, steam injection, diagnostics, and carbon capture. Throughout the research, the high potential of coastal regions has been observed and studied as a solid base for the later development of CHP systems. Based on the reviewed literature, the highest potential solutions are proposed to be further investigated as an efficient, economical solution for generating electricity and heat for various small-scale applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rising electricity costs, cost of space heating, and domestic hot water end up driving consumers toward reducing expenses by generating their electricity through devices like photovoltaic systems and efficient combined heat and power plants. When coupled with thermal systems via an energy management system (EMS) in a Multi-Energy System (MES), this self-produced electricity can effectively lower electricity and heating bills. However, MESs with EMSs can serve various purposes beyond cost reduction via self-consumption, such as reacting to variable electricity prices, meeting special grid connection conditions, or minimizing CO2 emissions. These diverse strategies create unique prosumer profiles, deviating significantly from standard load profiles. The potential threat to the power grid arises as grid operators lack visibility into which consumers employ which control strategies. This paper investigates the impact of controlled MESs on the power grid compared to average households and answers whether new control strategies affect the planning strategies of low voltage grids. It proposes a comprehensive four-step toolchain for the detailed simulation of thermal–electrical load profiles, MES control strategies, and grid dynamics. It includes a new method for the grid impact analysis of extreme and average bulk values. As a result, this study identifies three primary factors influencing distribution power grids by MESs. Firstly, the presence and scale of photovoltaic (PV) systems significantly affect extreme values in the grid. Secondly, MESs incorporating combined heat and power (CHP) and heat pump (HP) units impact the overall grid performance, mainly reflected in bulk values. Thirdly, the placement of an MES with heating systems, especially when concentrated in one feeder, plays a crucial role in grid dynamics. Despite the three distinct factors identified as impactful on the power grid, this study reveals that the various control strategies, despite leading to vastly different grid profiles, do not exhibit divergent impacts on buses, lines, or transformers. Remarkably, the impact of MESs remains consistently similar across the range of control strategies studied. Therefore, different control strategies do not pose an additional challenge to the grid integration of MESs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems have attracted substantial interest in the past decades as they offer higher thermal efficiency than single power generation systems. Various parameters affect the performance of a cogeneration system, including environmental and operating conditions of gas turbine and Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) system. In this study, the effects of 15 substantial parameters on the performance of a CHP system are investigated using Thermoflow software. The most influential parameters are identified by performing a comprehensive parametric study and sensitivity analysis. The results indicate that only 3 parameters, including the percentage of gas turbine load, ambient temperature, and ambient pressure, affect the gross output power, i.e., increasing ambient temperature from -20 to 50 oC leads to an 8% increase in efficiency of the CHP system. In contrast, moving from the highest elevation in Iran to a beach can result in a 20% reduction in the output power of the cogeneration system. This is while 8 parameters significantly affect the efficiency of the cogeneration system. For instance, changing gas turbine load from 100% to 25% leads to a 25% reduction in the efficiency of the cogeneration system. Furthermore, the correlations between important input and output parameters are presented, which can be easily used for different environmental and working conditions of cogeneration systems and are, in fact, a roadmap for the feasibility of using this type of system in various regions and working conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For decades, combined heat and power (CHP) has been promoted and embraced as a cost-effective technology for meeting on-site thermal and electric needs more efficiently and with fewer emissions than separate procurement of those resources. But climate change concerns are leading to a reevaluation of CHP’s benefits. Significantly, natural gas, the most common fuel for CHP and until recently regarded as an environmentally preferable “bridge fuel” in the energy transition to renewables, is increasingly being reexamined amid calls for deep decarbonization and emerging clean energy policies that limit the use of natural gas. Given this trend, electrification has gained traction as a net zero carbon energy strategy. With natural gas being a preferred fuel for CHP, policymakers and others are beginning to question CHP’s role in a cleaner, more electrified future.However, CHP fueled by low carbon fuels such as renewable natural gas and hydrogen may be a more viable path to decarbonizing industrial processes that are difficult to electrify due to technology limitations or cost, and for applications where energy resilience is a critical requirement. This paper seeks to add clarity to a complex issue. It offers a framework for assessing industrial applications where natural gas CHP will provide significant GHG reductions in the near term and provide a more economic and practical path to deep decarbonization in the long term through a transition to low carbon fuels.

Reducing supplier energy consumption can be critical to creating more sustainable and resilient supply chains, and can be achieved by embedding criteria for energy management systems into product sustainability standards. Manufacturers across the globe are taking steps to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and become more sustainable. Large industrial corporations rightly tout their efforts and successes. However, their upstream emissions, that is, the emissions from companies supplying components, are more difficult to address. These supplier companies are often smaller manufacturers with limited awareness or incentives to reduce emissions. Within the electronics industry, a diverse group of stakeholders is seeking to make the electronics sector more sustainable and resilient through product sustainability standards. The U.S. Department of Energy is engaged in these endeavors, including efforts to reduce supplier energy consumption by incorporating criteria into these sustainability standards that encourage the adoption of energy management systems and practices. Such activity within the electronics sector can be a significant component of a broader resilience roadmap for the sector’s supply chain. This paper highlights the efforts to embed energy management practices into electronics products supply chains to build resilience, and presents a business case using examples from U.S. manufacturers that can be replicable to other manufacturing sectors.

Developments in Turkish political life have forced the Republican People’s Party (CHP)to change its ideological position. CHP, whose vote rate decreased during the Deniz Baykal period, tried to increase the number of voters with a new ideological orientation and new political preferences during the Kılıçdaroğlu period. The new order brought by the presidential system has brought 50% + 1 vote to Kılıçdaroğlu as a necessity in order to obtain “strengthened executive power”. For this reason, it has become difficult to come to power simply by adopting a left-wing ideological attitude. The concern of sustaining the Nation Alliance (Table of Six), which was a mixed ideological formation that was compulsorily established in this process, has been a major issue that the CHP had difficulty in managing. Within the framework of the aforementioned problem, the study analyzes Kılıçdaroğlu’s ideological orientation in its most current form and aims to contribute to understanding the process leading to the Nation Alliance by revealing the indicators related to it. In the light of the data obtained from the literature, first of all, the concept of ideology was evaluated and the ideological orientation of the CHP until the Kılıçdaroğlu period and during the Kılıçdaroğlu period was examined. In addition, the process leading to the Nation Alliance was questioned, taking into account the political attitude during the Kılıçdaroğlu period. Thus, it was concluded that Kılıçdaroğlu’s CHP’s policy orientations were more apparent than its ideological stance and that the process leading to the Nation Alliance was a necessity to reach power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the process of electricity and thermal energy production in a cogeneration plant and the process of wood pellet production. The aim of this study was to analyze the energy gain—EROI for energy products that are created as a product contained in electrical and thermal energy and the energy contained in wood pellets. According to the obtained results, the production of only electrical energy from wood biomass in a cogeneration plant was not sustainable from an energy point of view, since the obtained electrical energy was only 1.46 times greater than the input wood energy (EROIel = 1.46), while the obtained energy of the produced wood pellets was 4.82 (EROIpel = 4.82). According to the results of equivalent carbon emission, positive net value was achieved only with cogeneration plant and pellet plant working in synergy. Wood is a renewable source of energy, and its economic use can create a significant energy gain. However, due to the trend of using renewable energy sources and the increasing need for electricity, such a process of obtaining electricity is financially profitable, although it is not justified from the energy profitability and environmental sustainability point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Murmansk oblast' is briefly characterized. The stages of development of the Kola Power System, the consistent increase in its capacity, and changes in the mix of generating capacities are considered. The main performance indicators of the Kola NPP, Apatity and Murmansk CHPs, 17 HPPs, and Kola WPP are given. The power grid facilities of the power system are briefly described. Possible directions of further development of the electric power industry in the Murmansk region are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ataturk Arastirma Merkezi Dergisi is the property of Ataturk Arastirma Merkezi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the sustainable energy agenda, thermoelectric generators (TEG) can be a central technology for low-cost combined heat and power (CHP) systems. TEG module (TEM) is the combination of TEG cells, heat pipes, heat sinks and copper blocks that produce electrical power and thermal energy for low temperature heating simultaneously. Two TEG cells were used in each TEM for CHP in a bakery factory with a reference waste heat temperature of 250 °C. Different designs of TEM affect the heat transfer mechanics through the components. However, actual testing of each design requires high cost and time consuming. Identifying the principal parameters affecting the desired output is indeed important before investing in actual design fabrication. One-dimensional model is developed in this manuscript to evaluate the fundamental interactions between each component. Parametric variation for nine main parameters characterized the steady-state response of each parameter under four novel heat sink configurations. The parameter sweeps approach benefits in designing a novel TEM for optimum system output. An improved TEM with 6 TEG cells was designed and it increased the heat recovery ratio from an initial 14% to 38%. The Reynolds number of streams are the major operating parameter as it influences the heat sink effectiveness. Large heat exchanger frontal area and copper block housing surface area are also significant parameters. Identification of these principle parameters would assist in effective designs of TEM systems for industrial CHP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences Institute / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi is the property of Bingol University / Rectorate and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

At industrial CHP plants which are characterized, in particular, by steam supply to industrial consumers, in cases with significant condensate losses, it is proposed to develop a system of feed water regenerative heating by utilizing low-temperature waste heat flows those are available directly at the CHP plant. The regenerative use of low-temperature heat flows within the CHP that is proposed is possible only on the basis of heat pumps use. In this context, the use of electrically-driven heat pumps (EHP) and absorption heat pumps (AHP) is considered. It is shown that, despite the higher heating coefficient of the EHP, the thermodynamic (exergetic) efficiency and economic efficiency of the AHP are higher. Furthermore, the latter also has operational advantages. It is possible to use heat flows with various heat carriers as AHP drive, those are required for the transfer of thermal energy from a cold source to a hot receiver. In this paper, using the example of the “PT-60” steam turbogenerator unit, which is the most common type for CHP plants of the Belarusian power system, the indicators of the primary fuel use efficiency growth at the CHP plant for the AHP with a steam drive are determined. Three scenarios of the use of AHP as part of the thermal scheme of the CHP are considered, viz. with an increase in generation, with the maintenance of generation or with a decrease in the generation of electric energy. The latter is relevant in the current situation with the Unified Energy System of Belarus. In this case, while maintaining the minimum steam flow into the condenser of 12 t/h, the following increase in the plant efficiency has been obtained: electrical efficiency increased by 0.90 %, energy efficiency – by 0.55 %, and exergetic efficiency – by 0.23 %.

Sustainability can be achieved by improving process efficiency, among other methods. In the case of heat supply systems for cities, one of the ways to increase the efficiency of fuel use, and thus reduce resource consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, is the generation of heat and electricity in one process—the use of cogeneration (CHP). The main goal of this paper is to deliver the methodology for a step-by-step modernization process for local gas-fired heating plants through the use of gas cogeneration engines in common central district heating systems. The presented methodology was applied on the basis of a real system located in north-western Poland (case study from Białogard). The profitability of cogeneration was simulated against the background of changing gas prices. The financial and environmental profit from modernization was calculated. The technical requirements that had to be met in order to adapt the existing heating system to cooperation with the new energy source were also presented. The importance of selecting the supply and return temperature of water in the heating system after modernization was emphasized. Based on investment experience, we show that installing a cogeneration engine improves a company's financial result by 33% (calculated as the difference between the revenue from the sale of energy and the cost of gas only) and is less harmful to the environment, among other benefits, significantly reducing CO2 emissions by 78%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combined Heat and Power (CHP) has been identified by the EU as a powerful resource capable of making substantial contributions to energy savings and reducing GHG emissions. Spain's effort to promote CHP has been prolific since the 1980s. In this regard, there have been various Laws, Royal Decrees (RDs) and European Union (EU) Directives addressed to reach the national objectives set for the CHP sector. Despite these attempts, the evolution and growth of installed CHP capacity has been irregular, compared to other technologies. Likewise, the academic treatment of the Spanish CHP evolution has not deserved the same attention as other technologies such as wind, photovoltaic and thermal solar systems. As a result, this article is aimed at providing a comprehensive overview of the regulatory frameworks applied to the Spanish CHP sector and analysing the reasons behind the variable evolution of the installed CHP capacity. The study covers the legislative context from 1980 to 2020, describing the evolution during both the pre-liberalization and liberalization periods, highlighting the modifications in economic policies that affected self-producers and the so-called Special Regime (SR) for CHP, and examining the challenges faced during the cost containment measures that followed. The manuscript finds and explains the connection between the regulatory framework and the evolution of installed CHP capacity in Spain. Likewise, the connection between the industrial situation and the promotion of CHP, as well as the influence of the Spanish Electricity Sector (SES)'s liberalization on the CHP sector are also pointed out. The paper intends to provide valuable insights for CHP experts and policymakers by showcasing the importance of aligning regulatory measures with the objectives of energy efficiency. It also serves as a reference for countries in various stages of promoting CHP, and provides evidence for the importance of stable energy-policy control mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Acetabular fracture fixation can be challenging, especially in the elderly. Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) alone may not allow for early weight bearing and is associated with a high rate of secondary osteoarthritis; therefore, a combined hip procedure (CHP) or ORIF with acute total hip arthroplasty, may be beneficial in this population. The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review of all reported cases of CHP. Methods: PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane databases were searched for studies analyzing acetabular fractures in the elderly managed with a combined hip procedure (CHP). The research was performed following the PRISMA guidelines. The included studies' methodological quality was evaluated using the MINORS score. The present study was registered on PROSPERO. Results: Eleven clinical studies were included in the final analysis. The mean age was 74.4 (63.2–78) years. Low-energy trauma was the most common mechanism of injury (64%). The most prevalent fracture pattern was the anterior column and posterior hemitransverse (ACPHT) (30.6%). The Kocher-Langenbeck approach was preferred for ORIF of posterior fractures and hip arthroplasty. The ilioinguinal approach and modified Stoppa were generally used for anterior fractures. The overall complication rate was 12.2%, and hip dislocation was the most frequent cause of reoperation (4.4%). The average Harris Hip Score reported postoperatively was 81.6 points, which was considered "good." Conclusions: CHP is a safe treatment for elderly acetabular fractures with an acceptable complication and reoperation rate that results in good clinical outcomes. Level of evidence: Level of evidence IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ORC cycle is one of the most efficient technologies for the utilization of low-grade heat. ORC systems cover a wide range of heat sources and power outputs. Apart from increasing the overall efficiency, CHP systems contribute to the decentralization of energy production, the conservation of primary fuel, the reduction of the emission of greenhouse gasses and the reduction of the cost to the final consumer. This justifies the research activity around CHP-ORC systems. In the present paper, a steady-state thermodynamic model for a 50 kWel biomass microCHP-ORC was developed and four candidate fluids were selected: R124, isobutane, R245fa and isopentane. The multi-objective optimization under supercritical conditions was performed using the genetic algorithm. The thermal efficiency, the exergy efficiency and the total heat exchanger surface were selected as single objectives. The evaporation temperature and pressure and the pinch point temperature differences at the heat exchangers were selected as decision variables. Careful examination of the optimal results revealed a systematic tendency for high evaporation temperatures and pressures and low recuperator pinch point temperature differences. Recuperation was found beneficial in many aspects, especially at higher evaporation temperatures. Also, the use of cogeneration leads to overall system efficiencies that surpass 90%, while simultaneously saving at least 20% fuel. Lastly, isopentane was found to be the best-performing fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political advertisements play a significant role in improving the relationships between political parties, candidates, and voters. Political advertisements serve as a platform for political entities to establish their identity, articulate their political narratives, secure the loyalty of their existing voter base, and influence the electoral inclinations of opposition supporters, the undecided and apathetic segments of the populace. Political advertising is a crucial method of political communication for political actors, and it is widely acknowledged that well-crafted political advertisements have an impact on election results. This study centers around commercial films with the slogan 'Let's go/do it' (Haydi), created for the Presidential candidates of the People's Alliance and the Nation Alliance during the 2023 Presidential and 28th Term Parliamentary General Election campaign process. In this study, the explicit and implicit meanings of visual and linguistic signals in political advertisements were determined and the presentation forms of the messages conveyed to the voters were analyzed by using the semiotic method. İt was observed that the AK Party utilized positive rhetoric in its advertisements to appeal to voters to preserve the status quo. Conversely, the CHP employed a strategy of negative discourse against the AK Party, aiming to disengage voters from their allegiance while simultaneously cultivating sympathy for its own candidate through positive rhetoric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Belgi Dergisi is the property of Pamukkale University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

According to the United Nations, one of the sustainable development goals is to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. Among other options, these goals can be achieved by developing and introducing micro-scale combined heat and power systems powered by renewable energy sources, including solar and biomass energy. Considering renewable energy-powered cogeneration technologies, the most promising are steam/vapor turbines, Stirling engines, and thermoelectric generators. This paper focuses on the selected operational aspects and retrofitting optimization of the prototypical micro-cogeneration system powered by a biomass-fired batch boiler and operating according to the modified Rankine cycle. The existing installation was tested, and the amount of energy transferred from the oil to the condensate and steam and the efficiency of the evaporator and the superheater were determined. A retrofitting optimization aimed at maximizing the piston engine's power output was conducted based on the results. In particular, it was shown that the system's power output might be as high as 9 kWe. Moreover, the analyzed system featured a high energy utilization factor of 97.9% at optimal operating conditions. In general, it was shown that the micro-scale steam Rankine system may successfully serve as an alternative technology for micro- and distributed cogeneration systems. As a technology supplied with renewable biomass energy and operating on a cheap and environmentally friendly working medium (water), it fits very well into the idea of sustainable energy system development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi’nin ilk siyasi partisi Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi (CHP)’dir Kısa süren Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası ve Serbest Cumhuriyet Fırkası deneyimleri haricinde CHP, 1923-1945 yılları arasında tek parti sistemiyle tartışmasız olarak kontrolü elinde tuttu ve partiyle devlet özdeşleşti. Cumhuriyet ideali ve ulus devlet anlayışı doğrultusunda siyasal, sosyal ve kültürel icraatlar yapma gayretinde oldu. Ülke genelinde teşkilatlanmaya giden parti, taşra teşkilatlarının çalışmalarını kontrol etmek, onları sürekli aktif tutmak ve partinin merkeziyetçi yapısını kuvvetlendirmek amacıyla parti müfettişleri aracılığıyla teftiş uygulamalarına gitti. Parti müfettişlerinin yazdıkları raporlar ışığında ilgili bölgenin siyasi, sosyal, ekonomik ve kültürel yanları analiz edilebilmektedir. Bu bağlamda teftiş raporları ışığında dönemin tek partili Türkiye’si üzerinden taşra vilayetlerinin işleyişi hakkında fikir sahibi olunabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Dönemin Aydın Mebusu Adnan Menderes (Ertekin)’in 1936 yılında İçel’de yaptığı teftişler doğrultusunda hazırladığı rapor ele alınarak bölgenin parti teşkilatı yapılanmaları ve çalışmaları irdelenmiştir.

The transition towards a sustainable and renewable energy future is essential to mitigate climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Small–medium combined heat and power (CHP) systems are increasingly popular for distributed energy generation, as they offer improved energy efficiency and reduced emissions compared to traditional power generation systems. This article reviews recent research articles related to small–medium CHP systems, including their role in renewable energy systems, use of biofuels, steam injection, diagnostics, and carbon capture. Throughout the research, the high potential of coastal regions has been observed and studied as a solid base for the later development of CHP systems. Based on the reviewed literature, the highest potential solutions are proposed to be further investigated as an efficient, economical solution for generating electricity and heat for various small-scale applications.

Solar Organic Rankine Cycle (SORC) is a successful approach to sustainable development and exploiting clean energy sources. The research aims to improve and evaluate the energy efficiency of the SORC for combined heat and power generation for a residential home under the climatic conditions of Baghdad, Iraq. Thermoeconomic analysis was carried out for the proposed energy supply system. Refrigerant HFC-245fa was used as a working fluid in a solar organic Rankine cycle, and oil poly alkyl benzene (TLV-330) was suggested as a heat transfer fluid in the solar collector field. Parametric studies for some key parameters were conducted to examine the impact of various operating conditions on energy efficiency. The results showed a significant improvement in energy efficiency. The maximum efficiency of SORC CHPG reached 79.14 % when solar heat source temperatures were in the range of 100 to 150 °C and the solar radiation was at a maximum value of 870 W/m2 at noon on the 15th day of July in Baghdad. The maximum energy produced by SORC CHPG was 472.5 kW when the optimal average value of global solar radiation was 7.5 kWh/m2/day in June. The economic investigations revealed that the payback period of the new energy supply system was 10 years with the positive net present cost when the solar power plant was working 18 h/day.

Abstract Coal‐fired thermal power must be flexible to enable the grid absorption of inconsistent photovoltaic (PV) and wind power. Combined heat and power (CHP) coal‐fired plants are the primary source for district heating systems. This paper uses a 330 MW subcritical CHP unit as an example to carry out the study. With the promotion of building energy efficiency, when the thermal index is reduced to below 20 W/m2, the low‐load operation of CHP can meet the wind power and PV feed‐in demand and guarantee residential heating without the need for flexibility modification. Meanwhile, more renewable energy generation can reduce carbon emissions from the power supply, further contributing to reducing carbon emissions from buildings. The impacts of different envelope parameters and supplementary heat sources on building carbon emissions are also studied. The conclusion shows that the degree of their impact on carbon emissions ranks as ESMs (energy supply modes) > Factor D (infiltration N50) > Factor A (external wall heat transfer coefficient) > Factor C (window heat transfer coefficient) > Factor B (roof heat transfer coefficient). When the building's heating energy consumption gradually decreases, the distributed heat pump unit can replace the coal‐fired boiler to supply the peak heat load demand. In the future, China's district heating systems can be gradually changed from the current CHP and coal‐fired boilers to CHP and distributed heat pumps.

Cogeneration combined heat and power cycle components are continually optimized using new methods and solutions. Due to the interconnection of two different power generation cycles, the design of the cogeneration cycle is extremely complex and any changes in the structure directly affect the power, efficiency, costs, and other variables. To address this issue, a new arrangement of the cogeneration combined heat and power cycle is presented in this study, as well as a suitable fit function for exergy analysis and evolutionary algorithms used for model optimization. Several objectives are considered when optimizing, such as reducing costs, increasing profitability, etc. Optimization algorithms increased energy efficiency by 2.7% and exergy efficiency by 8.6%, indicating substantial long-term energy savings. A significant improvement was made in all desired parameters as well. Therefore, we can conclude that the upgraded algorithm considered in this study is effective in designing power generation cycles due to the particular importance of optimal design in power generation cycles.

A general election was held on May 14, 1950, and as a result of the "traditional segment" and "Anatolian peasants" acting together, the power march initiated by the "silent masses" formed by the Democratic Party (DP) was won with great success. This success has been described as the "white revolution". This was caused by the public's reaction to the policies of the Republican People's Party (CHP). Thus, the approach of "Enough is the Word of the Nation" was met by the people and with the DP winning the election, an elite change was also carried out in Turkey along with the change in power. This result, as Şerif Mardin puts it, is the victory of the periphery over the center. Those who opposed it described it as a "counter-revolution". The Justice and Development Party (AKP), on the other hand, set out with the motto "Enough is the Decision of the Nation" on November 3, 2002 and came to power by making a "silent revolution" as a result of the "traditional religious" group and the "Anatolian tigers" alliance. The cadres that kept the AKP in power until 2014 were not elitist, therefore they did not engage in identity politics. They have been defined as "conservative" in the sense of preserving Turkey's cultural heritage and as "democratic" in defending modern institutions and values. This is how the acceptance of the "conservative democrat" identity began. The article written using the qualitative research method, explains the change in right-wing conservative politics in Turkey between 1950 and 2014. A major change was initiated in Turkey with the Democratic Party coming to power in 1950. This change, which was initiated with the Justice and Development Party government, continued until August 10, 2014, when the president was directly elected by the people in right-wing conservative politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article evaluates the feasibility of using electrode boiler in grid ancillary services and district heating scenarios. Electrode boilers in the context of electricity grid management can be considered as a relatively new technology. This study assesses the technical and economic viability of electrode boiler by considering various factors such as energy demand, technical feasibility, economic viability, and regulatory market conditions. The simplified mathematical model has been developed for simulation of electrode boiler use for grid services and heat production. The results have shown that electrode boiler have the potential to be a cost-effective solution for heating and grid balancing services in certain scenarios. However, it may not be applicable or economically viable in all situations or regions; thus, further research and development is needed to fully realize their potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The establishment of the Democrat Party on January 7, 1946 is of undeniable importance for the history of Turkish democracy. With the effect of the victory of the supporters of democracy in the Second World War, the opposition movement, which matured during the war years, resulted in the establishment of the Democratic Party in 1946. In fact, even though the National Development Party was founded in 1945, it could not really achieve the feature of being an alternative opposition party to the government. The fact that the general elections that should have been held in 1947 were pushed back a year ago, strained the power-opposition relations and highlighted the election held on July 21, 1946 as a "doubtful" election, and this brought greater debates in the political life. Despite these discussions, the 1946 General Elections were a turning point for Turkish democracy. With the new election law adopted on June 5, 1946, the majority system with open ballot, secret counting and list method was applied in the single-stage elections. The elections, which took place in a very active political atmosphere, were an important experience for both voters and parties. The DP frequently expressed the irregularities applied in these elections during its stay in the opposition and carried it to the election squares before the 1950 General Elections. In this article, the process of the 1946 General Elections in Adana, the competition of the parties with each other and the election results were tried to be examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the successful realization of the National Struggle, the political regime of the Turkish State was named on October 29, 1923. The Republic is not only a form of state, but also forms the basis of Turkish history, which opened its first leaves with the Anatolian Revolution. The Republic is both the political regime and the will to live of the Turkish nation. The most important indicator of this situation is the celebration of the Republic Declaration as a holiday. The celebration ceremonies for the proclamation of the Republic were held with great enthusiasm both in the country and in the foreign representatives. Gümüşhane, the Republic Day celebrations were celebrated by the people in a festive atmosphere. The celebrations of the Republic took place within the program determined by the headquarters and these ceremonies fulfilled very important tasks in the establishment of the revolutions. With these celebrations, the importance of the Republic was explained to people from all walks of life and the people were informed about the new political regime. Thus, holiday celebrations have served as the best tool for the people to mingle and to get to know and adopt national values closely. The Republic Day celebrations in Gümüşhane have created a common identity memory by ensuring social cohesion. to these celebrations, the feelings of the people against the political regime were strengthened. In this study, the Republic Day Celebrations held in Gümüşhane between 1933-1940 are discussed. In the preparation of the study, the local newspaper published in Gümüşhane, the Republic Archive of the State Archives, periodicals, copyrighted and research works were used between the dates determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assessment of the future thermodynamics performance of a retrofitted heat and power production unit is prone to many uncertainties due to the large number of parameters involved in the modeling of all its components. To carry out uncertainty quantification analysis, alternatives to the traditional Monte Carlo method must be used due to the large stochastic dimension of the problem. In this paper, sparse polynomial chaos expansion (SPCE) is applied to the retrofit of a large coal-fired power plant into a biomass-fired combined heat and power unit to quantify the main drivers and the overall uncertainty on the plant's performance. The thermodynamic model encompasses over 180 components and 1500 parameters. A methodology combining the use of SPCE and expert judgment is proposed to narrow down the sources of uncertainty and deliver reliable probability distributions for the main key performance indicators (KPIs). The impact of the uncertainties on each input parameter vary with the considered KPI and its assessment through the computation of Sobol' indices. For both coal and biomass operations, the most impactful input parameters are the composition of the fuel and its heating value. The uncertainty on the performance and steam quality parameters is not much affected by the retrofit. Key furnace parameters exhibit a skewed probability distribution with large uncertainties, which is a strong attention point in terms of boiler operation and maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Comorbid risk factors in chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (CHP) are poorly characterised. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is linked to interstitial lung diseases like idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), but its association and treatment in CHP is less understood. This study aims to understand the role and prevalence of GERD in CHP, plus the effect of GERD treatment on lung function and mortality. Methods: A tertiary referral centre panel was retrospectively reviewed for 214 patients diagnosed with CHP based on clinical history, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis, imaging and histopathology. GERD diagnostic criteria included symptomology, acid suppressive therapy use and diagnostic testing. CHP patients with GERD (n = 89) and without GERD (n = 125) were compared via descriptive statistical analysis. Pulmonary function, GERD diagnosis plus treatment and other comorbidities were evaluated against CHP outcomes. Results: Respective differences between diagnosis and study termination dates in the GERD population versus without GERD for functional vital capacity (FVC) were - 1 L vs - 2.5 L, diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) were - 2 mL/min/mmHg versus - 1 mL/min/mmHg, per cent alive at the time of study 88% versus 81%, median date of survival 574.5 versus 850 and supplemental oxygen requirement 41% versus 37%. GERD prevalence was higher in CHP patients relative to the general population. No statistical significance was found between survival curves, oxygen requirement, smoking history, FVC, or DLCO. Conclusions: GERD could be a harmful comorbidity in CHP though may not necessarily affect survival or functional outcomes. This aligns with previous IPF studies, though remains controversial. Further research is needed regarding this association and treatment benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On May 14, Turkish voters headed to the polls to vote for presidential and parliamentary elections. This was the most challenging race yet for authoritarian populist Erdoğan, as the ongoing economic crisis and deadly earthquakes severely diminished his performance legitimacy. Moreover, the opposition parties united against his regime by rallying behind a joint presidential candidate. However, Erdoğan turned the tables on the opposition and won the presidential race for a third consecutive term while his electoral bloc secured a majority in the parliament. This paper analyses the context and results of Turkey's 2023 twin elections. We highlight the features of the competitive authoritarian regime, Erdoğan's religio-nationalist electoral strategy, and the opposition's fragile state and weak strategy to explain Erdoğan's electoral resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For decades, combined heat and power (CHP) has been promoted and embraced as a cost-effective technology for meeting on-site thermal and electric needs more efficiently and with fewer emissions than separate procurement of those resources. But climate change concerns are leading to a reevaluation of CHP’s benefits. Significantly, natural gas, the most common fuel for CHP and until recently regarded as an environmentally preferable “bridge fuel” in the energy transition to renewables, is increasingly being reexamined amid calls for deep decarbonization and emerging clean energy policies that limit the use of natural gas. Given this trend, electrification has gained traction as a net zero carbon energy strategy. With natural gas being a preferred fuel for CHP, policymakers and others are beginning to question CHP’s role in a cleaner, more electrified future.However, CHP fueled by low carbon fuels such as renewable natural gas and hydrogen may be a more viable path to decarbonizing industrial processes that are difficult to electrify due to technology limitations or cost, and for applications where energy resilience is a critical requirement. This paper seeks to add clarity to a complex issue. It offers a framework for assessing industrial applications where natural gas CHP will provide significant GHG reductions in the near term and provide a more economic and practical path to deep decarbonization in the long term through a transition to low carbon fuels.

Reducing supplier energy consumption can be critical to creating more sustainable and resilient supply chains, and can be achieved by embedding criteria for energy management systems into product sustainability standards. Manufacturers across the globe are taking steps to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and become more sustainable. Large industrial corporations rightly tout their efforts and successes. However, their upstream emissions, that is, the emissions from companies supplying components, are more difficult to address. These supplier companies are often smaller manufacturers with limited awareness or incentives to reduce emissions. Within the electronics industry, a diverse group of stakeholders is seeking to make the electronics sector more sustainable and resilient through product sustainability standards. The U.S. Department of Energy is engaged in these endeavors, including efforts to reduce supplier energy consumption by incorporating criteria into these sustainability standards that encourage the adoption of energy management systems and practices. Such activity within the electronics sector can be a significant component of a broader resilience roadmap for the sector’s supply chain. This paper highlights the efforts to embed energy management practices into electronics products supply chains to build resilience, and presents a business case using examples from U.S. manufacturers that can be replicable to other manufacturing sectors.

By granting the Turkish diaspora the right to vote in general elections in 2014, Turkish political parties’ diaspora policies have gained crucial importance, especially considering that votes from abroad constitute five percent of the total votes. In this study, I will try to answer the question of how granting of the right to vote to citizens abroad affected the main Turkish political parties’ (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, Justice and Development Party– AKP and Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi, Republican People’s Party - CHP) diaspora policies. First of all, I start by introducing the Turkish diaspora. Then, I review the history of the Turkish diaspora’s right to vote from abroad. Next, I analyze the parties’ election manifestos published before the general elections in 2011, 2015, and 2018. The reason for selecting these specific elections is to reveal the alteration of these two main parties’ diaspora policies since the 2011 elections were the last election before the granting to vote externally and 2015 and 2018 were the first two general elections afterward. Within the scope of this literature review and document analysis, the issue is analyzed using two perspectives within the framework of the concepts of external voting, election districts, foreign policy, diaspora institutions, culture and integration, political participation, and education. This study establishes that the provision of external voting rights had a substantial influence on the policies of Turkish political parties towards the diaspora, as evidenced by the significant increase in the number of election manifesto articles and the remarkably diverse promises.

An effective heat storage system was achieved by fabricating a 400-L cylindrical thermal energy storage (TES) tank equipped with 9 conical frustum containers. These conical frustum containers with PCM (CFC-PCM) contain paraffin wax in the upper third of the tank and water as the heat transfer fluid (HTF) in the circulation process. The TES tank was integrated with a 40 kW diesel generator, and experiments were conducted by operating the engine at six different loads. During the charging process, heat was recovered from the engine exhaust gases and jacket cooling water. The performance parameters were evaluated and reported based on the transient behavior of a hybrid sensible/latent TES tank under the charging process. The results showed that at 72.55% of the engine peak load, the energy utilization factor (EUF) and the exergy efficiency of the system were 91.17% and 81.22%, respectively. Although adding PCM to water only resulted in a 3% enhancement in heat storage capacity, it improved the durability of heat charging by providing thermal stratification and increasing charging efficiency compared to the reference state in some of the studied cases.

The work presents an integrated system for combined heat and power generation based on a topping biodiesel internal combustion engine (ICE) and a bottoming transcritical organic Rankine cycle (TORC). A 0D/1D mathematical model is developed to evaluate the performance of the innovative biodiesel system in design and off-design conditions for a wide range of rated power and organic fluids. The analysis highlights that the TORC integration improves the total full load electric power by more than 12%, and the engine size significantly influences the integrated system performance. The total electric efficiency increases from 35.0% to 47.9%, whereas the thermal efficiency decreases from 27.2% to 19.8% when the ICE’s nominal power moves from 10 kWel to 500 kWel.Afterward, a multi-objective investigation is carried out to define the most suitable power of the proposed biodiesel system and its capability to satisfy the energy request of specific users. A thermal self-consumption equal to 100%, an electric self-consumption larger than 94%, and a payback time of 5.2 years are found. Lastly, a sensitivity analysis demonstrates the economic feasibility of the proposed biodiesel integrated system for a wide range of prices of energy vectors and system components.