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This study evaluates the efficacy of discrete bacterial consortia in bioremediating sandy loamy soil deliberately contaminated with 20 mg/kg of chlorantraniliprole (CAP). It monitors alterations in total bacterial populations and CO2 emissions, tracking residual CAP levels through UV scanning and HPLC analysis. Six active bacterial degraders (four Bacillus strains (B. subtilis subsp. subtilis AZFS3, B. pumilus AZFS5, B. mojavensis AZFS15, and B. paramycoides AZFS18), one Alcaligenes strain (A. aquatilis KZFS11), and one Pseudomonas strain (P. aeruginosa KZFS4)) were used in single or combined preparations and grown on trypticase soy broth for 24 h at 30 °C before preparing the inoculants and adjusting the bacterial cell count to 107 CFU/dwt g soil. The bacterial consortia were added to the CAP-contaminated soil and incubated for 20 days at 30 °C. The di-, tetra-, and hexa-bacterial consortia recorded the highest levels of viable bacteria, reaching their peak after 3 to 11 days of incubation. Then, they declined to the minimum levels at the end of the 20 days, which coincided with their complete removal of CAP from the soil. At the end of the incubation period (20 days), the CAP was mainly biodegraded, scoring biodegradation rates of 90.05%, 93.65%, and 98.65% for T3, T4, and T5, respectively. This concurred with the highest average CO2 production. Based on the results of the HPLC analysis, the hexa-bacterial consortium T5 demonstrated the highest rate of CAP biodegradation (99.33%) after a 20-day incubation period, resulting in the lowest residual level of CAP in the soil (0.67%). Bioinformatic analysis predicted that the CAP biodegradation pathway reached CO2 and H2O. Under optimized conditions, the hexa-bacteria consortium is the most effective CAP biodegraded and is recommended as an eco-friendly treatment for eliminating CAP pollution in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resistance of pests to common insecticides is a global issue that threatens food production worldwide. Diamide insecticides target insect ryanodine receptors (RyRs), causing uncontrolled calcium release from the sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum. Despite their high potency and species selectivity, several resistance mutations have emerged. Using a chimeric RyR (chiRyR) approach and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we investigate how insect RyRs engage two different diamide insecticides from separate families: flubendiamide, a phthalic acid derivative, and tetraniliprole, an anthranilic compound. Both compounds target the same site in the transmembrane region of the RyR, albeit with different poses, and promote channel opening through coupling with the pore-forming domain. To explore the resistance mechanisms, we also solve two cryo-EM structures of chiRyR carrying the two most common resistance mutations, I4790M and G4946E, both alone and in complex with the diamide insecticide chlorantraniliprole. The resistance mutations perturb the local structure, directly reducing the binding affinity and altering the binding pose. Our findings elucidate the mode of action of different diamide insecticides, reveal the molecular mechanism of resistance mutations, and provide important clues for the development of novel pesticides that can bypass the resistance mutations. Pesticide resistance poses a serious threat to global food security. In this study, the authors show the mode of action of various diamide insecticides and elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance mutations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serpentine leaf miner, Liriomyza huidobrensis, invaded New South Wales and Queensland late 2020. Overseas, L. huidobrensis has a history of developing insecticide resistance and, since its Australian discovery, has caused significant control issues in Australian horticultural industries. Here, we developed bioassay methods to test the response of L. huidobrensis larvae to spirotetramat and L. huidobrensis adults to dimethoate, imidacloprid and chlorantraniliprole. Against two New South Wales and one Queensland collected strains, we found a 33‐fold elevated response against dimethoate and 200‐fold more against imidacloprid than the field‐recommended field rates. Furthermore, we found that a maximum rate of 64‐fold the field‐recommended rate of chlorantraniliprole controlled only 94% of one tested population. Similarly, the maximum rate of spirotetramat tested (64‐fold the field‐recommended rate) only achieved 84%–94% mortality for the same populations. Prior to our study, the efficacy of chlorantraniliprole and spirotetramat against Liriomyza was poorly studied, with only a few reports with chlorantraniliprole against Liriomyza trifolii. Consequently, none of the tested insecticides in this study will likely control Australian invasive L. huidobrensis at the field‐recommended rates. Our results presented here highlight the need to identify and study alternative chemical and biological products and natural enemies for the control of L. huidobrensis in Australian horticulture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT As an egg parasitoid, Trichogramma ostriniae (T. ostriniae) exhibits a broad host range and plays a crucial role in controlling various lepidopteran agricultural pests. However, the application of chemical pesticides negatively impacts its development and survival. Therefore, it is essential to assess the toxicity of commonly used insecticides against T. ostriniae and evaluate their compatibility. This study aims to determine the toxic effects of five common insecticides (dinotefuran, abamectin, imidacloprid, beta‐cypermethrin, and chlorantraniliprole) on the development, reproduction, and enzymatic activity of T. ostriniae. The contact, lethal, and developmental toxicities were evaluated. Activities of detoxification enzymes, including cytochrome P450 (CYP450), carboxylesterase (CarE), and glutathione S‐transferase (GST), and protective enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I (MRCC I), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) of T. ostriniae were examined after being treated with the five insecticides. The results showed that the order of lethal toxicity in adult T. ostriniae was beta‐cypermethrin > dinotefuran > imidacloprid > abamectin > chlorantraniliprole. The emergence rates of adult T. ostriniae exposed to insecticides during the egg and larval stages were higher than those exposed to insecticides during the prepupal and pupal stages. The activities of CYP450, GST, and SOD were increased, but CarE activity and ROS content were decreased in T. ostriniae treated with the five insecticides compared with the control. Beta‐cypermethrin increased the POD and CAT activities. Chlorantraniliprole decreased CAT activity and increased MDA content. The MRCCI of T. ostriniae was not significantly affected by any of the five insecticides tested. The ATP content of T. ostriniae was not significantly affected by chlorantraniliprole but was significantly decreased by the other four insecticides. In conclusion, the toxicities of the five insecticides to T. ostriniae were different, among which imidacloprid, dinotefuran, abamectin, and beta‐cypermethrin had a high risk of toxicity to T. ostriniae, and chlorantraniliprole had a low risk to T. ostriniae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura, is a notorious, widely distributed polyphagous insect pest in Asia, attacking more than 150 field crops and causing yield losses of around 18% in groundnut and 70% in blackgram in India. It is one of India's first agriculturally important insect pests to develop insecticide resistance. The insecticide resistance in Spodoptera litura to diamide insecticides, chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide, cyantraniliprole, insect growth regulators, chlorfluazuron, and novaluron was assayed using an Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) leaf dip bioassay during 2016-17 and 2017-18, at Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India. The study indicated that the relative toxicity (R.T.) of flubendiamide, chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, chorfluazuron, and novaluron was 166, 60, 55.5, 52.1, and 27.5 times more than cypermethrin at LC50. Novaluron was 27.3 times toxic, followed by chlorfluazuron (20.8), chlorantraniliprole (12.6), and flubendiamide (10.1) at LC90 values. In 2017 at LC50, flubendiamide (142.6) was more toxic, followed by cyantraniliprole (94.4), chlorfluazuron (76.4), chlorantraniliprole (64.8), and novaluron (63.6). However, at LC90, chlorantraniliprole (47) was the most toxic. The following best was chlorfluazuron (40), followed by flubendiamide (9.1), cyantraniliprole (3.4), and novaluron (3.3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field experiments were carried out at the Vegetable Research Farm, College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, Manipur for two consecutive Rabi seasons, 2020-21 and 2021-22 to determine the efficacy of biorational insecticides and chlorantraniliprole against Helicoperva armigera on tomato under Manipur condition. Among the nine insecticides tested, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 150 ml/ha was found most effective against H. armigera followed by green lipel (Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki) @ 2500 ml/ha and green focus (botanical extract of Derris indica) @ 1000 ml/ha. Cow urine + Artimisia nilagirica proved to be the least effective followed by green pacer (Metarrhizium anisopliae). Among biorational insecticides tested, maximum fruit yield (19.12 t/ha) was harvested from the plots treated with green lipel which did not differ significantly from that of green focus (19.03 t/ha) treated plots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Asian Journals of Ecotoxicology is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pesticide residues in human diets pose significant health hazards, particularly for vulnerable populations such as infants and children. This study aimed to determine pesticide residues in apples and to assess the cumulatively chronic risk posed to adult and child consumers from simultaneous exposure to multiple residues. During the 2022–2023 harvest seasons, 100 apple samples from Turkey were analyzed for the presence of 225 different pesticide residues. Pesticide extraction was performed using the QuEChERS method, followed by detection through liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Fifteen distinct pesticides (ten insecticides and five fungicides) were detected in 64 out of the 100 apple samples analyzed. Eleven samples contained pesticide residues that exceeded the maximum residue limit (MRL) set by the Turkish Food Codex and the European Union. Thiophanate-methyl was the most frequently detected pesticide (34%) in apples, with concentrations ranging from 0.012 to 0.108 mg kg−1, all of which were well below the MRL of 0.5 mg kg−1. Other commonly detected residues included chlorantraniliprole (28%), acetamiprid (24%), sulfoxaflor (22%), bifenazate (18%), indoxacarb (13%), diflubenzuron (12%), and carbendazim (10%). Under a worst-case scenario, the hazard index (HI) values for adults and children were 0.85% and 2.60%, respectively, indicating that these values remain significantly below the risk threshold of 100%, suggesting no associated health risks from apple consumption. However, regular monitoring of pesticide residues in fresh fruits and vegetables remains critically important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insecticide resistance in Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) is a major constraint on the global production of cruciferous crops. For effective management of insecticide resistance, it is necessary to develop a molecular detection tool for predicting insecticide resistance levels based on the mutation frequency of target sites. In this study, a susceptible strain (SHggt) of P. xylostella was subjected to chlorantraniliprole and tetraniliprole selection under laboratory conditions to obtain the CHLSel and TETSel strains, respectively, to determine their resistance development, cross-resistance and mutation frequencies of the P. xylostella ryanodine receptor (Px RyR). In addition, the tetraniliprole resistance and the mutation frequencies of the Px RyR from 7 field populations were evaluated. Continuous selection over 30 generations resulted in resistance ratios (RRs) of 7,073.2-fold and 6,971.0-fold for the CHLSel and TETSel strains, respectively, and thousandfold increases in cross-resistance to unexposed diamides, e.g. cyantraniliprole and flubendiamide, were observed. For the field populations, three out of seven populations have developed more than thousandfold resistance to tetraniliprole. Among the three investigated target site mutations in Px RyR, only I4790K was detected in both laboratory-selected strains. However, 2 mutations, I4790K and G4946E, were detected in field populations. A positive correlation between RRs and K allele frequencies was observed in the laboratory-selected/relaxed strains and field populations of P. xylostella. These results suggest a possible link between the development of anthranilic diamide resistance and the frequency of the Px RyR I4790K mutation, which can be used to develop effective strategies for diamide resistance management in P. xylostella. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) and Rachiplusia nu (Guenée) are major Plusiinae pests of soybean in the Southern Cone region of South America. In recent decades, C. includens was the main defoliator of soybean in Brazil, but from 2021 onwards, R. nu emerged as an important soybean pest in various regions of the country. Here, we characterize the differential susceptibility and resistance to insecticides in these Plusiinae pests from two soybean regions of Brazil. RESULTS: Except for spinetoram and chlorfenapyr (comparable lethality against both species) and a Bt‐based biopesticide (more lethal for C. includens), the tested insecticides showed higher lethality against R. nu than against C. includens, but populations of the same species, even separated by long distances, presented similar resistance levels. For both species, the 90% lethal concentration (LC90) values of most insecticides were higher than the field‐recommended dose. Nevertheless, the field‐recommended doses of spinetoram, metaflumizone, emamectin benzoate, cyclaniliprole and chlorfenapyr showed comparable control efficacy against both species, whereas indoxacarb, chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide, teflubenzuron and chlorfluazuron were more lethal for R. nu, and methoxyfenozide and the Bt‐based insecticide were more lethal for C. includens. Thiodicarb, methomyl and lambda‐cyhalothrin showed low lethality against both species. CONCLUSIONS: Large interspecific differences in the susceptibility to insecticides was found in major Plusiinae pests of soybean in Brazil. Furthermore, variations in susceptibility to insecticides occurred consistently among species and populations, regardless of the collection site and thus despite unequal temporal and spatial exposure to insecticides. These results demonstrate that accurate species identification is essential for effective control of Plusiinae in soybean. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Anthranilic diamides (AD) are a modern class of insecticides used as alternatives to pyrethroids and neonicotinoids, particularly against lepidopteran pests. Despite their widespread use and presence in surface waters, little is known regarding their effects on amphibians. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of environmentally-relevant concentrations of AD insecticides chlorantraniliprole (CHLO) and cyantraniliprole (CYAN) on metamorphosis of the toad Rhinella arenarum. Tadpoles were exposed to CHLO or CYAN at concentrations ranging from 5 and 5000 µg/L from stage 27 until metamorphosis completion. Both insecticides produced a non-monotonic acceleration of the time required for individuals to progress through development and a decrease in the proportion of individuals completing metamorphosis, although a delay in metamorphosis was also observed at 5 µg/L of CHLO. Snout-vent length and body weight of metamorphosed toads were not markedly affected by either insecticide. CHLO was more toxic than CYAN, with a lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) for CHLO on time to metamorphosis defined as 5 µg/L compared to 5000 µg/L for CYAN. The LOEC for reduced metamorphic success defined as 50 µg/L for CHLO compared to 500 µg/L for CYAN. As most effects occurred after stage 39, when metamorphosis depends upon thyroid hormones, it is conceivable that that AD insecticides act as endocrine disruptors. These findings suggest that contamination of surface waters with CHLO and CYAN may disrupt amphibian development in the wild and warrant further research to investigate the possibility of endocrine-disruption by ADs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The highland barley, Hordeum vulgare L., is a staple food crop with superior nutritional functions in Xizang, China. It is often damaged by the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), which is an underground pest and difficult to effectively manage. To introduce a novel insecticide with unique mode of action, broflanilide (BFL) and its binary mixtures with chlorantraniliprole (CAP), fluxametamide, β‐cypermethrin or imidacloprid were screened out as seed treatment to control black cutworm in highland barley in the present study. RESULTS: In the laboratory bioassays, BFL had outstanding insecticidal activity to black cutworm with a median lethal dose (LD50) of 0.07 mg kg−1. The mixture of BFL × CAP at the concentration ratio of 7:40 exhibited the highest synergistic effect with a co‐toxicity coefficient of 280.48. In the greenhouse pot experiments, BFL and BFL × CAP seed treatments at 8 g a.i. kg−1 seed could effectively control black cutworm, with a low percentage of injured seedlings <20% and high control efficacies of 93.33–100% during a period of 3–12 days after seed emergence. Moreover, BFL and BFL × CAP seed treatments could promote the seed germination and seedling growth of highland barley at the tested temperatures of 15, 20 and 25 °C. CONCLUSION: Our results indicated that BFL and BFL × CAP were effective and promising insecticides as seed treatment to control black cutworm in highland barley. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, a pesticide-fertilizer combination (PFC) was fabricated using chlorantraniliprole and biochar. The PFC had a spherical shape, smooth surface, uniform particles, relatively dense structure and good compression resistance. The adsorption propertie of biochar to chlorantraniliprole was investigated. During the preparation of pelleted granules, the types and concentrations of core fillers and adhesives were screened and optimized. Besides, the safety to maize and effectiveness against fall armyworms of PFC had been investigated. Meanwhile, The PFC could promoted growth of maize significantly and control fall armyworm effectively. This work provides a promising approach to slow the release of chlorantraniliprole, which has a potential application to enhance the pesticides efficiency.

A field experiment was conducted to manage the maize fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) at Maize Research Centre, Agricultural Research Institute, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during kharif, 2020 and kharif, 2021. Seven newer insecticide molecules were tested for their efficacy viz., Chlorantraniliprole 9.3% + Lambdacyhalothrin 4.6% ZC @ 0.5 ml L−1, Novaluron 5.25% + Emamectin benzoate 0.9% w/w SC @ 2 ml L−1, Emamectin benzoate 5% SG @ 0.4 g L−1, Spinetoram 11.7% w/w SC @ 0.5 ml L−1, Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 0.4 ml L−1, Flubendiamide 480 FS @ 0.3 ml L−1, Cyantraniliprole 19.8% + Thiamethoxam 19.8% w/w FS @ 6 ml/kg seed and a untreated check served as the control. The treatments were laid out in Complete Randomized Block Design and replicated thrice. The mean per cent infestation was less in the plots treated with Chlorantraniliprole 9.3% + Lambdacyhalothrin 4.6% ZC @ 0.5 ml L−1 (3.71) followed by Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC@ 0.4 ml L−1 (3.78), Novaluron 5.25% + Emamectin benzoate 0.9% w/w SC @ 2 ml L−1 (4.46), Spinetoram 11.7% w/w SC @ 0.5 ml L−1 (4.57) and Emamectin benzoate 5% SG @ 0.4 g L−1 (4.62) and all the treatments were found to be statistically on par with each other. The lowest mean Leaf Injury Rating (LIR) was recorded in the treatment of Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 0.4 ml L−1 (1.52) followed by Spinetoram 11.7% w/w SC @0.5 ml L−1 (1.52), Chlorantraniliprole 9.3% + Lambdacyhalothrin 4.6% ZC @ 0.5 ml L−1 (1.63). At harvest, ear damage rating was significantly low with Chlorantraniliprole 9.3% + Lambdacyhalothrin 4.6% ZC @ 0.5 ml L−1 (1.23) followed by Novaluron 5.25% + Emamectin benzoate 0.9% w/w SC @ 2 ml L−1 (1.27), Flubendiamide 480 FS @ 0.3 ml L−1 (1.31), Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 0.4 ml L−1 (1.40) and Spinetoram 11.7% w/w SC @ 0.5 ml L−1 (1.40). The grain yield was highest in Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 0.4 ml L−1 with 90.19 qha−1 followed by Spinetoram 11.7% w/w SC @ 0.5 ml L−1 88.33 qha−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An attempt was made to evaluate the efficacy of some novel insecticides for the management of Helicoverpa armigera infesting tomato and furthermore dissipation behaviour and residue study of insecticide was carried out which was found to be superior in term of the efficacy against H. armigera. Among different insecticides tested, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC recorded lowest number of mean population of larvae (0.28/ five plants) so found most effective and followed by indoxacarb 14.5SC and flubendiamide 20 WG while quinalphos 25% EC was found to be least effective with highest mean larval population (0.68/ five plants). To check the environmental and consumer health safety of chlornatraniliprole dissipation behaviour and half- life was also studied. The residue results showed that initial deposits in/on tomato fruits at recommended single (30 g a.i./ ha) and double of purposed dose (60 g a.i./ ha) doses was recorded 1.17 and 2.36 mg kg− 1 respectively. Further residues reached below Limit of Quantification (LOQ) on 10th day in case of recommended single dose and 20th day in case of double purposed dose in chlorantraniliprole after application. The calculated half -life of chlorantraniliprole in fruit was 1.57 and 1.98 days at single (T1) and double dose (T2), respectively. Amount of residue detected in soil collected at time of harvest in both doses were below limit of Quantification (LOQ) which suggested that use of chlorntraniliprole for management of H. armigera is quite safe and can be used in IPM programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Detoxification genes play a crucial role in insect resistance to chemical pesticides, and exposure to biopesticides such as Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can modify their expression. Chlorantraniliprole (CAP)-resistant diamondback moth strains from China showed different expression of the detoxification genes tested (GST1, CYP6B7, and CarE-6) after treatment with CAP and Bt pesticides. The upregulation of CYP6B7 was observed after exposure to CAP, while the same gene was downregulated after larvae were exposed to Bt. Downregulation of CYP6B7 using RNAi without pretreatment with Bt resulted in increased susceptibility to CAP in resistant DBM strains, signifying a contribution of this gene to the resistant phenotype. Detoxification genes are crucial to insect resistance against chemical pesticides, yet their expression may be altered by exposure to biopesticides such as spores and insecticidal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Increased enzymatic levels of selected detoxification genes, including glutathione S-transferase (GST), cytochrome P450 (CYP450), and carboxylesterase (CarE), were detected in chlorantraniliprole (CAP)-resistant strains of the diamondback moth (DBM, Plutella xylostella) from China when compared to a reference susceptible strain. These CAP-resistant DBM strains displayed distinct expression patterns of GST 1, CYP6B7, and CarE-6 after treatment with CAP and a Bt pesticide (Bt-G033). In particular, the gene expression analysis demonstrated significant upregulation of the CYP6B7 gene in response to the CAP treatment, while the same gene was downregulated following the Bt-G033 treatment. Downregulation of CYP6B7 using RNAi resulted in increased susceptibility to CAP in resistant DBM strains, suggesting a role of this gene in the resistant phenotype. However, pretreatment with a sublethal dose of Bt-G033 inducing the downregulation of CYP6B7 did not significantly increase CAP potency against the resistant DBM strains. These results identify the DBM genes involved in the metabolic resistance to CAP and demonstrate how their expression is affected by exposure to Bt-G033. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Insect innate immunity comprises cellular and humoral reactions and is crucial for combating pathogenic infections. Cellular immunity, which is executed rapidly by hemocytes, encompasses phagocytosis, nodulation, and encapsulation. Some studies have indicated that pesticides may affect the immune function of insects, but different insects respond differently to pesticides. This study investigated the impact of chlorantraniliprole on hemocytes and cellular immunity in larvae of the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda. Our results show that the LD10, LD20, and LD30 of chlorantraniliprole could increase the spreading ratio of plasmatocytes and the areas of the cytoskeletons in hemocytes, resulting in enhanced cellular immune function in FAW larvae. This provides a foundation for further exploration of the cellular immunity mechanisms of FAW. The innate immunity of insects encompasses cellular and humoral defense mechanisms and constitutes the primary defense against invading microbial pathogens. Cellular immunity (phagocytosis, nodulation, and encapsulation) is primarily mediated by hemocytes. Plasmatocytes and granulocytes play an important role and require changes in the cytoskeletons of hemocytes. However, research investigating the immunological impacts of insecticides on the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, remains scarce. Therefore, we conducted a study to investigate the effects of chlorantraniliprole exposure on cellular immunity in FAW larvae. Our findings revealed the presence of five types of hemocytes in the larvae: prohemocytes, plasmatocytes, granulocytes, oenocytoids, and spherulocytes. The LD10, LD20, and LD30 of chlorantraniliprole affected both the morphology and total count of some hemocytes in the larvae. Moreover, larvae exposed to chlorantraniliprole showed increased phagocytosis, nodulation, and encapsulation. To determine the mechanism of the enhanced cellular immunity, we studied plasmatocytes in the spread state and the cytoskeleton in hemocytes. It was found that the spreading ratio of plasmatocytes and the areas of the cytoskeletons in hemocytes were increased after chlorantraniliprole treatment. These results suggest that exposure to chlorantraniliprole results in an enhanced immune response function in FAW larvae, which may be mediated by cytoskeletal changes and plasmatocyte spreading. Consequently, this study provides valuable insights into the cellular immune response of FAW larvae to insecticide exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pest attack is an important biotic threat to sorghum productivity, and one of the main insect pests of grain sorghum is sugarcane borer (SCB) Diatraea saccharalis. Despite the importance of this insect species, little is known about the relationship between SCB infestation and reduction in sorghum grain yield, as well as on the gain threshold and economic injury level for decision making of pest control. This study evaluated the influence of SCB infestation on plant performance and grain production in three commercial grain sorghum hybrids. Hybrids AG1090, BRS 373, and DKB 590 were planted in three crop seasons in Sete Lagoas, Brazil, and six treatments were assessed in the experiments, consisting of three grain sorghum hybrids with and without the insecticide chlorantraniliprole at 52.5 g a.i. ha−1 under SCB natural infestation. The parameters evaluated on sorghum plants were the length of tunnels, plant height, length and weight of panicles, stem borer injury, and grain yield. The infestation of SCB was higher when sorghum plants were not treated with insecticide, resulting in lower productivity. The use of insecticide increased plant height, reduced tunnel length, and increased panicle length and weight. Hybrids only affected panicle weight. The hybrid that presented the highest panicle weight when using the insecticide was AG 1090. Hybrids AG 1090 and DKB 590 showed reduced grain production with increasing gallery length, whereas BRS 373 did not show a significant correlation, which may suggest a certain level of tolerance to SCB attack. This is the first study that determines the gain threshold and economic injury level and that effectively shows how much grain yield is lost by SCB attack in grain sorghum hybrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides used to control pests challenge silk production because they contaminate mulberry leaves. We determined the toxicity of chlorfenapyr and chlorantraniliprole on the 5 th larval instar of the silkworm Bombyx mori L by feeding it on sprayed mulberry leaves (Morus alba var. indicia), as well as approaches to protect silkworms from their effects using ascorbic acid. The LC50 values were 10.32 and 13.17 ppm for chlorfenapyr, and chlorantraniliprole, respectively, after 72 h. The larval weight, cocoon weights, cocooning percentages, and silk productivity parameters of individuals fed on leaves treated with 1% ascorbic acid solution were 2.21 g, 1.18 g, 93.05%, and 2.42 cg/d, respectively. While feeding on leaves treated with chlorfenapyr, they were 1.87 g, 1.01 g, 90.0%, and 1.24 cg/d, respectively, and when feeding on leaves treated with chlorantraniliprole, they were 1.91 g, 1.01 g, 90.14%, and 1.36 cg/d, respectively. Furthermore, in this work, we proved the potential of ascorbic acid to protect silkworms from the adverse effects of the examined pesticides. Feeding larvae on mulberry leaves treated with 1% ascorbic acid in the first day before pesticide application resulted in enhanced cocoon weights, cocooning percentages, and silk productivity (1.06 g, 91.95%, and 1.53 cg/d, in the chlorfenapyr with 1% ascorbic acid), and (1.08 g, 91.25 %, and 1.66 cg/d, in the chlorantraniliprole with 1% ascorbic acid). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Management strategies targeting invasive pests of agricultural crops have relied heavily on the application of synthetic insecticides. However, sustainable pest management approaches and tools are being effectively implemented. The use of microbials, botanicals, and other natural-based substances alone or in combination with natural enemies is a promising approach. In this context, in the laboratory, we studied the potential synergistic or antagonistic effects in pest control of various biopesticides with Ganaspis kimorum and Necremnus tutae, two major parasitoids of the spotted wing Drosophila and the South American tomato pinworm, respectively. Drosophila suzukii and Tuta absoluta are successful biological invaders of agroecosystems. Their integrated pest management (IPM) programs involve the release and/or conservation of natural enemies. Among these, Ganaspis kimorum is a major Asian parasitoid of D. suzukii and has been introduced as a classical biological control agent of this pest in Europe and North America, while Necremnus tutae is a key fortuitous parasitoid of T. absoluta in the Mediterranean region. Bioinsecticides represent key alternatives to chemicals for controlling both pests. This study investigated the potential compatibility of both parasitoids with Beauveria bassiana, Bacillus thuringiensis, garlic essential oil (EO), and spinosad, in comparison to two synthetic insecticides, cyantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole. The results showed that combining each of the tested insecticides with G. kimorum slightly increased pest mortality compared to the insecticide alone. Necremnus tutae had a significant additive effect on host mortality when combined with insecticides. Beauveria bassiana and B. thuringiensis were most compatible with both parasitoid species. Both garlic EO and chlorantraniliprole impaired the survival of immature N. tutae and showed sublethal toxicity on the reproductive and non-reproductive behaviors of N. tutae. Spinosad exhibited high acute toxicity on both juvenile and adult parasitoids of both species. Overall, these findings provide useful insights into insecticide selectivity toward two key parasitoids and offer new knowledge on the potential of combining natural enemies and bioinsecticides for optimized IPM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the effectiveness of aqueous extracts procured from plant leaves against the Gram pod borer and spotted pod borer on pigeonpea. Topics discussed include impact of frequent and injudicious use of chemical insecticides for pest management, finding on the use of leaf extracts against pod borers, and plots with the highest incremental cost-benefit ratio.

The present investigation was carried out at Central Research Farm (CRF), Department of Entomology, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences. Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India during Kharif season of 2023-24. The experiment was laid in Randomized Block Design with eight treatments replicated thrice along with untreated control plot. Results revealed that all the treatments were found significantly superior over control. The lowest mean larval population after first and second sprays respectively was recorded in Spinetoram 11.7% SC @ 0.9 ml/l i.e., 3.64 and 1.64, while Neem seed kernel extract @ 5% with mean larval population of 4.84 and 2.79 was least effective among all the treatments. The next best effective treatments were emamectin benzoate 5% SG @ 0.4 g/l, chlorantraniliprole 17.8% SC @ 0.4 ml/l, and flubendiamide 39.35% SC @ 0.24 ml/l. The highest yield was recorded by spinetoram 11.7% SC @ 0.9 ml/l (51.50 q/ha) followed by emamectin benzoate 5% SG @ 0.4 g/l (49.00 q/ha) and were on par with each other. The next best treatments with higher yield were chlorantraniliprole 17.8% SC @ 0.4 ml/l (44.40 q/ha) followed by flubendiamide 39.35% SC @ 0.24 ml/l (43.46 q/ha) which were on par with each other. The best and most economical treatment with higher benefit cost ratio was spinetoram 11.7% SC @ 0.9 ml/l (1:2.58), followed by emamectin benzoate 5% SG @ 0.4 g/l (1:2.56), chlorantraniliprole 17.8% SC @ 0.4 ml/l (1:2.20) and flubendiamide 39.35% SC @ 0.24 ml/l (1:2.25). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted at the Students' Instructional Farm, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India during the Kharif 2021. The investigation was aimed to evaluate specific combination insecticides against the Brown Plant Hopper and Rice Gundhi bug. Notably, the treatment Imidacloprid 40% + Fipronil 40% WG @ 500 g/ha followed by Imidacloprid 40% + Ethiprole 40% WG @ 500 g/ha demonstrated the highest effectiveness. Conversely, the least effective treatment was Chlorantraniliprole 10% + Lambda Cyhalothrin 5% ZC @ 250 ml/ha followed by Profenofos 40% + Cypermethrin 4% EC @ 1250 ml/ha when compared to the control treatment. All treatments resulted in significantly higher yields compared to the control treatment (18.17 q/ha). The maximum yield was achieved in Chlorantraniliprole 10% + Lambda Cyhalothrin 5% ZC @ 250 ml/ha producing 40.25 q/ha, while the lowest yield occurred in Triazophos 35% EC + Deltamethrin 1% EC @ 1000 ml/ha with 23.50 q/ha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated the insecticide tolerance and dissipation potential of five Trichoderma isolates, namely T. asperellum (4 isolates) and T. harzianum (single isolate), to thiamethoxam and chlorantraniliprole in treated liquid medium and tomato fruit. The isolates were identified using ITS gene amplification and sequencing regions. In vitro tolerance was assessed using a poisoned medium technique, with mycelial placed onto Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA.) media supplemented with commercial insecticides at recommended doses. Dissipation potential was determined using the isolates after independently inoculating them into PDB liquid media with Actara and Voliam Flexi. The results showed that the inhibitory effect of thiamethoxam and chlorantraniliprole was almost zero, and the five isolates were competent to reach 9 cm growth like the control after 96 h of incubation at 25°C ± 2°C. Mycelial fresh weights of T. harzianum EGY-T4 and T. asperellum EGY-T5 were significantly equal to their respective control without insecticide. T. asperellum EGY-T1 had the highest dissipation rate of 36% and 30% for thiamethoxam in Actara and Voliam Flexi when applied at the higher dose of 100 mg L-1. The dissipation rate of thiamethoxam was recorded at 92.2% when applied in combination with T. asperellum EGY-T1, reducing the PHI from 7 to 4 days. Chlorantraniliprole was dissipated to the extent of 51.3 and 99.5% when applied in combination with T. asperellum EGY-T1 and T. harzianum EGY-T4, respectively, with residues reaching up to 0.12 and 0.21 mg kg-1 after one day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato fruits are considerably affected by array of insect pests infesting at different stages of crop growth. Among the factors responsible for low yield of tomato, insect pests are major one. The present experiments entitled was carried out at Students' Instructional Farm, Acharya Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (UP) during rabi season 2020-21 to test the efficacy of certain combination insecticides against major insect pests. Among the efficacy of certain combination insecticides, the treatment Betacyfluthrin 8.49% + Imidacloprid 19.81% OD 400ml/ha was observed most effective against whitefly, Jassid and serpentine leaf miner, whereas Chlorpyriphos 50%+ Cypermethrin 5% EC 1000 ml/ha was least effective against whitefly, Profenofos 40%+Cypermethrin 4% EC 1250 ml/ha was found least effective against Jassid and Triazophos 35%+ Deltamethrin 1% EC 1000ml/ha was least effective against serpentine leaf miner. Chlorantraniliprole 10%+Lambda cyhalothrin 5% ZC 250 ml/ha was most effective and found Triazophos 35%+ Deltamehtrin 1% EC 100ml/ha least effective against larval population of H. armigera followed by Imidacloprid 40%+Fipronil 40% WG 500 g/ha, Imidacloprid 40%+Ethiprole 40% WG 500 g/ha. The maximum yield (203.41 q/ha) was recorded in Betacyfluthrin 8.49% +Imidacloprid 19.81% OD 400ml/ha and minimum yield was recorded in Triazophos 35%+ Deltramethrin 1% EC 1000ml/ha (163.17 q/ha). The benefit cost-ratio 1:19.31 was recorded highest in Betacyfluthrin 8.49%+Imidacloprid 19.81% OD 400 ml/ha and lowest 1:3.12 in Imidacloprid 40%+Ethiprole 40% WG 500 g/ha. In comparison to traditional pesticides, these combination insecticides are a newer more efficient against the major pest of tomato at lower doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intensive global use of pesticides presents an escalating threat to human health, ecosystems, and water quality. To develop national and local environmental management strategies for mitigating pollution caused by pesticides, it is essential to understand the quantities, timing, and location of their application. This study aims to estimate the spatial distribution of pesticide use in an agricultural region of La Plata River basin in Uruguay. Estimates of pesticide use were made by surveying doses applied to each crop. This information was spatialized through identifying agricultural rotations using remote sensing techniques. The study identified the 60 major agricultural rotations in the region and mapped the use and application amount of the nine most significant active ingredients (glyphosate, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, flumioxazin, S-metolachlor, clethodim, flumetsulam, triflumuron, chlorantraniliprole, and fipronil). The results reveal that glyphosate is the most extensively used pesticide (53.5% of the area) and highest amount of use (> 1.44 kg/ha). Moreover, in 19% of the area, at least seven active ingredients are applied in crop rotations. This study marks the initial step in identifying rotations and estimating pesticide applications with high spatial resolution at a regional scale in agricultural regions of La Plata River basin. The results improve the understanding of pesticide spatial distribution based on data obtained from agronomists, technicians, and producers and provide a replicable methodological approach for other geographic and productive contexts. Generating baseline information is key to environmental management and decision making, towards the design of more robust monitoring systems and human exposure assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rice stem borer (RSB), Chilo suppressalis, a notorious rice pest in China, has evolved a high resistance level to commonly used insecticides. Tetraniliprole, a new anthranilic diamide insecticide, effectively controls multiple pests, including RSB. However, the potential resistance risk of RSB to tetraniliprole is still unknown. In this study, the tetraniliprole‐selection (Tet‐R) strain was obtained through 10 continuous generations of selection with tetraniliprole 30% lethal concentration (LC30). The realized heritability (h2) of the Tet‐R strain was 0.387, indicating that resistance of RSB to tetraniliprole developed rapidly under the continuous selection of tetraniliprole. The Tet‐R strain had a high fitness cost (relative fitness = 0.53). We established the susceptibility baseline of RSB to tetraniliprole (lethal concentration at LC50 = 0.727 mg/L) and investigated the resistance level of 6 field populations to tetraniliprole. All tested strains that had resistance to chlorantraniliprole exhibited moderate‐ to high‐level resistance to tetraniliprole (resistance ratio = 27.7−806.8). Detection of ryanodine receptor (RyR) mutations showed that the Y4667C, Y4667D, I4758M, and Y4891F mutations were present in tested RSB field populations. RyR mutations were responsible for the cross‐resistance between tetraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole. Further, the clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR) / CRISPR‐associated protein 9‐mediated genome‐modified flies were used to study the contribution of RyR mutations to tetraniliprole resistance. The order of contribution of a single RyR mutation to tetraniliprole resistance was Y4667D > G4915E > Y4667C ≈ I4758M > Y4891F. In addition, the I4758M and Y4667C double mutations conferred higher tetraniliprole resistance than single Y4667C mutations. These results can guide resistance management practices for diamides in RSB and other arthropods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study investigates the sublethal effects of chlorantraniliprole, an insecticide known for its low toxicity to mammals and selectivity towards non-target organisms, on two significant stored-product pests, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Through contact toxicity assays, differences in susceptibility between the two species are observed, with S. zeamais showing higher sensitivity. Subsequent analysis reveals altered mobility behavior in chlorantraniliprole-exposed groups compared with controls, particularly in S. oryzae, which displays reduced number of food approaches and altered locomotion patterns. In contrast, S. zeamais exhibits increased walking time and decreased immobility periods under sublethal concentrations. These findings underscore the importance of considering sublethal effects in understanding the overall impact of chlorantraniliprole on stored-product pest populations. Further exploration into the long-term consequences of sublethal exposure is recommended to enhance pest management strategies. Chlorantraniliprole, an anthranilic diamide insecticide, has emerged as a promising solution for controlling agricultural pests because of its low mammalian toxicity and selectivity towards non-target organisms. This study investigated the sublethal effects of chlorantraniliprole on the mobility behavior of two significant stored-product pests, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Contact toxicity assays revealed varying susceptibility levels between the two species, with S. zeamais showing higher sensitivity. Subsequent analysis of mobility behavior, both in the presence and absence of food, indicated significant differences between chlorantraniliprole-exposed and control groups. While S. oryzae exhibited altered locomotion patterns and a decreased number of food approaches at sublethal concentrations, S. zeamais displayed increased walking time and reduced immobility periods. These findings highlight the importance of considering sublethal effects in understanding the overall impact of chlorantraniliprole on stored-product pests. Further research into the long-term consequences of sublethal exposure is warranted to inform more effective pest management strategies in storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficacy of some insecticides new chemistry insecticides was evaluated against chilli thrips Scirtothrips dorsalis and yellow mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus, during kharif, 2019 and green and red chilli samples were subjected to residue analysis to evaluate the persistence of sprayed pesticides. Spinetoram 11.7SC at 60 g a.i./ ha was observed to be superior in managing chilli thrips with a mean reduction of 93.35% with least thrips population (0.53/ top 3 leaves) followed by cyantraniliprole 10.26OD at 60 g a.i./ ha and spirotetramat 15.31OD with 90.78 and 85.44 mean % reduction, respectively. Management of yellow mites was effective in plots treated with abamectin 1.9EC at 7 g a.i./ha of 85.73 mean per cent reduction followed by chlorfenapyr 10SC at 100 g a.i./ ha (83.48%) and emamectin benzoate 5SG at 10 g a.i./ ha (76.64%). Lambda-cyhalothrin and chlorantraniliprole residues were detected in green and red chilli among the sprayed pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, invaded India in 2018. Since then, this pest was considered as one of the serious threats to maize growers. A handful of management strategies have been developed to manage this pest. One such strategy is the application of sand mixed insecticides to leaf whorls. The present study evaluates the effect of different concentrations of sand mixed chlorantraniliprole applied to the maize whorl on the FAW reproductive biology. The sand mixed chlorantraniliprole at 0.4 ml/kg was significantly effective in inducing higher mortality, lower foliar consumption, lower pupal weight, fecundity and hatchability compared to the recommended foliar spray at 0.4 ml/L. Up to 14 days post-treatment, chlorantraniliprole mixed with sand (0.4 ml/kg) and foliar spray (0.4 ml/L) were equally effective in altering FAW fitness, whereas chlorantraniliprole mixed with sand (0.4 ml/kg) was continue to perform significantly better with a prolonged effect up to 30 days. Therefore, the whorl application of sand-mixed chlorantraniliprole at a dosage of 0.4 ml/kg can be used as an alternative delivery method of insecticide directly to the whorl instead of recommended and commonly practiced foliar spray. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to study the bioefficacy of six different insecticides (thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.01%, thiacloprid 21.7 SC @ 0.0032%, buprofezin 25EC @ 0.05%, spinosad 48 SC @ 0.017%, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.007% and fenpropathrin 30 EC @ 0.01%) with a control (water spray) against sucking pests, viz., shoot and fruit borers, jassids, whiteflies and aphids, and harvest time residues in brinjal (Surti Ravaiya) at the College Farm, North Asian University, and Navsari during summer-2020. Among the different insecticides evaluated, chlorantraniliprole and spinosad were the most effective, fenpropathrin and buprofezin were the least effective insecticides against shoot and fruit borers, respectively. Thiamethoxam and thiacloprid were the most effective agents. Fenpropathrin and buprofezin were the least effective against whiteflies, jassids and aphids. After two hours of spray, the initial deposition order of the experimental insecticides was buprofezin (10.382 mg/kg) > fenpropathrin (5.602 mg/kg) > chlorantraniliprole (5.097 mg/kg) > thiamethoxam (4.886 mg/kg) > spinosad (3.984 mg/kg) > thiacloprid (3.332 mg/kg), while after 4 days of spray, the residue status of the brinjal fruit was in the order of fenpropathrin (0.539 mg/kg) > chlorantraniliprole (0.154 mg/kg) > thiacloprid (0.127 mg/kg) > thiamethoxam (0.099 mg/kg) > buprofezin (0.076 mg/kg) > spinosad (BDL). Overall, the highest percentage degradation of insecticide residues in brinjal fruits was registered with spinosad (100%), followed by buprofezin (99.26%), thiamethoxam (97.97%), chlorantraniliprole (96.97%), thiacloprid (96.18%) and fenpropathrin (90.37%) after 4 days of II spray. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides with novel modes of action including neonicotinoids and anthranilic diamides are increasingly detected in global surface waters. Little is known about how these pesticides of concern interact in mixtures at environmentally relevant concentrations, a common exposure scenario in waterways impacted by pesticide pollution. We examined effects of chlorantraniliprole (CHL) and imidacloprid (IMI) on the sensitive invertebrate, Daphnia magna. Exposures were first performed using surface waters known to be contaminated by agricultural runoff. To evaluate the seasonal variation in chemical concentration and composition of surface waters, we tested surface water samples taken at two time points: during an extended dry period and after a first flush storm event. In surface waters, the concentrations of CHL, IMI, and other pesticides of concern increased after first flush, resulting in hypoactivity and dose-dependent photomotor responses. We then examined mortality and behavior following single and binary chemical mixtures of CHL and IMI. We detected inverse photomotor responses and some evidence of synergistic effects in binary mixture exposures. Taken together, this research demonstrates that CHL, IMI, and contaminated surface waters all cause abnormal swimming behavior in D. magna. Invertebrate swimming behavior is a sensitive endpoint for measuring the biological effects of environmental pesticides of concern.

Rationale: Ensuring the global safety and effectiveness of agrochemicals has become imperative. An in‐depth understanding of impurity profiles of products is crucial, especially for high‐demand agrochemicals, where impurities may be more toxic and persistent than original agrochemicals. This study focuses on the detection and identification of impurities in a commercial chlorantraniliprole (CAP), an anthranilic diamide class broad‐spectrum insecticide. Methods: Commercial CAP was collected from an agrochemical supplier in India and was analyzed using a high‐performance liquid chromatography‐photodiode array (HPLC‐PDA) (Agilent 1260; wavelength, 220 nm) with a Zorbax RP SB‐C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) (Agilent 6545 quadrupole time of flight (Q‐TOF)) techniques to identify the impurities. The impurities were isolated by preparative HPLC using a Zorbax‐DB C18 (250 × 9.4 mm, 5 μm) column. liquid chromatography– tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) experiments (Q‐TOF) were performed on CAP and its impurities to obtain their structural data. Results: HPLC‐PDA analysis of CAP showed four major impurities (IM‐1 to IM‐4) ranging from 0.76% to 4.1%. The positive ion electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectra of CAP and its impurities showed dominant [M + H]+ ions in addition to [M + Na]+, [M + K]+, and [2M + Na]+ ions. High‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) data provided the elemental composition of the compounds, and isotopic distribution patterns revealed the number of Cl and/or Br atoms present in them. The structures of impurities were proposed based on the LC–MS/MS) data and further confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data on isolated impurities/synthesis. Conclusion: The quality and impurities of CAP, a popular insecticide, must be assessed and described for its efficacy and safety. In this study, four impurities of CAP were detected using HPLC and successfully characterized using LC‐HRMS, LC–MS/MS, and NMR data. The method is useful for verifying the purity of CAP as well as helping in the identification of its possible impurities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Colorado potato beetle (CPB; Leptinotarsa decemlineata) is an important potato pest with known resistance to pyrethroids and organophosphates in Czechia. Decreased efficacy of neonicotinoids has been observed in last decade. After the restriction of using chlorpyrifos, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam by EU regulation, growers seek for information about the resistance of CPB to used insecticides and recommended antiresistant strategies. The development of CPB resistance to selected insecticides was evaluated in bioassays in 69 local populations from Czechia in 2017–2022 and in 2007–2022 in small plot experiments in Zabcice in South Moravia. The mortality in each subpopulation in the bioassays was evaluated at the field-recommended rates of insecticides to estimate the 50% and 90% lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90, respectively). High levels of CPB resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin and chlorpyrifos were demonstrated throughout Czechia, without significant changes between years and regions. The average mortality after application of the field-recommended rate of lambda-cyhalothrin was influenced by temperature before larvae were sampled for bioassays and decreased with increasing temperature in June. Downwards trends in the LC90 values of chlorpyrifos and the average mortality after application of the field-recommended rate of acetamiprid in the bioassay were recorded over a 6-year period. The baseline LC50 value (with 95% confidence limit) of 0.04 mg/L of chlorantraniliprole was established for Czech populations of CPBs for the purpose of resistance monitoring in the next years. Widespread resistance to pyrethroids, organophosphates and neonicotinoids was demonstrated, and changes in anti-resistant strategies to control CPBs were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticide treatment of rice seeds has been used for decades to control pests. The efficacy of chlorantraniliprole seed treatment to control pests is now well established and can last for > 90 days, even though the residue content of chlorantraniliprole in rice plants is sharply reduced by this time. We found that 60 days after chlorantraniliprole seed treatment, the dose of chlorantraniliprole in rice plants was much lower than the LC50 of chlorantraniliprole for the arthropod pests Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Chilo suppressalis and Sesamia inferens; however, the treatment still provided control, raising the issue of how chlorantraniliprole seed treatment exerts long-term control. Untargeted metabolomics analyses showed that jasmonic acid (JA) and its metabolic derivatives were induced after seed treatment. In rice shoots and roots, the expression levels of three key genes in the JA biosynthesis pathway, AOS2, AOC and OPR7, were up-regulated. After mechanical damage, there were significant differences in gene expression patterns between the seed treated plants and the controls. Using a bioassay with two JA-deficient lines (AOC and MYC2 knockouts) and a wildtype line (XS11), we showed that the mortality rate of C. suppressalis fed on XS11 plants from treated seeds was higher than the mortality rate on JA-deficient plants from treated seeds. Thus, JA seems to play an important role in pest mortality after chlorantraniliprole seed treatment, providing a possible basis for long-term pest control from the seed treatment. These results point to better ways of using seed treatment to reduce pesticide applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of eight pesticides on the transmission of Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) by the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius to tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum (Miller), was studied in the field using a randomized block design. Differences in performance were anticipated because these eight insecticides comprise distinct mechanism of action including both contact and systemic. Increased insecticide efficacy is necessary, particularly in regions with conducive weather conditions that support a healthy whitefly population, to effectively manage the population. There is a need to vary the insecticides used in order to reduce the emergence of resistance in the whitefly population due to the extensive usage of a single mechanism of action for whitefly control. The foliar spray of insecticides was done when first incidence of whitefly was noticed in the field with 15 days of interval. The studies on effect of different insecticides in the management of ToLCV disease through the controlling whitefly population, we evaluated that Chlorantraniliprole 8.8% + Thiomethaxam 17.5% SC was effective in sustaining the yield by reducing the incidence of disease and whitefly population during both the years followed by Spirotetramat 11.01% + Imidacloprid 11.01% SC, Thiamethoxam 12.6% + Lambda cyhalothrin 9.5% ZC and Cyantraniliprole 10.26% OD, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are significant phase II detoxification enzymes in insects. In this study, we have utilized CRISPR/Cas9 to generate SfUGT50A15 knockout strains to explore its possible function in governing sensitivity to chemical insecticides or benzoxazinoids. The bioassay results indicated that the SfUGT50A15 knockout strains were significantly more sensitive to chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate, and benzoxazinoids than the wild-type strains. This finding highlights the involvement of SfUGT50A15 in the resistance of Spodoptera frugiperda to chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate, and benzoxazinoids. This study not only presents new molecular targets for controlling S. frugiperda but also establishes a foundation for the control of lepidopteran pests. UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are a diverse superfamily of enzymes. Insects utilize uridine diphosphate-glucose (UDP-glucose) as a glycosyl donor for glycosylation in vivo, involved in the glycosylation of lipophilic endosymbionts and xenobiotics, including phytotoxins. UGTs act as second-stage detoxification metabolizing enzymes, which are essential for the detoxification metabolism of insecticides and benzoxazine compounds. However, the UGT genes responsible for specific glycosylation functions in S. frugiperda are unclear at present. In this study, we utilized CRISPR/Cas9 to produce a SfUGT50A15-KO strain to explore its possible function in governing sensitivity to chemical insecticides or benzoxazinoids. The bioassay results suggested that the SfUGT50A15-KO strain was significantly more sensitive to chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate, and benzoxazinoids than the wild-type strains. This finding suggests that the overexpression of the SfUGT50A15 gene may be linked to S. frugiperda resistance to pesticides (chlorantraniliprole and emamectin benzoate) as well as benzoxazinoids (BXDs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The St. Lawrence River is an important North American waterway that is subject to anthropogenic pressures including intensive urbanization, and agricultural development. Pesticides are widely used for agricultural activities in fields surrounding the yellow perch (Perca flavescens) habitat in Lake St. Pierre (Quebec, Canada), a fluvial lake of the river where the perch population has collapsed. Clothianidin and chlorantraniliprole were two of the most detected insecticides in surface waters near perch spawning areas. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the transcriptional and biochemical effects of these two pesticides on juvenile yellow perch exposed for 28d to environmental doses of each compound alone and in a mixture under laboratory/aquaria conditions. Hepatic mRNA-sequencing revealed an effect of chlorantraniliprole alone (37 genes) and combined with clothianidin (251 genes), but no effects of clothianidin alone were observed in perch. Dysregulated genes were mostly related to circadian rhythms and to Ca2+ signaling, the latter effect has been previously associated with chlorantraniliprole mode of action in insects. Moreover, chronic exposure to clothianidin increased the activity of acetylcholinesterase in the brain of exposed fish, suggesting a potential non-target effect of this insecticide. Further analyses of three clock genes by qRT-PCR suggested that part of the observed effects of chlorantraniliprole on the circadian gene regulation of juvenile perch could be the result of time-of-day of sacrifice. These results provide insight into biological effects of insecticides in juvenile perch and highlight the importance of considering the circadian rhythm in experimental design and results analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Fall Army Worm (FAW), scientifically referred to as Spodoptera frugiperda, originally emerged in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. Its migration to Africa in 2016 and subsequent spread to Asia, reaching India in May 2018, raised signifi- cant concerns about the adaptable pest's expansion. Karnataka was the first state in India to report FAW, and by 2018 and early 2019, it had spread throughout peninsular India and the North and North East regions. This highly resilient insect has the ability to infest over 100 different plant species, making it a formidable pest. FAW has two dominant strains: The corn strain 'C,' affecting maize, sorghum, and cotton, and the rice strain 'R,' affecting rice and other grasses. The damage caused by FAW varies, posing a substantial threat to agriculture. The use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies has been shown to be effective in controlling FAW. Bio-rational pesticides, including Metarrhizium rileyi and Nomuraea rileyi, along with parasitoids like Telenomus sp., Trichogramma sp., Glyptapanteles creatonoti, and Campoletis chloridae, play a crucial role in managing the pest. Semiochemicals such as (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate and habitat management methods like Push-Pull technology also contribute to successful control. Chemical insecticides like chlorantraniliprole, spinetoram, thiamethoxam, and lambda cyhalothrin can be utilized to combat FAW. However, it is essential to note that early larval chemical control is more effective than late-stage intervention. The goal of this report is to emphasize the prevalence of FAW and to demonstrate the effective management techniques that have been used to minimize its effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorfenapyr is a broad‐spectrum halogenated pyrrole insecticide with a unique mode of action. Due to the misuse and overuse of this chemical, resistance has been reported in several arthropods, including Plutella xylostella, which is one of the most destructive insect pests afflicting crucifers worldwide. A better understanding of the cross‐resistance and genetics of field‐evolved chlorfenapyr resistance could effectively guide resistance management practices. Here, the chlorfenapyr resistance of a field‐derived population of P. xylostella was introgressed into the susceptible IPP‐S strain using a selection‐assisted multigenerational backcrossing approach. The constructed near‐isogenic strain, TH‐BC5F2, shared 98.4% genetic background with the recurrent parent IPP‐S strain. The TH‐BC5F2 strain showed 275‐fold resistance to chlorfenapyr, but no significant cross‐resistance to spinosad, abamectin, chlorpyrifos, β‐cypermethrin, indoxacarb, chlorantraniliprole, or broflanilide (no more than 4.2‐fold). Genetic analysis revealed that resistance was autosomal, incompletely dominant, and conferred by 1 major gene or a few tightly linked loci. The synergism of metabolic inhibitors (PBO, DEM, and DEF) to chlorfenapyr was very weak (<1.7‐fold), and the metabolic enzyme activities in the TH‐BC5F2 strain were not significantly elevated compared with the IPP‐S strain. The results enhances our understanding of the genetic traits of chlorfenapyr resistance, and provides essential information for improving resistance management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining biological and chemical control is essential for implementing Integrated Pest Management programs. In soybean crop, one way to integrate these control tactics for managing Lepidoptera pests, such as Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is by releasing parasitoids to control moth's eggs, and spray chemical pesticides to control caterpillars. However, it is necessary to know if these tactics can be combined, with no harm to their individual performances. Therefore, this study evaluated lethal and sublethal effects on Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) following exposure to nine insecticides commonly used in soybean. First, adults were exposed to insecticide residues on leaf disks immediately after spraying and acute toxicity was assayed 24 h after exposure. Surviving insects, as well as their progeny, were evaluated for sublethal effects, such as reduction in parasitism, longevity and flight capacity. In a second bioassay, leaf disks were cut from greenhouse-grown plants 3, 7, 10, 17, 24 and 31 days after insecticide application. Adults were again exposed to leaf disks for 24 h, and then allowed to parasitize host eggs for 24 h, and progeny survival to emergence was recorded. Chlorantraniliprole and indoxacarb were the safest pesticides, with low acute toxicity and no sublethal effects, and therefore can be considered compatible with releases of T. pretiosum. Methoxyfenozide, teflubenzuron and flubendiamide also lacked any acute toxicity, but reduced either female longevity, or the longevity of their offspring. Acephate and chlorpyriphos both caused >85% wasp mortality, whereas lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam and chlorfenapyr had the greatest residual activity, causing high mortality and many sublethal effects. Therefore, these products cannot be used associated with releases of the parasitoid in IPM programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the evolution of resistant weeds to glyphosate, the new technologies Xtend® and Enlist® cropping systems are expected to boost the use of auxin herbicides dicamba and 2,4-D. This study examined the effects of two formulations of 2,4-D and dicamba in tank-mixtures with other pesticides on selected physico-chemical properties of the spray solution, such as stability and pH, as well as other characteristics, such as size in dropcard and surface tension. The research included two factors, factor A comprised the herbicides dicamba and 2,4-D amine and choline salts and a auxin herbicide-free treatment, while factor B comprised 12 pesticides commonly sprayed in Brazil (i.e., five formulations of glyphosate, clethodim, haloxyfop-p-methyl, trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole, azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr, mancozeb, chlorantraniliprole, and thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin). Stability and pH, surface tension, and droplet parameters of the tank-mixtures were analyzed. No incompatibility was observed in the tank mixtures tested. Mixing dicamba with clethodim and haloxyfop-p-methyl resulted in pH values below 4.5. Auxin herbicides did not show pH buffering capacity and did not prevent pH changes when the others pesticides were added to the tank-mixtures. All mixtures affected surface tension of herbicides relative to the single solutions. The results support the use of auxin herbicides with other pesticides, given that the use of auxin herbicides will probably increase, following the adoption of new dicamba and 2,4-D technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]