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This article explores Bret Harte's poem "Plain Language from Truthful James" and its examination of religious and racial dynamics in the post-Civil War West. The poem satirically addresses anti-Chinese racism through the character of Ah Sin, but also highlights the othering of Irish Catholics. The article argues that Harte's portrayal of anti-Chinese racism falls short in speaking truthfully about Chinese laborers, and challenges traditional forms of white supremacy in California. It delves into the history of American religion, anxieties over heathenism, and the economic competition and racial tensions between Irish Catholics and Chinese immigrants in California. The text also discusses the racial and religious dynamics between Irish Americans and Chinese immigrants in the mid-19th century United States, highlighting discrimination faced by the Irish and the participation of Irish Catholics in anti-Chinese sentiments. The author argues that Harte's poem critiques this discrimination and promotes religious and racial tolerance. However, the poem's satirical style and semantic imprecision led to misinterpretations that reinforced anti-Chinese racism and contributed to the support for the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on the dramatic increase in the American population since the American Revolution, highlighting the role of immigration as a key factor in this growth. Topics include the demographic changes from 1776 to 2024, the impact of immigration on the development of the American dream, and the continuing importance of immigrants in shaping American economic and cultural life.

Why did the United States move from having nearly open borders from the 1840s to the 1870s to passing the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882, the first law in American history to ban people from entering the United States solely based on race? We argue that the standard story of nativist backlash based on wage pressure explains the demand for immigration restrictions, but not their timing or their racial focus. The demand for immigration restrictions was largely inchoate until the political restructuring that followed the Civil War. Finding themselves uncompetitive in much of the country, the Democrats seized on immigration restrictions, most notably in growing California, as a wedge issue. Chinese residents were unable to vote, thus making restrictions on Chinese entry an especially effective strategy in political economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the historical and current mistreatment of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPI) in relation to disease, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. It discusses how discriminatory beliefs and policies towards AAPI individuals have been influenced by eugenic ideologies. The article highlights the stigmatization and blame placed on the AAPI community for the spread of COVID-19, perpetuated by media and political figures. It emphasizes the importance of challenging racial stereotypes and labels that undermine the diverse identities within the AAPI community. The text also addresses the fear and stigmatization experienced by AAPI individuals during the pandemic, leading to mental health challenges and a reluctance to seek help. It calls for education, cultural competence, and racial justice to address these issues, and mentions the Hollaback project as a resource for bystander intervention training to combat anti-AAPI harassment. [Extracted from the article]

This article considers both stage performance and immigration law enforcement to redefine hyphenated Chinese American identities during the Chinese Exclusion period (1882–1943). It employs the case of Jue Quon Tai, a Chinese American singer who was active in vaudeville between 1915 and 1926. The Chinese Exclusion Act established an unforgiving legal distinction between Chinese and American, yet first-generation Chinese Americans started to see their hyphenated identities not as an either-or but as and/or voluntary choices, implying a constant reconfiguration between their Chinese and US American cultures. Legal requisites notwithstanding, I argue that Jue's theatrical performance challenged contemporaneous assumptions of Chinese Americans as "inescapably" Chinese and influenced how immigration officers might respond to hyphenated Chinese Americans at the border. This contention highlights the interplay between performance, racial understandings, and immigration law. I use interplay because, as the article demonstrates, not only racial thought and restrictive immigration policies influenced what appeared in theaters but, most strikingly, performance culture affected the way ideas of race and immigration law were understood and implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the historical exclusion and discrimination faced by Black and Chinese individuals in the United States, focusing on court cases and legal opinions. It discusses the concept of whiteness being used to exclude and otherize these groups, as well as the ongoing struggles faced by Black Americans. The text highlights the need for cross-racial solidarity and anti-racist action, emphasizing the importance of dismantling and rebuilding the legal system to be truly inclusive. It concludes by acknowledging recent events and the potential for change when people demand government protection. [Extracted from the article]

This article explores the theme of trust-building in the agroecology movement in North America, as observed by the author at the U.S. Agroecology Summit. The author emphasizes the role of spirituality and gratitude in fostering trust, while also highlighting the need for agroecology to prioritize equity, justice, indigenous knowledge, and peasant farmer knowledge. The article acknowledges the presence of intersectional oppression in the food system and emphasizes the importance of addressing trauma and promoting healing to establish trust and create a sustainable food system. The author, a biracial Japanese American, reflects on their own experiences and stresses the significance of empathy and understanding in their work as an agroecologist. They also discuss the concepts of ikigai and wabi-sabi in relation to trust-building and relationships in the field, while acknowledging their own privileges and advocating for reparations and recognition of marginalized communities in the food system. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses an exhibition at the Chinese Canadian Museum called "The Paper Trail to the 1923 Chinese Exclusion Act." The exhibit focuses on the history of Chinese migrants in Canada and the impact of the Chinese Immigration Act, which banned Chinese migration to Canada. The exhibit features state-issued identity papers, known as Chinese Immigration certificates, and explores the experiences of Chinese migrants under the exclusionary immigration laws. The exhibit also highlights the personal stories and hardships of Chinese migrants and their families. The article emphasizes the importance of access to these records for the Chinese Canadian community and the need to remember and share these stories beyond the state documents. [Extracted from the article]

This project interrogates the United States' national fixation on the answer to the question: Who are you? In this article, it is posed that identity documentation practices arising out of the Chinese Exclusion Act era cast identity as an empirical and immutable phenomenon, specifically in response to the racialization of American-born Chinese settlers as duplicitous, through the mechanisms that information is collected, the actual information itself, and the cross-references or connections created between cases. Through tracing this lineage, racialized identification data is identified and theorized as part of hegemonic data regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Immigration Act of 1924 was a result of the tension between nativists who wanted to exclude immigrants and employers who wanted cheap labor. While the act limited immigration from southern and eastern Europe and Asia, it did not apply to immigrants from Western Hemisphere nations. Agricultural interests, who relied on low-wage workers from Mexico, opposed restrictions on laborers from the Western Hemisphere. The act had a profound effect on farmworkers, criminalizing foreign workers and creating a labor policy dictated by agriculturalists. The act also led to the creation of the Border Patrol, which focused on policing Mexicans and Mexican Americans. Efforts to expand quotas to Western Hemisphere nations failed, but the State Department and Labor Department implemented administrative changes to limit legal migration from Mexico. The Immigration Act of 1929 further criminalized unauthorized entry into the United States. Throughout these debates, the voices of Mexicans, Mexican Americans, and farmworkers were ignored. The act solidified the divide between nations with an immigration policy and those with a labor policy, allowing for the exploitation and demonization of farmworkers. [Extracted from the article]

This text explores the connections between the Civil War era in the United States and transpacific relations, particularly with China and Japan. It discusses the passage of the 1862 anti-coolie law, which prohibited the transportation of Chinese laborers, and the subsequent political conflicts over Chinese immigration. The article also delves into the cultural dynamics and stereotypes surrounding Japanese diplomatic missions and the experiences of African Americans in East Asia. It highlights the resistance of Chinese immigrants in California to racist policies and legal exclusions during the Civil War era. The text also examines the history of Chinese immigrants in the United States during this time and their struggle for citizenship, despite laws barring them from naturalization. It emphasizes the voices of individuals like Frederick Douglass and Ezra B. Taylor who spoke out against Chinese exclusion and advocated for equality and democracy. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 solidified the exclusion of Chinese immigrants and reflected a vision of the nation based on white supremacy and inequality. The text underscores the interconnectedness of US-Pacific relations, the West, and Asian American history with the legacies of slavery and racism. [Extracted from the article]

I Han i is a Korean term that conveys unjust suffering.[6] Asian Americans have suffered from systemic racism, discrimination, and xenophobia, all of which have been enforced through legislation. The history of racism and prejudice against Asian Americans shows the long record of suffering and oppression of Asian immigrants. In recent decades, American culture has shifted from being fearfully hateful of Asians to lauding them, proclaiming the "rise of Asian Americans" to be the exemplar for all other immigrants and ethnic minorities. [Extracted from the article]

9 Lowe, I The Intimacies of Four Continents i , 23. 10 Ibid. 27. 11 Ibid. 12 Roach, I Cities of the Dead i , 186. I Cities of the Dead i covers a lot of ground. Footnotes 1 Joseph Roach, I Cities of the Dead: Circum-Atlantic Performance i (New York: Columbia Univ. Thus, even as Richard Steele named theater as critical to the "forming [of] a Free-born people", and the celebrated actor Thomas Betterton often further shored up a sense of Englishness with his eloquent orature, Roach reminds us that Betterton's specific performance of Othello also gripped the British theatergoing public's imagination, particularly due to the play's resonances with the contemporary context of the transatlantic slave trade and social death.[7] If Betterton's performances support the formation of a "Free-born people", they also powerfully call up the specter of unfreedom and enslavement. [Extracted from the article]

For this lecture, I was inspired by Dr. Bryan Richmond's Southeastern Surgical Congress presidential address, "Finding your own unique place in the house of surgery." I struggled to find my own place in cancer surgery. The choices available to me and those who came before me enabled the wonderful career I am blessed to enjoy. What I share as part of my own story. My words do not represent those of my institutions or any organizations of which I am privileged to belong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A personal narrative is presented which discusses author's personal exploration of identity, shame and the immigrant experience through the lens of Chinese immigration to the U.S.; and author reflects on childhood memories, cultural expectations and the Chinese Exclusion Act.

"Guarding the Golden Gate: A History of the U.S. Quarantine Station in San Francisco Bay" by J. Gordon Frierson is a comprehensive and well-researched account of the quarantine station on Angel Island from 1882 to 1942. The book explores the economic and political contexts surrounding diseases such as cholera, smallpox, and bubonic plague, and how they shaped public health and medicine. It also delves into the personal and political struggles of those who worked or were detained on Angel Island, highlighting the racial discrimination and hardships they faced. While the book could have further engaged with recent scholarship on medical racism and anti-Chinese sentiment, it offers valuable insights into the origins of modern public health in the US and the social meaning of infectious diseases. [Extracted from the article]

"American Exodus: Second-Generation Chinese Americans in China, 1901–1949" by Charlotte Brooks is a book that explores the experiences of Chinese Americans who traveled between the United States and China during the Chinese Exclusion Era. These individuals, who were well-educated and financially secure, sought to modernize China and escape racial discrimination in the United States. The book also examines the impact of restrictive US immigration policies on the overseas Chinese community and compares the experiences of Chinese Americans with other racial minorities. The author's research sheds light on the dual identity of Chinese American professionals and their complex relationship with both China and the United States. [Extracted from the article]

Chapter 9 discusses the new Constitution of California that promoted anti-Chinese sentiment and forced the Chinese to move eastward, as well as the Eastern workers' consistent and enduring views on Chinese immigration even though the Chinese were presented as menace to replace jobs. [Extracted from the article]

Mayar's most innovative discussion centers on geography-themed puzzles and letters penned by children themselves. Perhaps not surprisingly, U.S. school geography books increasingly placed the growing United States at their center. Examining school maps and geography primers, Mayar demonstrates how the ways in which teachers taught geography shifted over the course of the nineteenth century. [Extracted from the article]

There is little written on comics, and this topic, within comic studies or historical work more generally, so Rhett's book is a welcome intervention on both counts. Rhett's work takes the reader into a particularly knotty period for the discussion of immigration and its representation in American popular culture. My main concern remains the length of the book and its narrow focus, albeit on a key period for histories of immigration and US relations with Islam and Islamic countries. [Extracted from the article]

Teow Lim Goh's book, "Western Journeys," is a collection of essays that explores various topics such as the immigrant experience, the history of Chinese immigrants in the United States, writing and art, and responsibility and power. Goh uses personal experiences, history, description, and literary analysis to delve into specific western locations. The essays challenge readers to look beyond the myths and stereotypes associated with the American West and to consider the complexities of race, power, and immigration. Goh's writing is thought-provoking and encourages readers to explore their own perspectives and expand their understanding of the American West. [Extracted from the article]

Many critics believed that Trump's anti-immigrant sentiment broke with the United States' cherished image as a "nation of immigrants", reviving outdated and disreputable views that had fallen out of favor decades ago. In one of the great opening lines of a book, Aristide Zollberg, in I A Nation by Design i (2006), observed that the United States has been "a nation of immigrants, to be sure, but not just any immigrants."[4] That observation, in itself, is not new. Asking whether the United States is "the society that the Declaration of Independence proclaimed it to be, treating all as equal" or, instead, a nation in which democracy is restricted to "real Americans", defined by race, ethnicity, gender and political beliefs, Frost concludes the United States is "both nations at once." Lee, Frost, and Kraut all construct their studies around the same fundamental paradox: Is the United States a "nation of immigrants" or a nation I against i immigrants?. [Extracted from the article]

In 2020, the world witnessed the worst pandemic in more than a century that continues to impact and stigmatize minorities and immigrants disproportionately. During this time Asian Americans in the United States (US) have been subject to racist tropes, xenophobic attacks, and widespread hate crimes. The xenophobia and racism experienced by this group are not new, as demonstrated in this study. The injustices experienced by Asians in the US are embedded within the historical, social, political, and cultural structures that discriminate and are present throughout minority history. Unfortunately, scholars in the US Public Administration often underutilize a historical lens to study oppression, racism, and xenophobia. This essay provides key historical accounts of how Asian Americans experience othering while at the same time are perceived as model minorities. We will examine the history of "otherness" experienced by Asian Americans in the US from two key lenses: (1) disease and the other (2) labor and immigration policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of the writings of Kuang Qizhao, a Qing official who spent time in the U.S. from 1874 through 1882, indicates that the initial stimulus for China's educational reforms began much earlier than 1895. Based on his observations of schools and his interactions with the intelligentsia of Connecticut, Kuang came to the radical conclusion that universal education for both males and females would be the key to China's wealth and power. He also believed that religion and tradition were crucial for inculcating the morality he saw as necessary for an effective modern society. Kuang played a role in establishing some of China's first colleges; he promoted his educational reform ideas through his textbooks and newspapers; and he influenced some of China's most important educational reformers, with Qing official Zhang Zhidong initiating significant educational and military reforms based on Kuang's ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article illustrates the use of superhero graphic novels in secondary English Language Arts classrooms. Topics mentioned include the main factors when selecting a text for students, the reason why teaching superhero graphic novels can challenge curricular silences, ways on how to link poetic themes with superhero graphic novels, and the analysis of youth empowerment and activism in relation with canonical texts.

The article focuses on the opening addressed delivered at the 2022 Two-Year College English Association (TYCA). Topics discussed include grand narrative of open admission scrutinized as equalizer for disadvantaged students, efforts of two-year college students to their higher education, and conceived materials to validate and invite voice of students in classrooms.

A review of articles published in the periodical "Montana: The Magazine of Western History," is presented including "I Do: A Cultural History of Montana Weddings," by Martha Kohl, "A Decent Orderly Lynching: The Montana Vigilantes," by Frederick Allen, and "Rioting in America," by Paul A. Giljie.

The article discusses the issues concerning the opposition of employing Chinese woodchoppers in Montana. Topics discussed include the provision of the Montana Criminal Practice Act, the willingness of the anti-Chinese forces to ignore the legality of binding treaties between the U.S. and the Qing dynasty, and other reasons for the opposition of Chinese settlers in the state.

This article situates Chinese paper children immigration during the Exclusion Era and the pre–1965 period in the combined framework of ancient Chinese adoption and transnational kinship formation. It examines, by reading paper children's oral histories and related sources, how the paper children system was rooted in, borrowed from, and modified ancient Chinese adoption practices, through which Chinese immigrants formed transnational, fictive kinship in the United States that were mixed with both blood and non-blood relationships. Since the Exclusion Era, a discourse about Chinese immigrants, especially paper children being illegal, was so powerful that immigration historians seldom question this assumption, even as they critique the institutionalized exclusion that created such illegality. This article, however, challenges this assumption by arguing that paper children immigration generated de facto adoptive relationships between paper children and their paper families, and that these adoptive relationships further sustained paper children's legal status as American citizens. Treating paper children as de facto adoptive members of their paper families, this article brings to the surface a fact that by emphasizing their illegality, the dominant discourse only acknowledged their hidden, original identities and deemed parent-child relationships based on blood ties as the only legitimate ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]