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This prospective study investigated how exercise impacted chronological changes in anthropometrics, body composition, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level and prognostic nutrition index (PNI) in high-risk prostate cancer (PCa) patients on androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). The patients were divided into either the usual care or exercise group. All patients received measurements a week before ADT initiation, six- and twelve months after treatment. The exercise group received both aerobic and resistance training. The analysis was conducted using appropriate statistical methods. There were 45 males enrolled (age 67.4 ± 8 years and BMI 25.5 ± 3.6 kg/m2). Profound changes were observed at six months follow-up. The exercise group showed a significant increase in the trunk and leg lean mass, and a lesser loss of total and arm lean mass. A significant decrease in PSA was also observed among the exercise group. PNI and PSA were significantly associated with regional lean mass. Exercise can prevent loss or even increase lean mass in high-risk PCa, especially in the early stage of ADT treatment. Moreover, a strong bond between lean mass and PNI and PSA further underscores the importance of early and continuous exercise interventions.

Pathological erythrocyte aggregation reduces capillary perfusion and oxygen transfer to tissue, which is determined by the negative surface charge on the erythrocyte membrane (intrinsic aggregability) and fibrinogen–erythrocyte interaction (extrinsic factor). Exercise-induced oxidative stress is important for rheological adaptation to training but may also cause erythrocyte senescence. This study clarifies the effects of hypoxic exercise training on intrinsic/extrinsic factors of aggregation. In total, 60 healthy sedentary males were randomly assigned to either hypoxic (HE; FIO2 = 0.15) or normoxic exercise training (NE; FIO2 = 0.21) groups for 30 min·d−1, 5 d·wk−1 for 6 weeks at 60 % of the maximum work rate or to a control group (CTL). A hypoxia exercise test (HET, FIO2 = 0.12) was performed before and after the intervention. Erythrocyte aggregation was assessed by ektacytometry, and fibrinogen binding affinity and senescence biomarkers were assessed by flow cytometry. An acute 12% oxygen HET significantly enhanced erythrocyte global aggregation through intrinsic aggregability. Resting aggregation is promoted by both intrinsic aggregability and fibrinogen binding probability and force after HE, whereas NE is mainly associated with ameliorated fibrinogen–erythrocyte interactions. The HET still facilitated global aggregation after HE because of the augmented fibrinogen-related factors, even though the intrinsic factor was suppressed. Additionally, HE further increased reticulocyte counts while reducing the expression of CD47 and CD147. Resting aggregability is promoted by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors after HE, whereas NE is mainly associated with an ameliorated affinity for fibrinogen. Although an accelerated turnover rate was observed, HE further led to erythrocyte senescence.

Purpose: The present study investigated the biomechanical interactions of a monocortically or bicortically engaged short and wide implant in the atrophic posterior maxilla and compared them to those of a long implant in the augmented sinus under different loading conditions via a nonlinear finite element (FE) approach. Materials and Methods: Nonlinear FE models of a single implant in the posterior maxilla were constructed for the following conditions: (1) A monocortically engaged 5-mm-long, 7-mm-wide implant with an internal tripodgrip abutment connection (SIT-1), (2) a bicortically engaged 6-mm-long, 7-mm-wide implant with internal tripod-grip abutment connection (SIT-2), and (3) a 13-mm-long, 4.5-mm-wide implant with an internal-hexagon abutment connection in an augmented sinus. Simulated loads of 150 N were applied axially at the central fossa, off-axis at the buccal and palatal cusps, and toward the axis at the buccal and palatal cusps. Results: The simulated results showed that loading condition was the main factor influencing the mechanical responses. Oblique occlusal forces increased implant stress and stress/strain values for the surrounding bone. The use of a long implant decreased the implant stress but increased the bone stress/strain values relative to a short and wide implant. The SIT-1 and SIT-2 implants increased the implant stress on average by 2.94 and 2.67 fold, respectively. However, the SIT-2 implant reduced the average stress and strain in bone by 37%, and the SIT-1 implant reduced average stress by 33% and average strain by 32%. Conclusions: Placement of a short and wide implant in the atrophic posterior maxilla may be a possible alternative for reducing the strain/stress on the surrounding bone. Detrimental off-axis loads should always be minimized to prevent extraordinarily high bone strain and stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of various knee extension exercise cadences on neuromuscular activation and hemodynamic properties of the quadriceps muscle in water and on land. Seventeen young women participated in this study, and the subjects were randomly allocated to perform loaded knee extension exercises in water and on land at 4 different cadences of 30, 50, 70, and 90 b⋅min-1. Heart rate (HR), blood flow (BF), total saturation index (TSI) of oxygen, electromyography (EMG) for the extent of muscular activity, and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured. Response values of HR, BF, TSI, and RPE at each cadence were obtained by subtracting the resting values from the indicator values measured at the respective cadences. We observed that BF, EMG, and RPE in water at 90 b⋅min-1 were comparable with those on land. The HR and TSI changes were higher in water compared with on land (p = 0.004 and p = 0.013, respectively). In conclusion, we demonstrate that the neuromuscular activity when performing knee extension exercises at 90 b⋅min-1 in water was comparable with that on land. However, exercising in water at the same cadence evoked higher TSI responses and greater cardiovascular challenges. A knee extension exercise at 90 b⋅min-1 is the recommended operating speed of rehabilitation in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]