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Animitas are artifacts of a popular religious practice present in Chile and other parts of the Andean world. They are built where someone meets death, far from home and the company of their loved ones. They are generally associated with tragic, bloody or violent deaths, as happened in Santiago de Chile during the social revolt with Mauricio Fredes, a young demonstrator who died in the center of the capital as a result of police repression. The animita of Mauricio Fredes was built and experienced a rapid growth thanks to hundreds of people who came day after day to greet, sing, offer an object or food, or just to observe in silent contemplation. Based on the animita of Mauricio Fredes, we ask ourselves whether these popular cenotaphs are mere mortuary images intended to demarcate the site of a person's death or whether they are experienced --by their makers and practitioners-- as a living and present body. Based on an ethnographic approach, we analyze the animita of Mauricio Fredes, considering the materiality, spatiality, and corporeality of this popular-religious practice. We conclude that these cenotaphs are experienced by their makers and practitioners as a living body, whose growth and development is based on the reciprocal belief of its devotees. We also note that, although it is not typical of the animitas to oppose institutions, the image of Mauricio Fredes became an uncomfortable image, because it provided a physical presence to a victim of a "wrong death" perpetrated by agents of the State. It, therefore, highlighted the strength of this popular religious practice in Chile, which allowed the animita of Mauricio Fredes to grow and persist despite the destructive forces that systematically attacked it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study problematizes the convergence of two proprietary requirements on land, possession and title deed, in an agricultural valley of Chile during the first half of the 19th century. The residents, in lawsuits for land rights, reinterpreted the legal and performative value of both requirements by managing an instrument that allowed their coexistence: writs of possession. These experiences contribute to the discussions about the social appropriation of the acts of taking possession of the land and regarding the formalization of rights, which conceived these proprietary requirements as exclusive and successive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using restorative justice to rethink the temporality of transition in Chile: Assumptions of linear progress and a clean break with the past have long characterised transitional justice interventions. This notion of temporality has increasingly been problematised in transitional justice scholarship and practice. Scholars have argued that a more complex understanding of temporalities is needed that better accommodates the temporal messiness and complexity of transitions, including their ongoingness, multilayeredness and multidirectionality. Existing critiques, however, have not yet resulted in a new conceptual framework for thinking about transitional temporalities. This article builds on insights from the field of restorative justice to develop such a framework. This framework foregrounds longer timelines, multilayered temporalities and temporal ecologies to better reflect reality on the ground and victims' lived experiences. We argue that restorative justice is a useful starting point to develop such a temporal framework because of its actor-oriented, flexible and interactive nature and proximity to the field of transitional justice. Throughout this article we use the case of Chile to illustrate some of the complex temporal dynamics of transition and to illustrate what a more context-sensitive temporal lens could mean for such cases of unfinished transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Documentality (2013), Maurizio Ferraris argues that documents are at the heart of social institutions. Taking this notion as a cue, this piece considers a key organisation in the resistance to state violence and Pinochet's dictatorship in Chile, the Vicaría de la Solidaridad, and focuses on the remarkable document where the desperate stories of people detained, disappeared and murdered following the coup in 1973 were recorded. This process of registration adopted an overtly rational, administrative response akin to the 'bio-political' modes of governing life that Foucault described. As such, it was also built upon a refusal to allow the lives of a section of the population to be cast as without value. Moreover, it 'deferred' to a future, in which such documentation would be an invaluable record of injustice. Its legacy is not confined to legal forums, however; academic work and Nicolás Franco's artwork La Sábana (The Sheet, 2017) have also emerged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chilean Social Work has its origins and has developed facing crises. The first chool founded in 1925—worked directly with infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and syphilis, exposing their causes: overcrowding, poor housing conditions, poverty and exploitation of working classes. The Pinochet's dictatorship and related political crises during the last decades have also impacted the development of social work. Recently, gross inequalities and further discontent about the neoliberal Chilean model broke out last year when mass civil protests took over the country. A new crisis emerged with the arrival of COVID 19 exposing poverty, inequality, oppression, and dispossession accumulated during the decades, just as in the inception of the profession. In this paper, we discuss two initiatives promoted by the Department of Social Work at the University of Chile which propose to address professional training in the context of political and sanitary crises. The first initiative 'Transdisciplinary Nucleus of Social Work' integrates research and intervention seeking to impact public discussions, creating integrated spaces of professional and academic training of undergraduate and graduate social work students. The second initiative 'Social Work Researchers Network—Online Training' provides students and social workers with free access to social work courses donated by the network's members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how symbolic representations of social-spatial differences help to maintain social stratification within Santiago de Chile. Several focus group discussions illuminated the approaches and resources used by the middle classes to build the boundaries that define them within the city. The way in which the middle class understands and describes the city of Santiago confirms that social position is linked to symbolic elements that are associated with occupied spaces within the city. Our analysis shows those elements that confer a particular identity upon a given territory and delimit spatial frontiers between territories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of poverty and wealth attribution has played a central role in the literature on the justification of social inequalities. Research on this topic has examined the extent to which individualistic versus structural reasons are used to explain why some people reach advantaged or disadvantaged positions in comparison to the rest of the population. This article attempts to explain how these reasons have changed over time in Chile, which has experienced vast economic transformation yet has maintained income inequality. From two national surveys produced in 1996 and 2015, descriptive results show that individualistic attributions for poverty and wealth (e.g., personal initiative) have increased and structural reasons (e.g., unemployment, economic policy) have declined. Latent class analysis (LCA) offers a second reading of the data, demonstrating that the decline of structural attributions is related to an increase in people choosing both individualistic and structural reasons for explaining poverty and wealth. Those changes in attribution patterns are discussed within the frame of cultural and economic transformation in Chilean society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resulting design combines well-established techniques from biographical studies with an original adaptation of the Listening Guide, a feminist technique developed in the decade of the 1980s (Gilligan, Spencer, Weinberg y Bertsch, 2003), yet without much development in Hispanic contexts. We discuss two aspects of the Listening Guide and their application to the study: A dynamic and relational understanding of narrated subjectivities and the practice of a form of active, recursive and reflective listening that is guided by questions. After describing the background and objectives of the study, we discuss its ethical, relational and technical challenges in detail. We then present the theoretical and methodological frameworks with which we have addressed said challenges, setting the stage for a detailed description of the various moments of production and analysis of life stories that make up the resulting design. We discuss, as well, the ideal conditions for the implementation of said design. In this way, the article contributes to the development of narrative research and to current dialogue regarding the methodological challenges that arise in narrative studies that are carried out in post-conflict settings and that are centered on the practice of listening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chile's Nueva Mayoría government (2014–2018) responded more forcefully to student demands for a more assertive public role in education than any of its post‐authoritarian predecessors. Existing scholarship suggests that this change reflected the success of the 2011 student protests in tapping into latent public discontent with neoliberalism and the politics of consensus. This article argues that it is also crucial to understand how the wave of protest interacted with the dynamics of party politics at the elite level. Public support translated into substantive policy and institutional changes because it contributed to a coalition and platform shift that favoured more extensive reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precarious labour research has highlighted the multidimensional factors shaping migrants' vulnerability to labour exploitation. This article takes a different approach by attending to the possible reciprocity in labour relations– despite unequal power dynamics– particularly when workplaces are small and involve daily interactions between migrant workers and migrant employers. Methodology is based on observations in Chinese-run retail shops and restaurants in Santiago, and interviews with Chinese employers and their Latin American migrant employees of diverse backgrounds. Proposing the concept of "precarious labour relations", we examine the independent and shared uncertainties between migrant employers and workers who are differently marginalized through race/migrant status axes in Chile. Analyzing dynamics of hierarchy, (mis)trust, and reciprocity in how these actors negotiate precarity and security as workers and/or migrants, we complicate dichotomies of exploitation and resistance in migrant labour research, by foregrounding the multidimensional relationship between employers and workers when both are racialized migrants and minorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reflects about two areas of action: anthropology as a discipline and memory as a theme of interest to the studies of anthropology in Chile. The objective is to understand anthropology as a discipline whose methodology and comprehensive and interpretive approach can contribute substantially to the field of memory studies of the recent past. It is proposed that the methodology and reflective uniqueness grants to the discipline with the ability to contribute to knowledge, understanding and reflection of processes and phenomena which do not constitute a closed and finished past, but constitute a lively past and present, and in consequence observable and necessary to examine and problematize. To do this the next itinerary will be pursued: a) areas and themes from the field of memory studies that could potentially be of interest to anthropological studies and b) tools and methodological strategies that can be contributed by the discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyse a half‐century of Chilean urban reforms to explain the introduction of a system of urban accumulation by dispossession of public resources and opportunities. Three stages have been conceptualised in the imposition of a neoliberal creative‐destructive process: proto‐neoliberalism, roll‐back and roll‐out periods. Empirical studies have traditionally analysed this process by examining a single urban policy's evolution over time. In this paper, we go beyond these types of studies by performing a systemic analysis of multiple urban policy reforms in Santiago, Chile. We use a genealogical thematic analysis to track changes in laws, government programmes and planning documents from between 1952 and 2014. Our analysis identifies different "urban systems of accumulation" by looking at the interplay of four urban policies: (1) urban planning deregulation; (2) social housing privatisation; (3) devolution of territorial taxes; and (4) decreased public service provision. Moreover, our multidimensional policy analysis in Santiago characterises a more radical, fourth expression in the creative destruction process of "accumulation by dismantling". Consequently, we advocate for more multidimensional urban policy research that goes beyond a three‐period analysis in order to gain a deeper understanding of contemporary neoliberal creative‐destructive processes in variegated geographies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research studies the moral foundations related to the support or rejection of the Chilean Student Movement MECh, during the manifestations of 2011 (N=170). According to the factorial analysis – exploratory and confirmatory-, the foundations of Justice/cheating, harm/care, authority/subversion, and sanctity/degradation behaved consistently with the theory; but loyalty/betrayal was divided in two values: patriotism and loyalty. justice/cheating and harm/care were associated with the political left and the support to the movement. Patriotism, authority/subversion, and sanctity/degradation were associated with the right and the rejection to the movement. A structural equation model reveals that harm/care was directly related to the support to movement; while justice/cheating and authority/subversion was mediated by political orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last 30 years the male/female labor participation gap in Chile has been consistently narrowing, but the rate has decelerated in the last five years and there is still much to understand about what can be done to further minimize the gender gap. Cultural factors such as beliefs, preferences, and social norms seem to explain part of this gap, especially in the case of married and low-educated women. Therefore, designing policy interventions to address those beliefs can have a positive impact on women's individual decisions to work and the consequent female labor participation rate. At the same time, this rate can also influence beliefs and social norms and act as a self-fulfilling prophecy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper asks whether elite colleges help students outside of historically advantaged groups reach top positions in the economy. I combine administrative data on income and leadership teams at publicly traded firms with a regression discontinuity design based on admissions rules at elite business-focused degree programs in Chile. The 1.8 percent of college students admitted to these programs account for 41 percent of leadership positions and 39 percent of top 0.1 percent incomes. Admission raises the number of leadership positions students hold by 44 percent and their probability of attaining a top 0.1 percent income by 51 percent. However, these gains are driven by male applicants from high-tuition private high schools, with zero effects for female students or students from other school types with similar admissions test scores. Admissions effects are equal to 38 percent of the gap in rates of top attainment by gender and 54 percent of the gap by high school background for male students. A difference-in-differences analysis of the rates at which pairs of students lead the same firms suggests that peer ties formed between college classmates from similar backgrounds may play an important role in driving the observed effects. (JEL I23, I26, J16, O15) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following study aims to carry out a strategic planning for the social programs of the Regional Ministry of Social Development, of the Bio-Bío Region, in order to improve the management of said organization. The methodology aims to use the strategic management model of David, Fred (2003), and through the use of primary and secondary sources and descriptive and exploratory information, it gets results that, translated and applied to the unit under study, allow the formulation of objectives, design of necessary and required strategies to improve the development of the agreements between this SEREMI mentioned above and the Municipalities of the Biobío Region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, poor urban residents in Santiago, Chile, have powerfully struggled for the right to housing. They have done so by enrolling in neoliberal housing programs through which they seek to become homeowners by both saving money privately and applying for subsidies. In a context in which market‐based urban policies have contributed to the segregation of low‐income families in the city's peripheries, the right to la vida digna (life with dignity) has emerged as the new political horizon of these struggles. As a right based on a moral category like dignity, la vida digna reveals the actions and discourses through which the poor, while becoming ethical subjects, signify their everyday experiences with vulnerability in political terms. [dignity, morality, housing struggles, vulnerability, Santiago, Chile] Activists with the Don Bosco housing assembly, most of them women, protest in front of the Palacio de la Moneda, Chile's presidential palace, to demand more subsidies for the poor, October 2013. (Miguel Pérez). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Youth violence is a global problem being recognized by international organizations such as the ONU, OMS, among others. The Cuban context is not alien to this reality. Taking this as a premise in this article, we preliminarily describe the expressions of violence in the youth of the Micro 9 and Mariana Grajales communities. For the fulfillment of this objective we proposed to analyze the theoretical explanations of the phenomenon from different perspectives in the Social Sciences and then support us as a methodological strategy in the triangulation of methods of both methodological perspectives (quantitative and qualitative). In this sense, a questionnaire was applied to young people, structured observation and in-depth interviews with adolescents and family members. The results allow to affirm the heterogeneity of the violent behaviors in both communities, allowing to visualize the naturalization of them in which a diversity of objective and subjective factors converge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to describe and analyze the practices of tactical and / or strategic use that “black” Latin American immigrants mobilize in different spaces of interaction in Chilean society. To do so, it discusses the concept of social practices and especially of tactics and strategies, following the proposals of De Certeau. Secondly, it analyzes the practices of resistance and the creation of transnational spaces that Afro Latin American immigrants develop. Finally, it concludes with the idea that although many “black” immigrants permanently live de-humanization situations in Chile (harassment, stigmatization, violence or exploitation), they manage to elaborate ways to facilitate their settlement in a racist and sexist society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The location of immigrants in Santiago has spread from central and peri-central areas towards the neglected and stigmatized periphery, generating new disputes and territorial margins due to ambivalent institutional discourses of inclusion / exclusion and competition for scarce public benefits. Under the modality of ‘new racism’, traditional spaces of exclusion show new nuances of marginality, such as the Lo Hermida district in Peñalolén. Based on a case study, we analize the action and inaction of there is an analysis of the action and inaction of local institutions in the construction of socio-spatial conflicts between immigrants and the native population. We observe problems of relegation in benefits, exclusionary access to housing and informal labor, which denotes a hyper-precarization of immigration and a racialized geography of the conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the concept of the "acceleration of time" associated with the multiplication of information flows, has become an important subject in the social sciences. In this context, knowledge emerges as an essential component of the productivity of postindustrial societies. These developments influence the role of universities in societies and, therefore, the formation of academic disciplines. This article is based on in-depth interviews, held in 2017, of teachers of social workers in Chile, with the aim of analyzing the temporal dimensions of the current definition of their discipline. This article proposes to conceptualize nostalgia as inter-temporality, so that it can be used as an analytical category for the formation of the approaches of other fields of the social sciences in Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a case-study strategy, this article addresses the capacities developed by the Chilean state to guarantee the effective exercise of participation rights and political representation of indigenous women. The analysis focuses on: representations and practices of public servants from both the National Service for Women (SERNAM) - the Ministry for Women and Gender Equity and the National Corporation for Indigenous Development (CONADI). This approach problematizes the subordination of indigenous women in the public space. The corpus comprises documentary material and in-depth interviews carried out in Chile to public servants and indigenous women. They were interviewed between May and July 2016 in the Metropolitan, Arica and Parinacota, and Araucanía regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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El artículo ofrece información sobre la vivienda en Chile entre 1880-1930. Diversos temas discutidos incluyen la movilización social en Chile en el siglo XX, la vivienda popular allí, los campos de concentración en el país, constructiva del materialismo en la década de 1930, la política pública de vivienda, la fisonomía y la historia social de Chile.

Although there is growing interest in studying the long‐ignored relationship between stratification and race in Chile, racial bias in person perception remains unknown. We hypothesize that the segregation of the Chilean school system generated a prestige order in which pupils are differentiated by status characteristics according to the type of school they attend, and that these evaluations are based on racial traits. To test this hypothesis, we study whether facial appearance is sufficient to impute the type of school a pupil is attending, and whether these categorizations evoke different status evaluations of wealth and morality based on race. Results confirm that participants’ perceptions of facial appearance allow them to situate pupils in the Chilean social structure. Faces categorized as studying at different types of schools varied in their perceived wealth. However, the relationship between moral traits and types of schools was weak. We also found evidence of racial bias in the participants’ perceptions of pupils’ faces: faces categorized as enrolled in municipal schools (low status) were judged with Amerindian or mestizo racial traits, while faces categorized as attending private fee‐paying schools (high status) were judged with white racial traits. We did not find a relationship between race and morality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to analyze the policies on the cultural field implemented in Chile in recent years, explaining how expertise became fundamental and, more specifically, how this expertise evolved from that of an expert intellectual to that of an expert professional. The paper is based on the general hypothesis that the cultural field needs to be viewed in the context of a growing differentiation and autonomization of Chilean society, but that there are some interesting nuances to its evolution, particularly with regard to the transformation of expertise. This article argues that the expert in culture has a twofold nature, which is illustrated through drawing a timeline from the 1980s to the present, marking certain milestones in Chile’s national and cultural history. This timeline incorporates the intellectual work of two of Chile’s most important contemporary sociologists and experts in culture and cultural policies, Manuel Antonio Garretón and José Joaquín Brunner. A sample of their publications is analyzed and then contrasted to documents on cultural policy since the approval of the country’s institutional framework for culture in 2003, when the National Council for Culture and the Arts was created, gauging the influence of the expert intellectual on this new institutional framework and the thrust of public policies on culture. The paper concludes that the figure of the expert in culture has shifted from the “expert intellectual” to the expert of a professional kind, although the theoretical work of the former has continued to influence the debate around cultural policies to this day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies indicate an integrated global market for salmon. However, there is increasing evidence of market segmentation for various seafood species. A disease crisis in Chile that reduced production by two-thirds provides a strong market shock that can shed light on how strongly integrated the salmon market is. Our results indicate that Chilean producers changed the product mix and export markets as a result of the disease shock. Yet, the relative prices remained constant, indicating a high degree of market integration. Moreover, Chilean prices are endogenous to the Norwegian price, indicating that prices are determined at the global market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the administrative structure and development of Chile's indigenous policies under the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet (1973–90), taking as its focus a pilot project for indigenous Mapuche integration known as Plan Perquenco. Officials formulated Plan Perquenco in accordance with the Chilean state's new administrative structure known as regionalisation. I focus on the unintended consequences of regionalisation that permitted the Mapuche youth group, Los Guitarreros Caminantes, to work through Plan Perquenco's music programmes to challenge the cultural politics of and justification for the pilot project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to characterize the production and the creation of value of ethnic/racial otherness in the context of neoliberal multiculturalism in Chile based on a theoretical work around the concepts of otherness, representation, ambivalence and authenticity. From this perspective and through qualitative methods, we will analyze three concrete examples framed in research projects: the ethno-enterprise, domestic labor and the allegoric-bodies of tradition. Our main analysis result is that the demands for authenticity perceived by subjects marked as Others in Chile display a demand to correctly act or perform a role, which in spite of being stereotyped, may or not be appropriated by the Others. Our proposal concludes stating the following thesis: the demands for authenticity constitute the crystallization of contemporary racism in Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trade liberalization has been widely recognized to have a profound influence on the labor market, especially in developing countries. Amid the transformation of gender roles, the improvement of female workers' welfare has received increasing attention. In such studies, the gender wage gap generally is the focus, and the residual wage gap is commonly used to measure discrimination. However, this paper empirically examines gender differences in workers' contributions to production through labor efficiency and productivity, which are defined separately. We use panel data on Chilean manufacturing firms from 2001 to 2007. Non-linear estimations are conducted to determine the gender differences in these firms. We first decompose male and female labor efficiency based on a traditional Cobb-Douglas production function. Next, we extend the Cobb-Douglas function and use a semi-parametric method to remove endogeneity and reduce bias estimation. We then also decompose female and male workers' contributions to productivity. The results show that, among domestic firms which do not export, female workers contribute significantly lower efficiency and productivity than male workers. Among firms which participate in the exporting market, the differences in the efficiency and productivity of female and male workers are insignificant. Therefore, gender production differences are found to be significant in domestic but not exporting firms. Besides the firms' exporting status, we also estimate the impact of capital ownership and exporting revenue on gender as alternative robustness tests. The findings remain consistent. Firms which do not adopt foreign capital, or operating exclusively in the domestic market, have significant, unequal distributions of labor efficiency and productivity between female and male workers. Firms which are actively involved in foreign markets have insignificantly gender differences. Therefore, exportmarket participation indeed reduces gender differences and guarantees similar contributions by female and male employees. High productivity, advanced managerial philosophy, and capability to compete globally all encourage a firm to export, and to equalize the treatment and contribution of male and female employees as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the change in anthropometric indicators between menarche and 36 months after menarche among indigenous and non-indigenous adolescents from the Araucanía Region of Chile. Method This was a concurrent cohort study. Of 8,504 girls interviewed, 114 indigenous adolescents and 123 nonindigenous adolescents who had recently experienced menarche were selected. Body mass index (BMI), BMI by age (BMI z-score), waist circumference (WC) and body fat percentage (BF%) were evaluated at menarche and 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months postmenarche. Linear models estimated with generalized estimating equations were used to quantify disparities adjusted for baseline anthropometric values, age at menarche, place of residence, and socioeconomic level. RESULTS Indigenous girls presented menarche 4 months later than nonindigenous girls and had significantly higher BMI (1.5 kg/m2), BMI z-score (0.4), WC (2.9 cm), and BF% (1.7%) at menarche. Adjusted results did not show an association between being indigenous and post-menarche anthropometric variables: BMI = 0.1 kg/m2 (CI = −0.3; 0.5), BMI z-score = 0 (CI = −0.1; 0.1), WC = 0.7 cm (CI = −0.6; 2.0), and BF% = 0.5% (CI = −0.2; 1.3). It is important to mention that the mean BMI z-score of both groups were in the overweight category. CONCLUSION At menarche, indigenous girls had higher values than nonindigenous girls for all anthropometric variables, and this trend remained after menarche, with no further change in ethnic disparity over the subsequent three years. This reinforces the need to implement interventions to prevent or control excess weight prior to menarche, with emphasis on indigenous girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over 40 years have passed since the coup d'êtat in Chile on September 11th 1973. Although Augusto Pinochet's military regime officially came to an End in 1990, the political and societal consequences of the coup and 17 Years of dictatorship live on to this day, both in and outside of Chile. In This article I discuss hip hop practice as a form of identity and memory Work in, and in-between Chile and Sweden, the country that welcomed The highest number of Chilean refugees in Europe after the coup. I focus On those instances in which rappers in both Sweden and Chile refer to Specific versions of the past in their lyrics, music, videos, biographies, and In TV programs. My analysis shows that artists in both countries use hip Hop culture in order to create meaning and a sense of shared history by Engaging in strategic and self-conscious identity and memory work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saving and sanitary housing, replacing waste of money and tenements, were two great interests of political groups and the public sphere at the beginning the last century. In the era of 'social issue', the call and action to improve the quality of life of the urban population and moral improvement, it was a way to achieve social stability and workers adapted to the system of capitalist production. However, not everyone could respond to this call and become homeowners. Only sectors with saving capacity embraced a policy change that sought to moralize and change inappropriate behavior of the masses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of sociology’s important questions involves the processes of social stratification. In the case of Chile, significant transformations in the social structure in recent decades and changes in the field of work, among other processes, have blurred the lines between social groups. Based on an analysis of qualitative material produced about different social groups (businesspersons, middle-­class groups, workers, and marginalized population) in Santiago and Valparaíso, the article delves into an analysis of what the author calls “positional experiences,” positing the existence of four logics of social positioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on a new critical history of psychoanalysis in Chile, this paper analyses the appropriations of psychoanalysis in the Chilean political field, particularly in Marxist theory, as it appears in the work of two important intellectuals who published their contributions from the 1930s to the late 1950s. These two case studies are of Juan Marín Rojas, a medical doctor, writer and diplomat born in Chile in 1900, and of Alejandro (born Alexander) Lipschütz, an endocrinologist, physiologist and anthropologist born in Latvia in 1883 and who migrated to Chile in 1926 and naturalized as a Chilean citizen in 1941. This study provides the context and looks at the interactions, debates and problems that arose at the crossroads of psychoanalysis and Marxism in Chile between the 1930s and the 1950s, and consequently opens the door for new perspectives from which to address the local history of psychoanalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cinta de Moebio is the property of Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencas Sociales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study contributes to the debate on Statesociety relations in social development, proposing a theoretical typology of actors involved in the provision of public goods and services that allows to derive policy lessons. The proposed typology is then applied to a sample of non-governmental organizations collaborating in Chile. The results evidence the diversity of non-profit organizations (NPO) as well as relatively autonomous «social enterprises» and show critical issues on financing social services. The paper concludes that in Latin America there is an important margin of state action to create habilitating conditions for social enterprises that emphasize solidarity and relational capital. The results also suggest that the lack of sufficient, stable public financing, can threat the political-social autonomy of NPOs as well as the State's ability to guarantee of social rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recognition of same-sex relationships has increased, but same-sex intimate partner violence has been less studied. Historically, this problem had been studied in heterosexual relationships, women being victims and men main aggressors. This heteronormative approach to intimate partner violence (IPV) often neglects same-sex relation ships (Finneran, Chard, Sineath, Sullivan, & Stephen son, 2012; Russell, 2015). For this study, IPV is defined as every act causing psychological, physical or sexual damage, within the context of intimate relationships (Harvey et al., 2007) perceived as such. To our knowledge, there are no studies about IPV in same-sex relationships in Chile. Data about this topic is scarce in the Latin American context (Ferreira et al., 201 5). Therefore, it is necessary to provide contextualized knowledge about IPV in same-sex relationships to face this psychosocial problem. The aim of this study was to describe IPV in same-sex relationships in gay men and lesbian women and its sociodemographic characteristics. In addition, results are compared to detect possible differences between groups. LGBT populations are considered a difficult-to-reach or hidden population (Paz-Bailey et al., 2013). For this reason, a snowball sampling procedure was used. The sample consists of 467 participants who identify themselves as gay men (57.4%) or lesbian women (42.6%), aging from 18 to 67 years (M = 27.9; SD = 7.9). The sample was recruited in four Chilean cities (Antofagasta, Valparaíso, Santiago, and Concepción). A specially designed questionnaire was administered to collect data for this study. Results were obtained through descriptive and comparative analyses with a Chi-square Test. Analyses indicate that 80 subjects (17.2%) had experienced some form of IPV (psychological, physical, or sexual); 87.7% of them reported psychological violence; and about half of them (47.5%) physical violence. Likewise, 19.3% respondents reported that there had been an IPV perpetrator. For group analysis, 20.1% of lesbian women and 19.3% of gay men reported some IPV experience. Statistically significant differences between gay men and lesbian women respondents were detected for psychology violence perpetrated [χ2 (1) = 6.37, p = .01, w = .64]. Gay men reported a higher percentage perpetrating psychological violence in their relationship (87.5%), as compared to the group of lesbian women (65.8%). Also, a statistically significant relation was found between IPV experiences and educational levels [χ2 (3) = 10.53, p = .01, ω = .51]. Subjects with higher educational levels report less IPV frequency. Finally, a statistically significant relation was found between IPV victims and IPV perpetrators. This study represents the first approach to describe and characterize IPV in gay men and lesbian women, thus creating a baseline for making comparisons with future findings on LGBT issues in Chile and Latin America. Results support evidence concerning greater prevalence of psychological violence in both gay men and lesbian women, as compared to other types of violence such as physical and sexual (Barrett & St. Pierre, 2013; Finneran y Stephenson, 2013; Hellemans et al., 2015; Messinger, 2011). In addition, this result is similar to those of previous studies on general population (Russell, 2015). An important result is IPV mutuality in the sample, namely, IPV occurs in two directions: persons experiencing partner violence concurrently perpetrate violence against their partners. Findings support the view that, in general, violence in samesex relationships takes place gradually from relation al dynamics marked by violence (Barrientos, Rodríguez-Caballería, Escartín & Longares, in press). In this context, although data from this study are exploratory-descriptive, they make up a good approach to the problem since they include gay men and lesbian women from different Chilean areas of varied sociodemographic characteristics. If similar findings are reported in other studies, they could help direct psychosocial interventions, public policies, and future research. In any case, results must be carefully considered since they are non-representative samples and, in theory, not comparable with each other. Limitations and implications for future IPV research in same-sex relationships are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a study of the conflict between the campesinso and the indigenous (Mapuche) population that took place in the province of Cautín (Chile) during the cycle of social conflictivity the country experienced between 1967 and 1973. The objective is to review the traditional views that have prevailed on this topic in Chilean historiography, based on monolithic perspectives of the rural conflict. Through archival and journalistic documentation of the regional environment, it analyzes diverse manifestations of said conflict, from traditional expressions of campesino rebelliousness (cuatrerismo) to modern forms of collective mobilization (agrarian trade unionism), which makes it possible to observe the diversity, complexity and heterogeneity of said conflicts and their leading actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the past 12 years, the Chilean Professional Soccer Association (ANFP) has applied operations research (OR) techniques to schedule soccer leagues in Chile. Using integer programming-based methods, the ANFP decides which matches are played in each round, taking into account various objectives, such as holding down costs and ensuring engaging tournaments for the fans. It has scheduled more than 50 tournaments using this approach, resulting in an estimated direct economic impact of about $59 million, including reductions in television broadcaster operating costs, growth in soccer pay-television subscriptions, increased ticket revenue, and lower travel costs for the teams. This application of OR has also had significant noneconomic impacts. First, the incorporation of team requirements and various sporting criteria has improved process transparency and schedule fairness, increasing fans' interest in local professional tournaments; second, because of the high portability of these techniques, they have been used successfully to schedule sports leagues in other countries (examples include volleyball and basketball in Argentina, and the South American qualifiers for the 2018 Soccer World Cup). Furthermore, the models and methods used in this scheduling application have been disseminated widely, helping to promote OR as an effective tool for addressing practical problems. Our outreach activities have reached thousands of high school and university students in four countries and a more general audience of millions of television viewers and Internet users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En este artículo se analiza el efecto de la intersección entre clase y género sobre la calidad del empleo en Chile. La medida de posición de clase utilizada está basada en la propuesta de Erik O. Wright y la calidad del empleo en una medida multidimensional, que incluye un índice de condiciones objetivas de empleo y dos índices de condiciones subjetivas (motivación en el trabajo y percepción del control sobre el proceso de trabajo). Los resultados demuestran que la clase y el género determinan diferencias significativas en la calidad objetiva y subjetiva del empleo. Sin embargo, los datos también indican que el género (particularmente, el hecho de ser mujer) no actúa necesariamente como "amplificador" de las desigualdades de clase observadas en el mercado laboral. A partir de esto, al final del artículo se plantean algunas reflexiones sobre cómo opera la intersección entre clase y género en el mercado laboral chileno. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes mining in the popular sectors of the Chilean Norte Chico, focusing on pirquineros, especially with regard to continuity, plus pallacos and maritateros, whose practice is extinguished in the nineteenth century. The origin of these names and their practices as a popular survival strategy and variations, specifically pirquinería, presented since the end of the eighteenth century is studied. In this context the perception of elite working on the pirquinería, their questioning and persecution, to become the so-called system “pirquén”, a sort of lease mines by payment in cash or part of the production system that coexisted in the twentieth century with the traditional pirquinería, characterized by operations performed by a worker or group of them with scarce capital and technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Together with other basic predispositions, the level of political knowledge that citizens have is a central element in the process of formation and transmission of political opinions. Despite the relevance of such knowledge, no studies have been carried out in Chile to measure and describe Chileans' political knowledge and the factors associated with higher or lower knowledge levels. Two national surveys conducted by the Centro de Estudios Públicos in 2010 (N = 1,495) and 2011 (N = 1,554), which employed probability sampling and included respondents aged 18 and older, were used to inquire into knowledge levels and their determinants. After conducting linear correlation and regression analyses, and consistently with the literature reviewed, results show that levels of political knowledge in Chile are low on average and that such knowledge is very unequally distributed. The main factors that determine variations in knowledge levels in Chile are education, age, media consumption, and frequency of political conversations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to qualitatively assess the implementation of the Triple P program in Chile from the perspective of users. The design consisted of three focus groups with a total of 34 parents as participants. The information collected was analyzed according to the principles of grounded theory. The main findings from the qualitative analysis were that parents consider that their participation helped them improve their parenting skills, improve communication among caregivers, and decrease parental stress. In turn, they reported positive changes in the behavior of their children and showed a paradigm shift regarding parenting. It is concluded that from the parents' perspective the program objectives were met, which coincides with the results of the quantitative evaluation. The Triple P program seems to respond to the needs of Chilean parents and its implementation could help reduce maltreatment and improve mental health of children and their parents. It is necessary to generate more research on the implementation of Triple P in Chile and to adjust the program to this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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