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We investigated experiences of mothers of school‐age children in Central New York during a time of remote education due to COVID‐19. We extend the concept of intensive mothering, characterized by the expectation that mothers are constantly available to meet their children's needs, and examine mothers' intersectional identities related to their experience of remote education. Mothers working from home often went back and forth between work and school in what we refer to as a simultaneous shift. Essential workers were engaged in a sequential shift, engaging with children's schoolwork after work and trading off with partners. Mothers took on multiple roles during the pandemic which led to role strain. In extreme cases, multiple roles could be impossible to fill, leading to a situation of role conflict where the demands of one role made it impossible to meet the needs of another role. Mothers of children of color experienced more negative interactions with schools than White mothers. Mothers of children with disabilities spent extended time on remote schooling. A limitation of our study is that we only interviewed people in Central New York and cannot generalize the results of our research to a larger population. Another limitation to our approach was that we have little information on how fathers experienced work and overseeing children's schoolwork. Future research should examine how mothering may have changed after children returned to school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children who spend quality time with their mothers are able to have positive spiritual development However, mothers who work are often unable to spend enough quality time with their children. This qualitative phenomenological study was conducted to examine the spirituality of children with academic mothers in Turkey. The children were asked how their mothers' academic careers affected their spiritual states. The data were collected through in-depth face-to-face interviews and evaluated using content analysis. A total of 21 children participated in the study. Three main themes and five subthemes were determined in the analysis. These themes were (1) the negative effects of mothers' academic careers on the spiritual statuses of their children (negative emotions, decreased communication in their families, and disruption of home routines), (2) the positive effects of mothers' academic careers on the spiritual statuses of their children (positive emotions and financial independence), and (3) the children's expectations of their mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gaceta Médica de Caracas is the property of Academia Nacional de Medicina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: This article estimates the association between maternal exposure to unpredictable work schedules in the service sector and child internalizing and externalizing behavior. Background: Precarious work is widespread and characterized by low wages, few benefits, and nonstandard schedules. But working parents, especially in the service sector, contend with unpredictable work schedules as well. These schedules have negative consequences for workers, but may also perpetuate inequality across generations by negatively affecting children. Method: This article takes advantage of novel survey data from The Shift Project, covering 2,613 mothers (surveyed 2017–2019) working in the service sector with children (mean child age of 7.5), to examine the association between maternal work schedules and child behavior as well as the mediators of this relationship. Results: Maternal exposure to unpredictable work schedules is associated with children's externalizing and internalizing behavior. Mediation analysis shows that for parents with the most unpredictable schedules, this aspect of job quality operates on children's behavior by increasing household economic insecurity, reducing developmental parenting time, and diminishing maternal well‐being. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that work scheduling conditions may have consequences not just for workers themselves but also for their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on 70 in‐depth interviews, I investigated how maternal employment shapes urban young Chinese women's work–family expectation in a context of rapid social change. These interviews indicated that respondents attached strong moral meaning to mothers' wage work, regarding it as integral to a "good" mother and an "ideal" woman. This moralization of maternal employment, in turn, led contemporary young Chinese women to view wage work as a taken‐for‐granted choice. Yet different from their own mothers, these young women were confronted with profound transformation across various domains of the postreform Chinese society. The normative expectation of women's wage work, coupled with slow‐to‐change expectations about women's roles at home and in a changing labor market, intensified young women's burden of "doing it all." This research highlights the importance of bringing the macro‐level context back into the mother–daughter dyad to understand the intergenerational transmission of gender beliefs and behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Having children has been assumed to reduce womens' organizational commitment and involvement in their work and increase their likelihood of turnover. This assumption was examined by comparing 169 women MBAs who had children with 191 who did not on the basis of their responses to a survey. After controlling for differences in age, experience and work status, results showed no differences in met expectations, turnover intentions, commitment, satisfaction, job characteristics, or perceptions of progress. However, women with children scored lower on job involvement and reported fewer work hours. While parenting demands may affect these variables, they may not necessarily affect work-related attitudes, professional attainment, attachment to the job, or commitment to the organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing upon the work-home resources model, this study examined the implications of mothers' evening and weekend shifts for youths' time with mother, alone, and hanging out with peers unsupervised, with attention to both the amount and day-to-day consistency of time use. Data came from 173 mothers who worked in the long-term care industry and their youths who provided daily diaries. Multilevel modeling revealed that youths whose mothers worked more evening shifts on average spent less time with their mothers compared to youths whose mothers worked fewer evening shifts. Youths whose mothers worked more weekend shifts, however, spent more time with their mothers and exhibited less consistency in their time in all three activity domains compared to youths whose mothers worked fewer weekend shifts. Girls, not boys, spent less time alone on days when mothers worked weekend shifts than on days with standard shifts. Older but not younger adolescents spent more time hanging out with friends on evening and weekend shift days, and their unsupervised peer time was less consistent across days when mothers worked more evening shifts. These effects adjusted for sociodemographic and day characteristics, including school day, number of children in the household, mothers' marital status and work hours, and time with fathers. Our results illuminate the importance of the timing and day of mothers' work for youths' daily activities. Future interventions should consider how to increase mothers' resources to deal with constraints on parenting due to their work during nonstandard hours, with attention to child gender and age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research has suggested that mothers’ life logistics may increase opportunities for children to watch television. However, associations between structural circumstances of mothers’ lives and levels of children’s television use have not been empirically investigated. The contribution of this study is that it investigates maternal structural life circumstances longitudinally associated with children’s television time and potential mechanisms underlying this association. More specifically, the study examined the association between mothers’ working hours and children’s television time, and the mediating roles of mothers’ parenting time pressure and well-being in this relationship. Structural equation modeling using data from a two-wave panel survey of mothers of 1- to 4-year-olds (N = 404) demonstrated a longitudinal relationship between mothers’ working hours and children’s television time. This relationship was mediated by mothers’ parenting time pressure and well-being, indicating that high maternal working hours create parenting time pressure and undermine mothers’ well-being, which encourages children to watch more television. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The family is one of the primary groups of society concerned with face to face relationship. A child's earliest education is received in his family. It is here that his basic ideas, ideals as well as many attitudes towards himself and his associates are initiated which determine his later adjustment to school and other out of home situations. The economic status, attitudes and behavioural experiences of parents and family environment, all influence the child's behaviour and attitudes, both directly and indirectly. In a family the role of the mother in the development of the child is very vital. A child usually spends maximum time with its mother. It is, therefore, the mother alone who leaves a strong and a long lasting impact on the child and lays the foundation for its future development. She acts as a model and the way in which she is perceived by the child determines many of the behavioural choices the child will make later. The early warmth and affection of a mother is associated with calm, happy and cooperative behaviour of the child. She disciplines the child and guides it towards a career. A mother has more opportunities than the father to influence the child's growth and behaviour. To study the difference in the value of students (boy & girl) of working and non-working mothers. To study the difference of ego strength of students (boy & girl) of working and nonworking mothers. There exists significant difference in the value and ego strength of students of working and nonworking mothers. Comparison between Intermediate students of working mothers and of non-working mothers on all the variables under study i.e. values and ego strength. "Study of Values" Test developed by Dr. R.K. Ojha was used to collect data concerning six values viz. Theoretical, Economic, Aesthetic, Social, Political and Religious. Ego strength scale of Dr. Q. Hassan will be used to measure students ego strength. For the present study, statistical analysis of data: t-test and Descriptive Method is used. Because it is considered as one of the best method to describe the current status of the research work. The study comprises a sample of 60 Intermediate students students (30 of students of working mothers) and 30 students of non-working mothers) was selected from Higher Secondary School situated in Ranchi District. There is significant difference in the values and ego strength of students of working and non working women. There is no such significant differnce between boy and girl students on values and ego strength. Impact of mother's working status on her young children has always been a issue of debate. The studies conducted earlier with different variables have been showing mixed results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have linked parents' employment, work hours, and work schedules to their own sleep quality and quantity, but it is unclear whether these associations extend to children. The authors used data from the 5-year in-home survey of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study ( N = 1,818) to examine the associations between maternal work hours and schedule and insufficient sleep among disadvantaged mothers and their young children. They found that mothers who worked more than 35 hours per week were more likely to experience insufficient sleep compared to mothers who worked fewer hours, whereas children were more likely to experience insufficient sleep when their mothers worked between 20 and 40 hours. Nonstandard work schedules were associated with an increased likelihood of insufficient sleep for mothers but not their children. The results highlight a potentially difficult balance between work and family for many disadvantaged working mothers in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors used data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (N = 1,364) to examine maternal work hour status and parenting (sensitivity and learning opportunities) from infancy through middle childhood. Work hour status was conceptualized as nonemployment, part time, and full time. Adjusting for covariates, mothers employed part time had higher sensitivity scores and higher provision of child learning opportunity scores than did mothers who were not employed, and these differences characterized families during early childhood rather than middle childhood. Mothers' provision of child learning opportunities was greater when she was employed full time (vs. part time) during early childhood. In addition to child age, mothers' ethnic minority status and partner status moderated the association between maternal work hour status and mothers' parenting. In general, the findings supported ideas forwarded by role expansionist theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several analyses report a positive correlation between fertility and female self-employment; however, scholars disagree about the direction of this relationship. Knowing about the causal relationship is important because the relevant mechanisms and possible implications differ tremendously. This paper studies two competing hypotheses: Is self-employment more attractive to women because they have children? Or, is it occupation-specific characteristics of self-employed women that impact their fertility? This work applies a unique approach by utilizing exogenous variation in both children and self-employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of grandparents and other close relatives in caring for the children of working mothers has been diminishing in modem societies everywhere including Jordan. Concurrently, the dependence on housemaids to care for the children of working mothers has been on the rise. The impact of housemaids on young Jordanian children (4-5 years old) was investigated, with respect to both their language capability and psychological well-being. The findings indicate prevalent speech problems which can be attributed to the housemaids. Likewise, psychological problems were identified among the children, for some of whom the role of their mothers and that of their maids were not distinguishable. This paper calls for careful selection of maids, precise definition of their duties and close monitoring of their interaction with the children. Above all, it urges the mothers not to delegate certain child-caring tasks to their maids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how Dutch mothers' ideal family lives (traditional, adaptive or egalitarian) have been formed in interaction with other people, an assumption that is central to socialization theories. With nominal regression analysis of data from a representative survey in 2010 among 935 Dutch mothers, we analyse various social influences on a mother's current ideal family life. As hypothesized, the results show that a mother endorses a more egalitarian ideal family life if she recalls the gender role specific parental message 'you should work in order to be financially independent of others'. Additionally, if the respondent recalls a positively work orientated mother at the age of 12 years, she has now as an adult more egalitarian ideals compared to daughters who recall a more home orientated mother or who have no memories of their mothers in that respect. We also show that as expected in the hypotheses 3 and 4, that Dutch mothers who have perceived career support by her partner and from people at work have now more egalitarian ideal family lives. Mothers' current ideals are thus formed and further developed within prior social bonds. Moreover, mothers' ideal family lives seem not only dependent on their current labour market behaviour, but to some degree resistant to change. However, the results must be interpreted with care because of the cross-sectional research design and the use of retrospective questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we investigate whether trust has an effect on the choice of child care technology and on female labor force participation. Mothers with less trust in others may decide to stay at home with their child instead of working. To do this, we sketch a simple model to show why this effect may be taking place, we measure trust using the European Social Survey and we test its influence on the choice of child care technology. To measure trust, we use the methodology proposed by Spady (Semiparametric methods for the measurement of latent attitudes and the estimation of their behavioural consequences. To measure trust, we use a recent semiparametric item response model. Compared to other measures of trust, using this technique has several advantages: it allows the aggregation of information from several questions and exploits additional information from personal and demographic characteristics. It also imposes very few parametric assumptions. The results show that trust matters for the degree of externalness of the child care technology people choose. It can therefore be a possible explanation for differences in female labor force participation across countries and across sociological groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze household decisions regarding the childcare of young children. We present two specifications. The first one assumes a sequential decision process. Firstly, parents choose between paid or unpaid care and, secondly, those who opt for paid childcare must decide whether to take their children to a nursery or pre-school or employ somebody to care for them. The second specification is a multinomial Logit in which it is assumed that parents choose from three alternatives: unpaid care, paid care by a nanny, and center-based care. We apply our models to a sample of working mothers with children under three. The database used is the 2008-2010 Spanish Survey of Quality of Working Life ( Encuesta de Calidad de Vida en el Trabajo). The results are in line with previous work: Parental education, family composition, income and the characteristics of the mother's job are important factors in determining the type of childcare chosen for under-three-year-olds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyzed the participation and childcare decisions made by mothers in two-parent households with children aged 0-12 in the Netherlands, paying special attention to the role of attitudes regarding work and care. In a multinomial logit model we distinguished between not working, a small part-time job, and a larger job. For working mothers we considered no childcare, informal, and formal childcare. We accounted for potential endogeneity of attitudes. The results showed that the role of the price of formal childcare in the decision-making process was negligible. A higher earnings capacity increased the take-up of larger jobs and formal childcare. Modern attitudes had a strong impact on the decisions to work and to use childcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to construct a conceptual understanding of the motivations of grandmothers and mothers to provide and utilize child care by grandmothers in Korea. Grounded theory methods were used to collect and analyze interview data with 21 matched pairs of caregiving grandmothers and employed mothers. The grandmothers' motivations were concern for their adult children's well-being and a feeling of responsibility to fulfill their parental responsibility for support. The mothers' motivations were the benefits they received as employed mothers and their trust of family care with prior expectations of the grandmothers' support. The core category integrating the findings was bilateral familism supporting traditional gender role ideology. The results suggest that changes from patrilineal to bilateral kinship interactions have been largely based on the influence of familism, which has created a cultural setting of expectations for downstream intergenerational support to maintain traditional gender roles despite increased maternal employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Swiss Journal of Sociology / Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aims: To assess the health of children of construction workers with the help of anthropometric measurements and to explore their childcare practices. Settings and Design: Female construction workers and their children of age 12 to 36 months were taken as one study unit. The study had two components. One component deals with anthropometric measurements of the children while a qualitative descriptive exploratory component was used to explore mothers' perspectives and childcare practices. Methodology: Anthropometric measurements, background information, and living conditions were collected with the help of pre-tested and semi-structured questionnaire. In depth interview technique was used to explore child care practices. Total 14 mothers were interviewed to attain the saturation of responses. "Snow ball" technique was used to recruit children for anthropometric measurements and mothers for in-depth interview. Anthropometric analysis was done in WHO-ANTHRO software v 3.0.1. Content analysis method was used to analyze emerging themes from the interviews. Results: Mean Z scores of weight for age, height for age, and MUAC was less than —1.5. Among the children, 67.2% of children were underweight; 28.4% were wasted while 49.3% were stunted. All mothers believed breast milk to be good for baby for first few months, but only 11% of mothers could practice exclusive breast-feeding. Mothers' perspectives about childcare shows understanding about importance of breast-feeding, complementary feeding, balanced diet, and vaccination. However, mothers were not able to practice their knowledge in childcare; main reasons were fear of wage loss, unavailability of proper living facilities and influence of labor contractor. Conclusions: The study findings confirm the inequity of health among children of construction workers. Mainstreaming of the workers in unorganized sector and strict legislations ensuring good living conditions are recommended to combat child malnutrition among this group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A professional family is an organizational form of institutional care which is used mainly in residential children's homes. By considering the psychological development of the child and by providing a supportive environment, the professional family provides systematic, purposeful and professional care and education for the child. It attempts to respect age differences and developmental disorders in the child. The professional family provides this care and education continually for a specific period of time. The process of forming a relationship between the parents and the children being cared for is very problematic. There is a significant lack of clarity and many problems exist in this field and to make it worse the status of the professional parents, mainly the professional mother are not clearly defined. We attempted to define this status through qualitative research using the theory of object relations by Donald Wood Winnicott. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The effects of maternal employment on children''s health are theoretically ambiguous and challenging to identify. There are trade-offs between income and time, and a mother''s decision to work reflects, in part, her children''s health and her underlying preferences. I utilize exogenous variation in each child''s youngest sibling''s eligibility for kindergarten as an instrument. Using the restricted-access National Health Interview Survey (1985–2004), I identify the effects on overnight hospitalizations, asthma episodes, and injuries/poisonings for children ages 7–17. Maternal employment increases the probability of each adverse health event by nearly 200 percent. These effects are robust and do not reflect a non-representative local effect. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study investigated low-income mothers' daily nighttime and weekend work and family outcomes. Sixty-one mothers of preschool-aged children reported daily on work hours, mood, mother-child interaction, and child behavior for two weeks (N = 724 person-days). Although nighttime and weekend work are both nonstandard schedules, results showed adverse associations of working nighttime hours on family outcomes-more negative mood and mother-child interactions; less positive child behavior-but no relationship between weekend work and family outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This meta-analysis of 69 studies (1,483 effect sizes) used random effects models to examine maternal employment during infancy/early childhood in relation to 2 major domains of child functioning: achievement and behavior problems. Analyses of studies that spanned 5 decades indicated that, with a few exceptions, early employment was not significantly associated with later achievement or internalizing/externalizing behaviors. The exceptions were for teacher ratings of achievement and internalizing behaviors: Employment was associated with higher achievement and fewer internalizing behaviors. Substantial heterogeneity among the effect sizes prompted examination of moderators. Sample-level moderator analyses pointed to the importance of socioeconomic and contextual variables, with early employment most beneficial when families were challenged by single parenthood or welfare status. Maternal employment during Years 2 and 3 was associated with higher achievement. Some moderator analyses indicated negative effects of employment for middle-class and 2-parent families and for very early employment (child's first year). Associations also differed depending on whether effect sizes were adjusted for contextual variables. Only I study-level moderator (sex of first author) was significant after adjusting for other moderators. The small effect size and primarily nonsignificant results for main effects of early maternal employment should allay concerns about mothers working when children are young. However, negative findings associated with employment during the child's first year are compatible with calls for more generous maternal leave policies. Results highlight the importance of social context for identifying under which conditions and for which subgroups early maternal employment is associated with positive or negative child outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the assessment results regarding the relationship of first-year maternal employment to the growth of social and emotional outcomes in children. It states that evaluation of children aging at 3, 4.5, and first grade involves regression analysis, wherein several outcomes were considered including attachment security and peer competence. It notes that there were no major variations between non-Hispanic white children of full-time (FT) working mothers and children of non-working mothers. It mentions that children of FT working mothers in the first year have inferior social and emotional growth as compared to children of mothers with a part time (PT) employment. Moreover, coefficients between PT and FT employment in African-American children exhibit a minor difference.

Abstract: Alarm about the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity has focussed attention on individual lifestyle behaviours that may contribute to unhealthy weight. More distal predictors such as maternal employment may also be implicated since working mothers have less time to supervise children''s daily activities. The research reported here used two waves of data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children to investigate whether mothers'' hours in paid work shape young children''s television viewing, snacking and physical activity, and through those lifestyle behaviours, children''s weight at ages 4–5 years and 6–7 years. At both ages, children''s lifestyle behaviours were interrelated and associated with weight status. Cross-sectional analysis confirmed small, direct associations between longer hours of maternal employment and child weight at age 4–5 years, but not with child''s weight measured two years later. In both the cross-sectional and prospective analyses, the children of mothers who worked part-time watched less television and were less likely to be overweight than children of mothers who were not employed or who worked full-time. While associations were small, they remained significant after adjustment for maternal weight, household income and other factors. The combination of direct and indirect relationships between mothers'' work hours and the weight status of their young children provides additional support to calls for family-friendly work policies as an important means for promoting healthy family lifestyles and early childhood wellbeing. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]