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Managing parental substance use disorder (SUD) within the family context is a collaborative effort. For families with multiple children, the sibling relationship might be one source of support for dealing with this stressor. Findings from a sample of adult siblings with parents with SUD highlighted that they (a) experience five resilience triggers, (b) utilize self and other communicative resilience (CR) processes, and (c) experience a tensional process in which CR can be both adaptive, maladaptive, and simultaneously both. Overall, we advance the communication theory of resilience by (a) being the first to apply the other-resilience heuristic, (b) exploring relationships between self-resilience and other-resilience, (c) introducing a new CR tension, and (d) discussing the potential benefit of engaging in what we call strategic resilience. By analyzing the resilience processes of adult siblings experiencing parental SUD, we also recommend practical applications for social workers, providers, and counselors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper focuses on the recall of childhood experiences of adults who had at least one parent misusing alcohol and/or drugs. The study aims to gain an in-depth understanding of the recall of these experiences in adulthood and their effect on relationships with significant others. Twelve (12) adults, who had experienced as children in their family's drug and alcohol misuse were interviewed and their interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings of the qualitative study suggest that adults recall in their childhood the reversal of family roles and traumas that seem to affect their current relationships. The research findings indicate the necessity of supporting early enough children who grow up in families where alcohol and drug misuse are part of daily life and to create a therapeutic alliance in adult life in order to advance in their relationship with self and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Association of Children of Alcoholics estimates that there are 11 millions children of alcoholics under the age of 18 years. A study was conducted to assess level of self esteem among children of alcoholic & non alcoholic parents. The objectives were to assess, compare and find out the association between the level of self esteem and socio personal data. Methodology adopted for the study was descriptive comparative design with multistage sampling. Sample size was 128. Structured questionnaire was used to collect socio personal data of participants and Children of Alcoholics Screening test was used to identify children of alcoholic and non alcoholic parents. After that the standardized tool State Self Esteem Scale was used to assess the level of self esteem The study findings revealed that in children of alcoholic parents group, 82.8% (53) were having poor self esteem and 17.2% (11) were having good self esteem where as in children of non alcoholic parents group, 78.1% (50) were having good self esteem and 21.9% (14) were having poor self esteem. On the basis of comparison between the level of self esteem among children of alcoholic and non alcoholic parents, revealed that there is statistically significant difference between level of self esteem score among children of alcoholic and non alcoholic parents group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study used a grounded theory approach to develop a substantive theory of the process of building resilience in adult children of parents with alcohol use disorder (ACOAs). Seventeen ACOAs selected by purposive sampling underwent in-depth interviews. Results demonstrated that ACOAs' resilience developed in four phases: exposure, awareness, action, and adaptation. The core category of the construction process of ACOAs was accepting reality in the collapse of everyday life and becoming myself. The central phenomenon grounded in the process of developing resilience was trying to maintain my daily life. The current study suggests that appropriate intervention strategies are needed at each phase of development to address the particular needs of ACOAs in that phase. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 61(9), 31–39.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The aim of this paper is to examine the link between severity in exposure to parental problem drinking in a Swedish national population sample of children aged 15–16 years. Specifically, we assessed whether the risk of poor health, poor relationships and a problematic school situation increase with severity in exposure to parental problem drinking. Methods National population survey from 2017 with a representative sample of 5 576 adolescents born in 2001. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). A short version of The Children of Alcoholics Screening Test, CAST-6, was used to identify children with problem-drinking parents. Health status, social relations and school situation were assessed by well-established measures. Results The risk of having poor health, poor school performance and poor social relations increased with severity of parental problem drinking. The risk was lowest among children least severely affected (Crude models ranged from OR: 1.2, 95% CI 1.0–1.4 to OR: 2.2, 95% CI 1.8–2.6) and highest among children most severely affected (Crude models ranges from OR: 1.7, 95% CI 1.3–2.1 to OR: 6.6, 95% CI 5.1–8.6). The risk became lower when adjusting for gender and socioeconomic position but were still higher compared to children without problem-drinking parents. Conclusions Appropriate screening and intervention programs are necessary for children with problem-drinking parents especially when exposure is severe but also at mild forms of exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many children grow up with adult alcohol misuse in the home. A clearer understanding of this exposure's long-term mental health consequences and the role of associated child maltreatment experiences and potential protective factors could guide relevant intervention strategies. To prospectively evaluate the association between living with adult alcohol misuse during childhood and major depressive disorder (MDD) during adulthood; whether child maltreatment explains the association; and whether sex, school bonding, or neighborhood bonding moderate the association. Participants and setting: This study used longitudinal data from 783 individuals followed from childhood to age 39. At grade 9, participants were asked whether they lived with adults who misused alcohol. Diagnostic assessments of MDD were conducted across three time-points during participants' thirties and participants were categorized as having met diagnostic criteria 0, 1, or 2 or more times. Ordinal logistic regressions found that children living with adult alcohol misuse showed greater chronicity of adult MDD (OR = 1.63; 95% CI: 1.05, 2.52). There was a 49% reduction in the odds ratio and the association was no longer statistically significant when child maltreatment was included in the model (OR = 1.32; 95% CI: 0.84, 2.07). No statistically significant moderation of associations was observed. Children exposed to adult alcohol misuse, and maltreatment often associated with this misuse, may be at risk for mental health challenges well into adulthood. Interventions that address childhood exposure to adult alcohol misuse and associated maltreatment may be important to mitigate long-term mental health challenges to exposed children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Parents impact their offspring's brain development, neurocognitive function, risk, and resilience for alcohol use disorder (AUD) via both genetic and socio‐environmental factors. Individuals with AUD and their unaffected children manifest low parietal P3 amplitude and low frontal theta (FT) power, reflecting heritable neurocognitive deficits associated with AUD. Likewise, children who experience poor parenting tend to have atypical brain development and greater rates of alcohol problems. Conversely, positive parenting can be protective and critical for normative development of self‐regulation, neurocognitive functioning and the neurobiological systems subserving them. Yet, the role of positive parenting in resiliency toward AUD is understudied and its association with neurocognitive functioning and behavioral vulnerability to AUD among high‐risk offspring is less known. Using data from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism prospective cohort (N = 1256, mean age [SD] = 19.25 [1.88]), we investigated the associations of closeness with mother and father during adolescence with offspring P3 amplitude, FT power, and binge drinking among high‐risk offspring. Methods: Self‐reported closeness with mother and father between ages 12 and 17 and binge drinking were assessed using the Semi‐Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism. P3 amplitude and FT power were assessed in response to target stimuli using a Visual Oddball Task. Results: Multivariate multiple regression analyses showed that closeness with father was associated with larger P3 amplitude (p = 0.002) and higher FT power (p = 0.01). Closeness with mother was associated with less binge drinking (p = 0.003). Among male offspring, closeness with father was associated with larger P3 amplitude, but among female offspring, closeness with mother was associated with less binge drinking. These associations remained statistically significant with father's and mothers' AUD symptoms, socioeconomic status, and offspring impulsivity in the model. Conclusions: Among high‐risk offspring, closeness with parents during adolescence may promote resilience for developing AUD and related neurocognitive deficits albeit with important sex differences. High‐risk offspring of individuals with AUD manifest low P3 and frontal theta (FT) reflecting heritable neurocognitive deficits. Conversely, positive‐parenting can be protective and critical for normative development of self‐regulation and neurocognitive functioning. In high‐risk offspring, we examined associations of closeness with parents during adolescence, with offspring P3, FT, and binge‐drinking. Closeness with father was associated with larger P3 and higher FT and closeness with mother was associated with less binge‐drinking. Positive‐parenting may buffer against AUD‐risk and related neurocognitive deficits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on the effects of parental alcoholism on adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs) have been mostly quantitative. To acquire a richer and better understanding of this realm in Malta, while outlining concrete recommendations to further contain this problem, a qualitative study was thus employed. Six participants were selected after meeting all inclusion criteria. Data were analysed following interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) guidelines. Semi‐structured interviews were audio‐recorded and transcribed verbatim. Three superordinate themes, namely a) psychosocial impact, b) coping strategies, and c) a sense of identity, were elevated. A number of findings resulting from this study may point at the resilient nature and skills exhibited by ACOAs, who move on to lead successful lives, despite their past hard life. Recommendations for future applications are discussed. Overall, recognition of children of parents who misuse alcohol should be prioritised in service planning to ensure that their needs are not overlooked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing up with an alcohol-misusing caregiver can be chaotic and damaging for children. Nevertheless, achieving better-than-expected outcomes in the face of adversity is by no means an unusual outcome for those young people. This study presents an understanding of the interactional resilience process between 15 National University of Lesotho undergraduate students and people in their social environment as a result of sharing adverse experiences. An interactional resilience perspective that builds on from the social-ecology and person-in-environment viewpoints on resilience, informed the study. Various in-depth interviews were conducted together with a draw-and-write technique. Findings show that the sharing of similar and diverse adverse experiences between young people raised by alcohol-misusing caregivers and significant people in their social ecology improved their resilience. Given the significance of sharing adverse experiences by the participants, established in this study, support groups (e.g., at schools, churches, community centers) could be very helpful in promoting the resilience of vulnerable young people. Social service practitioners, working with young people growing up in vulnerable environments, should help these young people develop interactive skills including the ability to be more communicative and be more receptive to sharing hard to share experiences with trustworthy people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim was to test the hypothesis that parental alcohol problems and low socioeconomic position would be associated with higher odds ratio of emotional symptoms and depression as compared to high socioeconomic position and parental alcohol problems. Data came from Danish National Youth Study 2014, a web-based national survey with 75,853 high school and vocational school students participating, merged with register-data on family socioeconomic position. Multi-level logistic regression models (nesting participants within schools) were used to assess the association between perceived parental alcohol problems and frequent emotional symptoms and depression and effect modification by financial strains in the family, family income, or parental educational level. All analyses were adjusted for age, sex, education, immigration status, and cohabitation with parents. Young people with parental alcohol problems had higher odds ratio of experiencing frequent emotional symptoms (OR = 1.56 [1.46–1.66]) and depression (OR = 2.07 [1.88–2.28]), compared to young people without parental alcohol problems. There was no effect modification between severity of parental alcohol problems and the measures of socioeconomic position on the odds ratio of frequent emotional symptoms and depression. This study found that young people with parental alcohol problems in all social strata had higher odds ratios of frequent emotional symptoms and depression compared to young people without parental alcohol problems; the more severely they had been affected by parent's alcohol problems, the higher the odds ratios of frequent emotional symptoms and depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The present study aimed at assessing the effectiveness of group-cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety, depression, and self-esteem among children of parents with alcohol use disorder. Design and Methods: A randomized, controlled trial study was conducted with 70 children of parents with alcohol use disorder. The children were initially screened for the presence of behavioral problems and living with parents with alcohol use disorder, then assigned randomly to experimental and control groups. The experimental group received eight biweekly group CBT sessions. Results: Over 3-month study period, the results showed a statistically significant reduction in depression and anxiety scores and a significant improvement in self-esteem scores among CBT group children compared with the control group children. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates the effectiveness of CBT group treatment for children of parents with an alcohol use disorder and that school mental health nurses/psychiatric nurses can effectively deliver psychotherapy for behavioral and emotional problems of high-risk children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The family climate has notable impact on cognitive, emotional, behavioural, social and physical development of children and adolescents and can be influenced by parents' health status. The present study aimed at evaluating whether living with a parent with alcohol use disorder negatively influences the perceived emotional family climate, parental attitudes and internal representations of family relationships. Forty‐five children living with a parent with alcohol use disorder and 45 controls, matched for sex and age, completed the Level of Expressed Emotion Scale and the Family Attitudes Questionnaire. Their significant parent completed the Parental Attitudes Scale. The results suggested that living with a parent with an alcohol use disorder increased the risk of having perceived higher levels of emotional response, attitude towards illness and expectations from their parents; it also increased the probability of being exposed to lower parental pleasure and of having represented worse family relationships. Emotion regulation interventions might be useful to protect children living with a parent with alcohol use disorder from a potential chaotic and unpredictable family environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Children growing up in families with alcohol abuse are at high risk for anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. The published studies mainly focused on the gender difference in behavioral problems among normal children, but only limited studies are focused on gender difference in anxiety, depression, and self-esteem among children of alcoholics (COAs). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive survey research design was adopted for the present study. The study was conducted at selected government high school located in Bangalore South. The simple random sampling technique was used to select the participants for the study. COA screening test (modified) and pediatric symptom checklist were used for identifying COAs and behavioral problems. Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were used to assess anxiety, depression, and self-esteem, respectively. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software package (Version 23). Results: The results showed that there is no statistically significant difference in mean scores of anxiety, depression, self-esteem, separation anxiety, social phobia, obsessive–compulsive problems, and physical injury between boys and girls COAs. Mean scores of generalized anxiety are high in boys compared to girls COAs. Conclusion: The study concluded that there is no gender difference in anxiety, depression, and self-esteem among COAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior work suggests that substance-dependent mothers insensitively respond to their child's emotional needs, which can increase children's risk for psychopathology. However, the mechanisms and processes underlying these associations remain unclarified. Mothers' insensitivity to children's distress is an especially unique predictor of child maladjustment, yet no study has examined whether or how different types of insensitivity to child distress uniquely affect the development of internalizing problems in children of alcohol-dependent mothers. To bridge these gaps, this study examined longitudinal mediational pathways between maternal alcohol dependence symptoms, 2 types of maternal insensitivity to child distress (disengagement and intrusiveness), and 2 types of child internalizing symptoms (affective and anxiety problems) in a majority Black and Latinx sample of young children (Mage = 2.14 years) and their mothers. Results revealed that maternal disengagement mediated associations between maternal alcohol dependence symptoms and child internalizing problems such that alcohol dependence predicted increased disengagement to children's distress, which subsequently predicted increases in children's affective problems. Maternal alcohol dependence symptoms were not associated with intrusiveness to child distress; however, increased intl-usiveness predicted later increases in child anxiety problems. Findings support a differentiated approach to studying maternal insensitivity to child distress, specifically indicating that mothers with alcohol dependence symptoms may be more or less likely to display certain types of insensitivity to child distress which may differentially influence children's risk for internalizing problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To assess whether parental alcohol use disorder (AUD) is associated with higher risks of living in a non‐intact family and assess whether non‐intact family structure is associated with higher risks of AUD in the offspring. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting: Danish nation‐wide registries. Participants: A total of 9948 parental AUD offspring and 98 136 reference offspring from the Danish population. Measurements Family structure assessed at birth and at each birthday until age 15 as intact or non‐intact (with mother only, father only or neither parent); years lived in an intact family defined as total number of years lived with both parents from birth until the 15th birthday; AUD defined as registration in medical, treatment and cause of death registries. Data were analyzed by Cox regression. Findings At birth, 30.9% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 29.1–32.6] of parental AUD offspring and 10.7% (95% CI = 10.3–11.0) of reference offspring lived in a non‐intact family. At age 15, the numbers were 84.6% (95% CI = 83.9–85.3) and 38.4% (95% CI = 38.1–38.7). Parental AUD was associated with a higher risk of offspring AUD [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.74–2.02]. Offspring were at lower risk of AUD if they lived 15 years in an intact family compared with offspring who never lived in an intact family (HR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.52–0.87 for those with parental AUD, and HR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.48–0.59 for those whose parents did not have AUD). Findings were inconclusive as to whether or not an association was present between family structure and AUD among offspring with parental AUD and reference offspring. Conclusions: The prevalence of non‐intact family structure appears to be higher in offspring of parents with alcohol use disorder (AUD) than among offspring from the general population. Parental AUD appears to be associated with increased risk of offspring AUD, and non‐intact family structure appears to be associated with increased risk of offspring AUD regardless of parental AUD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The most efficient approach for establishing family histories (FHs) asks informants about disorders in their relatives (a Family History Method [FHM]). However, FHMs underestimate family diagnoses. We evaluated if accuracies of young adult offspring report of their father's alcohol use disorders (AUDs) related to the age, sex, education, and/or substance‐related patterns/problems of either the young adult informants or their AUD fathers. Methods: Data from the San Diego Prospective Study (SDPS), a multigenerational 35‐year investigation, compared father/offspring pairs where the proband father's alcohol problems were correctly (Group 1) or incorrectly (Group 2) noted by offspring. In the key analysis, Group 1 versus 2 results were entered into bootstrapped backward logistic regression analyses predicting Group 1 membership. Results: Five proband and one offspring characteristic were associated with correct identification of their father's alcohol problems. None of these related to age, education, or sex. Characteristics associated with correct FHM diagnoses included the father's FH of AUDs, self‐report of drinking despite social/interpersonal or physical/psychological alcohol‐related problems, spending much time related to alcohol, and his having a religious preference. The single offspring item predicting correct identification of the father's problems was the number of DSM alcohol problems of the offspring. Conclusions: In the SDPS, FHM sensitivity was most closely related to the father's drinking characteristics, not the offspring characteristics. While unique aspects of SDPS families potentially limit generalizability of results, the data demonstrate how the FHM can offer important initial steps in the search for genetically related AUD risks in a subset of families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young Adult Children of Alcoholics (YACOA) are vulnerable to emotional psychopathology. However, some of them remain healthy and lead a productive life despite growing up in adverse circumstances. The present study aims at understanding the relationship between resilience and positive psychological factors among those healthy YACOA. Participants who were identified as YACOA were enrolled from both urban and rural colleges in Karnataka (India). Among them, those who did not report emotional psychopathology were assessed on measures of Resilience, socio-cultural factors (family support, community support, and participation in religious rituals), Self-efficacy and psychological well-being. They were divided into high and low resilience groups based on the median scores. YACOA with high resilience had a significant positive association with cultural factors of resilience whereas YACOA with low resilience had significant positive association with self-efficacy and sub-categories of psychological wellbeing. Binary Logistic Regression analysis found that socio-cultural factors were found to be associated with high resilience among YACOA. This study has recognized the significance of socio-cultural factors and self-acceptance in enhancing resilience among healthy YACOA. These findings offer insights into the interventions for the wellbeing of the YACOA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims To determinate if offspring of alcohol-dependent patients (OA) process affective stimuli and alcohol-related cues in a different manner than control subjects do. Methods Event-related potentials (early posterior negativity [EPN]/ late positive potential [LPP]) and event-related oscillations (Theta) were obtained by electroencephalographic (EEG) recording during the viewing of International Affective Picture System (IAPS) images with positive, negative and neutral valence, as well as alcohol-related cues. The total sample was comprised of 60 participants, divided into two groups: one group consisted of OA (30) and the control group of participants with negative family history of alcohol use disorders (30). Results Theta power analysis implies a significant interaction between condition, region and group factors. Post-hoc analysis indicates an increased theta power for the OA at different regions, during pleasant (frontal, central, parietal, occipital, right temporal); unpleasant (frontal, central, occipital); alcohol (frontal, central, parietal, occipital, right and left temporal) and neutral (occipital) cues. There are no group differences regarding any of the event-related potential measurements (EPN/LPP). Conclusions There is evidence of alterations in the processing of affective stimuli and alcohol-related information, evidenced by changes in theta brain oscillations. These alterations are characterized by an increased emotional reactivity, evidenced by increased theta at posterior sites. There is also an increased recruitment of emotion control, which could be a compensation mechanism, evidenced by increased theta power at anterior sites during affective stimuli and alcohol cues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an interview with an Adjunct Professor at New York University, Christine Fewell. It mentions her views on the dynamics of substance-misusing families with children and partners that leads to increased conflict, distress, and relationship problems; common social and clinical issues in young children; and the intervention or treatment programs for young children and adolescents from substance-abusing families.

Background: Studies on mental health are scarce from Arab countries, especially studies focusing on adolescents. In addition to the neurobiological and physiological changes that occur during adolescent development, psychological, societal and cultural influences have strong effects on adolescents' behavior and on their somatic and mental health. The present study aimed (1) to describe the mental health profile, operationalized as psychological distress, of a sample of Moroccan adolescents, and (2) to investigate how specific psychosocial factors (parental alcohol use problems and the experience of physical and/or psychological abuse) may affect adolescents' mental health. Methods: The sample included 375 adolescents from conveniently selected classes of four high schools in the city of Tetouan in Morocco. The participants responded to an anonymous survey containing, beside other inventories, the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and identified those reporting parental alcohol use problems and/or the previous experience of abuse. The sample characteristics were defined using descriptive statistics. The effects of the defined psychosocial factors were identified using the Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by the post hoc Fisher's least significant difference test. Results: The most common problems found in high school students from an urban region of Morocco were memory problems, concentration difficulties, restlessness, fear, nervosity and feelings of inadequacy during interpersonal interactions. The female students reported significantly higher psychological distress levels when compared to the male students (p < 0.001). The adolescents reporting parental alcohol use problems and the experience of physical/psychological abuse showed significantly higher levels of psychological distress (p = 0.02), especially symptoms of somatization (p < 0.001), hostility (p = 0.005) and anxiety (p = 0.01), than those not reporting any of these psychosocial factors. Conclusion: The mental health profile of female adolescents from an urban area of Morocco is worse than that of their male fellow students. Adolescents reporting parental alcohol use problems and/or the experience of physical/psychological abuse need synchronized support from social- and healthcare services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Children living with parents who harmfully consume alcohol might experience more life events, in particular negative, than children living with parents who do not harmfully consume alcohol. They also primarily use less adaptive coping styles and often demonstrate lower resilience. No studies evaluated whether coping styles or psychological well‐being might influence the risk of life events occurrence in children living with parents who harmfully consume alcohol. Methods: Forty‐five children living with parents who harmfully consume alcohol and 45 children living with parents who do not harmfully consume alcohol, matched for sex and age, were assessed via the Appendix Life Events of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory—Adolescent, the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, and the Psychological Well‐Being scales. Results: Children living with parents who harmfully consume alcohol had more life events in the 6‐month period before the assessment, mostly negative and neutral, and lower levels of psychological well‐being than children living with parents who do not harmfully consume alcohol. The risk of having experienced at least one negative or neutral life event was higher in children living with parents who harmfully consume alcohol than in their peers and in those with lower psychological well‐being. The risk of having had a positive life event was not related to parents' consumption of alcohol but to avoidant coping and low self‐acceptance behaviours. Conclusions: Children living with parents who harmfully consume alcohol need interventions aimed at improving psychological well‐being to protect them from life events, especially from negative ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Personality traits previously known as risk factors for alcohol use disorder (AUD) were assessed in 29 young adult children of alcoholics (COAs) and 68 young adult children of nonalcoholics (non-COAs). Male and female university students (Mage = 22.11 years) completed questions pertaining to demographics and alcohol use, and the Children of Alcoholics Screening Test; Toronto Alexithymia Scale; Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire; and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Results: Results indicated that personality traits of alexithymia, reward sensitivity, and impulsivity, as well as negative moods, were significantly elevated in COAs compared to non-COAs, independent of current alcohol consumption and drinking history. Conclusions: Findings are consistent with familial transmission of AUD-associated personality traits in COAs, presumably via influences of genetics and/or familial environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The substantial literature showing that offspring of parents with alcohol use disorder (AUD) is at increased risk for externalizing psychopathology rarely examines the differential effects of parental and offspring sex. This literature also has other important limitations, such as modest sample sizes and use of unrepresentative samples. Using a large, nationwide Swedish sample, we aim to investigate the roles of parental and offspring sex in externalizing psychopathology among offspring with parental AUD.Methods: AUD diagnosis and externalizing measures were obtained from national registries. Associations between outcomes and parental AUD were examined using logistic regressions. Parental and offspring sex effects were examined with interaction terms.Results: Risks for externalizing disorders were increased in sons and daughters with parental AUD, with significant differences between sons and daughters for criminal behavior; maternal AUD had a greater impact than paternal AUD (regardless of offspring sex), but having two parents with AUD increased risk for all outcomes substantially more than having one parent; and maternal AUD increased risk of drug abuse for daughters more than sons, while paternal AUD increased risk of AUD and criminal behavior for sons more than daughters.Conclusions: Offspring of parents with AUD are at increased risk for externalizing psychopathology. Maternal and paternal AUD differentially affected sons' vs. daughters' risks for AUD, drug abuse, and criminal behavior. The transmission of psychopathology within the externalizing spectrum appears to have sex-specific elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children are vulnerable when exposed to parental alcohol abuse. Although much is known about children of alcoholics (COA), research examining the experiences of younger COA is scarce. To gain knowledge of the consequences for these children, it is important to ask the children themselves. This study explored the consequences for a child of having an alcoholic parent, from the point of view of 7-9-year-old COA. Eighteen children were interviewed, whose alcoholic parent was undergoing treatment, using a vignette. In the analysis, using qualitative content analysis, the findings show that the children of this young age had much experiences and took a great responsibility for their alcoholic parent, and the family. The most significant feeling of the children was a feeling of sadness. They tried to control the situation in different ways. They wished for a change in the future, but despite problems in the family they described things they did together with a loving parent. Implications include the importance of listening to and supporting all COA, also children as young as 7-9 years old. Further studies should address the support that can and should be offered to COA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to construct and test a hypothetical model about impact of parents' problem drinking on suicidal ideation of their children who are university students and the multiple mediating effects of childhood trauma, experiential avoidance, and depression based on stress-vulnerability model. Methods: A purposive sample of 400 university students was recruited from three universities in provincial areas and the data were collected between October and November 2016. The collected data were then analyzed using SPSS 20.0 and AMOS 20.0 programs. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, factor analysis, and structural equation modeling were performed. Multiple mediating effects analysis using phantom variable and bootstrapping were implemented to verify the mediating effect of the research model. Results: We found no significant direct effect on depression and suicidal ideation of parents' problem drinking, but multiple mediating effects of childhood trauma and experiential avoidance between parents' problem drinking and depression (B=.38, p=.001). The path from parents' problem drinking to suicidal ideation was significantly mediated by childhood trauma and depression (B=.02, p=.016) and by childhood trauma, experiential avoidance, and depression (B=.05, p=.011), but experiential avoidance did not have a significant direct effect on suicidal ideation (B=.02, p=.616). Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, it can be suggested that in order to decrease depression and prevent suicide of university students, considering of parents' problem drinking and childhood trauma, intervention methods that decreased chronic use of experiential avoidance and strengthen acceptance should be developed and made available to them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Children of immigrant parents with an alcohol problem face two environmental stressors which intertwine to create a unique experience, with characteristics specific to this population. • Fragile functionality describes young people who, on the surface, are functioning and adapting, completing developmental tasks, but who are holding within intense feelings of anxiety, helplessness and distress which they fear may break through. • Coping methods include social support, as well as individual coping, such as mechanisms of escape and denial as well as cognitive and emotional self motivation as young people draw from internal resources to believe in their ability to cope and to look to the future. • Dynamics of codependency may be reinforced by multiple stigma experienced by these young people as both immigrants and children of a parent with an alcohol problem. Studies have highlighted the emotional, social and behavioral effects for children growing up with a parent addicted to alcohol. The current study enhances the current literature in two major ways. Firstly, it focuses on a unique group of young people, children of immigrant parents who face simultaneous challenges related to immigration, as well as an addicted parent. Secondly, it aims to enrich the literature by understanding the subjective experience of these young people, today adults, as well as the ways in which they coped with the challenges they encountered. In this phenomenological qualitative study, 15 immigrant young adults from the Former Soviet Union (FSU) in Israel, who grew up with at least one parent who became addicted to alcohol after immigration, were asked about their experiences growing up. The thematic analysis identified four themes: 1) The immigration experience; 2) Living in the shadow of a drunk parent; 3) Coping mechanisms and 4) The current impact of childhood experiences. The analysis highlighted the way in which two environment stressors – immigration and an alcohol abusing parent- intertwine on multiple levels to shape the young person's experience. It also highlighted the duality of the young people's experience, which we have termed " fragile functionality" : young people who, on the surface, function, take on parental roles, succeed at school and other developmental tasks and yet hold within them intense feelings of anxiety, fear, and chaos, feelings which they are terrified will overwhelm and topple their fragile emotional balance. An understanding of this duality can be critical for those working with immigrant families, whether social workers, teachers or therapists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This section highlights the results of selected health research as of November 1, 2022. Exposure to small-particle air pollution has been linked to increased risk of irregular heartbeats in otherwise healthy adolescents in the U.S. Family caregivers were marginalised and vulnerable older people were let down by the health system in Great Britain during the COVID-19 pandemic. Health communication does not reduce chlamydia and gonorrhoea reinfection rates in young people in Great Britain.

Highlights • Photo-voice was effective in enabling a personal space to enhance developmental growth away from the family problem but in group context. • Photo-voice enabled expressing the secret and the negative feelings about parents addiction in a mediated self- regulated indirect way. • Photo-voice enabled to work simultaneously on both internal phenomenological reality, and external social reality. Abstract On a micro level, addiction of a parent has a long-term psychological impact on children’s social, developmental, cognitive and emotional levels. On a macro level, the energy required to bear the social shame of the parent's addiction and the need to keep the secret are also very difficult. Photovoice makes it possible to express both the inner experience through symbols and metaphors, and the social reality, through photographing surroundings at the same time. Within a group context this creates a shared-reality on multiple levels. This case study explores the central themes of a group of children of addicted parents using photovoice. The central themes were photovoice effectiveness in integrating internal developmental milestones and the external social reality of addiction. The intervention protocol and its rationale, as well as implications of the central themes will be outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: There is little known about the extent to which maternal alcohol consumption influences offspring's alcohol use disorder. This study aims to examine whether different maternal alcohol consumption trajectories predict gender difference in adolescent alcohol use disorder at child age 21 years. Methods: Data are from a prospective cohort, the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) and its outcomes. The study involves 2531 mother-child pairs for whom data are available at the 21-year follow-up survey. Maternal alcohol consumption trajectories were determined by group-based trajectory modelling. Offspring's lifetime ever alcohol use disorder was assessed using DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Results: Over 14 years of follow-up after the birth of a child, three distinct alcohol consumption trajectories were identified (abstainer, low-stable. and moderate-escalating drinker). A maternal trajectory of moderate-escalating alcohol consumption independently predicted offspring's lifetime ever alcohol use disorder at 21 years after adjustment for a range of potential confounders. “Cross-gender influence” is observed in the study. Conclusions: A maternal life course pattern of alcohol consumption may have an independent effect on offspring alcohol consumption, with male offspring being more vulnerable to the effects of maternal alcohol use than are female offspring. Programs intended to address alcohol consumption by adolescents and young adults need to focus on the behaviors of both parents but acknowledging that maternal patterns of alcohol consumption may be particularly important for male offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcohol problems have variable outcomes for marital relationships depending on whether drinking patterns are concordant or discordant among the members of the dyad; however, it is unclear what impact these variations in drinking patterns have on children. The current study was designed to explore several gaps and limitations in the parent heavy drinking literature. In particular, the prospective associations over 3years between parent heavy drinking, parenting, and child externalizing behavior were investigated in an integrated model to examine the influence of concordant and discordant drinking within couples on subsequent outcomes for their children. The study consisted of 180 couples recruited by mailings with children primarily between the ages of 4 and 11years old (52% male children). Parent-report of marital conflict, parenting, alcohol use, and child externalizing behavior were measured in a longitudinal study. Actor-Partner Interdependence Model analyses were conducted. Higher levels of maladaptive parenting were associated with higher externalizing for children of concordant drinking couples as opposed to discordant drinking couples. Implications for research and practice are discussed, including investigating mediators and moderators of the current findings such as quality of the parent-child relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the relationship between parental problem drinking (maternal and paternal) and emerging adult problem behaviors (alcohol use, drug use, and antisocial behavior). In addition, the moderating role of parental support (maternal and paternal) was explored. Data were drawn from a nationally representative sample of emerging adults (N = 600; Mage = 20.00, SD = 1.42; 50% women; 62% White). Results from regression analyses of survey data indicated that both maternal problem drinking and maternal support moderated the relationship between paternal problem drinking and emerging adult alcohol use. For drug use, there was a three-way interaction between paternal problem drinking, maternal problem drinking, and maternal support. The relationship between paternal problem drinking and drug use only was significant for those who reported high maternal problem drinking and low maternal support. For antisocial behavior, there were positive relationships between paternal problem drinking and antisocial behavior and between maternal problem drinking and antisocial behavior in contexts of varying levels of parental support. Findings highlight the potential for parental support to both buffer and enhance the adverse influence of parental problem drinking across varied contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family processes in early life have been implicated in adolescent involvement in teen dating violence, yet the developmental pathways through which this occurs are not well understood. In this study, etiological pathways from parental psychopathology and marital conflict in infancy to involvement in dating violence in late adolescence were examined in a sample of children at high-risk due to parental alcohol problems. Families (N = 227) recruited when the child was 12 months of age were assessed at 12-, 24-, 36-months, kindergarten, 6th, 8th, and 12th grades. Slightly more than half of the children were female (51%) and the majority were of European American descent (91%). Parental psychopathology in infancy was indirectly associated with teen dating violence in late adolescence via low maternal warmth and self-regulation in early childhood, externalizing behavior from kindergarten to early adolescence, and sibling problems in middle childhood. Marital conflict was also indirectly associated with teen dating violence via child externalizing behavior. Maternal warmth and sensitivity in early childhood emerged as an important protective factor and was associated with reduced marital conflict and increased child self-regulation in the preschool years as well as increased parental monitoring in middle childhood and early adolescence. Family processes occurring in the preschool years and in middle childhood appear to be critical periods for creating conditions that contribute to dating violence risk in late adolescence. These findings underscore the need for early intervention and prevention with at-risk families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Past research has indicated that both sleep difficulties and a parental history of alcoholism increase the risk of behavioral problems. But it is not known whether sleep difficulties differentially increase the risk of problem behaviors among children of alcoholics (COAs) and controls. We compared multiple measures of sleep and the relationships between sleep and behavioral problems in these 2 groups of children. Methods: One hundred and fifteen children aged 8 to 12 (67% COAs; 56% girls; Mage = 10.85, SDage = 1.51) participated in this study. Data presented here were taken from Time 1 of a larger prospective study designed to understand the relationship between sleep and alcohol use. All participants were naïve to alcohol and other illicit drugs. Participants were asked to wear an actigraph watch on their nondominant wrist for 1 week. Parents completed the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire and the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist. Results: Parents of COAs were more likely to rate their children as overtired compared with parents of non‐COAs. Structural equation modeling analyses focusing on overall internalizing and externalizing problems did not reveal any group differences on the relationships between sleep measures and behavioral problems. Regression analyses focusing on specific behavioral problems showed that longer total sleep time, parental ratings of “sleep more” and “sleep less” than other children interacted with COA status to predict specific behavioral problems. Conclusions: Sleep difficulties and duration appear to be a general risk factor for behavioral problems in both COAs and non‐COAs, yet the relationships between specific sleep parameters and behavioral problems appear to be different between the 2 groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Externalizing disorders are heritable precursors to alcohol dependence, common in children of alcoholics ( COA), and in children with prenatal alcohol exposure ( PAE). Pregnancies involving alcohol exposure sufficient to affect the fetus may involve women with genetic risk for alcohol dependence. We hypothesized that known PAE will increase the odds of having an externalizing disorder compared to COA. Methods The odds ratios of 3 externalizing disorders (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder [ ADHD], conduct disorder [ CD], and oppositional defiant disorder [ ODD]) were obtained for 2 domains: (i) PAE and (ii) COA, by estimating the logged odds ratio ( LOR) for each study. Permutation tests were implemented to compare LORs for PAE versus COA studies within each disorder, including PAE versus an alcohol dependent (AD) mother and PAE versus an AD father. Results In PAE studies, the odds of ADHD and CD were elevated. Rates of all 3 disorders were elevated in COA studies. Permutation tests revealed that the mean LOR for ADHD was significantly higher in PAE studies compared to: COA ( p = 0.01), AD mother ( p < 0.05), and AD father ( p = 0.03). No differences were found for ODD ( p = 0.09) or CD ( p = 0.21). Conclusions These results provide compelling evidence of an increased risk of ADHD in those with PAE beyond that due to parental alcohol dependence or a genetic liability, consistent with a unique etiology most likely due to direct alcohol exposure during prenatal development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcohol consumption has been identified as a risk factor for many health problems affecting socio-economic status of individual, family and society worldwide. Alcoholism is a chronic, progressive disease affecting millions of Indians. It can cause number of medical problems, violence in person, and even death. Drinking may be responsible for the disruption of family life in an alcoholic home, causing trauma and shaping each individual's development, yet family members will work hard to cover this reality. Alcoholism is a growing problem with society today and many people who suffer from it do not even realize it. Purpose: Mental health professionals have focused on the harmful effects of parental alcoholism over the past decades. Children in dysfunctional homes often times have unnoticeable symptoms. Purpose of this article was to understand Parental substance abuse, which places these youngsters at higher risk for behavioral, physical, emotional, educational, and economic problems interrupting child's normal development. Current literature on children of alcoholics is relatively scanty, indicating the limited amount of research and professional attention that has been extended to this group. The treatment of alcoholism has focused primarily upon the alcoholic, while the children of alcoholics have been almost ignored. Every child deserves a healthy, nurturing childhood and the opportunity to grow to become a caring, productive adult. The need of the hour is to develop intervention programmes for children of alcoholics, focusing the behavioural and social problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined whether parental alcohol use in adolescence, adulthood, and for mothers, during pregnancy, was related to their young children's functioning in terms of their on-time development as indicated by the number of developmental areas in which children experienced delay. Observed parenting practices and family socioeconomic status were tested as potential explanatory mechanisms of these links. Data came from the surveys and videotaped observations of a community sample of 123 biological parents and their 1- to 5-year-old children followed longitudinally. Results suggest that the negative association between parental alcohol use and children's development operates primarily through fathers' alcohol use. Additionally, father's adolescent regular alcohol use predicted the family's low socioeconomic status, which in turn predicted less skilled maternal parenting practices and children's developmental delay. Highlights This study examined whether parental alcohol use in adolescence, adulthood, and, for moms, during pregnancy was related to their young childrens' functioning in terms of their developmental functioning. Observed parenting practices and family socioeconomic status were tested as potential explanatory mechanisms of these links., There was a negative association between parental alcohol use, and children's development operates primarily through fathers = 92 alcohol use. Additionally, father's adolescent regular alcohol use predicted the family's low SES, which in turn predicted less skilled maternal parenting practices and children's developmental delay., Findings highlight the importance of prevention and intervention efforts aimed at reducing alcohol misuse both in adolescence, even before the young people have children, and in young adulthood. Furthermore, prevention and treatment programs providing support and education in parenting skills to families with a history of alcohol misuse could show benefits across generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parental alcohol dependency negatively influences children, and a number of studies have examined the numerous childhood adversities and negative developmental outcomes among children of alcoholics. However, few studies have explored how children of alcoholics adapt to their own lives while growing up in an alcoholic family. For this reason, we examined the psychosocial adaptation process that Korean adult children of alcoholics (KCOAs) had experienced since they were young, which we in turn used to generate a theory of the adaptation process of KCOAs. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the psychosocial adaptation process of Korean children who grew up with a father with alcohol dependency. A total of 20 volunteer participants were recruited, and either face-to-face or telephone-based semi-structured interviews were conducted based on the participants' preferences. The interview data were analyzed by using grounded theory methodology. As a result, ''separating my own identity from my father'' appeared as a core category of KCOAs' adaptation process. In order to separate themselves from their fathers, they tended to pass through six stages: being trapped, awakening, struggling, blocking, understanding, and separating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated differences in the nature and implications of Adult Children of Alcoholics (ACOAs;n = 53) and non-ACOAs’ (n = 80) narrative identities. Participants described six autobiographical narratives and completed measures of emotional functioning. Narratives were coded for redemptive (bad things turning good), contaminated (good things turning bad), and agentic (perceived control) imagery. ACOAs exhibited similar levels of redemptive and contaminated imagery, and lower levels of agency in their narratives, relative to non-ACOAs. In addition, themes of redemption, contamination, and agency corresponded divergently with emotional functioning. Among ACOAs, narrative redemption and agency were related to poorer emotional functioning whereas, among non-ACOAs, narrative contamination predicted poorer emotional functioning. These findings provide indication of the manner in which ACOAs story their lives. They also align with the emerging area of research noting that, among certain vulnerable populations, redemptive and agentic imagery serve as predictors of maladaptive functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between exposure to fathers’ alcohol consumption and offspring’s own risk of alcohol-related hospitalization.Methods: Data on circumstances in childhood and adolescence, e.g. fathers’ alcohol consumption at different levels (never, rarely, occasionally, often), parental divorce, as well as offspring’s own risky use of alcohol, smoking and mental health were collected among 49,321 men (sons), born in 1949–51, during conscription for compulsory military training in 1969/70, i.e. at ages 18–20. Data on alcohol-related diagnoses were collected from the Swedish In-patient Care register 1973–2009.Results: The relative risk of alcohol-related diagnoses among sons after the age of 20 increased with increasing level of alcohol consumption in the fathers. Compared with sons whose fathers never drank alcohol, those with fathers who drank alcohol occasionally or often had an increased hazard ratio (HR) of later hospitalization with alcohol-related diagnoses of 1.77 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.57–1.99) and 3.69 (CI 95% = 3.16–4.32), respectively. The associations were markedly stronger when the men were followed from age 40 and onwards compared with follow-up between 20 and 40 years of age.Conclusion: Father’s alcohol consumption was associated with an increased relative risk of alcohol-related hospitalization in offspring in adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

To quantify the extent of time spent by family and friends caring for drinkers and their dependents, to estimate the cost of this time and to measure which factors predict time spent caring.~Aims~Objective~Data are from a nationwide Alcohol's Harm to Others Survey of 2649 Australians, in which 778 respondents reported they were harmed by a known drinker. Time spent on four caring activities was self-reported by these respondents and tallied to estimate how many hours they spent caring for the drinker, the drinker's children or other dependents. Bivariate and multivariate linear regression models were employed to examine factors predicting time spent caring.~Methods~Methods~Respondents who reported they were harmed by a drinker they knew had spent on average 32 h caring for this drinker and their dependents in the past 12 months. Applying these figures to the Australian population, but discounting by 90% because this time may be seen be a voluntary demonstration of connection, an annual cost of caring in 2008 would amount to AU$250 million. A significant positive association was found between time spent caring and the drinking level and drinking frequency of the heavy drinking other person.~Results~Results~Caring for drinking family members, friends, co-workers and a drinker's dependents can be a substantial burden. Policy approaches that reduce population drinking and individual risky drinking levels are potential means to reduce the burden of caring due to others' drinking.~Conclusion~Conclusions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author comments on the psychotherapy sessions of 12-year-old child Charlie who was presented who has sexualised and aggressive behaviouf towards others. Topics discussed include the expectations on the psychotherapy considering that he was a child of alcoholics and drug addicted parents, the behaviour of Charlie who was ambitious of being adolescent and regressive state, and the aspect of his relationship with his girlfriend.

The author discusses the aspects of the case of 13-year-old boy Charlie has developed sexualised behaviour towards children. Topics discussed include the types of the relationship he has with his parents citing their addiction to alcohol and drugs, the psychotherapy sessions he has with therapist, and the aspect of his behavior.

The author discusses research conducted on social harm caused by alcohol consumption. Studies on topics including the evolution of relevant research work, relation between bar-going and being victims of barroom aggression, and the impact of parental drinking on their children are cited. She suggests that incorporating the socio-cultural contexts of harm in relation to alcohol and drugs in data analyses can contribute towards effective prevention and intervention in alcohol-related crime.