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This study describes changes in the withdrawal of sickness benefits among men and women in Sweden over a period of three decades (1994–2018), based on administrative data. During this period there was a gender gap in the takeout of sickness benefits to women's disadvantages in all age groups as well as educational groups. The gap was particularly large between men and women with secondary education in the ages 30 to 39. The general gender gap in sickness absence is larger today compared to 1994. The development, after 2010, was mainly driven by a larger increase in sick leave among women with secondary education, both in relation to men with secondary education and in relation to women with both lower and higher levels of education. For women with secondary education, sick leave does not seem to vary according to age. Thus, in this educational group, women of child-rearing age are not more prone to take sick leave than other age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue explores key issues regarding the parenting practices within polyamorous and consensually non-monogamous intimate relationships. The contributions are concerned with the stigmatization of child-care practices that deviate from the default of couple-based monogamy, exceed biological definitions of kinship and experiment with new forms of spatial organization beyond shared residence. In this introduction, we highlight key themes of previous research, highlight normative pressures and counter-normative contestations around the themes of exclusivity, gendered parenting roles, relational development framed as intimate growth and a pervasive reproductive futurism. Polyamorous parenting practices negotiate a complex social terrain shaped by social and health policies, law, housing development, creating new avenues for parenting roles, and the (re)organization of care work and the division of labour in child-rearing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotionally-based school non-attendance (EBSNA) is believed to impact one to two percent of children and young people (CYP): it is understood to present as severe emotional upset at the prospect of attending school. The aim of this study was to further understand parental experiences of EBSNA to enhance professional understanding and support. Adopting a "solution-oriented", exploratory qualitative design, this phenomenological research gathered retrospective experiences of successful EBSNA support, aiming to uncover "what works" when supporting children and families experiencing this difficulty. Participants completed semi-structured interviews (n = 5), and transcripts were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Themes generated provided insights into different forms of support accessed by parents, identifying potential areas for improvement arising from their experiences of challenge and successes, as well as lessons learnt from the COVID-19 pandemic. The themes (Supporting Parents; Promoting CYP's Sense of Belonging; Including and Informing Parents; Raising Awareness of EBSNA; Accessing External Professionals; Lessons Learnt from Covid-19) are presented as a framework for professional practice (SPIRAL), which has practical implications for schools and local authorities in providing support to families experiencing EBSNA. Recommendations for practice and future research are discussed, informing developments across multiple systems, and highlighting the potential of the EP role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I explore the characteristic reason that motivates a virtuously honest person to perform honest actions. I critically examine previous accounts of honesty's characteristic motivating reason, including Christian Miller's pluralistic account, which allows various virtuous motivating reasons to count as honesty's motivation. I then introduce the respect for the right not to be deceived as the moral ground that characteristically motivates a virtuously honest person's honest action. After addressing possible objections, I conclude by discussing its educational implications on cultivating the virtue of honesty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgroud: Despite the advancements in the rights of persons with disabilities in Western countries, the motherhood of women with intellectual disabilities remains scarcely visible. The approval of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006) and its subsequent ratification by the Spanish Government (2008) recalls the obligation to fulfil the rights of persons with disabilities to found a family (art. 23) and to choose who they want to live with (art. 19). While the importance of this legislation is undeniable, the personal experiences of women with intellectual disabilities still demand effective changes. Methods: This article reports the results of a study entitled Subjectivities and motherhood in women with intellectual disabilities. Reflections in dialogue through an inclusive research project. In this study, we delved into the stories of 13 women, aged between 24 and 72, to learn about their motherhood experiences (before, during and after making the decision of being mothers) and to identify the barriers and supports encountered. Methods for data collection included individual semi‐structured interviews, discussion groups and other narrative and visual resources (images and biograms). Findings: This study explores in depth the obstacles identified by the participating mothers, which have been organised around six themes: (1) information and guidance on sexuality and family planning, (2) assistance of health services, (3) employment and housing situation, (4) child custody, (5) raising children, and (6) informal support. The participants encountered difficulties in all the above fields related to contextual factors. In other words, these barriers do not derive from individual issues centred on their disability, but from factors that often do not depend on mothers with intellectual disabilities, such as deprivation of socio‐educational opportunities. Conclusions: Our results show the nuanced ways in which these mothers were immersed in a social system that questions them as 'good mothers' and violates their rights. As we discussed, the participants' desires and decisions to engage and/or continue with motherhood constitute an exercise of resistance to this system. Accessible summary: People with intellectual disabilities have the right to start a family and to choose who they want to live with.These rights need the support of society and institutions to be effective.This paper deals with interviews and discussion groups with thirteen women with intellectual disabilities.Women with intellectual disabilities shared their experiences of motherhood.The participating women and academic researchers found some of the barriers mothers with intellectual disabilities encountered.Women with intellectual disabilities defend their desire and ability to become mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maternal depression may have a significant impact on multiple aspects of parenting throughout childhood, leading to negative outcomes for children. However, the impact of depression on parenting perceptions, practices, and involvement may differ among mothers, particularly when protective factors are present. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we compared three aspects of parenting (perceptions, practices, and involvement) between depressed and non-depressed mothers, and then investigated the influence of interpersonal supports and community resources on these aspects of the parenting, specifically for depressed mothers. Findings indicated that mothers with depression were equally involved with the child at home, but were more likely to hold negative perceptions of parenting. Furthermore, interpersonal supports and community resources had an indirect impact on parenting practices and involvement through perceptions of parenting, highlighting the importance of interventions for mothers with depression that address the appraisal and expectations of parenting stress and competencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Virtual reality (VR) is one of the most rapidly growing technological advancements being studied, developed, and implemented in mental health care. It offers a wide array of possibilities that go beyond the traditional ways of providing mental health care services. Many interventions require clients to learn new skills in order for change to occur. Relevant to this study, behavioral parent-training (BPT) interventions are focused on the acquisition of parenting skills in order to change child behavior. VR was added to the Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) – a known BPT intervention — as an additional practice tool. In the present study, which is part of a larger study, the qualitative experiences of (PCIT-)VR from both parents' and therapists' perspectives are evaluated, as well as their suggestions for implementation. Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eleven parents. Five therapists participated in a focus group and three additional semi-structured interviews were conducted with therapists. To analyze, a combination of deductive and inductive thematic analysis was used. Results: Responses from interviews were divided into three categories: (1) parents' evaluation, (2) therapists' evaluation, and (3) suggestions for implementation from both parents and therapists. Next to a positive overall experience with PCIT, a large number of parents were also positive about the addition of VR to treatment. Both parents and therapists experienced VR as a useful additional practice tool. The additional practice in VR led to a boost in confidence in using positive parenting skills. There were mixed experiences regarding the ease and immersion of the tool. Suggestions for implementation from both parents and therapists were to make the tool more appealing and realistic, to vary more in VR modules and to improve certain practical aspects. Conclusion: Adding VR to PCIT is still a pioneering piece of technology within PCIT. The value of this VR tool lies in the provision of the possibility to practice with skills outside of the therapeutic encounter, which has the potential to instill confidence in using those skills. Given the positive experiences regarding PCIT-VR, it is important to further develop the VR tool. We believe that ultimately, PCIT-VR can potentially serve as a customized way for parents to practice what they are taught during the treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maternal depression (MD) was one of the most prevalent psychiatric problems worldwide. However, it easily remains untreated and misses the best time to prevent the emergence or worsening of major depressive symptoms due to under-observed stigma and the lack of effective screening tools. Thus, this study aims to develop and validate a machine learning–based MD symptoms prediction model integrating more observable and objective factors to early detect and monitor MD risk. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 10 community vaccination centers in Wenzhou, China, and a total of 1099 mothers were surveyed by using purposive sampling. A questionnaire containing questions regarding socio-demographic variables, psychophysiological variables, wife role–related variables, and mother role-related variables was used to collect data. A framework of data preprocessing, feature selection, and model evaluation was implemented to develop an optimal risk prediction model. Results demonstrated that the XG-Boost algorithm provided robust performance with the highest AUC and well-balanced sensitivity and specificity (AUC = 0.90, sensitivity = 0.74, specificity = 0.90). Furthermore, the causal mediation analysis indicated that wife-mother role conflict positively predicted MD symptoms, and it also exerted influence on mothers suffering through the mediation of anxiety and insomnia. Findings from the present study may help guide the development of MD screening tools to early detect and provide the modifiable risk factor information for timely tailored prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite recognizing the detrimental impact of parental violence on children's mental and physical health throughout their lives, violence remains an all-too-real part of life for many children around the globe. However, data on the child-reported prevalence of experienced family violence are scarce and primarily based on parental reports. This study aimed to broaden the body of evidence and measure the lifetime prevalence of child-reported experience of violent disciplinary practices perpetrated by parents and to identify its associated sociodemographic and economic factors. We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from 5,281 Generation XXI participants recruited from 2005 to 2006 in Porto, Portugal. Parental disciplinary practices were reported by 7-year-old children using the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale. Pearson's Chi-squared test was used to compare differences in child-reported frequencies of violent disciplinary practices by sociodemographic variables. We observed statistically significant differences in rates of violent disciplinary practices according to the child's and parent's gender. Specifically, fathers exhibited a higher likelihood than mothers to engage in psychological aggression and corporal punishment, while mothers were more prone to engage in severe and very severe physical assault. When fathers were the perpetrators, boys were more inclined than girls to report all forms of violent disciplinary measures, and when mothers were the perpetrators, boys were particularly susceptible to severe and very severe physical assault compared to girls. In our study, children reported being frequently subjected to violent parental disciplinary practices, independently of family socioeconomic background. Children were more likely to experience psychological aggression and corporal punishment if they were born into high-income families, while severe and very severe physical assaults were more common among children whose parents had lower educational levels. National public awareness of the negative effects of violent disciplinary practices is urgently needed, promoting child-friendly and nonviolent approaches to discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Couples raising a child diagnosed with autism spectrum condition (ASC) experience unique challenges that can affect their relationship. This grounded theory study explores how couples maintain functioning in their relationship despite ongoing stressors related to raising a child on the spectrum. The presented model shows what couples can do to create and maintain their relationship functioning. It utilises four major themes developed from our analysis of interviews with 19 couples in the United States with a child diagnosed with ASC. This study increases understanding of couple functioning when raising a child on the spectrum. The grounded theory defines couple functioning for couples with a child diagnosed with ASC as balancing four mutually influential themes: togetherness, adaptability, resilience and communication. We also discuss clinical implications for systemic therapists to work with couples with a child diagnosed with ASC effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on parents' experiences of raising a child with autism spectrum disorders reveals that it is a task filled with opportunities and challenges. However, research in non-Western countries on this syndrome is limited. So this exploratory qualitative case study was conducted to recount the lived experiences of Basotho parents on raising a child with ASD. The study used purposive and snowball techniques to recruit participants and used semi-structured interviews to generate data from six participants: five females and one male. Data were transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. The study yielded three challenges namely, poor diagnostic and healthcare support services, lack of educational assessment and support services, and parents' susceptibility to psychosocial distress. The findings highlight the significance of disability data coordination between the Ministries of Health, Social Development, and Education to provide comprehensive autism services for children with ASD. A national study on autism spectrum disorders is needed to inform policy and practice in Lesotho. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The health care systems in the Nordic countries and worldwide are under pressure due to increased longevity and a shortage of nurses. Providing nurses with a high level of education, such as advanced practice nursing, is of great importance to ensure effective, safe and high-quality care. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate self-reported competence using the Nurse Professional Competence Scale Short-Form for the first time among master's students of advanced practice nursing in the Nordic countries and to relate the findings to age, work obligations, child-rearing responsibilities, level of education and clinical nursing experience. Methods: A multicentre, cross-sectional design was used in this study conducted at five universities in Denmark, Finland and Norway. The Nurse Professional Competence Scale Short-Form consisting of six competence areas was used with a maximum score of 7 per item for the analysis of single items and a transformed scale from 14.3 to 100 for analysing the competence areas (higher score equals higher self-reported competence). Descriptive and comparative statistics were used to analyse the data. Results: The highest mean score was found for the competence area 'Value-based nursing care'. Students living with home-dwelling children (≤ 18 years) reported significantly higher competence in 'Nursing care', while students ≥33 years reported significantly higher competence in 'Nursing care' and 'Value-based nursing care'. No significant differences were found between students working and those not working alongside their studies, between students with and without further nursing-related education, or between students with long and short experience as nurses. Conclusions: The findings from this study might help to further develop curricula in advanced practice nursing master's programmes to ensure high-quality nursing and sustainable health care in the future. Future high-quality master's programmes might benefit from systematic collaboration between Nordic higher education institutions as also Sweden is planning master's programme. Higher age, having children at home and working while studying should not be considered causes for concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Globally, families experience challenges caring for and raising children with intellectual disability (ID). Family caregivers in rural states are mostly known for lacking support resources, including information on understanding the care of ID. Lack of adequate information on understanding of ID compromises the provision of life-long care and support of the children with ID's physical, emotional, psychological and social developmental well-being. The study aimed to explore the information needs of family caregivers regarding the care of children with ID in rural areas of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Methods: This qualitative explorative research conducted 16 in-depth individual interviews and one focus group discussion with ten family members. The participants shared their experiences of raising children with ID in rural communities. Inductive thematic analysis using Atlas Ti software categorised emerging themes and subthemes of this study from merged data sets on information needs regarding the care of children with ID among family caregivers. Results: The findings highlighted the need for information regarding ID care among family caregivers raising children with ID in the home environment. The information challenges experienced by family caregivers include caring for the challenging behaviour of children with ID and available support resources and services for the children and their families. These challenges impact the care and support required to meet the developmental needs of children with ID. Furthermore, inadequate information on ID among family caregivers in rural communities with a lack of resources restricts the children from accessing required support services. Conclusions: Given the information challenges these families face on ID, the stakeholders must develop continuous training programmes that will equip, empower, and further monitor ID care and management among family caregivers to enhance care and the raising of children with dignity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important cause of stunting is limited consumption of complementary foods, in terms of both quantities and nutrients. Although existing studies show a positive association between fathers' engagement and children's diet, programmes designed to improve complementary feeding practices often only target mothers. In response to this, maternal behaviour change communication (BCC), paternal BCC and food voucher programmes were designed and implemented in Ethiopia using a clustered randomized controlled trial design. The paternal BCC programme included gender‐equal messages to increase fathers' participation in childcare, household labour and decision making. The research reported in this paper is an examination of the BCC programmes, characterizing the behavioural, normative and control beliefs of both mothers and fathers in BCC households compared to those in control households. In this study, a total of 40 participants were included, with 13 mother–father pairs in the BCC + food voucher group, and seven pairs in the control group. Each participant was interviewed separately. We found that BCC mothers showed more gender‐equal tendencies than the control mothers despite being more rural in location. By contrast, the beliefs of BCC and control fathers were similar overall, suggesting men are more resistant to gender‐equal BCC. More work is needed to develop and test effective methods for changing fathers' beliefs and practices. Key messages: Mothers in behaviour change communication (BCC) group mothers held more gender‐equal beliefs than control mothers, while BCC and control fathers shared similar views, suggesting a male resistance to gender equality.Mothers found fathers' involvement in childcare socially acceptable but often perceived them as inexperienced, which limited their participation.Control mothers' traditional view on household chores maintained the conventional labour division, influencing fathers' involvement.Fathers typically resisted maternal control of resources; however, they agreed that the more knowledgeable should lead decision‐making. BCC mothers showed greater confidence in making household decisions as effectively as fathers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child stunting due to linear growth faltering remains a pervasive issue in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Two schools of thought have existed pertaining to the role of domestic livestock ownership (DLO) in child linear growth. On one hand, it is argued that DLO leads to greater income and financial security, resulting in better child‐raising conditions, including greater animal‐source food (ASF) consumption, having protective effects towards child stunting. On the other hand, researchers argue that DLO contributes to faecal contamination and transmission of zoonotic enteric infections from animals to children, thus having destructive effects on child growth. Reviews of this association have revealed ambiguous findings. In this perspective, we argue that measuring the association between exposures to domesticated animals and child stunting is difficult and the ambiguous associations revealed are a result of confounding and differences in the management of DLO. We also argue that the increasingly prominent area of research of environmental enteric dysfunction, a sub‐clinical condition of the small intestine thought to be due to frequent faecal pathogen exposure and associated with stunting, will be a useful tool to measure the potential destructive effects of DLO on child growth. We present our argument and identify challenges and considerations and directions for future research. Key messages: Research shows mixed effects of domestic livestock ownership on child linear growth in low‐ and middle‐income countries.Positive effects may flow on to improving child nutrition where animals and poultry are used for consumption or contribute to higher income and subsequent better child nutrition and home environment.Negative effects towards child growth occur where livestock is owned in such a way that infants are chronically exposed to animal faeces, which may result in environmental enteric dysfunction and diarrhoea.Stunting interventions must reduce infants' exposure to animal faeces whilst being sensitive to the role of livestock for the household economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of children affected by family dissolution is increasing worldwide. Beneficially, a growing number of both parents desire to remain active in their children's lives, favouring the practice of shared care. Unfortunately, this has introduced new dilemmas that can negatively impact children's well-being. One example is the controversial topic of travelling children, who have become 'visitors' traversing between their parent's households. The bird's nest arrangement, a child-centred shared parenting system wherein the child resides in a single home while the parents rotate living with them, can resolve this problem. Despite its unique focus, few studies have investigated its application or the effects of the arrangement. To identify factors related to the child's best interests, this work qualitatively explored the experiences of Estonian parents who chose a bird's nest arrangement. Parents recruited through purposive sampling underwent in-depth, semi-structured interviews from March 2020 to January 2021. Bird's nest parenting was found to be guided by the parents' desire to act in the best interests of their children, holding the view that children should not suffer due to parents' separation. The post-divorce physical setting was found to impact the child's health and well-being as the preservation of a single familiar home was associated with multiple advantages like avoiding adjustment problems, ensuring stability and improving relations. While also viable for long-term solutions, nesting was considered particularly useful for the transitional period following separation, as it minimised sudden, harmful changes. The arrangement was perceived as beneficial for both children and parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To clarify the factor structure of "expectant mothers of concern" for whom midwives anticipate difficulties in future childrearing. Methods: The participants were 2633 midwives working at hospitals and clinics in Japan. Data were collected using a 108‐item, five‐point Likert scale questionnaire about the behaviors, appearance, and family relationships of the expectant mothers of concern to the nurses. Items with a mean equal to or greater than 4.0 were selected as items considered relevant to expectant mothers of concern by midwives. Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and further secondary factor analysis were conducted. Results: The factor structure of the expectant mothers of concern as perceived by midwives comprised seven factors, including 23 items: "Suspected of being a victim of intimate partner violence," "Uneasy feeling about the expectant mother's marital relationship," "Perception that the expectant mother is conflicted about her pregnancy," "Uneasy feeling about the expectant mother's actions/behaviors concerning her medical checkups," "Engages in physically risky actions and behaviors," "Does not appear to be able to build relationships with children," and "Makes remarks that indicate possible bonding disorder" (goodness‐of‐fit index = 0.910, adjusted goodness‐of‐fit index = 0.879, comparative fit index = 0.939, and root mean square error of approximation = 0.070). Further, a secondary factor, "Expectant mothers who must urgently be connected to support," was extracted. Conclusions: The elucidation of the factor structure of the expectant mothers of concern could help midwives identify expectant mothers who may face difficulties in future childrearing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to understand Brazilian immigrant parents' experience and needs using an explanatory sequential design with two phases: survey and structured interviews. The results identified several challenges these parents face, the most prevalent being a lack of social support, as well as cultural values and parenting styles. These findings are important for informing counselors and other professionals working with this community how to better develop intervention and advocacy tools tailored to their unique needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the concept and moral significance of "childhood interests." This concept is important in medical decision-making for children and more broadly in the field of pediatric ethics. The authors argue that childhood interests are identifiable components of childhood well-being that carry moral weight. Parents have a special role in protecting and promoting these interests and special obligations to do so. These parental obligations are grounded by the independent interests of the child, as well as the good of society more generally. Because parents have these child-rearing obligations, they must also have the authority and wide discretion necessary to fulfill them. However, while parental discretion is wide, it is not unlimited, for it must be used to safeguard and advance childhood interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children with disabilities are at an increased risk of being less likely to participate when compared to their typically developing peers. The objective of this study was to determine whether there is a difference in the frequency of participation in the home, preschool and community setting between typically developing children and children with disabilities. The survey comprised 203 children aged one to five years. The general questionnaire (used for identifying socio-demographic characteristics of sample) and a standardized questionnaire assessing Young Children's Participation and Environment Measure (YC-PEM) were used for data collection. Results suggest that the groups of children with and without disabilities significantly differ in the frequency of participation in preschool, so the incidence of participation of children with disabilities is lower than the incidence of participation among typically developing children. These data can further contribute to the creation of customized support programs in line with the needs of both children and parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While it is now widely acknowledged that child-rearing practices vary culturally, there has been little research or consideration on how cultural difference is experienced by Polish immigrant parents in Ireland. This paper reflects on how culture is experienced by migrant parents and shapes Polish migrant parenting in the Irish context. It draws on findings from a qualitative study which elicited Polish migrant parents' perspectives on the norms that shape parenting and their parental experiences, while residing in a culturally diverse neighbourhood in Ireland. Findings highlight that no single theoretical framework accurately captures Polish migrant parenting, which is a complex, multidimensional and dynamic phenomenon. Instead, insight is required into migration experiences, the influence of childhood, family relationships and obligations, as well as employment and parenting styles, all of which are underpinned by specific cultural norms and values, to better understand parental challenges in the adaptation to their post migration environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although scholars have researched Chinese parents' perspectives on play pedagogy, few investigate the differences between parents of preschoolers and early primary schoolers, non-immigrant and immigrant parents. The present study employs the theoretical framework of parental ethnotheories to describe parental understanding and concerns about the use of play in supporting young children's English learning in China. The nine participants included parents of preschoolers and/or primary schoolers who were non-immigrant and immigrant Chinese parents in Canada. Findings revealed different types of discrepancies concerning parental beliefs and practices. First, there was a gap between parents' beliefs and their practices regarding child-rearing and education. Second, in terms of understanding play, Chinese parents held a slightly different perspective compared to that of western parents in other studies, showing that Chinese parents only valued play's supporting role in the development of non-cognitive aspects, such as improving interest in learning English. Third, parents of preschoolers and early primary schoolers held conflicting attitudes toward the use of play in children's learning. Fourth, immigrant Chinese parents were inclined to follow traditional Chinese notions of child-rearing, revealing discrepant perceptions about child play and rearing compared to western knowing of child-rearing in previous studies. The findings raise implications for educators to balance the pedagogical perspectives of child development and parental ethnotheories of child development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In childrearing and household tasks, mothers want fathers to proactively recognize and engage in the necessary work. We developed a scale to assess mothersʼ perception of fathersʼ sensitivity and responsiveness regarding their involvement in childrearing and household tasks （Mother-Perceived Fatherʼs Sensitive and Responsive Coparenting Scale: MPFSRCS）. Online surveys were administered to 497 and 499 mothers with children aged＜6 years. In Survey 1, exploratory factor analysis revealed a unidimensional structure with high internal consistency （α＝.95） across 10 scale items. High MP-FSRCS scores were significantly associated with increased encouragement and less criticism of the fatherʼs involvement by the mother, increased marital satisfaction, and an increased degree of empathy shown by fathers, as perceived by mothers. In Survey 2, criterion-related validity of MP-FSRCS was examined, and the score was significantly and positively correlated with the Japanese version of the Coparenting Relationship Scale and mothersʼ trust in coparenting discussions about parenting concerns. These findings suggest that the MP-FSRCS has high internal consistency and validity as a measure of the constructs associated with harmonious coparenting. 【Research Impact】 This study evaluated harmonious coparenting by measuring mothersʼ perceptions of the sensitivity and responsiveness of fathersʼ coparenting based on the latterʼs involvement in parenting and household tasks. By focusing on the attentive relationship between the primary caregiver （the mother in this study） and the secondary caregiver （father）, this scale contributes considerably to future research on coparenting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The predominant position in the reproductive rights literature argues that access to assisted reproductive technologies (ART) forms part of an individual's right to reproduce. On this reasoning, refusal of treatment by clinicians (via provision) violates a hopeful parent's reproductive right and discriminates against the infertile. I reject these views and suggest they wrongly contort what reproductive freedom entitles individuals to do and demand of others. I suggest these views find their origin, at least in part, in the way we define "reproduction" itself. This paper critically analyses two widely accepted definitions of human reproduction and demonstrates that both are fundamentally flawed. While the process of reproduction includes the biological acts of begetting and bearing a child, I argue that it does not extend to include rearing. This reworked definition has little impact in the realm of sexual reproduction. However, it has significant ethical implications for the formulation and assignment of reproductive rights and responsibilities in the non-sexual realm in two important ways. First, a claim to access ART where one has an intention to rear a child (but does not beget or bear) cannot be grounded in reproductive rights. Second, lacking an intention to rear does not extinguish the reproductive rights and responsibilities for those who collaborate in the process. I conclude that clinicians collaborate in non-sexual reproduction at the point of triggering conception (begetting) and therefore have the right to refuse to be involved in non-sexual reproduction, in some instances, as do all reproductive collaborators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the effects of parenting style on students' school performance, assuming that immigrant parents' child-rearing strategies derive from their country of origin. Following Doepke and Zilibotti [2017. Parenting with style: Altruism and paternalism in intergenerational preference transmission. Econometrica, 85(5), 1331–1371. https://do.org/10.3982/ECTA14634], we measure patterns of parenting using data from the World Value and European Value Surveys. We combine these data with Norwegian register data on students' test scores and exam results. Non-authoritarian parenting styles that encourage hard work (authoritativeness) or allow students to develop their independence and imagination (permissiveness) yield the better educational outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on intensive parenting norms still lacks a systematic framework to account for the ways these translate into everyday childcare practices and underlying logics and ideals. Based on in-depth interviews with 42 middle-class Israeli parents, we delineate a folk model of intensive parenting associated with ideals of self-fulfillment. The model comprises two parenting approaches, each differentiated into practices, logics, and cultural discourses. The first approach is characterized by "going-with-the-flow" practices stressing expressive bonding geared toward the child's desires. It points to a logic of aspiration development grounded in therapeutic discourse. The second approach is associated with practices of "getting-things-done" by "activating" the child to accomplish goals and reflects a logic of capability enhancement grounded in neoliberal discourse. By deconstructing contemporary parenting, we show that therapeutic and neoliberal values converge at the discursive level but are experienced as contradictory in everyday practice, thus accounting for the tensions of intensive parenting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Social support, as a multidimensional concept, is studied across disciplines. However, examining the concept in relation to first-time fathers in the perinatal period remains an underexplored avenue. This analysis aims to clarify what social support for first-time fathers means through an operational definition that will assist healthcare providers in supporting fathers as valuable assets to the wellbeing of their partners and children. Design. Walker and Avant's concept analysis approach is used to identify the attributes, antecedents, and consequences of social support for first-time fathers during the perinatal period. Data Source. A thorough title and abstract review led to the analysis of 41 articles from databases, including MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, the Social Sciences Citation Index, and Embase databases from 1970 to 2022. Results. Social support for first-time fathers can be described as a relational strategy and supportive intervention from both informal and formal sources. This concept analysis broadens the meaning of social support by considering structural and functional attributes. It offers fresh insights into how support can be coordinated across microsystems and macrosystems to address the distinctive requirements of current-day fathers within the intricate family dynamics. Furthermore, gender, cultural, and generational differences affect the preferences and needs of fathers, as well as their ability to support their partners and infants. Fathers preferred emotional support from their partners and sought informational and appraisal support from healthcare professionals. In addition, supportive relationships are characterized by proximity, reciprocity, congruency, and continuity during the perinatal period. Conclusion. Conceptualizing social support encompasses both upstream and downstream approaches across structures and systems to support fathers. Support for first-time fathers includes developing father-specific approaches to perinatal nursing care and practice. Social support carries implications for fostering socially inclusive policies, interdisciplinary curriculum integration, advocacy, and research aimed at improving paternal mental health and perinatal wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Advancing understanding of overparenting and child adjustment: Mechanisms, methodology, context, and development" explores the impact of overparenting on child development, emphasizing its prevalence, consequences, and underlying mechanisms. Topics include the various forms of overparenting, its effects on adolescent and emerging adult adjustment, and the need for nuanced research to understand its complexity and cultural context.

Zimbabweans in the United Kingdom (UK) are currently a 'silent subset' of the broader migrant population, warranting further investigation into their experiences once settled in the UK. This study explored Zimbabwean migrant parents' experiences of bearing and raising children in the UK and how they sustain their children's health and wellbeing. The Silences Framework (TSF) offers a lens through which the Zimbabwean parents' experiences are made visible in this study. Hermeneutic phenomenology was employed as a research methodology from van Manen's perspective and data was collected through in-depth interviews with 10 Zimbabwean parents settled in South Yorkshire, UK. Findings from this study show that parenting experiences in the UK are largely influenced by cultural background, religious beliefs and how the parents were raised. Parenting in a new culture requires parents to rely on an interdependent system of support. There is concern about the children's sense of belonging in the UK. Research findings help to increase knowledge on the Zimbabwean diaspora, add insight in the everyday life of migrant families and therefore influence policies, practices and future research. While some findings are specific to the Zimbabwean diaspora, others are concerns that migrant families have irrespective of place of origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Filicide-suicide is the most extreme form of family violence. This study identifies the traits of such cases by analyzing their prevalence, victims and perpetrators' characteristics, methods, and motives based on the content of relevant newspaper articles. Methods: Data were collected from representative newspapers from 2010 to 2020. A content analysis of 249 filicide-suicide cases was conducted. Results: Most filicide-suicide cases occurred at home. The most commonly used method for filicide-suicide was carbon monoxide poisoning; such cases were especially high among parents in their 30 s and 40 s. The second most commonly used method was strangulation or hanging, and adopted 1.5 times more often for filicide than for parents' suicide. Regarding the perpetrators and victims' characteristics, 58.2% of the cases were maternal filicide, followed by filicide involving both parents (26.1%), and paternal filicide (15.8%). Most of the children (75.1%) were minors, indicating that most filicide cases involve the parents' violation of their children's human rights. Regarding maternal filicide, most mothers were in their 30 s, and among all filicide-suicide cases, the majority of the perpetrators (63.6%) were in their 30 s and 40 s. The most common motive was financial difficulties, followed by difficulties in child rearing and hardships due to parents' physical or mental illness. Conclusions: This study revealed that the problem of filicide-suicide in South Korean society is an extreme form of domestic violence disguised as parental responsibility, and requires suicide prevention interventions and policies that focus on family relationships and strengthening social responsibility for filicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore through the lens of the theoretical framework whether parents achieved any forms of improved parenting during the pandemic; in what way parents improved, if any; and what led to improved parenting. Background: The COVID‐19 pandemic and its repercussions gave rise to multiple challenges and hardships confronting children and parents. The ways parents handled the parenting demands varied. The research documented the presence of both unhealthy and nurturing parenting behaviors during the pandemic. During this course in which parents responded to the parenting demands, some facets of parenting (e.g., parenting practices, parenting cognitions) were subject to change. The current study placed the focus on positive parental changes, if any. Method: The study employed a phenomenological approach. Fourteen parents (female = 12; White = 8; Black = 4, and Asian = 2; 11 of 14 were upper‐ to lower‐middle‐class families) constituted the sample. One‐on‐one semistructured interviews were conducted over Zoom for data collection. Thematic analysis was performed for data analysis. Results: Four themes were constructed: targeted parental responses and changes, refined parenting skills and practices, enhanced understanding of parenting, and unsettled parenting styles. Conclusion: Some parents achieved improved parenting (e.g., refined parenting skills, a new understanding of childrearing). Whether and to what extent parents bettered themselves were conditional on whether and how far parents went to adapt or adjust their parenting. Implication: Although substantially improving parenting skills appears to be difficult, parents can still bring benefits to family by bettering themselves incrementally. Practitioners need to be a source of reinvigoration for parents who aim to improve their parenting and family equilibrium, particularly in the context of a crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the association of spousal support and marital satisfaction with the subjective well-being of fathers and mothers using a mediation analysis. Data were gathered from 360 fathers and 338 mothers (aged 25–50 years). Subjective well-being was measured as an outcome using the Japanese version of the World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index. Marital satisfaction was measured as a mediating variable using the Japanese version of the Marital Relationship Satisfaction Scale. Spousal social support (including instrumental, emotional, and appraisal support) was measured as an independent variable using four-point scales. Control variables were the father's and mother's ages, number of children, age of the youngest child, children going to nursery school or kindergarten, use of childcare services, self-evaluated low economic status, and weekday working hours. Among fathers, instrumental and emotional support had significant direct and indirect effects, with the latter mediated by the impact of marital satisfaction on subjective well-being; appraisal support had only significant indirect effects. Among mothers, instrumental support had significant direct and indirect effects; emotional and appraisal support had only significant indirect effects. Our findings indicate that social support from spouses has protective direct and indirect effects on subjective well-being among parents and suggest the need for mutual support between spouses to facilitate effective co-parenting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In exploring why American mothers spend more time on care work compared to prior decades while increasingly engaging in paid work, Hays (1997) attributed women's actions to intensive motherhood (IM) ideology. Hays also asserted that women purposedly adhere to IM to resist an increasingly neoliberal market-based society by dedicating time and effort to nurturing children and family life. Here, we undertake a content analysis to take stock of IM literature's evolution in recent decades. Specifically, we examine scholars' treatment of how women adhere to IM, and why and whether women do so in resistance to neoliberalism. We found that while scholars consistently cite and echo Hays (1997) on how women adhere to IM, most depart from Hays (1997) by positing women adhere to live up to an ideal of being a perfect mother due to the pervasive nature of IM. We also found many scholars focus on the possibility of resisting IM ideology itself rather than Hays's (1997) perspective that women employ the ideology to resist neoliberalism. These findings raise questions about how women's agency manifests in the IM context, and concerns about embedded assumptions that limit our understanding of women's realities. Implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how authoritarianism as a factor in child‐rearing values (CRV) is associated with political orientation, party support, and policy preferences among voters and societal elites in the Nordic context, which is characterized by social trust and solidarity, feelings of affinity, and a modest degree of ideological polarization. Based on a representative citizen survey conducted in 2018 (n = 4,076) and an elite survey conducted in 2020 (n = 948) among Finnish political, administrative, advocacy, business, and influence elites, our findings suggest that authoritarianism in Finland mostly relates to culturally conservative, and less to economically conservative, political orientations. While authoritarianism is connected to policy preferences and political orientations on both cultural and economic dimensions, it has more relevance for preferences regarding cultural issues than economic ones. Our findings support the notion that authoritarianism plays a role in political orientation mainly in the cultural realm. Overall, our study indicates that authoritarianism as captured by the CRV scale might be a politically important underpinning among both citizens and societal elites also outside the U.S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigrant parents may struggle to secure and maintain employment if they raise children with disabilities. The current study examines data from immigrant parents responding to the 2018 National Survey of Children's Health, including 618 raising children with special health care needs (CSHCN) and 2937 parenting children needing typical care. Parents of CSHCN had higher levels of both aggravation and resilience, but less access to a medical home than parents with typical care responsibilities. Immigrants were less likely to change jobs, but more likely to cut back work hours, or quit work, if they had CSHCNs lacking a medical home, missing more school days, and living in unsafe neighborhoods. Parents of CHSHNs also spent substantial time coordinating care and providing health care at home. Results indicate the need for service providers to connect immigrant families with CSHCNs with culturally supportive organizations that can help them handle family responsibilities while maintaining employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: An increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has been associated with women's parity, but whether or not this association reflects a direct pregnancy effect, or exposure to factors related to childrearing, still appears unclear. We assessed the CVD risk associated with number of children separately by gender and tested effect modification by socioeconomic position (SEP) and employment status, in order to elucidate the possible mechanisms underlying this association. Methods: The study population was composed of 20,904 men and 25,246 women who were interviewed in one of two National Health Surveys conducted in 2000 and 2005 in Italy. These subjects were followed for CVD incidence up to 2014 through record-linkage with national archives of mortality and hospitalisations. CVD risk was estimated by Cox regression models that were adjusted for socio-demographics, perceived health, lifestyles, biological CVD risk factors and for other potential confounders. Results: CVD incidence was significantly increased among men with 3 or more children (HR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.02–1.56) and among women with 2 and with 3 or more children (HR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.10–1.83; and HR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.03–1.87, respectively) compared to subjects without children and no significant gender differences were observed. Subjects with lower SEP displayed stronger associations with parity and a higher number of children for both genders; by contrast, no modifying effect of employment status was observed. Conclusions: Taken together, the significant association between higher parity and CVD risk in both genders, and the higher risk of CVD associated with higher parity among lower SEP parents, suggests that childrearing has a potential effect on the development of CVD that is more pronounced among disadvantaged families, although a concurrent effect of childbearing cannot be completely excluded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although grandparents play a significant role in caring for their grandchildren in Asian culture, few studies have examined how grandparents from skipped families care for their children in rural areas. This study aims to explore grandparents' perceptions and experiences in providing care for their grandchildren in rural Thailand, where support is limited. Utilizing a qualitative approach, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with 20 grandparents caring for children under 5 years old. The coding of interview transcripts was followed by thematic analysis. In this study, the participants shared their experiences about raising and caring for their grandchildren in rural areas. "We were held in bondage" is the overarching theme. Interviews revealed two main themes: (1) feeling of burden, divided into the following three subthemes: lack of parenting skills, worries regarding grandchildren's health and well-being, and emotional stress and financial/physical strain; (2) maintaining family bonds, which were further divided into the following subthemes: supporting adult children, being parents again, and becoming more loving and bonded. According to the findings, healthcare providers may be able to anticipate the needs of grandparents in rural areas and provide support, culturally relevant interventions, and training programs for grandparents to care for their grandchildren. Further research is essential to explore the dynamics of family bonding and responsibilities in Thai families and to develop interventions supporting these families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to examine the relationship between nursing students' perceived parental child-rearing attitude, ego identity, and college adjustment in Korea and explore factors that influence college adjustment. Methods: This study surveyed 224 nursing students enrolled in universities located in two regions within South Korea. Data were collected from October 14 to November 31, 2019. Perceived parental child-rearing attitude (paternal emotional warmth, paternal rejection, paternal overprotection, maternal emotional warmth, maternal rejection, and maternal overprotection) and ego identity of nursing students were used as independent variables on college adjustment. Collected data were subjected to correlation analysis using SPSS version 26.0 for Windows. Further, regression analysis was performed on the influence of parental child-rearing attitude and ego identity on college adjustment. Results: Among the parental child-rearing attitudes, paternal emotional warmth (r =.30, p <.001), maternal emotional warmth (r =.38, p <.001), and ego identity (r =.71, p <.001) were positively correlated with nursing students' college adjustment, whereas maternal rejection was negatively correlated with ego identity (r = −.28, p <.001) and college adjustment (r = −.15, p =.025). Regression analysis of the effects of nursing students' perceived parental child-rearing attitude and ego identity on college adjustment, with grade as a control variable, revealed that ego identity (p <.001) had a significant effect on college adjustment, and the higher the ego identity (β = 0.712), the higher the college adjustment. Further, the explanatory power of explaining college adjustment was high at 49.9%. Conclusions: The nursing students' perceived paternal emotional warmth, maternal emotional warmth, and ego identity were positively correlated with college adjustment. Additionally, ego identity was found as the influencing factor in Korean nursing students' college adjustment. Therefore, programs to strengthen ego identity should be developed and implemented for college adjustment among nursing students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study engages relational turbulence theory to examine relationship functioning and communication among parents of teenagers. The hypotheses assessed associations between relational uncertainty and disrupted interdependence, and communication during conflict episodes related to childrearing, and considered parenting stress and coparenting alliance as antecedents of relationship parameters. Married, parents of teen children (n = 349) reported their relationship experiences, parenting stress, and coparenting alliance. Then, parents recalled a recent disagreement with their spouse related to their teen and reported their communication tactics during the conversation. The results suggested that parenting stress was positively associated with relational uncertainty and interference from a partner, which in turn, predicted more negative conflict communication. Coparenting alliance was negatively associated with relational uncertainty and partner interference, and positively associated with facilitation from a partner. Parenting stress attenuated the relationship between coparenting alliance and relationship parameters. Implications for relational turbulence theory, family scholars, and parents of teens are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses two distinct but interwoven questions on the link between spirituality and religion in the lives of Syrian Muslim refugee parents. (1) How do religious and spiritual convictions impact these refugees and their families? (2) How do these convictions shape Syrian Muslim refugee parents' own positionality as caregivers and as individuals? We distinguish religious convictions as ones entrenched in the practice of organized religion (e.g., prayer and fasting), and spiritual convictions as ones associated with the frame of reference inspired by religion (e.g., embedded references to God and/or the Prophet Muhammad peace and blessing be upon him). This paper is focused on qualitative findings from 16 Syrian refugee parents (15 mothers and 1 father) and their individual families. While the study began as a pilot for an intervention program focused on early childhood education among refugee children in Jordan, it became overwhelmingly clear that the refugee parents' individual senses of parenthood, responsibility, and aspiration for their children's futures are inextricably linked to their spiritual and religious convictions. Highlights: Explores the importance of faith and spirituality in the context of refugee parenting and early childhood development. Provides insight into how refugee parents speak about their faith and spirituality in the context of their migration experiences, aspirations for their children, and as an extension of their own development. Based on a qualitative study with 16 Syrian caregivers in Jordan. Argues for the need to include awareness of and sensitivity to Islamic religious and spiritual practices in the design of interventions and programs concerning Muslim refugee children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Paternal postnatal depression (PPD) symptomology has been positively associated with poorer outcomes for children. One mechanism by which PPD is thought to influence child outcomes is through parenting. The current study investigated the association between paternal postnatal depressive symptoms and parenting behaviours. Method: Fathers (N = 213) with an infant (mean age = 7 months, 46% female) between 2 and 12 months old were recruited through community and social media advertisements, as well as a paid survey recruitment website. Fathers completed a questionnaire on their symptoms of PPD and how they care for and raise their child (parental warmth, irritability, engagement in enrichment, play and safety behaviours). Results: Fathers experiencing greater levels of PPD symptomatology self‐reported higher irritability, lower warmth and fewer safe parenting behaviours but did not report lower enrichment or play with their infants. Conclusion: Overall, findings suggest that PPD symptomology may impact negatively on aspects of fathers' parenting behaviours. Further research using larger and more diverse samples is needed to assess the generalisability of these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the growing literature on the importance of parental feeding practices, the factors that influence how parents make decisions regarding the foods they offer to their young children are not fully understood. Means‐end theory and its associated methodology known as laddering provide a useful framework for characterizing the relationships between the attributes of a choice option (e.g., a food item), the consequences (i.e., the benefits or costs/risks) associated with those attributes and the personal values (i.e., enduring beliefs) those consequences help reinforce. The present research uses this means‐end perspective to enrich our understanding of how parents make food choices for their preschool‐aged children. Methods: Interviews were conducted with parents (N = 33) of 3‐ to 5‐year‐old children to explore the factors underlying parents' decisions regarding the foods they recently offered, prefer to offer and avoid offering to their preschooler. The resulting data were transcribed, content analysed and summarized in a series of summary diagrams known as hierarchical value maps (HVMs). Results: Study results indicate that although most parents reported trying to make food decisions because they want their child to be healthy, factors such as avoiding fights/battles and low perceived likelihood their child would eat a food may be barriers to offering certain foods. Conclusions: Taken together, these study findings enhance our understanding of the range of meanings underlying parents' food choice decisions and suggest opportunities for interventions to improve the quality of foods that parents offer to their children at home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grandparents raising grandchildren face immense challenges including facing poverty, caring for children with behavioral difficulties, and barriers in accessing resources that can assist them. These challenges were exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Empowerment training is an intervention that builds resiliency in developing skills that can increase the support that grandparents receive via services and from others. This pilot study evaluated the potential influence of empowerment training on grandmothers raising their grandchildren. The findings here indicate that these caregivers benefited from the virtually delivered program, where empowerment and negative affect toward the grandchild increased and decreased, respectively pre-versus post-program. Moreover, program benefits varied across participant sociodemographic characteristics. These pilot study findings support the importance of empowerment training in enhancing the lives of grandparent caregivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there has been an increasing interest in the notion of involved fatherhood, few studies have examined how fathers who work part-time and engage in child-rearing make sense of this experience. The present study explores how part-time working fathers positioned themselves in terms of their 'at home' and 'at work' identities. Thematic analysis was used to examine 30 interviewees' accounts of their experiences. Three central themes were identified: (1) choosing to work part-time, (2) benefits of working part-time, and (3) contrasts with fathers as 'breadwinners'. A common feature in all of these themes was interviewees' flexible transition between traditional and nontraditional types of masculinity. The ways in which part-time working fathers positioned themselves as caring for children while maintaining attachment to more traditional types of masculinity are considered in terms of implications for theory and for fathers' personal development. At a time where expectations of fathers engaged in child-rearing are increasing, the results of this study could be drawn on in the area of personal development to support men in forming new strategies around fathering practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Many studies suggest that shared book reading (SBR) helps children to develop verbal repertoires, which can be enhanced by using extratextual strategies for the explicit teaching of words. There are few studies that explicitly relate the type of extratextual strategy to children's levels of engagement and verbal participation. Objective: To verify the relationship between extratextual strategies for teaching words and measures of engagement and verbal participation of children, during SBR and complementary activity sessions. Methodology: Participants were 13 preschool children (5 girls), aged between 4 and 5 years. Videos of three SBR sessions and a complementary activity session were transcribed and categorized according to the type of extratextual strategy used by the researcher, the type of engagement (active or passive, measured by children's non-verbal behavior), and the children's verbal participation during the sessions (related or not to the activity and the target words). Results: Total engagement was similar across all sessions, but it was more frequently related to the researcher than to peers. The strategies of explaining the meaning of target words and starting conversations seemed to evoke more speeches from children related to the target words than highlighting and verbal instruction strategies; during this ones, verbal utterances related to the activity or to the story were more frequent. Conclusions: some extratextual strategies seem to establish more favorable contexts for children's verbal participation, and it's essential to organize contingencies that further engagement and verbal participation about the taught content, since these two response classes seem to be complementary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Many studies suggest that shared book reading (SBR) helps children to develop verbal repertoires, which can be enhanced by using extratextual strategies for the explicit teaching of words. Few studies explicitly relate the type of extratextual strategy to children's levels of engagement and verbal participation. Objective: To verify the relationship between extratextual strategies for teaching words and measures of engagement and verbal participation of children, during SBR and complementary activity sessions. Methodology: Participants were 13 preschool children (five girls), aged between 4 and 5 years. Videos of three SBR sessions and a complementary activity session were transcribed and categorized according to the type of extratextual strategy used by the researcher, the type of engagement (active or passive, measured by children's non-verbal behavior), and the children's verbal participation during the sessions (related or not to the activity and the target words). Results: Total engagement was similar across all sessions, but it was more frequently related to the researcher than to peers. The strategies of explaining the meaning of target words and starting conversations seemed to evoke more speeches from children related to the target words than highlighting and verbal instruction strategies; during this ones, verbal utterances related to the activity, or the story were more frequent. Conclusions: some extratextual strategies seem to establish more favorable contexts for children's verbal participation, and it's essential to organize contingencies that further engagement and verbal participation about the taught content since these two response classes seem to be complementary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Parenting refers to the usual approaches that parents use in child rearing and is one of the many aspects that play a role in the development of both adaptive and maladaptive behavior in children and adolescents. Parenting styles may be authoritarian, authoritative, or permissive. Temperament refers to the stylistic aspect of behavior and individual differences in behavioral characteristics. This study aimed to compare maternal parenting styles and childhood temperamental patterns between two socioeconomic classes. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Sixty mothers from middle and lower socioeconomic status residing in an urban community in Hyderabad were chosen for the study. Data was collected from January to February 2020. Every participant was a mother of two children in the age group 6–12 years. A semi-structured intake proforma was used, along with the Temperament Measurement Schedule and Parental Styles Questionnaire. Factorial ANOVA was used to explore the differences among the different groups. Results: In 76% of the participants, the predominant parenting style was found to be authoritative. Statistically significant differences in parenting styles were seen between the middle and low socioeconomic status groups. Parenting styles differed with the gender of the child. The education of the mother influenced the parenting style. Illiterate participants and participants who did not have at least tenth-grade education had an authoritarian parenting style. Second-born children scored high on the sociability factor compared to firstborn children. The difference between first- and second-born children was statistically significant. Socioeconomic status and the gender of the child had a statistically significant association. Conclusions: Parenting is a complex phenomenon that is influenced by many factors, social class being one such factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a dramatic increase in Asian-White biracial individuals in the US, there is still a lack of research on this population. Using phenomenology, the purpose of this study was to delve into the lived experiences of Asian-White interracial couples and their experiences raising their biracial children. A total of 10 couples participated, and they reported on their perception of their children's racial/ethnic identity, their children's understanding of race, the types of racial and cultural socialization practices in which they engaged, cultural differences within their family, and differential treatment based on their children's appearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]