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The application of an integrative approach in fairy tale therapy is a cutting-edge method for safeguarding the mental well-being of the younger generation in the era of digital education. The unique aspect of integrative fairy tale therapy is the integration of various methodologies, pedagogical approaches, linguistic techniques, art history, and psychotherapeutic methods within a single fairy tale framework. These are then tailored to the individual psyches of children, with the aim of fostering a well-rounded and healthy personality. Utilising fairy tale therapy techniques in the spiritual and moral growth of students can provide valuable insights into the effective implementation of fairy tale therapy programmes for preschoolers and schoolchildren. These programmes are rooted in the rich oral folk art of the Kazakh people and encompass a harmonious blend of spiritual, national, and universal values. The article reveals theoretical and methodological, general cultural and educational, psychological aspects of the study of fairy tale therapy as an integrative technology. The literature review of the main types of fairy tale therapy is also carried out, the functions of fairy tales are reveale. The educational, developmental, and cognitive possibilities of fairy tales are extensively utilised in academic and correctional-developmental activities with students. The importance of preparing future philologists, art historians, social teachers, psychologists, and kindergarten teachers in utilising fairy tale therapy techniques as an integrative technology is emphasised. The article discusses the theoretical, methodological, cultural, educational, and psychological aspects of fairy tale therapy as an integrative technology. This research is funded by the State Institution "Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan" under the project IRN AP19679368, which aims to preserve the psychological health of the younger generation in the context of digitalization of education.

Jeremy Sawyer recounts that, after Lev S. Vygotsky's death, Jean Piaget conceded the Russian psychologist correctly understood the social origins, functions, and developmental trajectory of children's egocentric speech (now called private speech) but dismissed this work as irrelevant to children's egocentrism or nondifferentiation of perspectives. Sawyer asserts that, although Piaget precluded perspective taking in egocentric speech, a post-Vygotskian framework suggests private speech and sociodramatic play may actually promote perspective taking, thereby reducing egocentrism. In light of these assertions, Sawyer examines private speech transcripts from preschoolers for evidence of perspective taking and concludes that they suggest children internalize perspectival differences through private speech and use more implicit perspective taking than explicit mental-state terms. And preschoolers, the author suggests, employ more sociodramatic speech in a sociodramatic play context to enact imaginary scenarios and pretend roles. He concludes that, rather than a remnant of egocentrism, private speech may be a psychologicaltool for engaging multiple perspectives.

Emotion regulation (ER) is a crucial construct in the study of child education, development, and psychopathology. The How I Feel (HIF) questionnaire, a self-report measure of ER for children, was validated in school-based, nonclinical samples. The current study examined the factor structure of the HIF in a clinical sample of children (N = 195; 73.33% male; 79.49% White; 61.03% diagnosed with ADHD). Confirmatory factor analysis did not support the original 3-factor model. An exploratory factor analysis revealed an altered five-factor model with identical Positive Emotion and Emotion Control factors, but the original Negative Emotion factor was divided into three factors: Mad Emotion, Sad and Scared Frequency, and Sad and Scared Intensity. Results suggest that the HIF may not accurately assess the intensity and frequency of negative emotions in clinical samples.

Despite numerous critiques of the pioneering works of developmental child psychology, these key ideas continue to resonate within the field of ECEC (early childhood education and care). This article seeks to re-animate the critique through a closer look at two current tendencies within the Nordic countries: a growing and increasingly strict age segregation of kindergarten children; and a minor oppositional movement of family groups gathering children from one-to-six years of age. Looking towards Piaget as one of the main pioneers of developmentalism, we question whether strict age segregation is justified based on his theories -- a close re-reading of two of Piaget's major works would suggest not. Through reflections of kindergarten teachers working with age-homogeneous groups, we trace other discourses that developmentalism is entangled with. The analysis and deconstruction of the teachers' reflections point to the need to explore age segregation within a neoliberalist political context and further, show how this results in institutionalised othering. Through mobilising an agential realist reading we explore how narratives of kindergarten teachers that work with age-heterogeneous groups might inspire alternative ways of thinking/practising, and re-energise the critique of developmentalism.

Martinus Jan Langeveld (1905-1989) was a key figure in Dutch academic educational studies after the Second World War. This article investigates the origins and sources of Langeveld's theory by examining his prior publications and the main references in conjunction with the intellectual movements of his time. This research shows, first, that Langeveld built his educational theory upon a variety of sources: the German-American psychologist William Stern (1871-1938), the Dutch educationalist Philipp Abraham Kohnstamm (1875-1951), the German philosopher Theodor Litt (1880-1962), and Edmund Husserl's (1859-1938) philosophy of phenomenology. Further, Langeveld borrowed a phrase from the medieval theology of Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) as the key idea of his theory. Last, Langeveld's theory incorporates the important topics of the first decades of the twentieth century. In particular, the coinciding philosophies of personalism and phenomenology in the context of anti-positivist movements shed new light on Langeveld's theory.

In large lecture courses, it can be challenging to imagine assessing student learning in ways other than multiple-choice exams and traditional point-based grading. Inspired by major pedagogical principles shared by Maria Montessori and Thomas Jefferson and supported by current understandings of effective teaching, assessment was reimagined in a large introductory-level child psychology course to allow for free choice and active engagement. Instead of exams, students created a short scientific essay each week on what most interested them; essays were assessed using a short rubric and sampling techniques. Instead of traditional point-based grading, specifications grading was used. These changes, dubbed the JeffMonte method, were associated with better student performance, were received positively by students, and increased instructor satisfaction.

This article discusses the work of Susan Isaacs (1885-1948), the IOE's (Institute of Education), first director of the Department of Child Development. In addition to introducing child psychoanalysis to the UK, Isaacs was instrumental in mapping out the basis for a conceptual understanding of the role of aspects of imagination (which she termed 'phantasy') and play in the life of children. This allowed early childhood educators to develop holistic pedagogies that embraced both the intellectual and the social development of children. Her work has provided the basis for contemporary professional practice within the sector.

We set out to create a middle grades program and to inform the field about the perceptions of our teacher candidates on teaching middle school. To accomplish these twin goals, we sought to better understand our teacher candidates' perceptions of teaching middle school and how these perceptions might be changed if necessary. Our review of research included three themes to frame this work: (a) middle school philosophy, (b) motivations to teach, and (c) middle school teacher preparation. We chose an emergent, qualitative research design to cull rich data from diverse stakeholders including open-ended survey data. We found an overarching deficit narrative about middle school students even though teacher candidates expressed admiration for middle school teachers. Our teacher candidates professed a need for coursework on classroom management and adolescent psychology as well as more field experiences to better prepare them for careers in the middle grades. Implications for middle grades programs are discussed, including the structure of field experiences and teacher preparation curriculum. We explain specific revisions to our own program in the attempt to generate analytic generalizability.

Problem-based learning (PBL) involves using problems as a starting point of learning rather than relying on traditional learning settings. In the present paper we present the theoretical framework behind a specific PBL setting we have developed since 2012 for training Danish psychologist students in a small university children's clinic (Børnesprogklinikken) at Aalborg University, Denmark. We argue that our approach can serve as students' enculturation into a specific profession, and that concepts from the theory of cultural learning and the concept of mediation can elucidate why this type of learning is effective for human beings, and specifically for students learning a profession. Finally, we discuss some of the learning outcomes of the PBL programme.

Iqbal views the schooling as well as the Madrassah systems devoid of developing a dynamic Muslim required for the renaissance of Ummah. With this realization, many Islamic educationists in Pakistan have established. Islamic schools in Pakistan. The question is whether their models are dynamic enough to create such Muslims? This research probes into the perceptions and practices of ten Islamic school educationists in Pakistan. It also probes and clearly elaborates Iqbal's educational directives, and finally does a comparative analysis of Iqbal's directives with the Islamic educationists' perceptions and practices. Exploring Iqbal's educational thought includes qualitatively drawing hermeneutical interpretations from Iqbal's two Persian anthologies of Asrar i khudi (Secrets of the Self), and Ramooz i bikhudi (Mysteries of Selflessness). Thematic data analysis was used to draw the aims and objectives for education from Iqbal's said works. It was discovered that though the Islamic educationists carried some visions of education from Islamic perspective, they were largely following contemporary secular frame work of education in attempting to achieve these objectives. The contemporary schooling framework has been severely critiqued by Iqbal and is deplored by many educationists in the west as well for its ineptness to confirm with child's learning psychology. This project was undertaken as my doctoral research and is presented in two parts. The first part elaborates the aims and objectives as conceived by these Islamic educationists, and as derived from Iqbal's educational philosophy. The second part of this paper will elaborate the practices of these educationists with Iqbal's educational directives.

Studies have used psychological games testing to measure children's bioaffinity (a child's love of/for or connection to nature) as a result of time spent in nature enriching children's well-being. Discrepancies found between two studies in different countries (Sweden and Canada) informed this research. Both studies used the same bioaffinity testing tool with children who had more than average nature-exposure and were enrolled in preschools using the same nature-based philosophy (Reggio-Emilia approach). While the Swedish study found positive bioaffinity amongst the children (aged 5), the Canadian children's (aged 3-5) affinity with nature was weak. The inconsistencies between the Swedish and Canadian studies led to recommendations for further research and testing to determine the following: (1) the appropriateness of the measure for younger children, (2) the need to modify the test to be more culturally and geographically relevant for the participants, and (3) whether such revisions would increase participant understanding and completion of the test while producing more accurate results. As such, this study sought to modify the testing tool to be more culturally, geographically and developmentally appropriate for young Canadian children and then test it with a cohort of 3-5-year-old Canadian preschoolers. Interviews with early childhood education experts and current child development psychology literature informed the modification of the games testing tool. Reduction in the time needed to complete the testing and an increase in child engagement indicate that the new tool's revisions effectively enhanced the children's understanding of the game's testing.

Adam Phillips is a leading psychoanalyst and author. Phillips was educated at Clifton College and studied English Literature at Oxford University. He trained to be a psychoanalyst at the Institute of Child Psychology. Across the course of his professional career, he has worked at Guys Hospital, with a school for 'maladjusted children', at Camberwell Child Guidance Clinic and at Charing Cross Hospital in the Department of Child Psychiatry. He now works in private practice. Phillips is the author of many works, including "Terrors and Experts" (1997), "In Writing: Essays on Literature" (2016), "Attention Seeking" (2019) and his most recent book, "The Cure for Psychoanalysis" (2021). He also served as the General Editor of the New Penguin Classics Translations of the works of Sigmund Freud. The conversation begins by exploring the way mental health has become a topic of public interest as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The opportunities and challenges in Phillips's experience working with schools and for young people's mental health services during the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s are then discussed. Questions about the nature of psychoanalysis are introduced, and the discussion turns towards the relationship between philosophy, literature and psychoanalysis. There is a brief discussion of connections between Phillips's work and the philosophy of Stanley Cavell. Phillips's essays on schools and education are explored in connection with ideas of omniscience, sadomasochism and 'experiments in living'. The conversation ends with a glimpse of school as a place to cultivate one's interest and one's sociability with others.

Using the example of the 1937 Ontario elementary school reforms, this article will make the case for considering pedagogical knowledge as a distinct object in the history of education. In this context, pedagogical knowledge refers to the conceptual and normative aspects of teaching and learning that seek to inform the decision-making of the teacher in relation to children (childhood), teaching, and learning. It refers to the knowledge that defines children and what teachers need to know about children in order to teach effectively. This is in distinction to pedagogical content knowledge which refers to knowledge of subject matter and strategies of delivering or teaching the content of that subject. The argument will be developed by examining a long series of pedagogical documents issued by the Department of Education that elementary school teachers used to guide their practices. It will identify a science of education and child development and psychology that, despite political and cultural change, defined pedagogical knowledge in the elementary schools of Ontario for a period of 60 years. This article will make the case that the Pedagogical knowledge defined in the 1937 Ontario education reforms in the document Programme of Studies for Grades 1-6 of the Public and Separate Schools comprises a history that is distinct and represents a subset of the main patterns of change in the historiography of Ontario education. During the twentieth century elementary schooling in Ontario can be viewed as the result of two discontinuities or epistemic shifts. The first occurred in 1937 with the adoption of a science of education, child development, and psychology as the dominant form of pedagogical knowledge. The second happened in the mid 1990s when most provinces in Canada including Ontario undertook a centrally driven reform of schooling and curriculum and a shift to outcomes-based learning and a pedagogy of measurement. As such, the latter represented a paradigm shift in the aim and intent of elementary schooling, teaching and learning.

In a paired-course project, students from psychology and special education collaborated to assess skills of children with intellectual disabilities. In this mixed-methods study, the researchers (1) administered measures of student engagement and career decision making to students pre- and post-project and (2) coded student journals for engagement and perceptions. Results included positive effects on teacher-student and peer relationships, as well as positive perceptions of the learning community. The authors offer recommendations for how the project could be expanded to teach students multi-disciplinary skills relevant to their future occupations.

This critical paper posits that an ongoing reconceptualising of educational aims and values is necessary and desirable, especially so given the multiple complexities of current times and the associated need to reappraise the overarching pedagogical principles that inform contemporary education. We propose that phenomenology can yield incisive insights that can inform and shape students' holistic learning experiences. We focus specifically on the contribution of Merleau-Ponty, as his work concentrates on an intersubjective interpretation of experience which constructively draws on a mix of self and shared, and cultural and environmental occurrences children share. We analyse the seldom explored content of Merleau-Ponty's Sorbonne Lectures on Child Psychology and Pedagogy and discuss these in relation to embodiment and intersubjectivity; matters which we see as pivotal to the realisation of a more rounded and nuanced education of the mind and body. We then conduct a review of methodological and pedagogical insights which highlight how embodied and intersubjective aspirations could be taken forward in contemporary school education. We argue that if effective, more eventful and at times optimistic pedagogical episodes could support whole school attempts to recover and construct new and enlivening educational opportunities.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and related approaches are receiving increasing focus from education policy makers and educational psychologists. However, the extent to which ACEs research and theory can be used to inform practice continues to be a topic for debate. The present paper explores the development of ACE-informed practice within two UK local authority educational psychology services, through use of focus groups and interviews with educational psychologists. Rationale, facilitators and barriers to the development of current ACE-informed practice are reported. Implications for educational psychology practice, including consideration of risk and reliance factors, the importance of consistent implementation of approaches, and future research are also considered.

This article discusses the conceptualisation of "enuresis nocturna" by Dutch experts between "c."1950 and 1990, years in which across the West new child sciences rapidly developed. Today, bedwetting is conceived as a mental illness caused by a mixture of nature- and nurture-bound factors. Have organic and environmental causes always figured as twins, even in the post-war decades of predominant environmentalism in psychological theory and clinical practice? Or is only the more recent biological turn in psychiatry responsible for a revaluation of organicism in expert discourses on the aetiology and treatment of childhood mental illnesses such as "enuresis nocturna?" Using Ian Hacking's dynamic nominalism as interpretive framework, the article shows that, in the Dutch case, environmental factors continued to be referred to after the biologising of children's mental problems, alongside an increasingly important role for brain-related, physiological and genetic causes of "enuresis nocturna."

B. F. Skinner is the most eminent psychologist of the twentieth century, and it is no exaggeration to say that his discovery of operant learning (conditioning) has influenced the broader field of psychology, as well as other disciplines, including education, neuroscience, and philosophy. Skinner's discovery and elucidation of operant learning has also had an immeasurable impact on our understanding of behavioural changes in infancy and childhood and on the treatment of behavioural disorders in children. In this article, I present the case that Skinner's discoveries and inventions have not only contributed to a scientific understanding of typical child development, but have also led to significant advances in the education, treatment, and care of children. In that regard, it could be argued that Skinner was an early childhood pioneer.

One of the critical challenges that faces societies today is how to educate children and young people to cope with the ever demanding contexts in which they live. This education must include the relationships and support that facilitate socio-emotional development. This writing explores the work of Pestalozzi, a pioneering pedagogue, who, over two hundred years ago, challenged the existing notions of schooling and educational practices. Basing his work on pedagogies of love and care, he instinctively knew and was committed to educational practices which have influenced many who came after him and have since been validated by neuroscience and research into child development and psychology. Pestalozzi's work remains an exemplary, reminder of what is important in education for the holistic development and growth of children and young people as neoliberal agenda increasingly dominates educational systems prioritizing 'head' over 'heart' and 'hand' and eliminating the moral purpose of educating for democracy.

Children and families from a refugee background seem to escape the technical view usually adopted by educational and health practitioners, which is based on a mixture of diagnostic tests and special needs policies. This approach struggles to cope with the multiple needs -- in terms of health, culture, language, and learning -- involved in taking care of refugee children. Even though services multiply their efforts to ensure consultation and support, experiences of frustration and inadequacy about reciprocal relationships are common among practitioners and refugee families. Through an action research study in two educational and health services from northern Italy, we aimed to understand how schools and child psychology services can increase effectiveness and quality of programs addressed to refugee children and families. Investigation shows that in managing cases practitioners adopt an implicit 'vulnerability paradigm' that reinforce institutional control instead of empowering children and families. Nevertheless, we also found examples of alternative narratives and good practices emerging from practitioners who developed inter-professional and multi-agency cooperation. Results suggest that such practices would help services review their current approach by (1) developing a holistic perspective of the needs of refugee children and (2) fostering multi-agency work by disseminating inter-professional collaboration.

The world of a child as a topic gave birth to a number of Mussorgsky's decisions concerning figurative modes, music style systems, principles of composition and music poetics. The master captured the microcosm of passions, that originally inhabit the soul of a child, and his works presented an embodiment of the deep, ontological nature of any human personality with its typical mixture of good and evil. In his musical works about children the composer also showed us some fundamental laws of psychology: some child entertainments, that are not quite harmless, conceal future repulsive character traits of an adult; and evident aggressiveness of a person is often a result of a former child having been unjustly insulted. All this makes it possible for us to speak of Mussorgsky as a composer and a child psychologist. [Note: The citation provided on this PDF (volume 10, number 4) is incorrect. The correct citation is volume 11, number 10.]

Memoirs and autobiographies can be rich sources of real-world information for students in psychology classes. These resources have been used in adult-oriented abnormal psychology classes, but have yet to be explored for use in courses on abnormal child psychology. This manuscript reviews the use of memoirs and autobiographies in adult-oriented abnormal psychology classes and then explores the use of memoirs and autobiographies in abnormal child psychology classes. In the Appendix, lists of memoirs and autobiographies are provided that instructors can use as a resource in the selection of books for abnormal child psychology classes. Data are analyzed regarding undergraduate students' opinions about the use of memoirs in an abnormal child psychology class and an investigation of learning outcomes for classes with and without assigned memoirs is provided. Overall, the use of memoirs and autobiographies appears to be a promising way of enhancing the teaching of abnormal child psychology.

We take a look back to 1995 when Conoley and Gutkin shared their vision for an adult-focused practice of school psychology with a primary focus on developing health-promoting systems for schoolage children. We then look to the present to what has happened and not happened to substantiate their vision. We found very encouraging developments and continuing challenges in the research targets and practice roles of school psychologists. There is no shortage of evidence-based strategies to improve the school experience of all children. The opportunities offered by, for example, the Multi-Tiered Systems of Support paradigm are promising, but it is unclear whether school psychologists are assuming leadership roles in this work. Furthermore, incorporating postdoctoral specialties is a promising role expansion for school psychologists, but most of the specialties keep the psychologists' focus on individual child assessment and treatment. School psychology is a very large professional tent with room for many approaches to preventing childhood disorders and promoting behavioral and academic success. Graduate education and current practice seem to reflect the traditional test and place roles for psychologists that Conoley and Gutkin hoped to expand beyond 25 years ago. Research efforts and national organization supports are hopeful, however, for a reimagined practice of psychology that makes use of the powerful ecosystems that affect children's well-being. Much work is yet to be done.

Preschool children from Israeli, Jewish-Orthodox families with an average of four children per family drew their families. Three aspects of gender differentiation in children's drawings were assessed in relation to children's gender and number of siblings: size of figures, colour use, and inclusion of gender-associated characteristics. Size of drawings reflected gender differentiation, with fathers being drawn larger than mothers. Boys, and children with more siblings, drew both their mothers and their fathers larger. Colour use did not differ by children's gender or number of siblings. Girls evidenced greater gender differentiation in their drawings, including more gender-associated characteristics than boys, both in their drawings of children, and in their drawings of adults. Finally, children who showed no differentiation between parents in terms of gender-associated characteristics drew both mothers and fathers smaller than children who showed such gender differentiation, and boys who did not use a variety of colours in their drawings drew their fathers larger than their mothers, whereas those who used a variety of colours, drew their parents the same size, indicating that the measures of gender differentiation are related. The results were discussed in terms of children's emerging gender differentiation of self and others in large families.

The historiography of child guidance has focused primarily on the United States, where it first developed before travelling across the English-speaking world. The rapid expansion of child guidance in the interwar years was enabled by private philanthropy, which provided fellowships to foreign professionals to study in the United States. This article focuses upon the transnational transfer of child guidance, the dynamic psychology on which it was based, and the accompanying psychopathologisation of child-rearing culture to a non-English speaking country, the Netherlands. First, it discusses the development of child guidance and the reception of dynamic psychology in the United States and Britain. Next, it analyses the transfer to the Netherlands. It turns out that the Dutch did not copy the American model, but adapted it to fit their conditions and created a more diverse child guidance landscape, in which educational psychology played a less important role than child psychiatry.

The authors argue that childhood played a special role in the cultural-historical theory of human culture and biosocial development made famous by Soviet psychologist Lev S. Vygotsky and his circle. Th?ey discuss how this school of thought has, in turn, influenced contemporary play studies. Vygotsky used early childhood to test and refi?ne his basic principles. He considered the make-believe play of pre-schoolers and kindergartners the means by which they overcame the impulsiveness of toddlers to develop the intentional behavior essential to higher mental functions. ?e authors explore the theory of play developed by Vygotsky's colleague Daniel Elkonin based on these basic principlies, as well as the implications for play in the work of such Vygotskians as Alexei Leontiv, Alexander Luria, and others, and how their work has been extended by more recent research. ?e authors also discuss the role of play in creating the Vygotsky school's "zone of proximal development." Like these researchers, old and new, the authors point to the need to teach young children how to play, but they caution teachers to allow play to remain a childhood activity instead of making it a lesson plan.

In the summer of 1899, [John] Dewey gave two series of talks at Honolulu High School on Tuesday and Friday evenings from 8:00 to 10:00. The first set of five lectures was entitled "The Life of the Child;" the second set, "Movements in Nineteenth Century Thought." The first talk of the lecture series was delivered on the evening of Tuesday, August 15, 1899, in front of a large audience. Dewey's topic for the first lecture was "A Study of the Child." The "Honolulu Star" (August 16, p. 8) noted that "nearly all the teachers of the summer school were in attendance." Unfortunately, neither a synopsis nor a summary of the first talk was published, though all the later talks, in both series, were reported in full by the "Pacific Commercial Advertiser." Due to insufficient space in this issue of the journal, we are unable to include summaries and synopses of the second set of lectures. However, we are including all the available material for the first series, as these represent Dewey's ideas on education. The more academic, general interest topics of the second set of lectures are available via the Library of Congress website, Chronicling America.

Children's early social experiences shape their developing neurological and biological systems for good or for ill, writes Ross Thompson, and the kinds of stressful experiences that are endemic to families living in poverty can alter children's neurobiology in ways that undermine their health, their social competence, and their ability to succeed in school and in life. For example, when children are born into a world where resources are scarce and violence is a constant possibility, neurobiological changes may make them wary and vigilant, and they are likely to have a hard time controlling their emotions, focusing on tasks, and forming healthy relationships. Unfortunately, these adaptive responses to chronic stress serve them poorly in situations, such as school and work, where they must concentrate and cooperate to do well. But thanks to the plasticity of the developing brain and other biological systems, the neurobiological response to chronic stress can be buffered and even reversed, Thompson writes, especially when we intervene early in children's lives. In particular, warm and nurturing relationships between children and adults can serve as a powerful bulwark against the neurobiological changes that accompany stress, and interventions that help build such relationships have shown particular promise. These programs have targeted biological parents, of course, but also foster parents, teachers and other caregivers, and more distant relatives, such as grandparents. For this reason, Thompson suggests that the concept of two-generation programs may need to be expanded, and that we should consider a "multigenerational" approach to helping children living in poverty cope and thrive in the face of chronic stress.

In this article, the authors' intent is to focus in on one elementary teacher education program and, specifically, on the ways in which that program has grappled with and continues to grapple with the questions of whether and how teacher education works relative to the claim that this is a program committed to social justice and designed to "prepare ethical, reflective, collaborative, visionary teacher-leaders" for urban schools. The master's program is designed to prepare teacher-leaders for urban education with emphasis on urban issues in education that might be summarized by its focus on two themes: (1) social justice and the question of what a just system of schools should look like and (2) issues of poverty, racism, and immigration that have played a role in shaping schools in large, post-industrial cities.

Writing has long been recognized as both an outcome and method of successful pedagogy in psychology. Accordingly, there are a number of methods that successful instructors have employed to teach psychology students how to write. One such method is to facilitate students' reviewing each other's written work (i.e., to engage in peer review), although the research on this as an efficacious classroom intervention has thus far been limited. In this study we examine the benefits of implementing student reviews of peers' written work in a senior-level undergraduate psychology course (N = 59). Results suggest that the more critical students were of their peers' writing, the higher their grades were on their own writing, an effect that persisted when controlling for grades on previous written assignments and the effect of feedback received from peers on their written work. These findings extend previous research on the effect of student peer reviewing and highlight the utility of implementing peer review in the psychology classroom.

The purpose of the current study was to analyse the pre service teachers training programs for the distance learners of Allama Iqbal Open University (AIOU) Islamabad, Pakistan. This kind of training is provided to the future teachers enrolled to acquire pre service training to become a teacher in a Government educational institution in Pakistan. The data was collected by administering a 45 items agree disagree four points Likert type scale to the subjects mainly through the scheduled meetings during the workshops. The independent sample t-test, and one way ANOVA along with mean difference was worked out for the data set. A group of 490 student teachers were randomly selected from the regions of Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar, Rahimyarkhan, Multan, and D.G.Khan Districts (Southern Punjab). The planning for training is made timely but lacking physical facilities remains dominant in trainings. Although training plays an important role in students learning yet it is considered just a routine activity which made it a useless exercise. Similarly, findings reveal that co-curricular activities and child psychology are those aspects which ignored in the training. Future studies may be aimed at comparing the training system of teachers with teacher training through other channels of formal system of governments.

In this work, a new method of teaching psychology based on the union of scientific, artistic, and information-technological knowledge is presented. The author teaches Cognitive Development in Early Childhood analyzing Anton Chekhov's short story "Grisha" and uses both traditional and computerized instructional methodology. In the authors' two stages of the study: (1) all the psychological phenomena embodied in Chekov's story were identified; and (2) the effectiveness of traditional and computerized instructional methodologies in students' analysis of the story was compared. According to the results, the story truly embodied some fundamental features of early childhood development. When analyzing the story, online students were more successful: They comprehended new psychological ideas faster and their new skills, developed in the course of solving the task, were more stable. The author concludes that: (1) incorporating literature into psychology courses enhances the students' comprehension of complicated psychological concepts, ideas, and theories; and (2) computerized instructional methodology has a potential for being more efficient than its traditional prototype, because it creates better conditions for development of people's ability for an independent intellectual work as well as goal-oriented and logical thinking. (Contains 1 table and 2 figures.)

Children Life Styles Inventory was developed by Stiles & Wilborn and in this study, Psychometric features of the inventory in Turkey is researched. At the end of the study, it was found that correlation coefficient among original and applied form points was 0.87 for linguistic equivalence. Structural and consistence validity of Turkish form were analyzed. At the end of explanatory factor analysis, it was found that Children Life Style Inventory has 6 factors like in its original form and items in sub-factors coincided with the items in original inventory. On the other hand, for consistence study of Children Life Styles Inventory, original scale was taken into consideration. Scale's data in terms of Turkish reliability and validity were also positive. At the end of DFA, it was found that ?[superscript 2] (938.94) sd (290) (?[superscript 2]/sd= 3.23), RMSEA (0.07) RMR (0.08) SRMR (0.07) GFI (0.95) AGFI (0.93) CFI (96).

It is sad to know that many of the child negligence and child abuse cases, which are being frequently encountered in the society today, still remains unknown. This perhaps is due to lack of information on the part of the administrators, school counselors and other related bodies in the management of such cases. In this study, 50 school counselors shared their knowledge about features, determinants and intervention on child abuse and neglect. Counselors are key factors in the determination of child negligence and abuse cases. They usually have child psychology knowledge, and are regarded as specialist of such cases. Method: In this study, a qualitative research was carried out and interviewed with 50 school counselors working in Sinop. 350 minutes interview recorded and 60 pages and 26100 words transcribed in the interview recorded. Analysis: Data collected via semi constructed interviews have been subjected to descriptive and content analyses. Three questions asked to participant counselors. Findings: In this study, the counselors have been able to differentiate features and determination of negligence and abuse cases. However, it has been determined that the counselors' information on intervention is limited. Conclusion: Although counselors have enough information on features and determination of neglected and abused child they think that their knowledge is insufficient. It is apparent that counselors have lack of information on how they intervene to negligence and abuse cases. Counselors should participate in conferences, seminars, symposiums or any information sharing process on child negligence and abuse. Faculties that have counseling and guidance program should open courses as elective or obligatory about negligence and abuse. (Contains 5 tables.)

We argue that the "community of inquiry" approach, using reading materials modelled on Lipman's Philosophy for Children programme, is a theoretically justified and teacher-friendly means of promoting effective thinking skills. The stimulus materials, used by the pre-service teachers, consist of short stories of classroom life designed to elicit children's ideas for further discussion as a community of inquiry. Research has shown that the community of inquiry-approach to classroom discussion is perceived positively by educators and teachers and makes a difference to learners. This study explored how the Intermediate and Senior Phase pre-service teachers experienced a classroom community of inquiry by using a qualitative research design with 47 final year pre-service teachers. Data consisted of written reflections from the whole class and recordings of two focus group interviews with selected individuals from the group. From the analysis of the data, the following themes became evident: personal and professional development, changes in learners, contextual concerns, and curriculum links. We conclude that this approach is a valuable addition to the pedagogical strategies of pre-service teachers.

Building on Ndofirepi's plea for an approach to teaching philosophy to high-school learners in Africa that is a hybrid of western and African thought, I argue that a critical touchstone is needed if the traditional wisdom is to be sifted, and that this can be found in the idea of the questioning and responsible subject. Traditional proverbs and myths, whether African or not, reveal a growing sense of responsibility but philosophy, I argue, can contribute the principle of non-contradiction and the foundational norm of responsibility. The principle and the norm can be found to be at the heart of the modern scientific enterprise and can in principle ground a dialogue between African traditional and modern European value-systems.

Problem Statement: Training qualified teachers is possible through pre-service and in-service training programs. The in-service training of teachers in Turkey is primarily planned and delivered by the Directorate of In-Service Office at the Ministry of National Education (MoNE). In addition to this, some Non Governmental Organizations (NGO) collaborate with MoNE taking the initiatives to enhance the quality of education in Turkey. One such initiative is the project "No Limit to Teach(er)", which is run by the Teachers Academy Foundation. The objective of this project is to deliver in-service training to 100,000 teachers by the end of 2014, focusing on teachers' communication skills, classroom management, and measurement and evaluation. By the end of 2011, a total of 48,250 teachers from almost every city in Turkey were given this training. Purpose of Study: The purpose of this study was to define teachers' justified expectations of these in-service training programs and to understand how these expectations developed based on their evaluations about the programs. It was also aimed to find out what other in-service training programs they need with reasons. Methods: This study was conducted using qualitative methods. The results were obtained by qualitative analysis of the data obtained. To this end, 65 teachers randomly selected from different cities in Turkey were administrated a semi-structured questionnaire form with open ended questions. Teachers written evaluations about the in-service training program were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Findings and Results: The results showed that the teachers place special emphasis on the content and methodology of the training programs, and the expertise and positive attitudes of the trainers, and that they set these criteria as expectations. Among the subjects teachers recommended for other in-service training were--in the order of consistency--class management, communication skills, special education, learning games and drama, child psychology, parents' training, design and application of teaching materials, training school administrators, instructional methods and techniques, and some personal development issues. Conclusions and Recommendations: Based on teachers' views, it was concluded that the in-service training is more effective when active participation of participants is ensured and when an exciting positive learning environment is created. Based on these results, it can be suggested that specialized and enthusiastic trainers should be entrusted to create a learning environment where there is a moderate amount of sense of humor and active participation.

Children's movies bear so many significant features that it should be studied from many aspects. In fact, one of the issues very often encountered in researches and analyses done so far, is the element of terror exposed in children's movies. Nevertheless, first how the basic feelings such as fear and anxiety are produced and formed in children's movies should be discussed so that the concept of terror can be fully perceived and evaluated. In this context, the production and formation of terror and anxiety in children's movies cause much more serious, shocking and permanent influences than terror from the aspect of the psychology and education of children. As a matter of fact, the feelings of fear and anxiety are not only the psychical influences caused by the applied violence but also an essential reference nourished and expressed. In this respect, the issue how the feelings of fear and anxiety are produced should be carefully analyzed and evaluated so that the scenes of violence in children's movies can be elaborated upon in depth. For this reason, in this study the concepts of fear and anxiety are defined and again the historical traces of current culture of horror in movies are pursued, first to prepare the platform for discussion. Moreover, the research includes the study of a children's film, Harry Potter, which was chosen as an example in light of the conceptual definitions mentioned here, whereby the techniques of expression used in the production and formation of the feelings of fear and anxiety are revealed and expatiated upon. In the last section of the research, we present suggestions on forming and sharing the conscience of responsibility as well as on the realization of possible measures required for the protection of children against the potential dangers pointed at in the field of movies and media. (Contains 1 footnote.)

This article begins by revisiting an old dispute between the children's writer Chukovsky and the child psychologist Vygotsky on whether and how child literature should mediate development. It then considers child language language lessons in South Korea for clues about how such mediation might happen, and finds the development of rote language, the creation of concrete roles, and the formulation of abstract rules. The real aim of child literature in the classroom is not story sharing per se, but rather sharing-for-development, specifically development away from other-regulation and towards self-regulation, particularly emotional self-regulation, through role play and rule play. Chukovsky's work, rich in sonorous rhyming language suited to rote learning, is a good example of children's literature, but not a good example of child literature serving the emotional self-regulation of older children through the formation of roles and rules. Child literature is that which can be mastered by children as producers rather than passive consumers.

Research on learning has shown the importance of the learner's possibilities to discern what differs as well as what is similar when meeting new phenomena. But how does this kind of understanding develop when young children try to understand their environment in natural settings? The results of Tolchinsky's research (2003) about young children's understanding of numbers and letters before being taught are considered in this study. Tolchinsky's results showed that children can separate cards that can be read from those which can not be read. Even more, the results showed that children did not separate cards with numbers in the same way. In this study the point of departure is variation theory, and Tolchinsky's results are seen through the perspective of what children do discern, what they discern simultaneously and what kind of variation they seem to need to discern. The aim of this study is to describe in what ways pre-school children seem to discern letters and numbers, what kind of similarities they discern among these phenomena and what kind of variations of the targeted phenomena they are aware of. Three children, aged 4, 5 and 6, have been interviewed when sorting cards with letters/words and numbers. The cards offered have been prepared to include some similarities and some differences, which enable the child to sort in many different ways. As Tolchinsky has found, the children rejected the card that only included letters that could not form a word; they could differentiate cards with numbers from those with letters/words, and no cards including numbers were rejected. In this study we also found how children used chain-complex when talking about the relations between the cards in terms of similarities and differences. Symbols such as the decimal point and minus sign were not commented on at all by the children and had no influence on their sorting. (Contains 4 figures.)

One of the deficits observed in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is impaired imaginative play. One form of imaginative play common in many typically developing (TD) children is having an imaginary companion (IC). The occurrence of ICs has not been investigated extensively in children with ASD. We examined differences in parent report of IC between TD and ASD populations in 215 (111 with ASD) gender-matched children aged between 2 and 8 years. Findings indicate that significantly fewer children with ASD created ICs, although there were many between-group similarities in IC forms and functions. Results are discussed in terms of qualitative differences in play, social attributions, and how children with ASD conceptualize their ICs' minds.

The primary goal of this paper is to describe an innovative active learning experience (i.e., class trip to a children's museum) aimed at expanding child psychology students' knowledge of the developmental benefits of play. A secondary goal is to present preliminary data about the impact of this experience on students' learning by examining scores of a pre/post knowledge assessment for students who went to the museum (N = 30; 27 female) and a comparison group who did not (N = 31; 29 female). Students who visited the museum demonstrated significantly greater improvement on the knowledge assessment relative to the comparison group. In response to an open-ended question, trip group students indicated that the museum experience helped them to better understand the role of play in children's development and ways in which play behavior varies by age. Limitations of the empirical results related to the sample characteristics, scope of the knowledge assessment, and the nature of the museum trip are highlighted, along with a call for more rigorous future research on this topic.

School psychologists spend a great deal of time translating assessment results into a psychoeducational report. The importance of creating reports that are both useful and understandable to the readers of the report while also being efficient for the school psychologist cannot be overstated. This study examines parent and teacher perceptions regarding the quality, understandability, and usefulness of school-based psychological reports. Results of the surveys indicate that both parents and teachers perceive psychological reports as focusing more on tests and test scores as opposed to information that helps to understand the child or assists with intervention development. Strategies for upgrading reports to better meet the needs of parent and teacher readers are discussed.

By the late 1960s the balance between child guidance and educational psychology was beginning to change. The Child Guidance Clinic had changed to Child Guidance Centre, and although much of the work was still clinic based, the time spent by psychologists visiting schools had changed little from the 1950s -- on average one day a week. However, pressures were increasing for a more school focused service. The Summerfield Report on the role of Educational Psychology was published in 1968. The profile of educational psychology was developing, and with the retirement in 1970 of Noel Whilde, the Principal Psychologist and head of the Child Guidance Service since 1940, the stage was set for major changes. Judy Bennison, who joined the service in 1967, and Kathleen Cox who joined in 1969 bridged the period of rapid change when David Loxley arrived as the new Principal Educational Psychologist in 1970. He had been appointed by the Chief Education Officer, Michael Harrison, to develop a broadly based Psychological Service, applying psychology not just to schools, but to the whole education department. This was a time of major upheavals in Sheffield schools as Sheffield became one of the first LEAs in the country to complete the move to a comprehensive secondary sector. First, Judy Bennison recalls her time in Newbould Lane, and the pervasive influence of Jungian psychology with its emphasis on the spiritual rather than the material, with a disinterest in the immediate environment in terms of comfort and aesthetics. The goal of Jungian analysis was to reconcile personal experiences with the collective unconscious to attain wisdom.