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Abstract Previous studies have shown that podocyte injury is involved in the development of proteinuria in rats under hypobaric hypoxia conditions. Prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (PHIs) may reduce proteinuria. This study aimed to further investigate whether the protective effects of hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) on podocyte injury induced by hypobaric hypoxia are related to Krüppel‐like factor 4 (KLF4). Rats were housed in a low‐pressure oxygen chamber to simulate a high‐altitude environment (5000 m), and a PHI was intraperitoneally injected. Urinary protein electrophoresis was performed and the morphology of the podocytes was observed by electron microscopy. Rat podocytes were cultured under 1% O2, and siRNA was used to interfere with KLF4 expression. The protein expression levels of HIF1α, KLF4, CD2‐associated protein (CD2AP) and nephrin were determined by western blotting. Compared with those in the experimental group, the rats in the intervention group on day 14 had lower urinary protein levels, increased protein expression levels of CD2AP and nephrin, and reduced podocyte injury. The results of in vitro experiments showed that the protein expression levels of KLF4, CD2AP and nephrin were greater in the PHI intervention group and lower in the HIF1α inhibitors group than in the low‐oxygen group. The protein expression of CD2AP and nephrin in the siKLF4‐transfected podocytes treated with PHI and HIF1α inhibitors did not differ significantly from that in the low‐oxygen group. HIF1α may be involved in reducing progressive high‐altitude proteinuria by regulating KLF4 expression and contributing to the repair of podocyte injury induced by hypobaric hypoxia.

Pulse detonation cleaning technology is an efficient cleaning technology that is used inert shock waves generated by decoupling the detonation to remove ash and deposits. And it has great advantages in the field of furnace cleaning. In order to investigate the pressure distribution characteristics outside the detonation cleaning device and to explore the effect of the device outlet diameter on the pressure distribution characteristics, numerical simulations and experimental studies of pulse detonation cleaning device with using propane-air as the fuel has been carried out. The numerical simulation and experimental study on pulse detonation cleaning device by using propane-air as the fuel has been carried out. The results show that: as the propagation distance increases, there is a trend for the out-field arc shaped shock wave to transform into plane wave, and the applied pressure tends to be similar from the axis outward, and the time it acts on the ash accumulation surface also tends to be similar. When the external shock wave acts on the ash accumulation surface of the non-convective tube bundle, except for the positive reflection at the axial opposite position, which generates one pressure peak, the other positions mainly generate two pressure peaks due to oblique reflection. The ratio (diameter ratio) between the diameter of the tail outlet and the diameter of the detonation chamber is 1, the pressure peak of inert shock wave in the out-field is the largest. Increasing or decreasing the out diameter of the tail will weaken the action of the inert shock to different degrees. For diameter ratio smaller than 1, the pressure peak of the inert shock increases with increasing diameter ratio, while for diameter ratios larger than 1, decreases with increasing diameter ratio.

Boiler soot blower can effectively realize the removal of the accumulated ash inside the boiler, improve the operating efficiency of the boiler, which is of great significance to the safe operation of the boilerSPG-type surge soot blower is a new type of high-performance soot blower with a closed-port system which is developed on the basis of the traditional surge soot blowers.The use of numerical methods to validate the feasibility and analyze the working characteristics of this device can provide a reference for the practical application and improvement. Based on CFD technology, the SPG-type surge soot blower is taken as the research object, and the real movement process of the piston inside the device is simulated using dynamic mesh technology, and the dynamic process of continuous change of the flow field inside the SPG-type surge soot blower is simulated and calculated using Fluent software, and the structural parameters of the nozzle, the combustion chamber, and the pressure accumulator are adjusted, so as to obtain the influence law of changes in structural parameters of each component on the exhaust characteristics by monitoring at the outlet. By adjusting the structural parameters of the nozzle, combustion chamber and pressure accumulator, the structural parameters of each component are monitored at the outlet to obtain the influence law of the change on the exhaust characteristics and the working characteristics. The results show that: when the nozzle L/D ratio is increased from 2 to 4, the peak value of the outlet parameter shows a hysteresis phenomenon, but the peak value of the pressure and the peak value of the velocity get a significant increase, and the expansion loss can be reduced by changing the expansion section of the nozzle to a straight one, so it is a better solution to increase the nozzle L/D ratio appropriately and connect the straight pipe directly; the shortening of the spacing between radial and axial wall surfaces of the combustion chamber can increase the peak value of the outlet pressure, but the increase of the peak value of the pressure can be greater by shortening the axial distance. The increase in peak pressure is greater; in the pressure accumulator, removing the damping device increases the pressure less, and cannot slow down the piston reset, so that the discharge gas is reduced, and after removing the restrictor, the nozzle outlet pressure is greatly increased, but its peak duration becomes shorter.

Objective To summarize the research trends and hotspots of patient reported outcome measurement information system (PROMIS). Methods China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and PubMed databases were systematically searched, Bicomb 2.0 software was used for data sorting and cleaning, keywords were extracted, word frequency analysis was performed on high-frequency fields, and co-word matrix was constructed. SPSS 24.0 was used for co-word clustering analysis to summarize and explore research trends and hotspots. Results The hot topic clusters of the PROMIS were patient reported outcome measures, quality of life, symptoms and psychological variables assessment. Conclusion PROMIS has become a hot issue in the field of patient health level and care quality. Future studies tend to use consensus-based health measurement tools to conduct the measurement test of PROMIS, build a systematic clinical interpretation system, and then promote its transformation and application in clinical practice.

To investigate Gyrodactylus infection of fish in the river system of Xinjiang (China), Gyrodactylus individuals were isolated from specimens of Diptychus maculatus. Morphological characterization and phylogenetic analysis based on ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA locus revealed that the gyrodactylids belong to new species. Gyrodactylus diptychi n. sp. differs significantly in the morphology of the haptoral structures from 12 known species of Gyrodactylus found in fishes of the subfamily Schizothoracinae. In particular, G. diptychi n. sp. has a relatively short dorsal bar with thick and large ends, flat and straight hamuli roots, and small ventral bar processes. Furthermore, G. diptychi n. sp. is the only representative of Gyrodactylus found on D. maculatus. Using the BLASTn search of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA sequences in GenBank and the Bayesian Information and Maximum Likelihood methods, we constructed phylogenetic trees for G. diptychi n. sp. As a result, our studies clearly identified that G. diptychi n. sp. was the first Gyrodactylus monogenean isolated from D. maculatus and a new species belonged to the subgenus Limnonephrotus.

Yili River system hosts a diverse fauna of fishes and parasites. Gymnodiptychus dybowskii is a rare and endangered aboriginal cold-water fish inhabit in the Yili river system. Our research identified a new species Gyrodactylus gymnodiptychi n. sp. isolated from G. dybowskii in the Kunes River (Yili River, China). Morphological comparison revealed identifiable differences between the new species and other parasites, including Gyrodactylus aksuensis, and Gyrodactylus tokobaevi, which are two known parasites living in G. dybowskii inhabit in the Aksu River west of Frunze (Kyrgyzstan), as well as Gyrodactylus montanus living in Shizothorax intermedius inhabited in the Tadzhikistan or Uzbekistan. Especially, the dorsal bar of G. gymnodiptychi n. sp. was raised at both ends with a hollow, and its hamulus roots were curved inward. The BLASTN search of GenBank did not detect any other ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA sequences same as G. gymnodiptychi's. Using the Bayesian Information and Maximum Likelihood methods to analyze the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA gene sequences, we constructed phylogenetic trees for G. gymnodiptychi n. sp. Accordingly, our morphological and molecular research indicated that G. gymnodiptychi n. sp. was not only a new species of parasites but also the first Gyrodactylus member identified in the Yili River in China.

In recent years, with the development of network computer science and the increasing maturity of artificial intelligence technology, data fusion technology has been applied more and more widely. In order to respond to real-life needs and prevent and resolve risks, it helps to further broaden the research path of network governance. This paper focuses on network governance in the era of Internet big data, and uses an algorithm based on data fusion technology to calculate the judgment data, calculation formula and posterior estimates by computing the feature vector X and the measurement value I. After finding the maximum posterior estimate, the probability of evidence under the hypothesis is calculated using the subjective probability as the prior probability of the hypothesis. A multi-degree-of-freedom model is established for simulation research, so as to build a diversified, collaborative and intelligent innovative network social governance system across regional cooperation. The experiment proves that when the threshold value c = 0.4, the performance and efficiency are the best, and it is more able to enhance the leading position of the mainstream value and the assessment mechanism of the relevant departments, which can accelerate the guarantee of the implementation of the network ecological governance system on the ground.

Abstract Background Unresolved taxonomic classification and paraphyly pervade the flatworm class Monogenea: the class itself may be paraphyletic and split into Polyopisthocotylea and Monopisthocotylea; there are some indications that the monopisthocotylean order Dactylogyridea may also be paraphyletic; single-gene markers and some morphological traits indicate that the family Ancyrocephalidae is paraphyletic and intertwined with the family Dactylogyridae. Methods To attempt to study the relationships of Ancyrocephalidae and Monopisthocotylea using a phylogenetic marker with high resolution, we sequenced mitochondrial genomes of two fish ectoparasites from the family Dactylogyridae: Dactylogyrus simplex and Dactylogyrus tuba. We conducted phylogenetic analyses using three datasets and three methods. Datasets were ITS1 (nuclear) and nucleotide and amino acid sequences of almost complete mitogenomes of almost all available Monopisthocotylea mitogenomes. Methods were maximum likelihood (IQ-TREE), Bayesian inference (MrBayes) and CAT-GTR (PhyloBayes). Results Both mitogenomes exhibited the ancestral gene order for Neodermata, and both were compact, with few and small intergenic regions and many and large overlaps. Gene sequences were remarkably divergent for nominally congeneric species, with only trnI exhibiting an identity value > 80%. Both mitogenomes had exceptionally low A + T base content and AT skews. We found evidence of pervasive compositional heterogeneity in the dataset and indications that base composition biases cause phylogenetic artefacts. All six mitogenomic analyses produced unique topologies, but all nine analyses produced topologies that rendered Ancyrocephalidae deeply paraphyletic. Mitogenomic data consistently resolved the order Capsalidea as nested within the Dactylogyridea. Conclusions The analyses indicate that taxonomic revisions are needed for multiple Polyopisthocotylea lineages, from genera to orders. In combination with previous findings, these results offer conclusive evidence that Ancyrocephalidae is a paraphyletic taxon. The most parsimonious solution to resolve this is to create a catch-all Dactylogyridae sensu lato clade comprising the current Ancyrocephalidae, Ancylodiscoididae, Pseudodactylogyridae and Dactylogyridae families, but the revision needs to be confirmed by another marker with a sufficient resolution. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Background Diplozoidae are monogenean (Monogenea: Polyopisthocotylea) fish parasites characterised by a unique life history: two larvae permanently fuse into an X-shaped “Siamese” organism. Taxonomy and phylogeny of Diplozoidae and Polyopisthocotylea remain unresolved due to the unavailability of molecular markers with sufficiently high resolution. Mitogenomes may be a suitable candidate, but there are currently only 12 available for the Polyopisthocotylea (three for Diplozoidae). The only available study of diplozoid mitogenomes found unique base composition patterns and elevated evolution rates in comparison with other Monogenean mitogenomes. Methods To further explore their evolution and generate molecular data for evolutionary studies, we sequenced the complete mitogenomes of two Diplozoidae species, Paradiplozoon homoion and Paradiplozoon yarkandense, and conducted a number of comparative mitogenomic analyses with other polyopisthocotyleans. Results We found further evidence that mitogenomes of Diplozoidae evolve at a unique, elevated rate, which was reflected in their exceptionally long branches, large sizes, unique base composition, skews, and very low gene sequence similarity levels between the two newly sequenced species. They also exhibited remarkably large overlaps between some genes. Phylogenetic analysis of Polyopisthocotylea resolved all major taxa as monophyletic, and Mazocraeidea was split into two major clades: (Diplozoidae) + (all four remaining families: Diclidophoridae, Chauhaneidae, Mazocraeidae and Microcotylidae). It also provided further confirmation that the genus Paradiplozoon is paraphyletic and requires a taxonomic revision, so the two species may have to be renamed Indodiplozoon homoion and Diplozoon yarkandense comb. nov. Conclusions Although our findings indicate that mitogenomes may be a promising tool for resolving the phylogeny of Polyopisthocotylea, elevated evolutionary rates of Diplozoidae may cause phylogenetic artefacts, so future studies should pay caution to this problem. Furthermore, as the reason for their elevated evolution remains unknown, Diplozoidae are a remarkably interesting lineage for other types of evolutionary mitogenomic studies. Graphical Abstract

Background: The risk of low back pain (LBP) increases steeply during adolescence, and adolescents with LBP are more likely to have low back pain in their adult years. This study aimed to investigate the dose-response relationship between daily screen time and the risk of low back pain among children and adolescents. Methods: PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science were searched to collect relevant studies on daily screen time and the risk of low back pain from the establishment of the database up to December 2022. Two investigators independently screened the literature, extracted data, and evaluated the risk of bias in the included studies. Stata16.0 was used to perform a dose-response meta-analysis and the methodological quality evaluation of the included studies. Results: The results of the meta-analysis showed that there is a positive correlation between daily computer time (OR = 1.32, 1.05–1.60), daily mobile phone time (OR = 1.32, 1.00–1.64), daily TV watching (OR = 1.07, 1.04–1.09) and the risk of low back pain, separately. The dose–response meta-analysis showed that there is a linear relationship between daily computer use and low back pain. The risk of low back pain increased by 8.2% for each 1-hour of daily computer use. Conclusions: Screen time is related to the risk of low back pain, and there is a linear relationship between daily computer use and the risk of low back pain. A number of strategic measures should be taken to prevent adolescents from developing severe low back pain.

Lung cancer is one of the most lethal malignant tumors in the world. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common pathological subtype. However, the molecular mechanism of NSCLC progress is still unclear. We extracted the expression data of the Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) gene in NSCLC tissues from the TCGA database. The results of paired t-test showed that the BTK gene was significantly underexpressed in NSCLC tissues. To further verify the above results, we detected the expression of the BTK gene in NSCLC cell lines A549, H1299, and H1650 at the RNA and protein levels by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western Blot analysis, respectively. The results showed that BTK was low expressed in NSCLC tissues and cells. More importantly, the expression of the BTK gene is also significantly related to the patient’s age, gender, tumor range (T), lymph node invasion (N), tumor stage, and prognosis, and its expression level gradually decreases with the progress of the disease. It is speculated that BTK may be an independent prognostic factor of NSCLC. Our experimental results are consistent with the above clinical correlation analysis results. Overexpression of BTK can significantly inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of NSCLC cells and can block the G0/G1 tumor cell cycle, indicating that overexpression of BTK can inhibit the growth, migration, and invasion of NSCLC cells.

Objective To investigate the effect of exosomes secreted by hypoxia-exposed glioma cells on the migration ability of glioma stem cells in vitro. Methods Exosomes were isolated from glioma cells with hypoxia exposure or in normoxic culture by ultracentrifugation and identified by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and Western blotting. The exosomes were labeled with DIO to allow observation of their intake by glioma stem cells under fluorescent microscope. The glioma stem cells were co-cultured with the exosomes or PBS for 24, 48, or 72 h, and CCK-8 assay and Transwell assay were performed to assess the changes in the proliferation and migration ability of the cells. The changes in the phosphorylation levels of the proteins in the JAK/STAT3 pathway were detected using Western blotting. Results Fluorescence signals were detected in the glioma stem cells co-cultured with the DIO-labeled exosomes. The results of CCK-8 assay showed that the glioma stem cells showed no significant changes in their proliferative activity after co-culture with the exosomes from the glioma cells with or without hypoxic treatment. Co-culture with the exosomes from hypoxia-exposed glioma cells enhanced the migration ability of glioma stem cells, as compared with treatment with PBS or exosomes derived from normally cultured glioma cells (P < 0.05). The exosomes from hypoxia-exposed glioma cells also significantly increased the phosphorylation levels of the proteins in the JAK/STAT3 pathway. Conclusion Co-culture with exosomes from hypoxia-exposed glioma cells can enhance the migration ability of glioma stem cells partly by increasing the phosphorylation levels of the JAK/STAT3 pathway proteins.

In deepwater gas well testing, the high-pressure and low-temperature environment in the wellbore provides conditions for hydrate formation. When the thermodynamic inhibitor is used, it needs a large amount and is difficult to inject. Low-dose hydrate inhibitors such as kinetic inhibitors are rarely used in high supercooling and natural gas–dominated environments. The mixed use of thermodynamic inhibitors and kinetic inhibitors provides a new way. By simulating the wellbore temperature and pressure conditions during the deepwater gas well testing, the inhibiting effect of the mixtures of PVCap and methanol with various concentrations was experimentally tested by using rocking cells with a step-cooling method at 21MPa. The effect of PVCap and its mixture with methanol on hydrate plugging was evaluated by monitoring the movement of slider in the rocking cell. The results showed that 5 wt%, 16 wt%, and 20 wt% methanol mixed with 0.5 wt% PVCap could prolong the induction time, and the higher the methanol concentration, the longer the hydrate induction time. Among them, the best combination of 20wt% methanol and 0.5wt% PVCap can inhibit the hydrate for 379 min. The hydrate was formed but did not block the rocking cell, indicating that the combination of PVCap and methanol could not only prolong the hydrate formation time but also avoid the blockage after hydrate formation. The hydrate formation rate with various inhibitor concentrations was calculated; it may provide some guidance for making a shut-in plan for on-site wells.

Background Lung cancer has the highest morbidity and mortality worldwide, and lung adenocarcinoma (LADC) is the most common pathological subtype. Accumulating evidence suggests the tumor microenvironment (TME) is correlated with the tumor progress and the patient’s outcome. As the major components of TME, the tumor-infiltrated immune cells and stromal cells have attracted more and more attention. In this study, differentially expressed immune and stromal signature genes were used to construct a TME-related prognostic model for predicting the outcomes of LADC patients. Methods The expression profiles of LADC samples with clinical information were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to the TME of LADC were identified using TCGA dataset by Wilcoxon rank sum test. The prognostic effects of TME-related DEGs were analyzed using univariate Cox regression. Then, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was performed to reduce the overfit and the number of genes for further analysis. Next, the prognostic model was constructed by step multivariate Cox regression and risk score of each sample was calculated. Then, survival and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analyses were conducted to validate the model using TCGA and GEO datasets, respectively. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis of gene signature was performed using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). Finally, the overall immune status, tumor purity and the expression profiles of HLA genes of high- and low-risk samples was further analyzed to reveal the potential mechanisms of prognostic effects of the model. Results A total of 93 TME-related DEGs were identified, of which 23 DEGs were up-regulated and 70 DEGs were down-regulated. The univariate cox analysis indicated that 23 DEGs has the prognostic effects, the hazard ratio ranged from 0.65 to 1.25 (p < 0.05). Then, seven genes were screened out from the 23 DEGs by LASSO regression method and were further analyzed by step multivariate Cox regression. Finally, a three-gene (ADAM12, Bruton Tyrosine Kinase (BTK), ERG) signature was constructed, and ADAM12, BTK can be used as independent prognostic factors. The three-gene signature well stratified the LADC patients in both training (TCGA) and testing (GEO) datasets as high-risk and low-risk groups, the 3-year area under curve (AUC) of ROC curves of three GEO sets were 0.718 (GSE3141), 0.646 (GSE30219) and 0.643 (GSE50081). The GSEA analysis indicated that highly expressed ADAM12, BTK, ERG mainly correlated with the activation of pathways involving in focal adhesion, immune regulation. The immune analysis indicated that the low-risk group has more immune activities and higher expression of HLA genes than that of the high-risk group. In sum, we identified and constructed a three TME-related DEGs signature, which could be used to predict the prognosis of LADC patients.

Generally, increasing the hydrophobicity of filter media leads to enhanced oil removal by filtration. In this study, the hydrophobicity of quartz sand filter media was increased by modifying the particles with titanate and silane coupling agents (DN101 and KH550) by dry processing. The results show that the quartz sand particle surfaces were uniformly covered with the coupling agents after surface modification, and many fine particles were observed. The optimised parameters for the surface modification procedure were a DN101:KH550 ratio of 1:2, total coupling agent amount of 1.0 wt%, reaction temperature of 60 °C and reaction time of 50 min. Under these conditions, the water contact angle on the filter media surface increased from 40.1° to 82.9°, and the effluent oil concentration decreased from 4.74 mg/L for the unmodified filter media to 2.99 mg/L for the modified filter media when the influent oil concentration was 17.3 mg/L. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results show that DN101 and KH550 formed chemical bonds with the quartz sand surface groups, resulting in the formation of a uniform, stable coating on the surface.

In order to treat oil and other pollutants in downstream surface water causing by the construction process of a hydropower project, many methods were used. Besides that, a set of flocculation and precipitation facilities was designed as an emergency device for entire construction site. Good results were achieved in the treatment of construction wastewater, which has obvious economic and environmental benefits and has reference value for similar projects.

Based on the static equilibrium model of mooring system parameters, the multi - objective optimization model is established and the genetic algorithm is introduced as the optimization algorithm, which improves the crossover operator. Taking the example of a single point mooring system, concerned optimization design and calculation has been done. Compared with the general genetic algorithm, the result of this algorithm is superior, significantly improving the stability of the mooring system.