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This conceptual paper using published empirical articles investigated the leadership challenges and roles performed by superintendents in the countries of China and the United States (U.S.). Additionally, a comprehensive search on the educational contexts for both countries was undertaken. The findings assisted in determining similarities and differences in the abovementioned aspects. Findings suggest that superintendents hold ideas and go about their duties significantly shaped by leadership traditions, as well as, social, economic, and cultural contexts. Therefore, in the age of globalization, with the sharing of ideas becoming more prevalent, attention and understanding to the constructive nature of these contexts is needed.

Modern hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.; AABBDD) has evolved from a hybrid of tetraploid wheat (closely related to Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn., AABB) and goatgrass (Aegilops tauschii Coss., DD). Variations in chromosome structure and ploidy have played important roles in wheat evolution. How these variations occur and their role in expanding the genetic diversity of modern wheat remain largely unknown. Synthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW) can be used to investigate chromosome variations that occur during the early generations of existence. SHW lines derived by crossing durum wheat 'Langdon' with 12 Ae. tauschii accessions were analyzed using oligonucleotide probe multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of metaphase chromosomes and SNP markers. Cluster analysis based on SNP markers categorizes them into three groups. Among 702 plants from the [S.sub.8] and [S.sub.9] generations, 415 (59.12%) carried chromosome variations involving all 21 chromosomes, but with different frequencies for each chromosome and sub-genome. Total chromosome variation frequencies varied between lines, but there was no significant difference among the three groups. The non-random chromosome variations in the SHW lines detected in this study may indicate that similar variations occurred in the early stages of wheat polyploidization and played important roles in wheat evolution. Key words: Triticum aestivum, Triticum turgidum, Aegilops tauschii, chromosome evolution, oligonucleotide probe multiplex FISH. Le ble hexaplo'ide moderne (Triticum aestivum L.; AABBDD) a evolue a partir d'un hybride entre un ble tetraplo'ide (tres apparente au Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn., AABB) et l'egilope de Tausch (Aegilops tauschii Coss., DD). Les variations dans la structure des chromosomes et la plo'idie ont joue des roles importants dans revolution du ble. Comment ces variations sont survenues et leur role dans l'expansion de la diversite genetique chez les bles modernes demeure largement inconnu. Des bles hexaplo'ides synthetiques (SHW) peuvent servir a etudier la variation chromosomique qui survient dans les premieres generations suivant leur synthese. Des lignees SHW derivees de croisements entre le ble dur 'Langdon' et douze accessions de l'Ae. tauschii ont ete analysees au moyen de marqueurs SNP et d'hybridations in situ en fluorescence (FISH) realisees en employant un multiplexe de sondes oligonucleotidiques sur des chromosomes en metaphase. Des analyses de groupement fondees sur les marqueurs SNP ont permis de categoriser en trois groupes. Parmi les702plantesissuesdesgenerations[S.sub.8] et [S.sub.9], 415 (59,12 %) presentaient une variation chromosomique et les 21 chromosomes etaient concernes par cette variation, mais les frequences pour chaque chromosome et sousgenome etaient variables. Les frequences totales en matiere de variation chromosomique differaient selon les lignees, mais aucune difference significative entre les trois groupes n'a ete trouvee. Les variations chromosomiques non-aleatoires chez les lignees SHW detectees dans ce travail indiquent possiblement qu'une variation semblable est survenue dans les premiers stades de la polyploidisation chez le ble et aurait joue des roles importants dans revolution du ble. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : Triticum aestivum, Triticum turgidum, Aegilops tauschii, evolution des chromosomes, FISH employant un multiplexe de sondes oligonucleotidiques., Introduction Polyploidization is a frequent evolutionary event in many eukaryotes (Soltis and Kliebenstein 2015; Van de Peer et al. 2017) that facilitates genome evolution through rapid genetic and epigenetic changes [...]

As the most-studied form of leadership across disciplines in both Western and Chinese contexts, transformational school leadership has the potential to suit diverse national and cultural contexts. Given the growing evidence showing the positive effects of transformational leadership on various school outcomes as it relates to school environment, teacher and student achievement, we wanted to explore the factors that gave rise to transformational leadership. The purpose of this study was to identify and compare the antecedents fostering transformational leadership in the contexts of both the United States and China. This paper reviews and discusses the empirical studies of the last two decades, concentrating on the variables that are antecedent to transformational leadership mainly in the educational context, but also in public management, business and psychology. Results show that transformational leadership is related to three sets of antecedents, which include: (1) the leader's qualities (e.g., self-efficacy, values, traits, emotional intelligence); (2) organizational features (e.g., organization fairness); and (3) the leader's colleagues' characteristics (e.g., follower's initial developmental level). Some antecedents were common to both contexts, while other antecedents appeared to be national context specific. The implications of the findings for future research and leader preparation in different national contexts are discussed.

In this paper, a modified theory of critical distance (TCD) method (i.e., Gradient‐TCD method) is proposed, which combines fatigue parameter gradient and the TCD, to estimate fretting fatigue life of dovetail joints. The advantage of Gradient‐TCD method lies in utilizing the gradient parameters to effectively characterize the local effect zone caused by fretting, thereby enabling the determination of a suitable critical distance length independent of material fatigue parameters. The reliability and predictive capability of the method is validated through experimental results. Furthermore, this method demonstrates insensitivity to mesh size, resulting in an 83.6% reduction in computational time while maintaining the predictions within the two‐times scatter band. The novel Gradient‐TCD method may provide an efficient and reliable approach for fretting fatigue life prediction, which holds promise for evaluating complex full‐scale fretting problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate wind speed prediction is of great importance for the operation of wind farms, and extensive efforts have been made to develop effective forecasting methods in this regard. However, the feature selection of data input as well as optimization of deep learning models have received comparatively less attention, leading to unreliable forecasting results. This research proposes a novel hybrid model that integrates data preprocessing, feature selection, and optimized forecasting for improved wind speed prediction. Specifically, a powerful preprocessing technique is utilized to reduce data noise disturbances, while an innovative two‐stage feature selection is designed to achieve the optimal input data format for forecasting purposes. Moreover, a hybrid forecasting module based on long‐short term memory, which is optimized by the Bayesian optimization algorithm, has been developed to enhance the efficiency and reliability of the model. The empirical study used 10‐min interval wind speed data of four seasons for presentation and evaluation results demonstrated its superior performance in effectively learning the volatility and irregularity features of wind speed series, which established a solid foundation for practical applications in wind power systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]