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In 2019, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) reported that 7.1 million households in the United States (5.4%) were unbanked and lacked a checking or savings account). Using three leading household surveys, this paper documents how the interaction between bank access and poverty has evolved over time. We present a historical time series of unbanked rates, showing high‐unbanked rates for those in poverty even with increases in financial access over time. In the 1980s, 49.6% of households in poverty were unbanked while 22.8% were unbanked in 2019. Unbanked rates were even higher for Black and Hispanic households that were in poverty. In the 1980s, these groups had unbanked rates of 73.6% and 66.5% which declined to 38.4% and 31.8% in 2019, respectively. To explain differences in banking rates by race, we use binary Kitagawa‐Oaxaca‐Blinder decompositions. Socio‐demographic characteristics explain less than half the difference in unbanked rates for Blacks and around half for Hispanics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A question of professional and scholarly interest to public administration is: What should state and local governments do with public funds received to produce public goods and services between the point of revenue collection and the time of their spending? Historically, the ethical answer has varied from (a) keep the money in safes and drawers until they are needed; (b) retain the funds in liquid accounts, such as checking accounts or other instruments, where they are on call; (c) invest in securities that provide investment incomes to governments, thereby adding value to public money. This article focuses on U.S. governments, and it examines what ethical considerations have influenced public managers' investment decision effectiveness over the last six decades. It identifies periods since the 1960s in ethical investment decision-making, and it notes that ethical considerations often influence public managers' decisions. The article concludes with a discussion on how contemporary public organizations can increase the value of taxpayers' money by investing in processes, understanding their policy environment, and developing the human capital of public managers in ethical decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social cohesion has recently gained increasing attention in academic and policy circles. Apart from being a necessary feature of stable societies per se, social cohesion is also a key factor for sustainable economic development. One potential means through which social cohesion could foster economic development is by enhancing financial development. In this paper, I examine whether social cohesion is significantly associated with firms' access to finance in Africa. To this end, I use a recently constructed dataset on social cohesion in Africa, which contains indices for the three pillars of social cohesion – trust, inclusive identity and cooperation for the common good. Combining this dataset with that of the World Bank Enterprise Surveys, I build a sample which covers more than 12,600 firms and 27 African countries. The results show that all three components of social cohesion are positively associated with at least one measure of firms' access to external finance. In particular, trust – but not inclusive identity and cooperation for the common good – is significantly associated with the likelihood that firms have a checking or savings account, or are financially constrained. When we measure access to finance with respect to having a line of credit or a loan from a financial institution, all the three pillars of social cohesion, including inclusive identity and cooperation for the common good, are related to access to finance. The results are robust to addressing endogeneity concerns using a heteroskedasticity-based identification strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I describe some of the highlights of Melchior's checking account and then suggest that its explanatory value could be enhanced with a less analyzed concept of checking. This thought inspires a rearguard defense of sensitivity, by no means aiming to rescue it from all its well-known problems, wherein it is suggested that sensitivity fares better as a necessary condition for knowledge when all the bells and whistles with which it has been adorned over the years are stripped away. Finally, I investigate a recognizably Moorean position involving methods that can be construed as sensitive, such that persons using them can claim to have checked that skeptical hypotheses are false. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I raise some questions about differentiations between methods, checking methods, and appropriate methods in terms of their modal profiles. Melchior argues that there can be sensitive checking methods which are not safe. I try to show that such methods are epistemically deficient. I introduce restricted sensitivity (RS) and investigate its checking profile. RS with respect to a proposition p requires that we consider more non-p worlds (not just the closest ones) but not those which are irrelevant (outside a sphere of seriously possible worlds). Restrictedly sensitive methods (vacuously sensitive and strongly safe) based on the appropriate type of Bayesian reasoning might be sufficient for some kind of "modest" checking. Melchior defends a uniform account of checking based on insensitivity even in the case of necessary true propositions and he introduces the apparatus of impossible worlds. I argue that an unsatisfactory method for checking a necessary true proposition is a way of reaching a belief in the target proposition (different from the original one) which might easily not have delivered a true one. I also indicate some limitations of the idea that checking (and knowing) is essentially modal in character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every day, consumers borrow using short‐term credit products. Relatively little is known about "Deposit Advance Products" (DAP), short‐term, small‐dollar loans offered to checking account customers. We examine (1) how DAP borrowing changes with repeat use and (2) how consumers use DAP in conjunction with other credit. By analyzing transaction‐level data on more than 100,000 checking accounts over an 18‐month period, we find that consumers' DAP borrowing evolves. With repeat borrowing, consumers take credit for a longer time, increasingly withdraw new loans within a week of repaying prior ones, and borrow more. Additionally, consumers with repeat DAP use are more likely to simultaneously borrow using overdraft. Together, this evidence suggests that DAP may provide inadequate credit for consumers. We discuss implications for the short‐term credit market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A smart contract is a program executed on a blockchain, based on which many cryptocurrencies are implemented, and is being used for automating transactions. Due to the large amount of money that smart contracts deal with, there is a surging demand for a method that can statically and formally verify them. This article describes our type-based static verification tool Helmholtz for Michelson, which is a statically typed stack-based language for writing smart contracts that are executed on the blockchain platform Tezos. Helmholtz is designed on top of our extension of Michelson's type system with refinement types. Helmholtz takes a Michelson program annotated with a user-defined specification written in the form of a refinement type as input; it then typechecks the program against the specification based on the refinement type system, discharging the generated verification conditions with the SMT solver Z3. We briefly introduce our refinement type system for the core calculus Mini-Michelson of Michelson, which incorporates the characteristic features such as compound datatypes (e.g., lists and pairs), higher-order functions, and invocation of another contract. Helmholtz successfully verifies several practical Michelson programs, including one that transfers money to an account and that checks a digital signature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hundreds of millions of accounts are sold on the Dark Web as a result of hacking. These stolen accounts can be used to maliciously log into the victim's application, which is also known as credential stuffing attacks. Recently, to resist these attacks, several compromised credential checking (C3) services have been deployed to provide users with APIs to check whether their accounts have been exposed. However, these C3 services provide the security at the cost of high latency and bandwidth. There is also the problem implicitly trusting the server to properly handle the hash prefixes containing passwords. To solve these problems, we present an efficient C3 protocol for account protection, which enables a client to check whether its account appears in a database storing the compromised credentials, without disclosing the queried account to the server. Compared to existing C3 services, the proposed C3 protocol has 10 ∼ 20 × and 17. 8 ∼ 20. 7 % improvement in computational time for both the client and server during the online phase, respectively, while maintaining the same computational time for server during the preprocessing phase. Meanwhile, the proposed C3 protocol improves the communication cost of client-to-server by 17 ∼ 33 × while maintaining the same communication cost of server-to-client. [Display omitted] • This paper proposes an efficient compromised credential checking protocol for account protection. • The proposed scheme can resist credential stuffing attacks. • The proposed scheme enables a client to check whether its account is compromised without disclosing the queried account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper presents an in-depth analysis of diesel–electric power systems in offshore Platform Supply Vessels (PSVs). The main contribution is the use of real data obtained from a PSV to produce and validate computational models subsequently used to accurately calculate fuel consumption and emissions, with representative load demands, considering different configurations of non-hybrid and hybrid power systems with the addition of lithium-ion batteries to provide a reliable analysis. Power dispatch optimization had a significant impact, achieving fuel and CO 2 reductions of around 7%–12% in non-hybrid systems, depending on the generator loading limits. Hybridization and battery integration further enhanced reductions, with up to 10% improvements in fuel consumption and CO 2 emissions. Particulate matter (PM) emissions and running hours were substantially reduced, but NO x varied. Validity checks accounted for biases, and the study provided reliable assessments of trends. The differences between monthly averages and robust approaches were minimal. Overall, the strategies presented achieved reductions of up to 15% in fuel consumption and CO 2 emissions, 20% in NO x emissions, and 68% in PM emissions for the complete mission. • Analyzing Platform Supply Vessel's power system with real data and computation models. • Power dispatch optimization yields significant fuel consumption and CO 2 reductions. • Battery integration further improves fuel efficiency and CO 2 reductions. • Particulate matter emissions and running hours reduce considerably, but NO x varies. • Validity checks account for biases providing a reliable assessment of trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents new analytical results that fundamentally ensure the applicability of the state-dependent Riccati equation (SDRE) scheme, for the three-degree-of-freedom helicopter control system that is of benchmark importance. The analysis removes any online time-consuming applicability check that is in terms of the pointwise solvability of SDRE, which leverages a series of equivalence transformations and dimension reductions. This largely improves the computational performance since the checking routine accounts for the dominant burden, which is endorsed by complexity analysis and practical validations. The analysis also categorizes the entire state space, where the newly discovered inapplicable subspace is efficiently resolved using an alternative SDRE design. As for the second/other computational load (pointwise SDRE-solving), we novelly introduce a state-of-the-art solver, provide a MATLAB-compatible implementation, and demonstrate performance advantages in computing time and accuracy. Notably, the simulations reveal more potential advantages as compared to the recent literature, including the control effort efficiency and robustness to model uncertainty. Moreover, the generality of the proposed theoretical results includes parameter robustness of this aerospace application and various control systems within the SDRE design framework and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the differences of translation processes for expressive and informative texts by professional translators primarily by triangulating pausing and revision data retrieved by Keystroke logging experiment and rational report thereof via questionnaire survey and interview. The article discovers that in terms of temporal distribution, the drafting of informative text accounts for a larger proportion of time, while orientation and checking accounts for a smaller proportion compared with those of expressive texts. At orientation interval, translators come to fully understand the source expressive text at the very beginning, while generally conducting syntactic analysis of and re-sequencing the semantic component of source text in target language in translating informative text. At drafting interval, structural modification frequency word rate (MWR) in translating the expressive text is larger than that in translating the informative texts, while spelling and lexical MWRs of both texts are similar. At checking interval, both texts hardly see any structural modification, but lexical MWR for the former is much bigger than that for the latter. These data, along with pausing and revision rational report, suggest the priority of familiarity with standardized grammar and expertise in specialized field for translating informative text, and the importance of embedded reading and writing training for translating expressive text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the aftermath of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, we revised the cost-effectiveness of the exploited interventions in neonatal intensive care unit, to redefine future strategies for hospital management. Costs were revised with respect to the lockdown R0 or under different R0 scenarios to estimate the cost-effectiveness of the screening program adopted. Weekly nasopharyngeal swabs for parents, neonates, and personnel were the major cost during the pandemic, although they effectively reduced the number of cases in our unit. Conclusion: Parents and healthcare personnel testing appears to be an effective strategy due to the high number of contact they have within the hospital environment and outside, able to minimize the cases within our unit. What is Known: • Costs of universal COVID-19 tests for parents, neonates, and NICU personnel have not been evaluated during the COVID-19 pandemic in neonatal intensive care unit in Europe. What is New: • Weekly nasopharyngeal swabs for parents, neonates, and personnel were the major cost during the COVID-19 pandemic in NICU. • Parents and healthcare personnel testing was effective to reduce costs related to COVID-19 due to the high number of contact they have within the hospital environment and outside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In semi-structured in-depth interviews in one mid-western city with a high percentage of financially excluded consumers, 22 staff members from 15 banks describe their employer bank's efforts to serve low- and moderate-income consumers. Six themes were found: (1) Banks are aware of the problem of financial exclusion; (2) Financial education poses challenges to deliver, and lacks outcomes; (3) Few rewards are evident for offering basic checking accounts; (4) Little advocacy pressure exists for affordable accounts; (5) Regulatory and other pressures fail to facilitate solutions; and (6) Solutions are a mix of policy, organizational capacity, and methods to influence consumer behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Body checking and body avoidance, considered to be behavioural manifestations of core attitudinal disturbances of body image, are theorized to be important contributors to the development and maintenance of eating disorder symptoms. Currently, however, it is unclear whether body checking and body avoidance accounts for variance in disordered eating behaviours beyond core attitudinal components of body image (i.e., over-evaluation, preoccupation, dissatisfaction). This was the objective of the present study. Cross-sectional data were analysed from 320 females recruited through undergraduate psychology programs and throughout the community. Bivariate correlations demonstrated that body checking and avoidance were significantly and positively correlated with each attitudinal component and with each measure of disordered eating (overeating, objective binge eating, and disinhibition). However, body checking and avoidance did not contribute variance (all R2changes ≤ 0.01) to each disordered eating behaviour beyond the variance accounted for by attitudinal components. Future research should aim to identify what specific and unique function these body image behaviours serve. Overall, eating disorder prevention and early intervention programs may benefit from ensuring that all facets of body image concerns are targeted and addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses whether distributed ledger technology (DLT) addresses concerns of U.S. unbanked consumers about having a checking or savings accounts. The technology is expected not to significantly reduce the share of unbanked consumers. Also provided are the reasons why unbanked consumers forego banking services and a high-level summary of benefits of DLT.

Concern over percentages of unbanked and underbanked households in the United States and their lack of connectedness to the financial mainstream has led to policy strategies geared toward reaching these households. Using nationally-representative longitudinal data, a preventive strategy for banking households is tested that asks whether young adults are more likely to be banked and own a diversity of financial assets when they are connected to the financial mainstream as teenagers. Young adults are more likely to own checking accounts, savings accounts, certificates of deposit, and stocks when they had savings accounts as teenagers. Policy implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: This paper considers optimal solutions of interval linear programming problems, in a unified framework. Necessary and sufficient conditions for checking ( )-strong optimality and ( )-strong optimality of interval linear programming with inequality constraints are developed. The features of the proposed methods are illustrated by some examples. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Debit cards are the fastest growing consumer payment method despite being more expensive and less versatile than credit cards. In this paper, we investigate some of the oft cited explanations for debit card use. Checking account data shows that debit card use is correlated with age, pay frequency, overdrafting, and ATM use, but not income, gender, crime, or expenditure. The data contain some signs that debit cards might be used as a method of spending restraint. (JEL D14, G21, L14 ) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the samples of regulated and exempt banks in the U.S., the fee structures before and after the imposition of debit card regulation and the access of customers to free checking after the debit card regulations went into effect in late 2011. It cites the role of the regulation of interchange fees for debit card payments in eliminating $8 billion of revenue at regulated commercial banks. The changes to another major category of checking account products are also outlined.

The current accounting practise of endorsed cheque in Turkey not give "true and fair picture" in financial reporting. In this study, was questioned the reporting of endorsed cheque in the context of incurring a liability events. The endorsement lead the company to legal obligation in future. Because of this qualification of a endorsed cheque should be subject a provision practise in accounting. The endorsement have three functions: 1)guaranty function, 2) recognation function and 3) ceding function. Because of the quaranty functions an endorsed cheque will incur a liability in the future. So endorsed cheque should be include the context of "incuuring a liability events". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, based on a belief-propagation decoding strategy, a class of generalized parity-check codes called complex rotary codes is investigated. It is shown that, by using iterative sum-product decoding, the complex rotary codes have a much lower decoding complexity than Turbo codes, but have almost the same performance for the high code rate and short frame case (frame length< 500 bits). It is also shown that the prime block size of complex rotary codes is essential to achieve better performance because of its uniform checking characteristic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]