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When powered by artificial intelligence (AI), the effectiveness of advertising generally improves. However, evidence shows that personalized recommendations in charity advertising may have a dark side. The existing literature about the effects of personalized recommendations in advertising is rooted primarily in outcome utility, including outcome benefits and costs. Nevertheless, consumers tend to sacrifice their own interests without expecting anything in return given that they cannot directly monitor and measure the behavior outcome in charitable consumption; this elicits in them a focus on their autonomy and signal utility in responding to charity advertising. Thus, in our article, we focus on the reasons that personalized recommendations have negative effects in charity advertising based on self-determination theory. Through five studies, the results reveal that consumers display lower donation intentions when they receive charity advertising with (versus without) personalized recommendations due to a decrease in perceived autonomy. In addition, this negative effect can be mitigated by servant communication styles and providing consumers with free choices. These conclusions not only enrich the literature on personalized recommendations in advertising, charity advertising, and AI marketing but also provide some guidance for advertisers to enhance the performance of personalized recommendations in charity advertising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to explore the drivers of community building in virtual participation charity sport events. The authors conducted a case study of virtual charity events governed by Team World Vision, the sports arm of a global not-for-profit service organisation. They conducted semi-structured interviews with World Vision marketing managers and virtual running race participants, analysed survey and podcast interview data, and performed a document analysis. Four overarching themes were revealed as drivers of community building: community engagement, social networking, impression management, and fitness philanthropy practicing. The study uncovers the peculiarities of the virtual format that helped build virtual communities and create excitement around the cause, such as digitised communication plans, social media- and technology-facilitated opportunities to connect both locally and globally, and the adapted fundraising strategies in the virtual format. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Charities often feature their recipients as protagonists in fundraising appeals (i.e., recipient-focused appeals), and considerable research has examined the best way to portray recipients to generate more donations. However, recipient-focused appeals have been accused of being uninclusive and manipulative, stereotyping or even exploiting groups they seek to help. Strategies like using an identified victim and highlighting their neediness may not always be efficacious or desirable (e.g., when donors experience emotional fatigue or when victims wish to remain anonymous), and some techniques that work for in-group members are less effective for out-group recipients. To offset in-group donation biases and promote equity, the present work proposes that charities use benefactor-focused appeals featuring people who carry out the charity's mission. Drawing on social identity and self-categorization theories, we generate hypotheses about how an in-group benefactor-focused appeal enhances donations for out-group members and equalizes charitable giving across in-group and out-group recipients. Four studies and a supplemental study involving both donation likelihood and actual donations find that the effect of charity appeal protagonist (recipient versus benefactor) is moderated by recipients' group membership and mediated by feelings of connectedness. Together, the results support an in-group favoritism account for both benefactor- and recipient-focused appeals on donation behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

THE SOUND OF SILENCE: THE LIFE AND CANCELING OF A HEROIC JESUIT PRIEST by Karen Hall CRISIS, 240 PAGES, $18.95 NEAR THE START of this book, there is an unexpectedly [...]

This paper adds to the literature on charitable behaviour by analysing the correlates of three types of such behaviour (donating money, volunteering time, and helping a stranger) in a global sample of 134 countries and 388,602 individuals. We compare the differences in the factors associated with multiple measures of charitable behaviour, using a wide range of individual- and country-level variables. We find important differences across global regions and levels of economic development in these factors. Our findings are relevant for NGOs and charities, in particular in designing funding campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the current limitations and future perspectives of precision medicine for childhood cancer, focusing on large-scale pediatric precision medicine initiatives. It highlights the challenges of variability in sequencing technologies, lack of availability of drugs for actionable mutations, and the need for standardization in outcome reporting. The study emphasizes the potential benefits of molecular profiling in diagnosis, cancer predisposition syndromes, risk stratification, and treatment toxicity prediction. It calls for international collaboration, standardized analysis, and clinical trial designs to fully realize the benefits of comprehensive profiling initiatives in children with cancer. [Extracted from the article]

Charities have invited public scorn through their use of chugging (or "charity mugging") methods of fundraising, which involve interpersonal interaction between fundraisers and potential donors. It is not known how such mass market interpersonal fundraising methods are associated with donors giving over time. We analyzed transactional data from a natural experiment involving 213,404 donors to 45 charities to examine the relationship between interpersonal interaction at the time of donor recruitment and the long-term value of donations made by those donors. Multilevel analyses show that different fundraising methods are associated with different donation values. Specifically, mass market fundraising methods that involve interpersonal interaction are linked to lower donation values over time (β = −.12; equating to 59% fewer dollars donated on average in the second year), driven by much higher rates of cancelation (odds ratio [OR] = 3.14). We theorize several possible mechanisms through which interpersonal fundraising comes to generate these poorer outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To identify research priorities regarding the effectiveness of interventions for children and young people (CYP) with childhood neurological conditions (CNCs). These include common conditions such as epilepsies and cerebral palsy, as well as many rare conditions. Method: The National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) and the James Lind Alliance (JLA) champion and facilitate priority setting partnerships (PSPs) between patients, caregivers, and clinicians (stakeholders) to identify the most important unanswered questions for research (uncertainties). A NIHR–JLA and British Paediatric Neurology Association collaboration used the JLA PSP methodology. This consisted of two surveys to stakeholders: survey 1 (to identify uncertainties) and survey 2 (a prioritization survey). The final top 10 priorities were agreed by consensus in a stakeholder workshop. Results: One hundred and thirty‐two charities and partner organizations were invited to participate. In survey 1, 701 participants (70% non‐clinicians, including CYP and parent and caregivers) submitted 1800 uncertainties from which 44 uncertainties were identified for prioritization in survey 2; from these, 1451 participants (83% non‐clinicians) selected their top 10 priorities. An unweighted amalgamated score across participant roles was used to select 26. In the final workshop, 14 health care professionals, 11 parent and caregivers, and two CYP ranked the 26 questions to finalize the top 10 priorities. Ten top priority questions were identified regarding interventions to treat CYP with CNCs and their associated comorbidities, for example, sleep, emotional well‐being, and distressing symptoms. Interpretation: The results of this study will inform research into the effectiveness of interventions for children with neurological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with its broader impact in the country, Myanmar's 2021 coup and subsequent revolution have brought an upheaval amongst international aid agencies. As they have pivoted their programmes in the new context, international agencies have faced criticism from many Myanmar humanitarian and advocacy organisations. Drawing on interviews from 2022, this article argues that the way in which aid is given – in relation to context-specific conventions of reciprocity – is significant in creating meaning in partnerships. Engaging with Myanmar studies literature, the article contends that well-known overlapping values of sedana (goodwill), parahita (charity), and metta (loving kindness) inform Myanmar organisation leaders' expectations of reciprocity in their relationship with international aid agencies in the context of Myanmar's revolution. There is often a moral overlay on interpretations of aid partnerships, beyond the project-organised and contractual relationship that characterises the formal realm. Criticism of international aid is not new in Myanmar, yet the revolution has increased the stakes for local organisations and exposed new fractures in their relationships with their international partners. Transnational support is crucial amid the country's revolution and many Myanmar organisation leaders seek relationships of solidarity with international agencies, yet diverging assumptions about reciprocity in partnerships fuel ongoing frustration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in poverty rates among families and individuals in Italy over the past two decades can be attributed largely to repeated periods of economic crisis. Growing concern over the problem has driven interest in the role of policy in supporting household welfare. Responding to the currently limited access to (or provision of) public aid and assistance, private institutions and philanthropic foundations have stepped up their efforts to create new initiatives for alleviating poverty. In this paper, we use a randomized control trial (RCT) to evaluate the impact of a new Italian program aimed at supporting vulnerable individuals in four separate but related areas of household welfare: employment, financial circumstances, family responsibilities and housing conditions. The program, known as Integro, was introduced by the Compagnia di San Paolo, one of Italy's largest philanthropic institutions. Our findings indicate a positive and statistically significant impact of Integro on three of the four target outcomes considered, with only the fourth (housing conditions) not being affected. We also sought to identify any initial conditions potentially influencing the extent to which participants benefit from the program. Is Integro equally effective for everyone? According to our data, the program provides the best outcomes for males reporting lower human capital and greater socio‐emotional stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the legal provision of volunteering in Ukraine. The problem of defining the forms of charitable activity is being studied, because consensus among scientists has not yet been reached regarding their scope. It is established that the Law of Ukraine «On Charitable Activities and Charitable Organizations» dated 07/05/2012 No. 5073-VI does not establish the forms of charitable activity, although the term «form of charitable activity» appears in ot her legislative acts. It is proven that volunteer activity is precisely the form of the latter. However, given the relatively recent adoption of a special law in this area -- the Law of Ukraine «On Volunteering» dated April 19, 2011 No. 3236-VI, it is still too early to assert the perfection of the legal framework. In addition, the legal provision of volunteering in special literature is insufficiently developed: individual problems are covered fragmentarily, there is no unity among scientists regarding the legal nature of this phenomenon. Based on the analysis of the legislative definition of the concept of volunteering and the study of the terms «non-profitability», «gratuitousness» and «selflessness», we propose to make changes to the definition enshrined in Art. 1 of the Law of Ukraine «On Volunteering», replacing «non-profit activity» with «selfless» in the definition of volunteer activity and «free» in the definition of volunteer assistance with «selfless». The experience of some foreign countries was also studied. The Law of the Republic of Moldova «On Volunteering» dated June 18, 2010 No. 121 and the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan «On Volunteering» dated December 30, 2016 No. 42-VI ZRK were analyzed. Conclusions were made about the expediency for Ukraine to borrow some of the legislative de velopments. The work also concludes about the correlation between the concepts of charity and volunteer activity, namely that it is incorrect to equate them, because they are a whole and a part. It is also proposed, for clarity and to avoid unnecessary discussions, to supplement the Law of Ukraine «On Charitable Activities and Charitable Organizations» with a separate article with a list of forms of charitable activity, among which to enshrine volunteer activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractProsocial behaviour is crucial in human relationships, enhancing the well-being of both the helper and the recipient. Using rewards to encourage prosocial behaviour can be effective, but may influence reasoning and negatively affect follow-up prosocial behaviour. The salience of the reward for the initial helping behaviour could explain the mixed findings in prior literature. Using a 2 (Aesthetic Upgrade, No Aesthetic Upgrade) × 2 (Functional Upgrade, No Functional Upgrade) online experimental study design (N = 170), this research investigates the impact of reward salience within a videogame on follow-up prosocial behaviour (donation to charity). Findings indicate that although reward salience was successfully manipulated, it did not have a statistically significant relationship with reasoning or behaviour. Notably, strategic reasoning for in-game helping was negatively associated with charitable donations. These results emphasise the importance of understanding how people perceive their prosocial actions to better predict future prosocial engagement, with implications for future research and games designed for social change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although assistive technology (AT) is recognized as a basic human right, access to AT, and particularly electronic aids to daily living (EADL), is limited. We aimed to understand how persons with high level spinal cord injury (SCI) prioritize EADL needs and assess satisfaction and efficacy of self-identified EADL. Thus, in this case series, we recruited three participants with C4, C5 or C6 SCI receiving in-patient SCI rehabilitation. Each received dedicated occupational therapy-based assistance in identifying EADL items within an unrestricted envelope of support ($5000 CDN) for use in maximizing physical independence and supporting their return to community-based living. Items identified were categorized by need (emergency/security; home environment control; or virtual access to the outside world). Each participant selected distinct EADL. Evaluation of selected EADL items indicated very high satisfaction. The selected EADL contributed to participants' returns to employment, community life, or reduced requirements for attendant services. These findings suggest that identification of essential technology should reflect the unique needs of each person and the context in which it will be used. These findings also support use of mainstream technology to meet EADL needs of individuals with limited physical abilities. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION: Initial spinal cord injury (SCI) rehabilitation should provide individualized identification and selection of electronic aids for daily living (EADL) for those with very minimal arm and hand function, including mainstream voice-activated technologies, to increase independence and function. Individualized self-selection of EADL, rather than general prescription-based provision of EADL, is most appropriate for identifying key EADL that will enhance function and independence in the community. Support from occupational therapists with expertise in SCI rehabilitation can provide expertise in identifying and setting up EADL, including in the community, to ensure selected EADL function as intended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deepens the Wesleyan understanding of works of mercy as means of grace, arguing that the fullness of a Wesleyan theology of grace can only be explored when we extend the church's imagination beyond the current ecclesial practices of charity, service, and advocacy. More profound encounters of divine grace are emerging when works of mercy are interpreted in terms of what will be called "works of deep solidarity." Engaging in deep solidarity with others and with God, in places where we least expect it and cannot yet fully envision it, has the potential of sparking the next revival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the links between the development of civic culture, philanthropic endeavours, and the proceeds of enslavement and colonialism in North East Scotland. Assessment of the financial records of establishments dedicated to improving health, poor relief and education in this region underpins this article. This article demonstrates that the North East's colonial elite were keen philanthropists in ways similar to their counterparts elsewhere in Britain. Colonial capital played a discernible – if at times minor – role in funding North East philanthropy. There were differing degrees of impact across each institution, both in the scale of the financial contribution and its geographical provenance. Moreover, the evidence detailed in this article suggests that the Caribbean and South Asia milieu in the North East took different approaches to philanthropy. The former contributed more regularly and often to existing institutions; the latter tended toward endowing new projects. Deriving its conclusions from under-examined evidence and a Caribbean-South Asia comparative framework, this article shows that research on philanthropic organisations can generate a clearer understanding of the legacies of enslavement and colonialism in Scotland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Charitable organizations spend donated funds for programs and overhead. Donors expect their donated money to be used to help the cause rather than the overhead (i.e. overhead aversion). Donors expect feedback on the use of their donated money for helping the cause and for overhead. However, donors seldom receive proper feedback from charities, which is one of the reasons for not continuing donation. This paper highlights the importance of transparent feedback that presents information on the use of donated funds to help the cause and for overhead. Study 1 shows that attitude toward the charity is more favorable when the feedback is transparent than opaque. Study 2 shows that the transparent (vs. opaque) feedback sequentially affects perceived donation impact, charity attitude, and donation intention. Study 3 tests the framing effect of the feedback message. Donors perceive the impact of donation to be greater when the feedback on overhead presents the amount spent in terms of helping the cause than the amount spent on overhead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CarePortal allows community members to partner with the Division of Family and Child Services and make donations intended to prevent children from entering foster care or support current foster/kinship placements. This paper builds on the existing literature to estimate the average, per-child economic impact of preventing a child's entering care ($83,270.54) and the economic impact of one dollar donated to strengthen an existing foster placement ($2.20). These estimates were used to evaluate the economic impact of all CarePortal donations in Glynn County, Georgia, in FY2021, a total of $5,704,451.92, impacting 97 children and helping strengthen 19 foster/kinship homes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether charitable fundraising might play a part in funding Britain's ostensibly tax‐funded NHS has been a longstanding dilemma, which until recently has received only occasional scholarly attention. In 1946, Aneurin Bevan argued that one of the main goals of the reformed health care system was to liberate health care from the 'caprice of private charity'. Seven decades later, NHS Charities Together's Urgent Covid‐19 Appeal became a powerful societal rallying cry in the health emergency of the pandemic and raised £150 million in the process. This paper draws together findings from new archival research, a witness seminar with key actors in the NHS charity sector, and qualitative research based on interviews with NHS charity staff and trustees (N = 13), all conducted between 2021 and 2023. We investigate the way in which national appeals have been proposed, debated and implemented at different times in the NHS's history. We trace the recurrence of conflicting ideas about the acceptability of national fundraising for the NHS, about whether public loyalties are to their local services or the national 'brand' and about the introduction of national appeals into a complex ecology of local NHS charities. The history of charitable fundraising for the NHS is, we argue, neither a simple story of spontaneous public generosity, nor often of formal policy reform, but is an artefact of more complex dynamics between a changing cast of local and national actors over the last 75 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem definition: Volunteers, the primary workforce for many charities, represent a complex labor pool; they are unreliable and exhibit substantial heterogeneity in both performance and affinity to the organization. Additionally, many volunteers engage not only to contribute but also to immerse themselves in a volunteering experience that, if rewarding, can inspire them to become future donors. However, practical approaches to volunteer management commonly neglect these traits and the consequential impact that tactical decision-making can have on nurturing potential future donations. Methodology/results: Building on a previous study, we propose a forward-looking volunteer scheduling model that accounts for the heterogeneity among volunteers, mitigates both understaffing and overstaffing costs, and explicitly correlates individual time contribution with their monetary donations. We provide analytical solutions when the charity can reliably estimate distributions (e.g., uniform distribution) from data and suggest a distribution-free method to offer actionable insights where data are limited or uncertain. Managerial implications: At the strategic level, by viewing volunteers as potential donors, the optimal staffing strategy balances meeting the charity's labor needs and maximizing volunteers' satisfaction, as this satisfaction influences their likelihood of becoming future donors. We show that charities could avert substantial losses by adopting an integrative approach, thereby challenging conventional organizational structures that compartmentalize volunteer and donor management. Our model suggests that building robust data infrastructures can significantly advance the charity's core mission. Paradoxically, efforts to increase labor productivity may inadvertently undermine this objective. At the operational level, we provide an Excel-based decision support tool and a decision-tree framework to navigate optimal policies, determining when and how a charity can rely on episodic (less reliable) volunteers. Our results confirm that reducing uncertainty in volunteer turnout benefits charities. However, we also find that when labor value is low, episodic volunteers are preferred, whereas formal (reliable) volunteers are favored when labor value is high. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2022.0363. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some charitable communications employ deprived beneficiary (DB) appeals (showcasing the distressing circumstances of suffering victims), while others feature satiated beneficiary (SB) appeals (depicting the improved state of victims after receiving help). We propose and demonstrate that the relative efficacy of these appeals depends on the perspective viewers are prompted to take. Across three incentive-compatible experiments, we demonstrate that while DB appeals are more effective in increasing donation behavior when an ad evokes a beneficiary-perspective (i.e., asking viewers to imagine how a beneficiary feels), SB appeals are more effective when an ad evokes a self-perspective (i.e., asking viewers to imagine how they themselves would feel if they were in the beneficiary's position). We also provide evidence for the affect-based mechanism theorized to underlie this basic interaction, and proffer a managerially actionable, ad copy-based moderator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies assess how politicians control and shape bureaucracy. Yet, how politicians' behavior affects the norms and behaviors of bureaucrats through role modeling has not been studied. This is a curious omission, in light of evidence that social norms shape bureaucratic behavior. Through a lab experiment with over 900 bureaucrats in Bangladesh, we explore whether political corruption affects bureaucrats' pro‐social behavior and whether this effect is particularly pronounced for corruption of the current government, as a particularly relevant social norm referent. Using a political corruption prime, we present evidence that those bureaucrats who recall episodes of the current government's political corruption when prompted to think about political corruption donate significantly lower real monetary amounts to charity. By contrast, we do not find clear effects of political corruption by other actors. Our findings underscore the importance of political leaders as role models for bureaucrats and the damage that political corruption may inflict on pro‐social behavior in bureaucracies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Benevolent leadership is a type of authentic leadership that develops virtues in the organization and perhaps beyond that in the society through the development of morals and constructive actions, as well as fostering a sense of social responsibility toward the society. The importance of paying this type of management and leadership in organizations and centers that provide charitable services is important. Therefore, this study was designed and implemented to investigate benevolent leadership among managers of non-governmental centers and charitable institutions in Kerman in 2022. Methods: The present study was a descriptive cross-sectional study that was conducted on 220 managers of non-governmental organizations in Kerman. The data were collected utilizing a demographic information questionnaire and a benevolent leadership questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: According to the results, the mean score of the benevolent leadership scale among the participants was reported as 174.34±11.97. Moreover, a statistically significant difference was found between the type of services provided by institutions and organizations and the benevolent leadership scale score (P=0.039). Conclusion: The managers of charitable centers and non-governmental organizations were at a high and significant level in the component of benevolent leadership. Therefore, it is recommended that other service provider organizations take this leadership and management approach into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines a decade of charity law review processes in six jurisdictions—Australia, New Zealand, Northern Ireland, Scotland, England and Wales and Ireland. Using a life-cycle basis viewed through a functional comparative lens, it examines review terms of reference, stakeholder involvement in public consultations, report recommendations and governmental responses. The article compares post-review recommendation implementation across government-owned and independent review processes. In identifying areas most open to and most difficult to reform (including charity definition and advocacy) and probing the hidden state/non-profit sector tensions that underlie such reform attempts, this article provides new insights for future review processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Charity" highlights the importance of charity in the Christian life, analyzing the work of Professor Pérez-Soba on the subject. It focuses on the relationship of charity with friendship with Christ, the reception of divine love, and the integration of charity into virtues. The need for a personal relationship with Christ is emphasized, and the duality in love is explored from a theological perspective. [Extracted from the article]

Throughout the decades following Independence, Indian experts in social and economic development fiercely debated the definition of social work. This article analyses materials from a Working Group consisting of Gandhian constructive workers and professional social workers that met between 1964 and 1966 to develop an 'Indian philosophy of social work'. Using this group's deliberations as a case study, I argue that debates about social work in this period reflect conflicting models of phatic expertise—interactive expertise for cultivating communicative connections across different modes of social difference rooted in geography, class, education and political orientation. Such concerns about communicative connection were central to expert attempts to generate development and democracy in this period in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bunching estimation of distortions in a distribution around a policy threshold provides a means of studying behavioral parameters. Standard cross-sectional bunching estimators rely on identification assumptions about heterogeneity that I show can be violated by serial dependence of the choice variable or attrition related to the threshold. I propose a bunching estimation design that exploits panel data to obtain identification from relative within-agent changes in income and to estimate new parameters. Simulations using household income data demonstrate the benefits of the panel design. An application to charitable organizations demonstrates opportunities for estimating elasticity correlates, causal effects, and extensive-margin responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of Muslim philanthropy is often described as an emerging, multidisciplinary space of inquiry that takes contemporary Muslim practices of generosity such as giving and volunteering alongside behavioral motivations as objects of analysis. This emerging field follows over a century of knowledge production about Islamic charitable practices and institutions stemming from early orientalist studies of legal texts on endowments to more contemporary sociological and anthropological analyses of ritual exchange and giving across various Muslim‐majority and minority societies and communities. As the study of Muslim philanthropy grows, these two literatures are often brought together in generative, if uneven ways. In this paper, we review key themes and questions in the study of Islamic charity and ask what impact it has had on the study of Muslim philanthropy. This article surveys recent literature on charitable endowments/trusts (waqf), obligatory alms giving (zakat), and "extemporaneous charity" (sadaqa). We end with an analysis of dominant definitions of philanthropy currently used in philanthropic studies to argue that non‐denominational categories like "religious charity" exclude many religious practices that Muslims consider central to their charitable actions and their motivations, a point crucially missing in much philanthropy literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the use of social messaging systems and on volunteering has indicated divergent experiences of each. We bring together research in these two domains using an examination of experiences of WhatsApp use by volunteers for a specific charity. Our qualitative analysis illustrates benefits and challenges of using WhatsApp in this specific context. While WhatsApp was perceived as facilitating information exchange in support of volunteering activity, it was also seen as a compromise. Moreover, the perceived noisy intrusion of WhatsApp alerts and lack of a clear, shared purpose of the group was experienced negatively. Our findings are used to discuss some of the potential practical implications for volunteer experiences and additionally contribute to the development of our understanding of the volunteering process via the introduction of the concept of digital volunteerspaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health inequality is not only a major problem today; it left its mark upon past societies too. For much of the past, health inequality has been poorly studied, mostly because bioarchaeologists have concentrated upon single sites rather than a broader social landscape. This article compares 476 adults in multiple locations of medieval Cambridge (UK). Samples include ordinary townspeople (All Saints), people living in a charitable institution (the Hospital of St. John), and members of a religious order (the Augustinian Friary). These groups shared many conditions of life, such as a similar range of diseases, risk of injury, and vertebral disk degeneration. However, people living on charity had more indicators of poor childhood health and diet, lower adult stature, and a younger age at death, reflecting the health effects of poverty. In contrast, the Augustinian friars were members of a prosperous, well‐endowed religious house. Compared with other groups, they were taller (perhaps a result of a richer diet during their adolescent growth period); their adult carbon and nitrogen isotope values are higher, suggesting a diet higher in terrestrial and/or marine animal protein; and they had the highest prevalence of foot problems related to fashionable late medieval footwear. As this illustrates, health inequality will take particular forms depending upon the specificities of a social landscape; except in unusual circumstances where a site and its skeletal samples represent a real cross‐section of society, inequality is best investigated by comparison across sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although legitimacy is critical when attempting to introduce new practices in the nonprofit charity sector, little is known about individual processes of legitimation within such organizations, and how legitimacy emerges and interacts with perceived external pressures. This article investigates how charity organizational actors (using rhetorical arguments) linguistically legitimate/delegitimate new practices as a means of facilitating internal and external legitimacy. The study explores, as an example of organizational change in its early stages, newly-introduced accountability and reporting practices emanating from the current Charity Statement of Recommended Practice in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. The findings show that external regulative and cognitive pressures can be assessed and legitimated as something rational and reasonable in cases where organizational actors perceive the change as "exploitable." Moreover, they provide evidence of how different interpretations can foster implementation and action (or trigger inaction) and affect the introduction of business-like practices in the nonprofit sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Middle East Journal of Legal & Jurisprudence Studies / Mağallaẗ al-Šarq al-Awsaṭ li-l-ʿulūm al-Qānūniyyaẗ wa-al-Fiqhiyyaẗ is the property of Manar Elsharq for Studies & Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Terrorism financing poses a direct threat to South Africa's national security as well as the integrity and reputation of its financial system. Terrorism financing has the potential to finance and enable terrorist activities locally and abroad. Over and above posing a security threat, it also impacts the integrity of non-financial institutions such as charities and non-profit organizations which could be exploited, often unwittingly, for the financing of terrorism. Terrorist groups make use of multiple methods to raise move, store and/or use funds and exploit the inherent vulnerabilities of countries' regulatory, financial, law enforcement and security frameworks. Their techniques vary and depend on the sophistication and objectives of terrorists, terrorist organizations and their sympathizers. Terrorism financing investigations are usually extremely complex, particularly with regard to the identification of financiers and ultimate end-users of the generated funds. This is due to the myriad financial transaction mediums such as cash and crypto assets, the international nature of transfers between financial jurisdictions, the informal financial sector (e.g. Hawala), as well as the capacity and capability challenges faced by financial institutions, regulators, supervisory bodies and law enforcement agencies. Funds intended for terrorism related activities may be derived from legitimate as well as from illicit sources, making terrorism financing particularly difficult to detect, disrupt and prevent. The constant evolution of terrorism financing methods in response to new and increasingly sophisticated countermeasures remains a continual challenge locally and for international financial oversight bodies such as the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and its regional-style bodies. This paper will investigate and assess South Africa's vulnerability to terrorism financing and the counter-terrorist financing framework to effectively combat terrorism financing. The key issues to be appraised include an assessment of factors that contribute to SA's vulnerability to terrorism financing. A counter-terrorist financing framework adopted by SA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textile products comprise approximately 10% of the total global carbon footprint. Standard practice is to discard apparel textile waste after use, which pollutes the environment. There are professional collectors, charity organizations, and municipalities that collect used apparel and either resell or donate them. Non-reusable apparel is partially recycled, mainly through incineration or processed as solid waste during landfilling. More than 60 million tons of textiles are burnt or disposed of in landfills annually. The main aim of this paper is to model the heterogeneous kinetics of hydrolysis of multicomponent textile waste containing polyester (polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers), by using water without special catalytic agents or hazardous and costly chemicals. This study aims to contribute to the use of closed-loop technology in this field, which will reduce the associated negative environmental impact. The polyester part of waste is depolymerized into primary materials, namely monomers and intermediates. Reaction kinetic models are developed for two mechanisms: (i) the surface reaction rate controlling the hydrolysis and (ii) the penetrant in terms of the solid phase rate controlling the hydrolysis. A suitable kinetic model for mono- and multicomponent fibrous blends hydrolyzed in neutral and acidic conditions is chosen by using a regression approach. This approach can also be useful for the separation of cotton/polyester or wool/polyester blends in textile waste using the acid hydrolysis reaction, as well as the application of high pressure and the neutral hydrolysis of polyester to recover primary monomeric constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Benevolent leadership is a type of authentic leadership that develops virtues in the organization and perhaps beyond that in the society through the development of morals and constructive actions, as well as fostering a sense of social responsibility toward the society. The importance of paying this type of management and leadership in organizations and centers that provide charitable services is important. Therefore, this study was designed and implemented to investigate benevolent leadership among managers of non-governmental centers and charitable institutions in Kerman in 2022. Methods: The present study was a descriptive cross-sectional study that was conducted on 220 managers of non-governmental organizations in Kerman. The data were collected utilizing a demographic information questionnaire and a benevolent leadership questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS software.Results: According to the results, the mean score of the benevolent leadership scale among the participants was reported as 174.34±11.97. Moreover, a statistically significant difference was found between the type of services provided by institutions and organizations and the benevolent leadership scale score (P=0.039).Conclusion: The managers of charitable centers and non-governmental organizations were at a high and significant level in the component of benevolent leadership. Therefore, it is recommended that other service provider organizations take this leadership and management approach into consideration.

Content created by employing artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, also known as synthetic content, promises to radically change the advertising and marketing landscape in the coming decades, presumably for the better. It is fundamental for advertising and marketing scholars and practitioners to have solid knowledge of how synthetic content is perceived by consumers before widespread adoption is promoted. Across three experimental studies we tested how consumers in charitable giving contexts reacted to advertising messages featuring content generated by an AI neural network. We show that potential donors responded differently to children's faces when they knew they had been generated by AI. Study 1 established that awareness of the falsity of a face or its status as an AI-generated image has a negative impact on donation intentions. This negative impact is serially mediated by empathy and anticipatory guilt and empathy and emotion perception. Study 2 investigated several motives for employing AI-generated images and indicated that charities employing those images can benefit by making their ethical motives salient. Finally, Study 3 revealed that under extraordinary circumstances the use of AI images by charities is considered acceptable by consumers and is likely to lead to similar outcomes as the use of real images. Therefore, we recommend a cautious approach to the adoption of synthetic content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IN 1856, FIVE UNMARRIED CATHOLIC WOMEN in heavy black robes with crosses hanging from their necks arrived in Vancouver, Washington Territory. At their motherhouse in Montreal, they had been called [...]