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Historically, positive reinforcement (PRI) for charitable giving happens after the fact , e.g., thank-you letters and gifts from the charities to donors. With the increasing prevalence of online giving, there exists an opportunity for less costly instantaneous PRI. Our study attempts to provide proof of concept of the effectiveness of instantaneous PRI. We report evidence from two large-scale online experiments. We conducted Experiment 1 on MTurk using Cloud Research (n = 2,375) and a conceptual replication on Prolific (n = 1,572). Participants are randomly assigned to either receive no PRI, or PRI in the form of a thumbs up emoji that is either static (same size), or dynamic (varies in size with the size of the donation). Consistent with much of the findings on after-the-fact PRI, in both experiments we do not find evidence that instantaneous PRI increases donation behavior compared to the baseline. These results suggest that organizations and policymakers should be cautious when deciding to use instantaneous PRI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In the current project, we focus on another group of unusual altruists: people who have taken the Giving What We Can (GWWC) pledge to donate at least 10% of their income to charity. Our project aims to understand what is unique about this population. Background: Many people care about helping, but in recent years there has been a surge of research examining those whose moral concern for others goes far beyond that of the typical population. These unusual altruists (also termed extraordinary or extreme altruists or moral exemplars) make great personal sacrifices to help others—such as donating their kidneys to strangers or participating in COVID‐19 vaccine challenge trials. Method: In a global study (N = 536) we examine a number of cognitive and personality traits of GWWC pledgers and compare them to a country‐matched comparison group. Results: In accordance with our predictions, GWWC pledgers were better at identifying fearful faces, more morally expansive and higher in actively open‐minded thinking, need for cognition and two subscales of utilitarianism and, tentatively, lower in social dominance orientation. Against our predictions, they were lower in maximizing tendency. Finally, we found an inconclusive relationship between pledger status and empathy/compassion that we believe warrants further examination. Conclusions: These findings offer initial insights into the characteristics that set apart those who have made the decision to donate a substantial portion of their income to help others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Two‐Spirit, trans, nonbinary and other gender‐diverse (2STGD) donors face challenges in donation. While many blood operators aim to address these challenges, to date, no empirical study with these donors has been conducted to guide their efforts. This paper reports 2STGD donors' views on a two‐step approach asking donors their gender and sex assigned at birth (SAAB), and expanding gender options in donor registration. Materials and Methods: A qualitative community‐based study was conducted with 2STGD donors (n = 85) in Canada. Semi‐structured, in‐depth interviews were conducted from July to October 2022, audio‐recorded and transcribed. Data were analysed using a thematic analytic framework. Results: Participants were divided on their views of a two‐step approach asking gender and SAAB. Themes underlying views in favour of this approach included the following: demonstrating validation and visibility, and treating 2STGD donors and cisgender donors alike. Themes underlying views not in favour or uncertain included potential for harm, compromising physical safety, and invalidation. All participants were in favour of expanding gender options if blood operators must know donors' gender. Conclusion: Results indicate that a two‐step approach for all donors is not recommended unless the blood operator must know both a donor's gender and SAAB to ensure donor and/or recipient safety. Gender options should be expanded beyond binary options. Ongoing research and evidence synthesis are needed to determine how best to apply donor safety measures to nonbinary donors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When charitable matching occurs, both the person initially offering the matching donation and the person taking up the offer may well feel they have done something better than if they had donated on their own without matching. They may well feel they deserve some credit for the matched donation as well as their own. Can they both be right? Natural assumptions about charitable matching lead to puzzles that are challenging to resolve in a satisfactory way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the influence of evidence (statistical, narrative) and altruism on advertisement evaluations of and intentions to donate to a health-oriented nonprofit organization. Participants (N = 296) reviewed fundraising messages and evaluated their perceptions of the advertisement, their intentions to donate, and their personal altruism. Results demonstrated that statistical and narrative evidence produced similar evaluations of the advertisements; however, narrative evidence produced stronger intentions to donate than statistical evidence. Altruism was also positively correlated with advertisement evaluation for both types of evidence; however, this association was stronger for narrative evidence than statistical evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While many scholars find that security cooperation increases the foreign aid that allies receive from a major power, other studies show that an alliance also has negative effect and its terms can change over time. This article argues that a donor's security environment impacts its participation in security cooperation and, subsequently, foreign aid allocation to allies. When the security environment is competitive, a donor will concentrate its resources on strengthening its ties with allies. In contrast, when the environment is favorable to a donor, it can use security cooperation as leverage to obtain policy concessions from allies, thus reducing its own foreign aid expenditures. This paper analyzes the aid allocation of three major power donors as well as 72 formal defense pacts and 70 bilateral defense cooperation agreements, and it finds that a favorable security environment allows a donor to reduce its economic contribution to its allies by 19 percent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID‐19 pandemic presented a significant challenge for Organ Procurement Organizations (OPOs) with the use of SARS‐CoV‐2 positive donors varying widely. This study used detailed single OPO data to determine the success of using SARS‐CoV‐2 positive donors. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study including all SARS‐CoV‐2 positive donors referred to the Gift of Life OPO from January 1, 2021, to June 30, 2023. Descriptive analyses were performed to characterize referral and organ utilization. Results: There were 861 organ referrals with 1 positive SARS‐Cov‐2 test: 282 were ruled out with telephone evaluation, 431 referrals were ruled out with onsite evaluation ("evaluated nondonors") and 148 became donors. For donors who had both nasopharyngeal and lower respiratory testing completed, there was notable result discordance observed. Median cycle threshold (Ct) values were similar between donors and evaluated nondonors with no change in median donor Ct values over the study period. Transplanted organs from COVID‐positive donors included 27 hearts, 88 livers, 5 pancreata, and 107 kidneys; no lung donation occurred. The proportion of COVID‐positive donors significantly increased over the study period. Conclusion: This large volume donor referral study demonstrates increasing COVID‐19 referrals progressing to donation over time, supporting the increased use of these donors for nonlung transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Charities often use incentives to increase prosocial action. However, charities sometimes downplay these incentives in their messaging (pilot study), possibly to avoid demotivating donors. We challenge this strategy, examining whether increasing the salience of incentives for prosocial action can in fact motivate charitable behavior. Three controlled experiments (N = 2,203 adults) and a field study with an alumni-donation campaign (N = 22,468 adults) found that more (vs. less) salient incentives are more effective at increasing prosocial behavior when prosocial motivation is low (vs. high). This is because more (vs. less) salient incentives increase relative consideration of self-interest (vs. other-regarding) benefits, which is a stronger driver of behavior at low (vs. high) levels of prosocial motivation. By identifying that prosocial motivation moderates the effect of incentive salience on charitable behavior, and by detailing the underlying mechanism, we advance theory and practice on incentive salience, motivation, and charitable giving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This preregistered study provides robust estimates of the links between Big Five personality traits and civic engagement across different samples and life stages. Methods: We recruited two samples from the United States and United Kingdom (total N = 1593) and measured Big Five domains, Big Five aspects, and six civic engagement indicators: volunteerism, charitable giving, donating blood, posthumous organ donation, political voting, and vaccination. We compared the links between these measures across samples and tested moderation across life stages and several sociodemographic variables. We explored whether these links replicate between self‐ and peer‐reports. Results: We found small but robust effects. Agreeable, extraverted, and open/intellectual participants reported more civic engagement, especially volunteerism and charitable giving. Neurotic and conscientious participants mainly reported less civic engagement, especially blood and organ donations. One of the two Big Five aspects often drove these links, such as Compassion in the link between Agreeableness and volunteerism. We found some differences between younger and middle‐aged adults. Conclusions: Big Five personality traits predict civic engagement modestly but consistently, with adequate study power being critical to detecting these links. Lower‐order traits, such as Big Five aspects, clarify the relationships between traits and engagement. Life stages and sociodemographic variables have limited effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study advances understanding of the relationship between government support and private donations, by further investigating the mechanisms underlying that relationship and by examining a nonmonetary form of government support, namely, shared services. We use a survey experimental design to highlight U.S. donors' perceptions of government-supported nonprofits. The results suggest that donors are less willing to give to government-funded nonprofits. This is not only because donors see government funding as a substitute for their donations but also because donors perceive government-funded nonprofits as cost-inefficient. The results also suggest that donors' relative reluctance to donate to government-funded nonprofits is not because donors perceive government-funded nonprofits as less impactful and that donors' decisions about giving do not vary according to the forms of government support nonprofits receive. Overall, our findings stress the importance of governments simplifying administrative procedures for nonprofits to apply for and manage government funding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the identifiable victim effect (being more willing to help an identified victim than an unidentified), the singularity effect (i.e., being more willing to help a single identified victim than a group of identified victims), and unit asking (first asking donors for their willingness to donate for one unit and then asking for donations for multiple units) in charitable giving. In five studies (N = 7996), we vary the level of identifiability, singularity, and group size. We find that unit asking is making people more sensitive to the number of people in need. Further, while the level of identifiability influences affective reactions, this effect does not extend to donations and, thus, is not affected by unit asking. We do, however, find an "emotion asking effect" where asking donors to rate their affect before donating increase donation levels (compared to donors asked to rate affect after). Emotion asking was attenuated when combined with unit asking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While charities typically use the same messaging when appealing to consumers on their smartphones and PCs, this approach may backfire. Across three studies, we find consumers are less likely to donate on their smartphones (vs. PCs), a phenomenon we call the mobile giving gap. In study 1, we demonstrate that consumers are less willing to donate real money to a charitable organization. In study 2, we provide process support and demonstrate that the focal effect is mediated by other‐focus. Finally, a field experiment using Google display ads (study 3) replicates the focal effect and demonstrates that the negative impact of smartphones is attenuated when the appeal explicitly focuses on others (vs. the self). This study not only provides additional process support, but also suggests an easily implementable strategy that charities can use to close the mobile giving gap. Taken together, our findings offer theoretical insights related to the mobile mindset and its impact on consumer behavior and highlight that charities should tailor their donation appeals based on device type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People have been giving away their money, property, and time to others for millennia. What's novel about the contemporary practice of philanthropy is the availability of tax incentives to give money away. Such incentives are built into tax systems in nearly all developed and many developing democracies. In this sense, philanthropy is not an invention of the state but ought to be viewed today as an artifact of the state. This paper specifies and assesses three possible justifications for the existence of tax incentives for charitable giving, identifies a distinctive role for philanthropy in democracies, and argues for a fundamental redesign of the current legal framework governing philanthropy. Empirically, giving to assist the needy and care for strangers is an uncommon form of giving in the United States. Normatively, it is but one potential justification for philanthropy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The links between enslavement and charitable giving in the late seventeenth century were deep and have become newly controversial. This article considers Tobias Rustat (1608–94), a royal servant and a long-term investor in the Royal African Company and other trading companies involved in the transatlantic slave trade, who gave prolifically to English educational and religious institutions from the 1660s. It uses previously unstudied archival evidence to analyse Rustat's involvement in the trade in enslaved people alongside his charitable giving, demonstrating that both activities should be understood through his distinctive social networks. In doing so it argues for an approach to the contested legacies of slavery's connections to philanthropy that foregrounds the social, political and commercial networks of donors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Writing ahead of the next 'Independent Review' of the United Kingdom's counter-terror strategy, this article presents two inter-related arguments. First, that the current counter-terror legislation is counter-productive, according to its own logic, in achieving social integration. Second, that Islamic practices and conceptualisations associated with charitable giving hold potentials to offer a more inclusive understanding of social integration than that currently utilised in the United Kingdom. The actions of Muslim charities and practitioners within Britain (exemplified by service provisions during Covid restrictions) serve as an important tool for social integration. Thus, by exploring the potentials of Muslim charitable giving, an alternative solution to social integration in the United Kingdom is presented. Drawing from participant interviews with a range of Muslim charitable practitioners, this article argues that supporting British Muslim charities would assist social integration and the construction of 'shared values' assumed by UK counter-terror strategies to be a tool in combating 'extremist' narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millions of nonprofits compete for a share of the billions of dollars donated to charity each year. Yet how donors select which charities to support remains relatively understudied. Social norms influence whether people give to charity at all, but no research has yet considered whether norms also communicate information about which causes group members typically support. To address this important question, we surveyed 1,735 people from 117 countries to understand whether they identified normative causes typically supported by their social groups. We found different normative giving profiles for men, women, older people, younger people, conservatives, progressives, religious, and nonreligious people, with varying degrees of consensus within each social group. Results demonstrate empirically—and for the first time—that social identities contain normative content about which charitable causes group members typically support. Some causes were relatively universally approved of or avoided. Results can inform nonprofit fundraising strategy around segmentation and targeting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incremental, single-atom substitutions of Se-based chalcogen bond (Ch-bond) donors with stronger donating Te centers were implemented in two new triptycene tris(1,2,5-chalcogenadiazole) tectons. The appreciably more favorable Ch-bonding ability of the Te-based donors promotes assembly of low-density networks and more stable Ch-bonded organic frameworks (ChOFs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on the charitable giving literature, we deploy the 2010–2018 waves of the China Family Panel Studies and employ the Heckman model to determine the more generous age group. The results demonstrate that young donors are more likely to donate and to give more. The robustness checks based on probit, ordinary least squares, IV-Heckman and propensity score matching further support the above findings. Further examinations show that the more years of schooling caused by the change in the education system is the reason for the more generous behavior of young households and find that the change in the education system enhances the incidence and the amount of giving partially by giving the young an advantage in savings. The study suggests that the more generous age group may vary by economic and social factors, and a further understanding of the relationship between age and giving in different contexts is conducive to promoting the development of philanthropy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to know the attitude and perceptions of biobanks among the general public and their willingness to donate bio specimens from a hospital in India. Biobanks collect, store bio specimens for diagnosis, treatment and research purpose. According to modern bio banking, bio specimens needs to have standard operating procedures to do so. The bio specimen should be kept confidential and anonymous. Do they have an awareness of the role of biobanks? Do they know the concept of consent and implications of retaining specimens in biobanks? This paper evaluates these areas. A cross sectional study was conducted among general public above 18 years of age using convenience sampling. The data was obtained through a questionnaire which was distributed via online using Google forms and assessed the ethical perception of the general public regarding their willingness to donate own biological samples for teaching and research purposes and their awareness and attitude on biobanks. A total of 200 participants were included in the study. 71.4% participants did not have any prior knowledge about biobanks. 59.6% of the participants were willing to donate the biospecimens for advancement in medical research, benefit the society and future generation. 43.8% of respondents emphasised the main discouraging factor in participation in biobank research is that they have fear of sample exploitation. 37.9 percent participants responded that they would like to specify the scope for use when granting permission to use their sample for research. Biobank will advance in medical research only when medical institutes and government bodies’ install privacy, consent laws and initiate lot of awareness programmes to improve public perspectives and knowledge about biobanking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restricted philanthropic gifts are becoming more common, yet their legal characterisation is unsettled. Moreover, other than from anecdotal evidence, it is unclear how charities treat such gifts in practice. This article investigates the potential legal characterisations of restricted gifts and identifies the charitable trust as a commonly preferred construction by the courts. It then examines original empirical interview evidence from charities to show that, contrary to legal expectations, charities do not typically treat restricted gifts as being on charitable trust, but rather as being subject to an agreement or an extra-legal set of agreed norms with donors. This indicates a move away from a publicly regulated arrangement (the charitable trust) to private ordering arrangements, which has implications for the pursuit of public goals and the degree of power afforded to donors over social, cultural and environmental projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's emergence as a major donor and economic partner to sub-Saharan Africa has prompted questions if the aims and impacts of China's efforts in the region are driven by self-serving commercial motives. While there are strong reasons to think that the foreign aid may make a location more attractive to investment, generally, by improving the infrastructural, institutional, or human capital environment and/or by serving as a signal of a location's risk, there is also reason to suspect that Chinese aid may be "paving the way" for investment by Chinese firms. To investigate, this paper uses spatial and temporal variations in localized, geo-referenced data to find a strong overall support that local aid boosts local foreign direct investment (FDI). However, we also find some evidence that Chinese aid boosts its own FDI compared to FDI from third-party countries; but this differential effect is also visible with the Chinese FDI's response to the World Bank aid as well as in the relationship between both aid and FDI from the USA, suggesting that the Chinese FDI may simply be following any aid and that the relationship between its aid and FDI is not exceptional among bilateral donors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the multifaceted influence of homeownership on charitable giving through several channels: tax deductibility, household wealth, and mobility. We find that homeowners donate substantially more than renters, and tax deductibility, wealth, and mobility are important predictors of the owner-renter gap in donations. We also show that the owner-renter difference in donations cannot be fully explained by these three channels. After controlling for an extensive list of household characteristics and the three channels, homeowners still donate approximately 20% more than renters. Our results are robust to a variety of modeling and identification strategies as well as different measures of donations. Our study further reveals that the likelihood of donating correlates inversely with mobility but is insensitive to tax deductibility and wealth. In contrast, tax deductibility and wealth are important predictors of the size of contributions. Furthermore, we show the owner-renter difference in donations varies substantially by generational cohorts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This conceptual paper presents a framework that integrates 11 forms of voluntary payments as seemingly disparate as bribes and bequests, and gifts and gratuities to show that "voluntary" payments vary in the shades of gray not only in terms of how much like bribes they are but also in terms of how voluntary they actually are. We provocatively suggest that these payment types might be susceptible to becoming entrenched through self‐reinforcing norms because the voluntary payments are not necessarily voluntary and to an extent akin to bribes. Specifically, it provides an overarching framework to showcase the similarities and differences between bribes, lobbying efforts, suggested fees, pay what you want, tips, bequests, legacies, charity, crowdsourcing, dowry, and gifts, identifying gaps in domains that are under‐researched. Starting with the question as to whether a service has been, is being, or will be performed for the voluntary payment, and whether payments are made to an individual or a cause, the framework highlights the following: (1) the differences in the purpose underlying these payments, (2) the different modes of payment used; (3) the economic and social norms governing the payments; and (4) external and internal emotions associated with these payment types. The integrative framework allows for an amalgam of disparate literatures ranging from morality and behavioral pricing to charity and gift giving. The process model suggests a multitude of areas for future research in the domain of consumers' voluntary payment decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research intends to investigate the effects of three-dimensional institutional distances, namely regulatory, normative, and cognitive distances, on the partner match and governance mechanisms in cross-sector and cross-border collaborations. We chose a major cross-border reconstruction project donated by Hong Kong SAR to Sichuan Province as the research setting regarding the explicit institutional differences, although both belong to China. Based on archival data and in-depth interviews with personnel in charge of project supervision and management from both partners, we gain further insights into the governance mechanisms for a successful cross-sector and cross-broader partnership. We investigate the institutional distances between HKSAR and mainland China partners in regulatory, normative, and cognitive aspects during reconstruction. We reveal the patterns of partner match and various effective governance mechanisms that partners utilize to manage institutional distance, including cooperative roles, regulatory rules, project supervision, assessment, and formal and informal communications. We introduce an institutional distance between partners as an important contingency and a constraint on the partner match (structure and governance) and the governance mechanisms used to manage the cross-border collaborative process, including business and non-business partners. The concept of institutional distances should help cross-sector partners with institutional differences better understand the differences and importance of mutual understanding and efficient governance mechanisms. Our findings provide practical governance mechanisms for managing cross-sector collaborations, such as government agencies and firms, especially in cross-border settings. We propose a cross-border partner governance model for future researchers to investigate the effects of institutional distance on partnership governance structure and mechanisms. We extend the B2B partnership governances by incorporating the non-business actors into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines variation in response to mass email communications by a large and sophisticated political campaign over the course of the 2018 election cycle. Computational text analysis is utilized to generate and catalogue the most frequent themes across a body of 690 separate email messages. We find open rates vary somewhat by the subject key words of messages as well as when they were sent. In addition, small donations received through email are also responsive to the contents of messages, controlling for timing and other relevant factors. Given the very low cost associated with using email to communicate with supporters, it appears to be an effective means for harvesting small contributions and of providing opportunities for large numbers of voters to elevate their level of participation in the electoral process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence of federal oversight of charitable organizations in the United States implies a degree of uniformity to US charity regulation. However, charity regulation is far from uniform across the country. States differ significantly in their adoption or non-adoption of various state-level regulatory requirements, creating not one but many different regulatory environments for charities. The complexity and diversity of these regulations has made it difficult for sector stakeholders, such as researchers, regulators, practitioners, information intermediaries, and donors, to understand the nature and significance of state-level charity regulation from a comparative perspective. To address this problem, this article employs latent class analysis to identify three distinct models of state-level charity regulation: broad regulation, limited regulation, and asset oversight. Subsequent analysis identifies relationships between a state's economic, social, and political characteristics and its model of charity regulation, suggesting new avenues of research for understanding regulatory model emergence. Many additional practical applications of the typology are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the benefits of offsetting a Roth conversion with a charitable donation. It explains that the traditional 401(k)/IRA can be considered a joint venture between the employee/retiree and the government, and that the income tax payment on conversion to a Roth account is essentially buying the government's ownership share. The article explores the use of a qualified charitable distribution (QCD) and a deductible gift to charity as strategies to offset the tax on a Roth conversion. It concludes that these offsets can result in less total Roth funding but a higher combined amount of philanthropic gift and increased Roth funding, and that the offset is beneficial if the individual values charitable gifts. [Extracted from the article]

Implementation and funding mechanisms to reverse biodiversity loss formed the core of the discussion focusing on the Post‐2020 Global Biodiversity Framework ("the Framework"), at the 15th Conference of Parties at the Convention on Biological Diversity hosted by China. Before financial support emerged from the private sector in China, biodiversity conservation had primarily been financed by the government. By the end of the 20th‐century international nongovernmental organizations and China's local philanthropists began to launch pilot programs in the country. In the past 5 years, biodiversity conservation across China has received CNY 1.757 billion (approximately $279 million) from the philanthropy sector. It represents the largest‐ and fastest‐growing share (69%) of environmental philanthropic funding; however, it accounted for <1% of all the philanthropic in all sectors nationwide. We suggested Foundations and NGOs review and adjust their strategies to align with the Kunming‐Montreal global biodiversity framework. Proactive connection and engagement with the philanthropies is required to expand its contributions while providing better pathways and support mechanisms for philanthropic funding for biodiversity conservation. Despite the philanthropic funding provided has been relatively modest over the past few decades, the philanthropic organizations have achieved significant positive results for biodiversity conservation in China. However, the funding for biodiversity conservation falls far short of what is needed to achieve the goals under the Kunming‐Montreal global biodiversity framework. This study provides a comprehensive overview of biodiversity philanthropic funding in China. Based on the collection of data related to environmentally relevant grants provided by companies, foundations, and individuals, we conducted a visualization analysis to reveal China's philanthropic funding flows between 2016 and 2020 in China. The profiles of donors and the receipts of the funding have been described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theories such as effective altruism contend that people are morally obligated to give to charitable organizations that will efficiently do the most net good. The assumption is that aiding people who are most in need will create the most good; yet, it may be more inefficient to reach those most in need. In response, I outline my Inefficiency Principle in which efficiency has less moral weight when aiding those lacking in basic capabilities, and efficiency has more moral weight when aiding those who are lacking in more complex capabilities. This principle acknowledges the obstacles in assisting those most in need while sustaining the moral importance of efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a draft report by the Productivity Commission on philanthropy in Australia. The report focuses on reforming the Deductible Gift Recipient (DGR) system, regulation, and information. It recognizes the diverse motivations for giving and the importance of government support for philanthropy. The current DGR system is deemed inadequate and limits access for smaller charities. Proposed reforms would result in some charities gaining or losing DGR status. The article also highlights the role of ancillary funds and emphasizes the need for collaboration between government and philanthropy for better community outcomes. [Extracted from the article]

Nostalgia, a past-oriented emotion characterized by complex affective responses, is a pervasive and fundamental human experience. Prior research has demonstrated that nostalgia serves various socioemotional functions, such as promoting a sense of belonging, enhancing one's perception of meaning in life, and boosting self-esteem. These positive emotions, in turn, can prompt individuals to engage in other-oriented behaviors, such as charitable giving. Building on this view, this study examined the impact of listening to nostalgic music on donation decisions. Undergraduate students in the United States (n= 83) andMexico (n=97) voluntarily participated in an online, one-on-one, experiment inwhich they listened to a series of self-selected nostalgic musical pieces and participated in a donation dictator game. Results indicated a significant relationship between music-evoked nostalgia and the amount of subsequent donations. Moreover, the study also found that individual differences in empathy, agreeableness (one of the Big Five personality traits), and perceived financial well-being also influenced the participants' donation decisions. Notably, the effects of these factors showed slight variations across the U.S. and Mexican samples, suggesting the role of culture in individual donation decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although over 90% of the population of the United States supports organ donation, only 60% of the population is registered as donors. Currently, there is a need for a nonmonetary incentive that will improve willingness to donate. We assessed the young adult population's perspective on their willingness to donate organs when merit points are granted to their family members to prioritize their potential transplant if needed. We administered a Qualtrics survey from March 2022 to September 2022 to the undergraduate students volunteering to participate at Saint Louis University, which comprised 10 questions that addressed the attitudes of participants regarding the effects of various factors, including the type of donation and the presence of merit points (vouchers granted to self or a family member to facilitate a potential transplant if needed), on participant's willingness to donate an organ while alive or after death. The responses were analyzed by using SAS software (SAS Institute). A total of 572 participants completed the survey. Overall, only 6.5% of surveyed students were unwilling to donate after death. The willingness to donate while alive to a family member was significantly higher than donating to a stranger (95.8% vs 71.2%, P <.0001). When merit points were added, the unwillingness to donate significantly decreased from 6.5% to 3.8%. However, this change was observed only when the merit points were given to a family member and not to self. When merit points were granted, unwillingness to provide a living donation to a stranger decreased from 28.8% to 16.4% (P <.0001). Merit points to first-degree family members improve students' expressed willingness to donate organs after death; however, self-merit points did not decrease the rate of "unwillingness to donate after death." When living donation is assessed, offering merit points appears to decrease the "unwillingness to donate to strangers." The adoption of a merit point system in the United States may increase the rates of organ donation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why did some individuals react to the Covid-19 crisis in a prosocial manner, whereas others withdrew from society? To shed light onto this question, we investigate changing patterns of charitable giving during the pandemic. The study analyzes survey data of 2000 individuals, representative of the populations of Germany and Austria. Logistic regressions reveal that personal affectedness by Covid-19 seems to play a crucial role: those who were personally affected either mentally, financially, or health-wise during the first 12 months of Covid-19 were most likely to have changed their giving behavior. The observed patterns fit psychological explanations of how human beings process existential threats. Our findings indicate that a profound societal crisis in itself mainly leads to changes in charitable giving if individuals are severely affected on a personal level. Thereby, we contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying individuals' charitable giving behavior in times of crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A matching grant is an important tool to leverage charitable giving. Most research on the effects of matching grants on donations has applied experimental methods to examine how and to what degree these grants affect donors' giving behaviors. Through a 20-year mixed-method longitudinal study of community foundations in Indiana, USA, this study has found that matching grants not only have large and significant impacts on giving but also influence charities' fundraising efforts. The results demonstrate that although matching grants could stimulate a temporal increase in fundraising expenses, they have a significant income effect and might discourage fundraising in the long term. Additionally, repeated provisions of matching grants induce an anticipating effect such that organizations delay fundraising activities for a higher future return. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the antecedents of political trust and its association with the likelihood of charitable giving in China using the path analysis model. The results show that morality and competence matter for political trust. Unlike most existing studies that separately test the impact of political trust and general social trust on charitable giving, this research pays attention to the significant association between political trust and general social trust in the Chinese state-centered environment and explores the role of general social trust in bridging political trust and charitable giving. Using a nationally representative sample, this research finds that political trust indirectly shapes charitable giving through the effect of general social trust in China. Individuals with a higher level of political trust also show more trust in society and have a higher probability of donating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The international debate of the shifting bases of philanthropy suggested by modernization theory has been ongoing since the beginning of the twenty-first century, yet empirical evidence remains lacking from the perspective of philanthropic motivation. The society and philanthropy of China have undergone tremendous transformation since the launch of Reform and Opening Up in 1978, providing an ideal context for testing the assumption of the shifting bases of philanthropy. Through investigating the motivation structure of collectivism and individualism behind individual giving in contemporary China, this study rejects the assumption drawing on the data from the China Labor-force Dynamics Survey (CLDS). This study helps deepen the understanding of culture's roles during modernization. It also has important implications for how charitable giving can be effectively promoted both inside and outside of the context of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Charitable interpreters of David Hume set aside his sprinkles of piety. Better to read him as lying than as clumsily inconsistent. We argue that the attribution of lies can pay dividends in historical scholarship no matter how strongly the theorist condemns lying. Accordingly, we show that our approach works even with one of the strongest condemners of lying: Immanuel Kant. We argue that Kant lied in his scholarly work and even in the first Critique. And we defend the claim that this lie attribution, strange as it may sound, amounts to a kind of scholarly charity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the integration of Illinois English Language Arts (ELA) and Social Studies Standards to create a differentiated and collaborative learning experience for advanced young learners, emphasizing economic and financial literacy. Topics include the integration of ELA and Social Studies Standards, emphasis on economic and financial literacy, and the use of narrative mentor texts to enhance student learning.

We study spatially differentiated competition between charities in a framed field experiment. We introduce spatial differentiation by varying the observability of charities' location such that each donor faces a socially close 'home' and a socially distant 'away' charity. In our field setting, we observe spatially differentiated competition between charities offering the same good to be characterized by sorting, crowding-in, and an absence of spill-overs: Donors sort themselves by distance; fundraising (through matching) for one charity raises checkbook giving to that charity, irrespective of spatial distance; but checkbook giving to the unmatched charity is not affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parallel literatures in economics and psychology investigate why people voluntarily help others in need. Economics has investigated an other-regarding motive (altruism) and a self-regarding motive (warm-glow) and has used choice-based observations for inference. Psychology has similarly examined other- and self-regarding motives and has developed survey-based measurements to assess corresponding measures of empathic concern and a moral principle of care. This paper explores whether and how elicitation of charitable motives from economics relate to measurements from psychology. We find that when making donations to others in need, individuals with stronger empathic concern dispositions are more altruistic/other-regarding. Also, those who more strongly endorse a moral principle of care are more motivated by warm-glow/self-regard. The results connect two literatures, offer novel evidence from economics about theories developed in psychology, and demonstrate that well-developed survey questions from psychology can be predictive of the choice-based inference on altruistic and warm-glow motivations from economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main teachings conveyed by the book of Tobit is the high religious significance of almsgiving, said to be an excellent "offering" before God (4:11) and a practice that can even "save from death" and "purge away every sin" (12:9). Early on in the book, the young Tobit is depicted as scrupulous in his performance of the various tithe laws mandated in the Pentateuch, bringing his tithes each year from a considerable distance for distribution in Jerusalem (1:6–8). Interpretation of this opening vignette is frequently restricted to the question of how the author of Tobit is to be situated on the spectrum of Second Temple halakhic practice in regard to the tithe legislation—but little attention is given to the question of how the protagonist's early tithing practice might contribute to the larger themes of the book, especially that of charity. This article argues that the presence of the tithe in Tobit 1 does indeed contribute to the book's larger charity didactic by picking up on hints within the Pentateuch that the tithe had "sacrificial" features while simultaneously serving as a means of poor relief. This reading of the significance of the tithe sets the author of Tobit apart from at least one contemporary, Joshua Ben Sira, who was also concerned to inculcate charity but who did not rely on the image of the tithe to do so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]