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Bu çalışma, karasal iklim koşullarında Bafra kuzularda yaşama gücü ve büyüme özelliklerinin incelenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmada 179 baş Bafra kuzunun büyümenin çeşitli dönemlerinde yaşama gücü, büyüme özellikleri ve bazı vücut ölçüleri incelenmiştir. Büyüme ve vücut ölçülerinin analizinde En Küçük Kareler, yaşama gücünün analizinde Ki-Kare yöntemlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Kuzuların 30. ve 90. gün yaşama gücü sırasıyla %96.65 ve 90.50 olmuştur. Yaşama gücüne doğum tipi ve cinsiyetin etkisinin önemsiz (P>0.05) olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kuzuların doğum, 30., 60. ve 90. gün canlı ağırlıkları yönünden en küçük kareler ortalamaları sırasıyla 3.58±0.541, 8.10±0.127, 12.71±0.223 ve 18.08±0.326 kg olarak bulunmuştur. Kuzu canlı ağırlıklarına incelenen çevre faktörlerinden cinsiyetin etkisin önemsiz (P>0.05), doğum tipinin etkisinin ise 60. güne kadar yüksek düzeyde önemli olduğu (P= 0.000), 60. günde ve sütten kesim döneminde (90. gün) ise tek doğanlarda canlı ağırlıklar rakamsal olarak yüksek olsa da doğum tipinin canlı ağırlığa etkisinin önemsiz (P>0.05) olduğu hesaplanmıştır. Kuzularda sütten kesim öncesi (ortalama 71. gün) cidago yüksekliği, göğüs derinliği, vücut uzunluğu, göğüs çevresi, incik çevresi ve kuyruk çevresi ölçüleri sırasıyla 47.86±0.615, 18.52±0.246, 45.68±0.840, 56.47±0.881, 6.50±0.075, ve 12.01±0.502 cm olmuştur. İncelenen bu vücut ölçülerine doğum tipi ve cinsiyetin etkisi önemli (P>0.05) olmamıştır. Sonuç olarak karasal iklim koşullarında yetiştirilen Bafra kuzuların büyüme ve yasama gücü özelliklerinin iyi düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiştir., This study investigates the survival and growth characteristics of Bafra lambs born and reared under steppe climate conditions. The survival, growth and certain body measurements of 179 head of Bafra lambs were observed. Least Squares Method was applied for the analysis of growth and body measurements, and Chi square test was used for the analysis of survival rates. The survival rates of the lambs on days 30 and 90 were 96.65% and 90.50%, respectively. Birth type and sex had no significant effect on survival rates (P>0.05). The live weights of the lambs on days birth, 30, 60 and 90th were 3.58±0.541, 8.10±0.127, 12.71±0.223 and 18.08±0.326 kg, respectively. Among the environmental factors affecting the live weights of the lambs, the effect of sex was not significant (P>0.05), while the effect of birth type was highly significant (P=0.000) up until day 60, but decreased thereafter. Furthermore, the effect of birth type on live weight was not significant (P>0,05) in single lambs on day 60 and 90th, even though the live weights were numerically high. The pre-weaning (average 71 day) withers height, chest depth, body length, chest girth, cannon bone circumference and tail circumference of the lambs were 47.86±0.615, 18.52±0.246, 45.68±0.840; 56.47±0.881, 6.50±0.075, and 12.01±0.502 cm, respectively. The effect of birth type and sex on these body measurements were not significant (P>0.05). It was concluded that the growth and survival characteristics of Bafra lambs reared under the steppe conditions were at a satisfactory level.

Assessing the inadequate transfer of passive immunity (ITPI) in beef calves is crucial because calves with ITPI are at high risk for morbidity and mortality.The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of digital Brix (D-BRIX) and digital serum total protein (D-STP) refractometers to estimate different passive immunity status in beef calves and to determine the robustness of thresholds.Blood samples were collected from 202 (1-7 days old) beef calves. Serum total solid percentages, total protein concentrations, and IgG concentrations were measured with the D-BRIX refractometer, D-STP refractometer, and gold standard radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay, respectively. Data were analyzed using diagnostic test accuracy, areas under the receiver operating characteristics curve, Cohen's kappa coefficient, and misclassification costs analysis to estimate IgG concentrations10,16, and 24 mg/mL.For the prediction of serum IgG concentrations10,16 and 24 mg/mL, the optimal cut-off values were determined to be8.5% (Se: 100.0% (95% CI: 87.9-100.0); Sp: 94.2% [95% CI: 89.6-97.2]),8.5% (Se: 92.1% [95% CI: 78.6-98.2]; Sp: 97.6% [95% CI: 93.9-99.3]), and 10.1% (Se: 88.8% [95% CI: 79.7-94.7]; Sp: 67.2% [95% CI: 58.1-75.4]), respectively, for the D-BRIX refractometer; and 5.2 g/dL (Se: 100.0% [95% CI: 87.9-100.0]; Sp: 93.6% [95% CI: 88.9-96.8]),5.2 g/dL (Se: 92.1% [95% CI: 78.6-98.2]; Sp: 97.0% [95% CI: 93.0-99.0]), and 6.4 g/dL (Se: 87.5% [95% CI: 78.2-93.8]; Sp: 69.7% [95% CI: 60.7-77.7]), respectively, for the D-STP refractometer.The digital Brix and digital serum total protein refractometers can be used as monitoring tools for assessing passive immunity transfer in neonatal beef calves.

This study was carried out to detect the presence of mutant alleles of polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) and severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) disorders in pacing horses raised in different regions of Turkey. Blood/hair samples from 264 (182 Indigenous, 31 Iranian, 24 Afghan, and 27 Bulgarian) pacing horses aged 4 and over were used. As a result of the study, a mutation-heterozygosis (GA) in the GYS1 gene related to PSSM disease was detected in one of the pacing horses (Bulgarian horse). No deletions were observed in the DNA-PKcs gene region in the pacing horses for SCID disease. This study has been carried out to identify the status of two inherited disorders in pacing horses in Turkey. It was determined that there are no mutant genes in indigenous pacing horses, in terms of PSSM and SCID disorders, which are the major hereditary disorders in horses.

The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and serum total protein (STP) concentrations and serum Brix percentages of neonatal Arabian foals during first 3 weeks of life. Blood samples were collected from 12 apparently healthy foals by jugular venipuncture at birth and at 12-hours, 24-hours, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15 and 21 days of age. Serum IgG and STP concentrations and Brix percentages were measured by the radial immunodiffusion assay, and digital STP and Brix refractometers, respectively. Based on the serum IgG concentrations measured at 24 h, two foals were diagnosed with failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI). While IgG concentrations were determined using the data of foals with adequate transfer of passive immunity, other calculations were made using the data of all foals. The mean IgG concentration of the foals increased from birth (200 mg/dl) to 12 (2068.5 mg/dl) and 24 h (2184.7 mg/dl), and progressively decreased up to 21 days of age (1318.5 mg/dl). The serum IgG concentrations at 12 h were highly correlated with each of the IgG concentrations measured over the 21-day period. The serum IgG and STP concentrations and Brix percentages of the foals diagnosed with FTPI at 12 h did not reach the adequate strata over time. These results suggest that foals can be reliably tested for passive immunity status at 12 h after birth.

The objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine the accuracy of the digital Brix and serum total protein (TP) refractometers for estimating different passive immunity status in neonatal foals. In total, 18- to 40-h old purebred Arabian foals (n = 185) were used. Serum TP concentrations, total solid percentages and IgG concentrations were measured with a digital serum TP refractometer, digital Brix refractometer and the gold standard radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay, respectively. Correlation coefficients were calculated between the refractometer and RID assay results. A receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to select the optimal cut-offs for both refractometers. Test performance and agreement were evaluated using diagnostic test characteristics at optimal thresholds and areas under the ROC curve, and by calculating Cohen's kappa coefficient. The sensitivity and specificity of the digital Brix refractometer at optimal cut-offs (≤7.8%, ≤7.9%, ≤8.2%, ≤8.3%, ≤9.0%) were 100 and 69.3%; 100% and 68.5%; 70.5% and 71.0%; 88.3% and 85.5%; 88.1% and 76% to estimate RID-IgG of400 mg/dL,800 mg/dL,1500 mg/dL,2500 mg/dL and 3000 mg/dL, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the digital serum TP refractometer at optimal cut-off (≤4.6 g/dL, ≤4.6 g/dL, ≤4.8 g/dL, ≤5.0 g/dL, ≤5.4 g/dL) were 100 and 69.3%; 100% and 72.8%; 90% and 72.8%; 72.9% and 83.9%; 84.4% and 88% to estimate RID-IgG of400 mg/dL,800 mg/dL,1500 mg/dL,2500 mg/dL and 3000 mg/dL, respectively. In conclusion, the refractometers showed a good potential as screening tools for the estimation of different IgG concentrations in neonatal foals.

Inadequate transfer of passive immunity (ITPI) is major risk for mortality, morbidity and decreased growth performance in dairy and beef calves. Refractometry method is used in estimating ITPI in dairy and beef calves but studies evaluating refractometers for Simmental dairy calves are limited. The objectives of this study were determining the accuracy of digital serum total protein refractometer (STP-REF) and digital Brix refractometer (BRIX-REF) in the estimating of different passive immunity status (10,18,25 and32 g/L) in Simmental dairy calves. Serum samples were collected from apparently healthy Simmental dairy calves aged 1-8 days (n = 291). Serum total solid percentages were measured using BRIX-REF, serum total protein concentrations were measured using STP-REF and serum IgG concentrations were measured using radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay as a reference test. Correlation coefficients were calculated between RID test and refractometers results, and each other. The diagnostic test performance of the refractometers at IgG concentrations of 10, 18, 25 and 32 g/L was measured by performing a receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis. The optimal thresholds of the refractometers were determined based on Youden's J statistics and after accounting for different costs between false positive and false negative cases using misclassification cost term analysis. The overall test performance and the agreement of the refractometers were assessed using area under the ROC curve and Cohen's kappa analysis. Optimal thresholds were determined as 7.9, 8.3, 8.7, 9.4% for the BRIX-REF, and 4.6, 5.2, 5.4, 5.8 g/dL for the STP-REF in estimating IgG concentrations of 10, 18, 25, 32 g/L, respectively. Se and Sp of BRIX-REF were 88.8% and 89.1% for 7.9% Brix, 81.6% and 94.2% for 8.3% Brix, 77.9% and 97.4% for 8.7% Brix and 81.7% and 91.2% for 9.4% Brix, respectively. Se and Sp of STP-REF 92.5% and 88.2% for 4.6 g/dL; 92.1% and 87.1% for 5.2 g/dL; 81.7% and 93.6% for 5.4 g/dL; 79.0% and 94.1% for 5.8 g/dL, respectively. Both, digital Brix and STP refractometers performed well to estimate the status of passive immunity in dairy Simmental calves.

Karakul sheep in Turkey is an endangered breed according to the total number of ewes. Two herds of Karakul sheep in Tokat Province, reared similar environmental conditions, kept in situ in vivo conservation as a gene resource. This study aimed to determine various performance traits of Karakul sheep reared in breeder conditions as a gene resource. Least squares means for lambing rate (LR), litter size (LS) and lamb production (LP) were found 95.8±0.60%, 1.04±0.01 and 100.0±0.80%, respectively. It was determined that farm and age had significant effect on LR and LP, while farm and year had significant impact on LS. Survival rate in lambs were found 95.2 and 94.1%, respectively on 90th and 180th days. Means of least squares for live weights of lambs at birth and on 90th and 180th days were identified as 3.35±0.02, 21.52±0.27 and 30.34±0.32 kg, respectively. Live weight after shearing and greasy fleece weight values were 40.73±0.12 and 2.04±0.01 kg for females and 62.65±0.53 and 3.48±0.06 kg for males. Lactation milk yield (LMY) was 104.85±3.73 kg in ewes and lactation duration was 159.01±1.70 days. LMY was affected by the lactation number and farm while lactation duration was affected by lactation number. Results revealed that various performance traits of Karakul sheep conserved in breeder conditions were similar to or better than those previously reported for this breed. Also, the breed is similar to medium size native sheep breeds in terms of growth and mature live weight.

The study aimed to identify the effects of birth time, birth weight, and the time to first grooming on the time to first successful stand up and sucking of the pure and crossbred native lambs. Data were recorded from pure (22 B-Bafra and 20 AKK-Akkaraman) and crossbred (19 BA F

Bu calismanin amaci, Ivesi irki koyunlarda cesitli vucut olculerininin canli agirlik uzerine dogrudan, dolayli ve toplam etkilerini incelemek ve bu olculerden yararlanarak canli agirligi tahmin edecek bir model olusturmaktir. Bu amacla, Eskisehir ilinde ozel bir ciftlikte yetistirilen 2-4 yaslarindaki toplam 270 Ivesi irki koyunun canli agirligi, bas uzunlugu, govde uzunlugu, cidago yuksekligi, gogus derinligi, gogus genisligi ve sagri yuksekligi olcumleri elde edilmistir. Bu olcumler yardimiyla canli agirligi tahmin etmek icin rekursif bir path modeli olusturulmustur. Elde edilen sonuclar, cidago yuksekligi, sagri yuksekligi ve vucut uzunlugunun vucut agirligina dolayli; gogus genisligi, gogus derinligi ve bas uzunlugunun ise dogrudan etkisinin oldugunu gostermistir. Canli agirligin en guclu belirleyicisi gogus derinligi, ardindan gogus genisligi ve bas uzunlugu olarak belirlenmistir. Sonuc olarak, bu calismada verilen denklemlerin, Ivesi koyunlarinin canli agirligini tahmin etmek icin pratik bir arac olarak kullanilabilecegi ortaya konmustur.

The purpose of this study was to draw attention to the number of the lumbar vertebrae in R1 BBA crosses (Bafra x F1 (Bafra x Akkaraman)) lambs (75% Bafra and 25% Akkaraman), and the effect of 7 lumbar vertebrae on some carcass traits. Even though some studies reported that the number of the lumbar vertebrae might be considerably different dependent on the sheep genotype, this has not been reported for Turkish breeds. While a study on the R1 BBA lambs has been performed, seven lumbar vertebrae have been identified in four of the eighteen lambs. The means of the carcass length (80.800±0.583 and 84.375±1.375 cm) (P= 0.036), leg weight (5.942±0.079 and 6.209±0.052 kg) (P= 0.032), loin weight (1.560±0.096 and 1.849±0.060 kg) (P= 0.048), and loin’s lean weight (0.875±0.059 and 1.058±0.032 kg) (P= 0.040) were statistically different between the groups of lambs (6 and 7 lumbar vertebrae, respectively). In conclusion, the number of lumbar vertebrae has economically affected important parts of the carcass.

This research aims at examining the learning performance of Arabian horses with the use of Join-up, Parelli’s Seven Games, and Clicker methods in combination and separately. In the research, thirty-six Arabian mares were examined and combinations of training methods were applied. Before and after the application of each training method, horses were directed to pass through a narrow-spaces and to walk on a tarp. While applying training methods, stress parameters, behavioral responses, and learning responses of horses were evaluated. The highest heart rates of the training groups were being during the application of the Join-up method. When the Parelli method was performed last, the training duration was 13.3% shorter. In walk on tarp task, the highest success score was in Clicker Method (75%). In the triple combination of training, when the Join-up method was performed last, task success rates decreased (33.3%). However, when the Join-up method was performed first, the success rate was 100%. When Parelli's methods were applied last, conflict behaviors were prevented, all horses learned vocal cues, and trusted their trainers. During the application of the Clicker method, all horses learned vocal cues and trusted their trainers. It was concluded that the order of methods is so crucial.

In this study, progesterone and estrogen hormone levels of Akkaraman sheep and their effects on some reproductive traits were investigated. The data obtained, from 31 ewes, as 90.32% for lambing, 53.57% for a single birth, 46.42% for twinning, 132.25% for lamb production and 1.46 for litter size. Between the first and second estrus, progesterone levels were found to be between 3.69-12.20 ng/ml for singles and 3.04-10.44 ng/ml for twins; estrogen levels were determined to be between 39.40-84.03 pg/ml for singles and 52.44-72.77 pgml for twins. The equivalent values at anestrus period of progesterone were0.20-10.20 ng/ml, and estrogen levels were 6.30-169.60 pg/ml. The effects ofbirth type on estrogen level were not-significant, while progesterone levelswere determined to be significant on the second and third days before thesecond estrus (P, Buçalışmada, Akkaraman koyunlarının üreme döneminde progesteron ve östrojenhormon düzeylerini ve bu hormonların bazı üreme özellikleri üzerine etkileriincelenmiştir. İncelenen 31 baş koyunda doğum oranı %90.32; tek doğum oranı%53.57; ikizlik oranı %46.42; kuzu verimi %132.25 ve tek doğuma kuzu oranı ise1.46 olmuştur. Birinci ikinci östrus arası progesteron seviyeleri tek doğurankoyunlarda 3.69-12.20 ng/ml; ikiz doğuran koyunlarda 3.04-10.44 ng/ml; östrojenmiktarları tek doğuran koyunlarda 39.40-84.03 pg/ml ve ikiz doğuran koyunlarda 52.44-72.77pg/ml olarak bulunmuştur. Progesteronun anöstrus dönemindeki seviyesi 0.20-10.20ng/ml; östrojenin 6.30-169.60 pg/ml olmuştur. Östrojen hormonunun doğum tipiüzerine etkisi önemsiz; progesteron seviyelerinin ikinci östrustan öncekiikinci ve üçüncü günlerde doğum tipine etkisinin önemli olduğu (P

Bu çalışma, farklı besleme sistemlerindeki Şam keçilerinin laktasyonun farklı dönemlerinde süt verimi ve süt kaliteözelliklerinin araştırılması amacıyla yapılmıştır. Keçiler konsantre yeme ve meraya dayalı olarak iki farklı besleme sistemineayrılmıştır. Besleme sistemlerinin, laktasyon süresi üzerine etkisi önemsiz olurken laktasyon süt verimi üzerinde önemli farklılığasebep olmuştur. Besleme sistemleri arasında pH, süt kompozisyonu (yağ, laktoz, kuru madde), somatik hücre sayısı ve laktasyonunerken dönemleri hariç malondialdehit düzeyleri benzer olurken, aynı parametreler üzerinde laktasyon dönemlerinin etkisi önemliolmuştur. Sütteki Kalsiyum seviyeleri erken laktasyon dönemlerinde besleme sistemleri bakımından farklılık göstermiştir. Ayrıcalaktasyon dönemleri arasında da farklılık meydana gelmiştir. Sütte bulunan diğer mineral maddelerin de laktasyonla beraber azaldığıtespit edilmiştir. Yağ asidi kompozisyonu besleme sistemlerinden büyük oranda etkilenirken, tüm yağ asitleri laktasyon dönemlerinegöre önemli düzeyde farklılık göstermişlerdir. Meraya dayalı besleme sistemindeki keçilere ait sütler daha düşük toplam doymuş yağasidi oranı, aterojenik indeks, trombojenik indeks ve koku indeks değerine sahip olmuştur. Süt yağ asidi kompozisyonu bakımındanmeraya dayalı beslenen keçilerden elde edilen süt konsantre yeme dayalı beslenen gruba göre daha sağlıklı bulunmuştur. Benzer şekildeerken laktasyon döneminde üretilen süt, geç laktasyon döneminde üretilene göre daha sağlıklı olmuştur., This study aimed to survey milk yield, lactation stages and milk quality traits of Damascus goats reared underdifferent feeding systems. Goats were divided according to feeding systems as pasture based and concentrate based. Feeding systemswere found to have significant effect on lactation milk yield but not on lactation duration. Although differences between feedingsystems were not found significant on pH, milk composition factors (fat, lactose, dry matter), somatic cell count and malondialdehyde(except for early lactation stage) for each lactation stage, significant effects were detected on same parameters among lactation stages.Calcium levels at early lactation stage in milk differed either between feeding systems or among lactation stages. Also, other mineralswere found to decrease with lactation. While most of the fatty acids were affected in any of the lactation stages by the feeding system,all of them were significantly altered by lactation stages. Pastured goats had a lower percentage of total saturated fatty acids, atherogenicindex, thrombogenic index and odour index ratios. In accordance with milk fatty acid composition, compared to the milk obtained fromgoats fed with concentrate, the milk obtained from the goats that pastured was healthier and early lactation stage was found to producehealthier milk than late lactation stage.

Türkiye’deki rahvan yürüyüşlü ve değişik orijinlere sahip 265 atta DMRT3 mutant allel dağılımını incelemek amacıyla yapılan bu çalışmada, 182 Türkiye, 31 İran, 24 Afganistan ve 28 Bulgaristan orijinli at kullanılmıştır. Kan ve kıldan DNA izolasyonu yapılarak Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) genotiplendirmesi gerçekleştirilmiştir. SNP genotiplendirmesi 5’nükleaz yöntemine göre yapılmış, her örnek için bir yabanıl tip, bir de mutant tip Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) karışımı hazırlanmış ve genotiplendirmeler bu karışımlara göre okunmuştur. Homozigot mutant genotip (AA) oranları orijinlere göre sırasıyla, %85.71, 96.77, 91.67 ve 96.43; heterozigot mutant genotip (CA) oranları %9.89, 3.23, 8.33 ve 0.00 olurken; homozigot yabanıl genotip (CC) oranları %4.40, 0.00, 0.00 ve 3.57 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Mutant allel (A) frekansları ise aynı sıraya göre %90.70, 98.40, 95.80 ve 96.40 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Hardy-Weinberg eşitliğine uyum için yapılan ki-kare analizinde Türkiye ve Bulgaristan orijinli atların genetik dengede olmadığı saptanmıştır (P, The study was carried out to investigate the DMRT3 mutant allele distribution of 265 pacing horses in Turkey from different origins (182 Turkish, 31 Iranian, 24 Afghan and 28 Bulgarian) were used in the study. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) genotyping was determined according to the method of 5ʹ nuclease by DNA isolation from blood/hair samples. A wild type and also one mutant type Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) mix was prepared for each sample and the genotypes were read by using these mixtures. According to origins, the genotype percentages were determined as 85.71, 96.77, 91.67 and 96.43 % for homozygote mutant (AA); 9.89, 3.23, 8.33 and 0.00 % for heterozygote mutant (CA); 4.40, 0.00, 0.00 and 3.57 % for homozygote wild (CC), respectively. Mutant allele (A) frequencies were calculated as 90.70, 98.40, 95.80 and 96.40%, in the same order. Horses that Turkish and Bulgarian origins were not in the genetic equilibrium (P˂0.001). Mutant allele (A) frequencies were very high level (0.907-0.984) in examined different origin horses, so all these horses were defined as “alternative walking horses”. Some of the horses had homozygote (CC) or heterozygote (CA) wild type allele had showed pacing gait indicated that relationships of pacing and genotype should be investigated in these genotypes. In conclusion, the presence of DMRT3 mutant allele in pacing horses in Turkey was detected for the first time. Thus, DMRT3 genotypes might be predetermined and those genotypes could be used to get pacing or gated horses easily and as soon as possible

Bu araştırma, Türkiye’de 7 farklı coğrafi bölgede yetiştirilen ve rahvan koşularına katılan atlarda bazı morfolojik özelliklerin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla farklı orijinli 4 yaş ve üzeri, yerli (324), İran (67), Afgan (32) ve Bulgar (19) olmak üzere toplam 442 rahvan koşan atın vücut ölçüleri alınmıştır. Yerli, İran, Afgan ve Bulgar orijinli rahvan atlarında ortalama değerler sırası ile baş uzunluğu için 52.52, 53.46, 53.21 ve 57.28 cm, cidago yüksekliği için 138.92, 143.68, 142.78 ve 156.37 cm, sağrı yüksekliği için 139.67, 144.28, 142.55 ve 157.53 cm, vücut uzunluğu için 145.51, 150.39, 148.63 ve 165.95 cm, göğüs derinliği için 61.91, 63,89, 63.75 ve 70.63 cm, göğüs çevresi için 156.45, 159.18, 157.59 ve 179.32 cm, incik çevresi için 17.06, 17.64, 17.58 ve 19.26 cm olarak belirlenmiştir. Cidago ve sağrı yüksekliği Doğu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi atlarında en düşük iken İç Anadolu ve Akdeniz Bölgesi atlarında en yüksek olmuştur (P?0.01). Cidago yüksekliği, sağrı yüksekliği, vücut uzunluğu ve incik çevresi bakımından genotipler arasında istatistiksel olarak önemli farklılıklar bulunmuştur (P?0.001). Vücut ölçüleri bakımından en yüksek değerler Bulgar orijinli atlarda görülürken, bunu İran ve Afganistan orijinli atlar izlemiş ve en düşük değerlere ise yerli atlar sahip olmuştur. Sonuç olarak farklı orijinli rahvan koşan atların farklı vücut yapısında oldukları bu araştırma ile ortaya konmuştur. This study was aimed to determine some morphological characteristics of pacing horses from 7 geographical regions of Turkey. Data were collected from a total of 442 pacing horses, different origin’s including Turkish Native (n=324), Iranian (n=67), Afghan (n=32), and Bulgarian (n=19), 4 years old and older. The mean values of Turkish Native, Iranian, Afghan and Bulgarian pacing horses were found as 52.52, 53.46, 53.21 and 57.28 cm for head length, 138.92, 143.68, 142.78 and 156.37 cm for wither height, 139.67, 144.28, 142.55 and 157.53 cm for rump height, 145.51, 150.39, 148.63 and 165.95 cm for body length, 61.91, 63.89, 63.75 and 70.63 cm for chest depth, 156.45, 159.18, 157.59 and 179.32 cm for chest circumference, 17.06, 17.64, 17.58 and 19.26 cm for cannon bone circumference, respectively. Wither and rump height were detected the lowest in East and South-East region’s horses, however the highest in Central Anatolia and Mediterranean region’s horses (P?0.01). Significant differences (P?0.001) were found among the genotypes for withers height, rump height, body length and cannon bone circumference. The body measurements of horses were the highest in Bulgarian origin’s, and followed by Iranian and Afghan, and the lowest in Turkish Native horses. As a result, it was revealed that pacing horses of different origin’s had different body comformation.

Bu araştırma, Türkiye’de 7 farklı coğrafi bölgede yetiştirilen ve Rahvan koşularına katılan atların 17 mikrosatelit lokus bakımından genetik yapılarının belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bunun için 4 yaş ve üzeri 353 rahvan atın kan/kıl örnekleri kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca, Rahvan koşularına katılan atlar ile Gıda, Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı, Yüksek Komiserler Kurulu’na kayıtlı bulunan Arap (n=53) ve İngiliz (n=51) atları arasındaki genetik benzerlik veya farklılıklar da ortaya konulmuştur. Genetik analizler sonucunda, ortalama FIS, FIT ve FST değerleri sırasıyla 0.0982, 0.0999 ve 0.0019; bölgelere göre (İç Anadolu, Karadeniz, Ege, Marmara, Doğu Anadolu, Güneydoğu Anadolu ve Akdeniz Bölgesi) gözlenen heterozigotluk indeksi (Ho) sırasıyla, 0.718, 0.688, 0.711, 0.719, 0.722, 0.700 ve 0.708 olarak belirlenmiştir. Rahvan, Arap ve İngiliz atı populasyonlarındaki ortalama allel sayıları sırasıyla, 10.65, 5.18 ve 5.00 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Populasyonlar arasındaki farklılıkları ortaya çıkarmak amacıyla yapılan Faktöriyel Benzerlik Analizi’nde Rahvan, Arap ve İngiliz atlarının ayrı kümeler oluşturduğu görülmüştür. Aynı sonuçlar yapı (structure) analizinde de ortaya çıkmıştır. Sonuç olarak, Rahvan atlarının bölgelere göre önemli farklılıklar göstermediği ancak, Arap ve İngiliz atlarından ise oldukça farklı oldukları ortaya konmuştur. This study was conducted to determine the genetic structures of Rahvan (pacing) horses from 7 different geographical region in Turkey. For this purpose, 17 microsatellite loci were used. Blood or hair root samples were collected from 353 Rahvan horses aging 4 years or older. Also, genetic similarities or differences were investigated between Rahvan, Arabian (n=53) and Thoroughbred (n=51) horses. As a result of genetic analysis, FIS, FIT and FST values of Rahvan horses were calculated as 0.0982, 0.0999 and 0.0019, respectively. According to region (The Central Anatolia, Black Sea, Aegean, Marmara, Eastern Anatolia, Southeastern Anatolia and Mediterranean Region), observed heterozigosities (Ho) were estimated as 0.718, 0.688, 0.711, 0.719, 0.722, 0.700 and 0.708, respectively. Numbers of alleles of Rahvan, Arabian and Thoroughbred horses were 10.65, 5.18, and 5.00, respectively. Factorial Correspondences Analysis was performed to reveal differences among populations. Rahvan, Arabian and Thoroughbred horses were all clustered as separate groups. Also, structure analysis were given the same results. The results showed that Rahvan horses were similar in all regions in terms of microsatellite loci, but quite different from Arabian and Thoroughbred horses.

This study aimed to identify the expression levels of some candidate genes for mastitis resistance ( LT F and BRCA1 ), milk yield ( POU1F1 and IGF-1 ), and milk quality ( PPARγ and CSN2 ) in different feeding systems (pen- and pasture-based) used for Damascus goats. Milk samples were taken from all goats in both pen and pasture groups at 4 times, at the 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th months of the study. It was found that, compared to the pen group, the LT F and CSN2 genes in the pasture group had significant levels of upregulation in the 7th month of lactation (3.538- and 5.436-fold, respectively), the PPARγ gene had downregulation at the beginning of lactation (0.399-fold), and the IGF-1 gene had upregulation in the 3rd month of lactation (2.313-fold) but had significant levels of downregulation (2.332-fold) in the 5th month of lactation. It was determined that LT F gene expression levels in goats might be used as a criterion in identifying mastitis resistance, IGF-1 for lactation milk yield, and PPARγ for milk fat yield. This study is the first report that presents LT F , BRCA1 , IGF-1 , and PPARγ gene expression levels in goat milk and udder epithelial cells and the effect of BRCA1 , POU1F1 , and PPARγ genes on milk protein yield.

Yavru olumlerinin en aza indirilmesi, hayvancilikta basarinin onemli unsurlarindan birisini olusturur. Buzagilama ve sutten kesme asamasi arasinda gecen sure hayvanin yasaminda kritik bir surectir. Buzagilarda saglik sorunlarinin azaltilmasi yonunde kullanilan onemli bir arac da kolostrumla beslemedir. Kolostrumun enerji, protein ve vitamin (ozellikle A, D, E ve B12) icerigi yuksektir. Daha da onemlisi kolostrum enfeksiyonlar ile savasmak icin gerekli pasif bagisiklik ogelerinden immunglobulinlerin buzagilara aktarilmasi yonu ile vazgecilmezdir. Bu calisma, dogum sonrasi kulubelere alinmis ve emzikli kovalar araciligi ile kolostrum almis yenidogan Holstayn buzagilarda Ig G duzeyleri ile rutin klinik biyokimya parametreleri arasindaki iliskinin incelenmesi amaciyla yapilmistir. Bu amacla 79 bas buzagindan dogumu izleyen 24–48 saat icerisinde kan ornekleri alinarak serumlari cikartilmistir. Buzagilarin pasif transfer duzeylerinin gosterilmesi icin Ig G duzeyleri ELISA ile belirlenmistir. Ig G duzeylerine gore buzagilar uc gruba ayrilmistir (yetersiz n=13, kismi n=14, ve normal pasif transfer n=52). Serum orneklerinde ALT, AST, GGT, ALP, LDH aktiviteleri ve BUN, kreatinin, albumin, toplam protein, toplam bilirubin, trigliserid, kolesterol ve glikoz duzeyleri olculmustur. Kolostrum ile normal pasif transfer saglayan buzagilarda serum GGT aktivitesi, toplam protein ve ure duzeyleri diger pasif transfer gruplarina gore artis gostermis ve artis istatistik yonden onemli bulunmustur (p≤0.05). Incelenen diger parametrelere iliskin sonuclarda pasif transfer gruplari arasinda istatistik olarak onemli farkliliklar gozlenmemistir (p≥0.05). Sonuc olarak serum GGT duzeyinin buzagilarda pasif transfer durumunu belirlemede iyi bir kriter olabilecegi, fakat toplam protein ve ure duzeylerinin tek basina olmasa da GGT duzeyi ile birlikte degerlendirilmeye alindigi taktirde faydali olabilecegi kanisina varilmistir

This study intended to investigate slaughter, carcass and meat quality characteristics of Damascus male kids reared under different production systems and antioxidant effect (Vit E). The kids, housed in pen groups and grazing groups, were equally divided for production systems and later each group was again equally divided for determination of Vit E effect. Production systems and Vit E were found to have no significant effect on slaughter and carcass traits. Differences between production systems were found significant for meat pH(24), water holding capacity, cooking loss, tenderness, ether-extractable lipid and some color characteristics and concentrate feed supplemented with Vit E was effective on TBARS values. Each of the fatty acids except C18:2 n6 was affected by the production system but Vit E influence was superior on long-chain fatty acids. Grazing kids had a lower percentage of total SFA, n6, n6/n3, AI and TI ratio, while kids housed in pens had the lowest percentage of total UFA, NV and n3 ratio. On the other hand, kids that consumed supplemental Vit E had a higher percentage of total UFA, ratio of UFA/SFA, n3 and lower percentage of SFA, ratio of n6/n3, AI, TI compared to the kids fed by non-supplemental concentrate feed with Vit E. In accordance with the meat fatty acid composition, meat obtained from the kids that grazed and consumed supplemental Vit E was healthier than that of those housed in pen kids and non-supplemental Vit E consumed kids. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Summary: The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting racing performance and to estimate the heritability of racing performance in Arabian horses. In this study the records were obtained from 6203 races of 616 male foals of 37 stallions racing at open races in different race tracks in Turkey during the years of 1991-2000. The least squares mean of racing time was found to be 176.29±0.95 seconds and there were significant differences (p

The genetic diversity of the casein locus in cattle was studied on the basis of haplotype analysis. Consideration of recently described genetic variants of the casein genes which to date have not been the subject of diversity studies, allowed the identification of new haplotypes. Genotyping of 30 cattle breeds from four continents revealed a geographically associated distribution of haplotypes, mainly defined by frequencies of alleles at CSN1S1 and CSN3. The genetic diversity within taurine breeds in Europe was found to decrease significantly from the south to the north and from the east to the west. Such geographic patterns of cattle genetic variation at the casein locus may be a result of the domestication process of modern cattle as well as geographically differentiated natural or artificial selection. The comparison of African Bos taurus and Bos indicus breeds allowed the identification of several Bos indicus specific haplotypes (CSN1S1*C-CSN2*A2-CSN3*AI/CSN3*H) that are not found in pure taurine breeds. The occurrence of such haplotypes in southern European breeds also suggests that an introgression of indicine genes into taurine breeds could have contributed to the distribution of the genetic variation observed.

A new alternative genotyping method based on PCR-SSCP was developed for direct differentiation of the CSN1S1 alleles B and C in the coding region. In addition a PCR-RFLP test based on a MaeIII restriction site in the promoter region of CSN1S1, reported in the literature as an alternative test for the differentiation of CSN1S1*B and C was used and the alleles named b and c. Genotyping of 649 animals belonging to 17 European and Turkish cattle breeds showed differences in occurrence and frequency of the alleles. CSN1S1*B occurred in all breeds with frequencies varying from 0.50 in Anatolian Blackup to 1.0 in e.g. Ayrshire. CSN1S1*b on the other hand varied from 0.63 in Jersey, 0.97 in Ayrshire to 1.0 in e.g. Angler. Comparison of the results from both typing methods and positions in the gene showed that both mutations do not always occur together. From the resulting four intragenic haplotypes (B-b, B-c, C-c and C-b) B-b is predominant in all breeds with frequencies varying from 0.3450 in Anatolian Black to 1.0 in Angler and Scottish Highland. The number of haplotypes varied from only one in Angler and Scottish Highland, two in Ayrshire, three in Asturian Valley and Turkish Grey Steppe to all four in the other 12 breeds. Correlation between allele frequencies and the geographic origin of the breeds was significant for the MaeIII promoter polymorphism.

INTRODUCTIONThe Swiss Brown from Germany (German Brown) and the Austrian Swiss Brown(Montafoner) were imported after World War I to upgrade Turkish cattle for milkproduction. Pure-bred herds are maintained at government farms. These breedsand their crosses to the native cow now account for nearly 3% of the nationalherd.A primary objective of genetic conservation schemes is the maintenanceof maximum genetic variation within species. In livestock species, this can beachieved by the preservation of breeds (Hall and Bradley, 1995). The level ofgenetic differentiation among Swiss Brown subpopulations will depend on theunderlying population structure and the amount of migration between them. Thelonger the time populations have remained isolated, the greater will be the geneticdifferentiation due to genetic drift, particularly if the effective population size hasbeen small. However, the significant level of importation of Swiss Brown intoTurkey would suggest that Swiss Brown herds may be becoming genetically morealike.Very little is known about genetic diversity and population structure ofSwiss Brown cattle in Turkey. The objectives of this study were to determinepopulation structure and to assess the level of genetic differentiation betweensubpopulations of some Swiss Brown in Turkey by using blood proteinpolymorphisms.

In this study, the genetic structures and relationships of native Turkish dog breeds were investigated using 20 polymorphic loci (17 microsatellites and 3 proteins). For this aim, a total of 141 blood samples were taken from Turkish shepherd dogs and Turkish Greyhounds located in several geographical regions of Turkey. Multilocus F-ST values indicated that around 1.92% of the total genetic variation could be explained by breed differences and the remaining 98.08% by differences among individuals. The gene flow between populations within each generation varied between 8.4 (Akbash-White Kars Shepherd dog pairs) and 62.3 (Black-Grey Kars Shepherd dog pairs). Four different groups appeared in the 3-dimensional factorial correspondence analysis, and among these, dogs from the Akbash, Kangal, Kars Shepherd, and Turkish Greyhound breeds grouped in clearly separated clusters in distant parts of the 3-dimensional graph. These results clearly show that Akbash and Kangal Shepherd dogs are different populations with different genetic structures. Therefore, the generalised grouping of Turkish shepherd dogs into a single breed called Anatolian or Turkish shepherd dogs is incorrect.

A screening of casein gene variability was carried out by Polymerase Chain Reaction – Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism in 8 goat breeds from Sudan (Nubian goat), Turkey (Angora Goat Lalahan Tiftic, Angora Goat Yerkoy, Hair goat) and India (Jammu, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, South Goat). A total of 16 different alleles or groups of alleles were found, showing conspicuous differences among breeds. The allele frequencies were submitted to cluster analysis in order to highlight differences between breeds, also including data from Red Sokoto, West African Dwarf Nigeria, West African Dwarf Cameroon, and Borno Goat. The tree obtained from the cluster analysis showed two main lineages. The West African goat clustered together, the Indian and Turkish breeds were in the other group. Nubian goat was found in an intermediate position.

The objective of the study was to investigate methods for the prevention of dark cutting in meat from cattle due to high altitude origin and silage use in fattening. Brown Swiss male vealers (n=83) were sourced from the highlands of the Eastern Anatolian Region of Turkey, where the altitude is approximately 1.800 m, and transported to Antalya province. Holstein male vealers (n=43) were sourced from Antalya province. Both Brown Swiss and Holstein male veal were divided into four groups. Group-I: Basic ration plus sunflower meal (SFM); Group-II: Basic ration(BR) plus sunflower meal(SFM) and 2.000 IU vitamin E/head/day; Group III: Basic ration(BR) plus cottonseed meal(CSM) and 2.000 IU vitamin E/head/day and Group IV: Basic ration(BR) plus cottonseed meal. Vitamin E supplements were provided for 120 day before slaughter. Mean musculus longissimus dorsi dark carcass rates measured in Brown Swiss and Holstein male vealers were 55.40% and 67.40% at pH=6.01, respectively, at 24 h after slaughter. Vit-E supplementation lessened the dark carcass problem so meat color traits of bulls transported from high altitude to low altitude and raised with high levels of silage can be improved with cottonseed meal plus Vit-E supplementation.

This study has been carried out to classify Karayaka and Bafra (Chios x Karayaka B1) sheep according to body measurements by k-Means within nonhierarchical clustering methods and single linkage, average linkage and complete linkage within hierarchical clustering methods. In this research, age-adjusted data of body measurements of 223 Karayaka and 462 Bafra sheep in various ages breed in Gökhöyük Agricultural Enterprise that belongs to General Directorate of Agricultural Enterprises were used. At the end of the study, it was detected that it was obtained the best parameter value when Bafra sheep were divided into 7 clusters and Karayaka into 3 according to k-Means method, and in hierarchical clustering methods, it was obtained different clusters according to various levels of similarity and distance. These results put forward that according to classifications made by different clustering methods, Bafra has a more heterogeneous structure than Karayaka in terms of body measurements, Bu çalışma, Karayaka ve Bafra (Sakız x Karayaka G1) koyunlarının vücut ölçüleri yönünden aşamalı olmayan kümeleme yöntemlerinden k-Ortalamalar yöntemi ve aşamalı kümeleme yöntemlerinden Tek Bağlantı, Ortalama Bağlantı ve Tam Bağlantı yöntemleri ile sınıflandırılması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada, Tarım İşletmeleri Genel Müdürlüğü’ne bağlı Gökhöyük Tarım İşletmesi’nde yetiştirilen 223 Karayaka ve 462 Bafra koyununun vücut ölçülerine ait yaşa göre düzeltilmiş verileri kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, k-Ortalamalar yöntemine göre Karayaka koyunlarının 3, Bafra’nın ise 7 kümeye ayrıldığında en iyi parametre değerine ulaşıldığı, aşamalı kümeleme yöntemlerinde ise çeşitli benzerlik ve uzaklık düzeyine göre farklı küme sayıları elde edildiği saptanmıştır. Bu bulgular, farklı kümeleme yöntemleri ile yapılan sınıflandırmalarda Bafra genotipinin Karayaka’ya göre beden ölçüleri bakımından daha heterojen bir yapıda olduğunu ortaya koymuştur

Bu calisma, Ankara Ticaret Borsasi Kesimhane’sine yapilan buyukbas ve kucukbas hayvan nakillerinde bazi kosullarin hayvan refahi bakimindan degerlendirilmesi amaciyla yapilmistir. Calisma, Agustos – Ekim 2006 tarihleri arasinda yurutulmustur. Calismanin verileri, kasaplik 3719 sigir ve 17896 kuzudan alinmistir. Sigirlarda 100 kg canli agirlik icin nakil araclarinda ortalama 0.242 m2 alan tespit edilmistir. Sigirlarin canli agirligina gore olmasi gereken alanlar FAWC Esitligi, Randall Esitligi ve AB duzenlemelerine gore sirasiyla 0.291, 0.267 ve 0.269 m2 bulunmus ve bu degerler ile tespit edilen ortalama arasindaki farkliliklar onemli (p

WOS: 000263951400001, PubMed: 19161609, Background: Factor XI (FXI) is a plasma protein that participates in the formation of blood clots. Factor XI deficiency is autosomal recessive hereditary disorder that may be associated with excess bleeding in Holstein cattle. Methods: In this study, 225 Holstein cows reared in Turkey were screened in order to identify FXI genotypes. DNA extractions were obtained from the fresh blood of the cows. Amplicons of FXI exon 12 were obtained by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and analyzed by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis stained with ethidium bromide. Additionally, all cows were confirmed by DNA sequencing to determine whether or not there was a mutant allele. Results: Carriers of the FXI deficiency have two DNA fragments of 320 bp and 244 bp in size. The results of our study demonstrated that only four out of the 225 Holstein cows tested in Turkey carried the FXI deficiency. The frequency of the mutant FXI allele and the prevalence of heterozygous cows were found as 0.9% and 1.8%, respectively. Conclusion: The DNA-based test determines all genotypes, regardless of phenotype or FXI activity. The mutation responsible for the FXI deficiency had not been detected in Holstein cattle in Turkey before prior to this study. The frequency of the mutant FXI allele needs to be confirmed by carrying out further analyses on cattle in Turkey and the selection programs should be developed to eliminate this genetic disorder., Scientific and Technological Research Council of TurkeyTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [TOVAG-107O914], We are indebted to Dr. Jonathan E. Beever of the Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-USA, for providing the control DNA samples. This study was partially supported by a grant, TOVAG-107O914, from The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (Project coordinator: Dr. M. A. YILDIZ). We are also grateful to Dr. Hans H. Cheng of the USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, Michigan State University, and anonymous reviewers for their comments on an earlier version of the manuscript.