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The Cuban cemetery underwent changes during the 19th century that have not been systematically addressed from a theoretical perspective. The objective of the research was to define the evolution of the cemetery during the XIX century in Cuba from the study of the works that compose it. The general historicallogical, deductive-inductive method was used, as well as observation, recording and statistical techniques. It was found that Cuba was one of the most advanced American territories in the establishment of cemeteries towards the outskirts of the towns. The study revealed the existence of three successive variations in the 19th century Cuban cemetery, defined by the author as primitive, neoclassical and romantic variants, each subject to specific sociocultural patterns that superseded the previous one in design and environmental comfort, as evidence of the development experienced during the century studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of En Blanco: Revista de Arquitectura is the property of Universidad Politecnica de Valencia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Der vorliegende Artikel befasst sich mit zwei gänzlich unterschiedlichen Bestattungsarten, die vom archäologischen Standpunkt der gleichen „Kultur" angehören und höchstwahrscheinlich auch im Hinblick auf die Chronologie sehr vergleichbar sind. Die Unterschiede schließen sowohl Grabkonstruktionen als auch die Wahl der Grabbeigaben ein und sind ein Beweis für die Vielfalt der Ansätze im Bestattungsritual. Alle angesprochenen Gräber befinden sich auf dem zur Schnurkeramischen Kultur rechnenden Fundplatz Magnice im südwestlichen Polen. Der Beitrag richtet den Fokus u. a. auf Grabkonstruktionen, dem Zustand der entdeckten menschlichen Überreste und auf Gebrauchspuren beigegebener Steinartefakte. Die Annahme der Verfasser ist, dass selbst kleine Lokalgruppen gültige Regeln der Bestattungspraktika erfahren, erlernt oder erspürt haben müssen. Obwohl das Konzept des „idealisierten Grabmodels" sicherlich ein Teil der allgemein bekannten und geteilten kulturellen Regeln darstellte, zeigte die archäologisch nachgewiesene Praxis, dass diese auf unterschiedliche Weise umgesetzt wurde und dass die Umsetzungsphase auch die sozialen Verhandlungsmuster mit einbezog. The paper presents the results of two grave excavations from the Magnice region in southwestern Poland. Both graves belong to the Corded Ware cultural tradition and provide evidence for two completely different ways of burying the dead practised by the same archaeological „culture" over a similar time period. The differences are in grave construction and selection of grave goods, demonstrating a variety of attitudes towards the burial process. We focus on grave construction, biological condition of discovered human remains and on use-wear observation of lithic grave goods. We assume funeral patterns were known – learned or sensed – and shared by small local groups. Although a concept of an „idealized grave model(s)" must have been part of commonly shared social and cultural rules, archaeological evidence shows it was realised in various ways that could be socially negotiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beginning in the mid-19th century, garden cemeteries were founded across North America and Europe as a solution to the growing problem of overcrowded urban graveyards. Although the garden cemetery was a practical innovation in burial, these burial spaces also carried cultural meaning as symbols of modernity and progress. Using Canada's first garden cemetery, Cataraqui Cemetery, in Kingston, Ontario, as a case study, this article situates Canadian cemetery design and development within broad transnational trends, such as the use of the picturesque in cemetery design and the commodification of burial, while assessing the place of the garden cemetery within the local context of industrialization, urbanization, and the emergence of nationalism in the post-Confederation period. By emphasizing that the garden cemetery movement emerged at a critical point of national and industrial development for Canada, this article provides an entry point for the examination of romantically derived modalities as the visual and cultural vernacular of Canadian nationalism in the late 19th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work faces the analysis of the process of an architecture academic project through unpublished documents. It also tries to serve as a reference to the approaches that may find in the analysis and the interpretation of academic drawings a way for a better understanding of the origin of the contemporary architecture project. So the aim of this work is expositive and didactic at the same time. In this sense, the example of the failed project of the Basque architect Pedro Manuel de Ugartemendía for San Martín cemetery in San Sebastian, allows to identify the different factors involved in the architectural academic utopia. The architectural fact is approached within its own temporal context, bringing a viable solution that may complete the coherence of the original proposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the architecture of cemetery of Père-Lachaise in Paris, France which was constructed in 1804. Various topics discussed include its picturesque design, landscape architecture in 19th century, brief description of its landscape and leisure time spent by people over there.

Cemeteries are of great significance in many communities, often being considered of invaluable historical, artistic, architectural and cultural significance and thus they need to be preserved. In this regard, understanding the historical aspects and the construction techniques used is essential for their protection. The purpose of this paper is to describe historical aspects of the funerary heritage present in the region of São Martinho in southern Brazil, along with an analysis of the blue paint found in cemeteries of German colonies in the region studied. FTIR analysis suggests that the binder is composed mostly of a protein resin and a small amount of lipid. The morphology of the pigment was investigated by SEM and EDS and the spectra revealed that the major elements present in the blue pigment are Na, Al, Si and S, with an overlap in the elemental mapping, indicative of ultramarine pigments. The GC-MS results are consistent with the type of binder identified by FTIR and indicate a mixture of oils, probably from vegetal sources, and proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cemeteries in Scandinavia are culturally and historically valuable places. In addition, they represent well-maintained green spaces in the urban fabric. The combination of nature, culture, and history makes cemeteries interesting to explore as restorative environments. To our knowledge, no published studies have yet focused on users’ perception of the cemetery as a restorative environment. This study therefore set out to initiate research on the topic. A qualitative explorative approach was applied in which we interviewed 59 visitors to a cemetery in Oslo about their use and experiences of the cemetery. This explorative approach was used because we did not want to impose any thoughts about restoration on the users. It turned out that visitors’ experiences and descriptions of the cemetery corresponded well with the definition of a restorative environment. We therefore used the restorative components as described in the attention restoration theory: fascination , being away, extent, and compatibility as the basis for analyzing the interviews. The findings support the notion that the combination of nature, culture, and history, as well as respect for the deceased and others visiting graves, contributes to the description of the cemetery as a restorative environment, and makes the cemetery different from other green spaces in the city in that these qualities can foster relaxation, reflection, and contemplation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

U.S. Muslims face virulent, entrenched opposition in constructing the cemeteries that allow them to bury their dead according to Islamic law and tradition. Despite state and federal laws designed to guard against acts of religious discrimination such as the federal Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act ("RLUIPA"), local governments impede Muslim cemetery constructions via zoning ordinances and adjudicative permit denials. As a result of these efforts, Muslims experience unfair discrimination as local land control bodies unduly delay or block their attempts to build cemeteries. To better protect Muslims' rights in land use disputes, this Note advocates for amendments to RLUIPA's key provisions, namely, adding a definition of "substantial burden," delineating what land uses constitute "religious exercise," and creating measures to punish discriminatory action by local governments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The epitaph donated by Hans and Jaan, two peasants from Türi parish, is evidence of the acceptance of ecclesiastic values and religious devotion among the Estonian peasantry. Other examples of this tendency from the Swedish era also exist. For instance, the grand wheel crosses, typical for North Estonia, that were once located in the Türi churchyard; and a chandelier (1659) donated by a peasant in the Keila church, the size of which exceeds those gifted by manor lords. From a later period, the stained-glass coats of arms of the peasantry in the Ilumäe chapel (1729) are also an example of this heightened sense of self-awareness and its display in houses of worships. Along with the hundreds and hundreds of works donated to churches by nobles, the epitaph painting depicting the Adoration of the Shepherds is a rare example of a painting gifted to a church by farmers, which also commemorates them. Hans and Jaan have now earned a place in Estonian (art) history: the pictures of the two simple men are the first known portraits of peasants whose names we know. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historians portray London's "Magnificent Seven" suburban cemeteries as the first fruits of the urban health reforms inspired by Edwin Chadwick and George Walker. But all seven cemeteries opened before Chadwick and Walker's work began. What's more, the city's new cemeteries were met with a chorus of protests. Why was this? I remove London's cemeteries from the narrative of health reforms in which they have been anachronistically placed and study them in their own time. It turns out that financial designs prompted their construction, designs that involved a number of previously unexplored, deleterious consequences. These consequences, which historians have overlooked, were recognized immediately by Londoners of the time. Church revenues waned, public parks were enclosed and developed, and the socio-spatial division between the rich west and the poor east widened. Londoners fought hard against the very same cemeteries that recent historians have anointed as the solution to the city's health problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Architecture represents one of the possible ways of how territory can be marked, but it is also a permanent trace of the process of its development. As a built form it is a sign in the ground, while as an idea it represents a trace of various approaches to its development within a theoretical field. This paper examines the significance and meaning of a single architectural gesture within the context of an architectural narrative of the city territory by starting from the structural approach to observation of the territory (Gregotti) and the method of post-structuralist analysis. This study links and analyses: 1) the importance of the architectural gesture in the process of defining and developing the territory of the city, through 2) changing position from the phenomenological (formal, formative) to topographic discourse of observing architecture, which examines 3) the potential of the interpretative narrative both of the architecture and the territory. Memorial park Jajinci was selected as a case study whose primary purpose is to relate messages about the significance and meaning of the place where it is located. The aim of this kind of analysis of the interpretive potential of this example is to show the importance of the elements of the territory as a witness of the processes of development based on spatial narratives 'written down' in the city territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cemetery lay-out is set to meet the need for burying, but Scandinavian cemeteries are often well-maintained green spaces that could be potentially attractive areas for recreation. Shortage of urban green space and changing views on death and funerals could also lead to alterations in use of public urban green spaces, such as cemeteries. The objective of this study is to explore and describe everyday use of two urban green cemeteries in Oslo and discuss issues concerning designing for multiple and everyday use of urban cemeteries. Systematic moment observations of users' activities were made in the cemeteries. Eighteen types of activities were registered including visiting graves, crossing, biking, walking the dog, and exploration of cultural heritage. The study showed a varied use of both cemeteries and that everyday activities were common. Still, the cemeteries' main function is to serve the grave-visitors with a place to commemorate. In the planning and management of urban cemeteries one will have to take the needs of all its user-groups into consideration in order to keep and develop the particular quality that the cemetery as an urban public green space offers to its visitors and the local community. This paper discusses different issues related to various design solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]