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Using a unique dataset on Philippine manufacturers from 2007 to 2011, this study adopts the three‐stage Crépon‐Duguet‐Mairesse model to trace which trade linkages in global value chains (GVCs) contribute to Philippine firms' technological innovation and labor productivity. The results indicate that Philippine GVC suppliers primarily implement incremental process innovations using imported technology and externally sourced knowledge, while internally developed technology is less common. Accordingly, imported rather than indigenous knowledge contributes more to the labor productivity premium of GVC suppliers. Nevertheless, pure exporting is generally unrelated to process and product innovations. These results suggest that the innovation and productivity effects of GVC participation in the Philippines are mainly driven by imports and foreign‐sourced technology. Since suppliers' innovative behavior tend to complement the technological requirements of their production activities, we argue that the results are consistent with Philippine manufacturers' limited participation in technology‐ and innovation‐intensive GVC functions. The implication on long‐run upgrading is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this study is to analyze the impact of innovation and enterprise performance in the transition countries with special emphasis in the case of Kosovo. The innovations play a crucial impact on firm development, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises in countries in transition. This study uses primary data with a specific sample thus the enterprises that operate in Kosovo in order to analyze the relationship between innovations and firm performance. This study was conducted within a six-month period, specifically January 2022 - June 2022. The research sample consists of 400 Kosovar enterprises. These enterprises are from different economic sectors, such as production, services, and in terms of size, 80% of them are SMEs. The study used the CDM (Crépon, Duguet and Mairesse) model which includes the fourth phase. The first phase of this model is about the tendencies of enterprises to carry out innovative activities, the second phase is about the enterprises that invested in research and development, the third stage of the model, the conversion of inputs into outputs is analyzed. In the end, the impact of innovation outputs on the performance of the analyzed enterprises is investigated. The study concludes that enterprises that export to the EU and the Western Balkans region are significant, so this positively affects the tendencies of these enterprises for innovative activities, whereas enterprises that are oriented only to the local market, do not present significance and even have a negative relationship with the enterprises' tendencies for innovations. A large part of the enterprises think that innovations have high costs and are even unaffordable therefore this represents a big obstacle for the development of innovations. The lack of qualified personnel and the lack of knowledge about markets and technology represent a big obstacle to the development of innovations, and it even negatively affects the decisions of these enterprises about innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the impacts of different innovation types and personnel training on manufacturing firms' export performance in Russia. We use Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey data and modified Crépon-Duguet-Mairesse (CDM) model, linking firms' R&D, innovation (product, process, organisational, and marketing), and export share in revenue to fill the research gap by connecting innovation with export and addressing different innovation types. Estimation reveals that combination of organisational innovations with other innovations increases return on R&D and export; firms performing R&D are more sensitive to taxes and difficulties in receiving licences and permits, while cooperation and training facilitate process, marketing, and organisational innovations, and all innovation types positively affect firms' export. Therefore, on firm level, personnel training and combining different innovation types will enhance export. At the regional or national level, we offer approaches for improving policy to support developing human capital, providing better business environment, and promoting fair competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we study dynamics of the standard cosmological model of the universe assuming that it is filled with n types of non-interacting barotropic perfect fluids. For that purpose, a dynamical system of a class of Lotka-Volterra dynamical systems is derived, that consists of n nonlinear differential equations of the first order, whose dependent variables are density parameters of the material in the universe. Analytical solution of that system represents new parametrization of density parameters. Moreover, we perceive the evolution of the universe in the frame of the linear stability theory.

The object of the present paper is to investigate conharmonically flat spacetime in the framework of FRW model. In this regard we have considered perfect fluid as a source of matter distribution of the universe. We solved Einstein's field equations with variable cosmological term using special variational law - = -H2, where - is a constant and H is the Hubble's parameter. Moreover, we have described a cosmological scenario of the universe with these solutions and shown that this model is in accordance with the recent day observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the comprehensive development of informatization, digital consumption provides a market space for various consumer coupons. Taking the consumption voucher stimulus method of the Hangzhou Municipal Government as an example, the relevant departments issued a certain amount of electronic consumption vouchers to citizens within the city online, and at the same time tracking the subsequent consumption records to promote the sluggish market economy affected by the new crown epidemic. And stimulation. This article constructs a CDM model to assist in analyzing the joint equation of the economic impact of Hangzhou’s digital consumer coupons. The multiple effects of electronic consumer coupons on the market economy and society are discussed and analyzed. After research and discussion, this method can promote the sluggish consumer market in the context of the epidemic.

This paper presents a CDM model to investigate the relationship between innovation and productivity for Turkey as a developing country. The results suggest that innovation expenditure increases the probability of innovation, and that innovation affects productivity positively, when other relevant variables are controlled for. As well as the industry-specific concentration ratio, we also investigated the role of firm-specific determinants of innovation such as human capital, exporting, and market share in the innovation - productivity link. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a Bianchi type V Dark energy cosmological model scenario is studied with the electromagnetic field in Lyra based on ƒ(R, T) gravity. The source of the magnetic field is along the x axis. Field equations found in Lyra geometry with electromagnetic field in ƒ(R, T) gravity, by choosing ƒ(R, T) = ƒ1 (R, T) with 1 and. A hybrid scale factor discusses the physical and dynamical aspects of gravity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the innovative process of Argentinian manufacturing firms and its impact on labour productivity. Applying a CDM model, we combined firms' innovative decisions with innovation results and their impacts on labour productivity. We used recent data from Argentina's National Survey on Employment and Innovation Dynamics (ENDEI in Spanish) from 2010-2012 and 2014-2016. Our findings verify the innovative process which links innovation with productivity regardless of prevailing macroeconomic and industrial conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the impact of R&D spending on firm productivity through innovation and human capital channels. To this end, we apply the structural CDM model to analyse a comprehensive Russian-firm level data obtained from the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey supplemented with the Regional Integral Index of Innovation Development. We consider internal and external human capital as well as different levels of firms' technological intensity. Our first stage of analysis demonstrates that dissatisfaction with employees' specialisation, import of intermediate products, and firm's association with larger enterprise augment total R&D expenditures. The second stage of analysis reveals that R&D expenditures, cooperation with universities, personnel training, and regional innovations spur the firm's innovative sales. Finally, the last stage of our analysis affirms our proposition that innovative sales, capital and labour costs per employee accelerate productivity. Our estimation is robust considering the regional differences. Our empirical findings provide several policy implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this paper is to examine empirically the extent to which firm-specific action, innovation, and an external factor, the quality of regional institution, affect firms' productivity. To this end, a firm-level dataset from 15 African countries was used and the three-step CDM approach was employed to estimate the relationship. The empirical results of the study highlight that firms that invest in R&D are more innovative and innovative firms are more productive, indicating the importance of innovation for firms' productivity. In addition, regional institutional quality has a significant positive effect on productivity, particularly for firms at low productivity distribution. Therefore, improving the quality of regional institutions, in addition to promoting R&D and innovation, is essential to enhance the productive capacity of firms in Africa. The present study contributes to the existing literature by providing new empirical evidence on the role of regional/local institutions on firm productivity for a region, Africa, which needs productivity enhancement the most. It is also recommended that further studies, similar to this one, should be carried out in order to better understand the topic in the context of African firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the substantial number of empirical and theoretical studies, the relationship between competition and innovation remains unclear. This paper shed lights on this multifaceted relationship from a new angle based on a detailed firm-level dataset of private manufacturing Pakistani firms, a survey first time conducted by the World Bank for the Pakistan economy. We used a refined version of the CDM model to examine the impacts of industry-level competition on firm-level innovation and productivity relationship. Our econometric estimates show that a firm belonging to the oligopolistic industry is more likely to take the decision of engaging in innovational activities, however, allocates fewer funds to R&D as compared to a competitive firm. The elasticity of product and process innovation output in terms of R&D intensity is higher in the oligopolistic industry. Correspondingly, product innovation outcome has a stronger influence on firm productivity in the case of a competitive sector. The findings have practical implications for policymakers in the area of market structure and firm-level innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on an adapted CDM model, we present evidence on the role of strategic and operational absorptive capacity on innovation and productivity across industries in developing economies. Using a pooled cross-sectional sample from Chilean innovation surveys, we find that greater absorptive capacity (ACAP) helps firms to increase their innovative investment and the probability of producing technological innovations, which then increases firms’ labor productivity. Additionally, the effect of the strategic dimension is stronger than the operational dimension aspect, which means that the strategy of reaching these external sources might be more important than the skill of a firm´ internal units to acquire and transform external information. We find that while strategic ACAP is a stronger predictor of investment and technological innovation in both manufacturing and services companies, but operational ACAP has differing effects.

Existing evidence regarding to innovation process primarily focus on the relationship between specific factor and performance with using empirical model that estimate single equation. Although these have provided useful insights, some concerns remain regarding our understanding of innovation. First, while business does not comprise only one step but several steps that share an organic relationship according to the context, few studies simultaneously reflect and analyse the relationship between factors. Second, few assume that an outcome is related to an input as well as to the effects of the input on the outcome. In this regard, the major attention of this study is to reflect the circulative and interrelationship between R&D, innovation, and productivity. In terms of methodology, we first perform a multiple regression analysis to estimate a single equation, and, subsequently, uses the three-stage least square (3SLS) method to simultaneously estimate the interrelationship between innovation input, innovation, and productivity. As a result, we found that the organic relationship between a firm's R&D investment, innovation, and productivity leads to a positive effect. Especially, productivity simultaneously exert an influence on an R&D investment under a systemic framework of innovation process. Our findings provide empirically supporting the argument that innovation should be understood as a systemic process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Bianchi Type-VI0 cosmological model with a special form of scale factor is studied. Einstein field equations in Sen-Dunn theory are obtained and solved for exact solutions. This solution gives a scenario of the dark energy model which tends to a ɅCDM model. The physical and geometrical properties are also obtained and analyzed with the present day observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the effects of financial and nonfinancial obstacles to innovation on Uruguayan firms. We contribute to the literature by including the role of systemic and institutional factors affecting the different stages of the innovation process. The empirical analysis is based on four waves of national innovation surveys covering firms in the industry and services sector. In line with recent studies, we confine our analysis to the relevant sample of potentially innovative firms. Our results show that market, financial, knowledge, and context obstacles are the most important factors reducing innovation propensity and the amount invested in innovation activities. The effects are similar for firms in the industry and services sectors. We do not find evidence that institutional factors hamper innovation. Investment in equipment and investment in R&D and other intangible activities are affected differently by obstacles. On the other hand, innovation outcomes are affected mainly by financial and market-related barriers. We do not find evidence that obstacles to innovation have a significant impact on labor productivity.

The purpose of this work is to examine the cosmic evolution in the presence of collisional matter (CM) with and without radiations in a modified Teleparallel theory involving a generic function f (T , B) which depends on the scalar torsion T and the boundary term associated to the divergence of torsion 2 ∇ μ T μ = B. We select seven novel f (T , B) models including power law, logarithmic models and exponential models, some of these reported in [S. Bahamonde, M. Zubair and G. Abbas, Phys. Dark Univ.19 (2018) 78; S. Bahamonde and S. Capozziello, The Eur. Phys. J. C.77 (2017) 107; C. Escamilla-Rivera and J. L. Said, Class. Quantum Grav.37 (2020) 165002] and discuss the evolutionary scenario. The behavior of deceleration parameter q (z) , Hubble parameter H (z) , Equation-of-state (EoS) for dark energy (DE) and effective EoS is presented. Λ CDM epoch and crossing of phantom divide line (approaching to phantom era) is observed in scenarios like noncollisional matter (NCM) with radiation, CM with and without radiation. Results are found to be adequate with recent cosmic observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of a rich panel data set of large- and medium-sized Chinese manufacturing enterprises, we observe that different types of firms (i.e., state-owned enterprises [SOEs], foreign-funded ownership [FFO] of firms, Hong Kong-Macau-Taiwanese [HMT] companies and privately-owned firms) exploit different stages of the innovation – productivity chain depending on the extent of market concentration. By applying a modified CDM model, this study reveals that SOEs tend to be more active in making innovative decisions and pursuing innovative investments but are less efficient in terms of innovation output and labour productivity, whereas FFO firms have relatively high labour productivity but are less active in the first three stages of the innovation – productivity chain. Market competition favours SOEs in the production of additional innovation products. Foreign firms are efficient in labour productivity if they are operating in a concentrated market. By using the metaphor of DNA, this study explains the heterogeneity among these different forms of ownership and generates several managerial implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides empirical evidence on the innovation performance in the European countries in the years of recovery from the global economic and financial crisis by using the CDM model of simultaneous equations. The model directly links R&D engagement and intensity to innovation outcomes measured either as process or as product innovation, and then estimates the effectiveness of the innovative efforts leading to productivity gains. The difference between the drivers of innovation systems and its influence over the productivity growth is analyzed between two different institutional settings in Europe. For that purpose a company-level dataset is used from the 2012 round of the Comunity Innovation Survey. Тhe results indicated that the recent financial crisis had negative influence on the companies' willingness to innovate. The effect of the crisis led to further divergence in the innovation systems of these two institutional settings. Identifying the characteristics of the innovation systems and drivers of innovation during the turmoil shows that policy instruments on EU level should be oriented towards creation of competitive business environment, encouragement to adopt the best management techniques and organizational structures and improvement of well-functioning capital, product and labor markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides empirical evidence on the innovation performance in European countries in the period 2012-2014 based on a micro level analysis. We provide a comparative perspective among three different institutional settings in Europe: Central and Eastern European countries (CEE), Southern European countries and Northern European countries. We estimate the CDM model of simultaneous equations while using data from the Eurostat Community Innovation Survey 2014 (CIS2014). This model directly links R&D engagement and intensity to innovation outcomes measured either as process or as product innovation and then estimates the effectiveness of the innovative efforts in terms of productivity gains. In general, during our observation period, which fell in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, the links between innovation inputs, innovation outputs and productivity were found to be rather weak. Another remarkable finding from our study is that, notwithstanding a higher participation in innovation by larger firms, among those firms that innovate, innovation output is relatively higher for small firms (compared to large firms) in Northern Europe. This relatively important role for small firms in innovation was not found for the other two country groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is devoted to the research of the factors interfering “Industries 4.0” innovations for the Russian companies of manufacturing industry. We analyze the influence of various barriers effects at each stage of an innovative cycle on company productivity as a productivity indicator of its activity. The empirical analysis is based on 678 manufacturing industry companies’ data from 2012 to 2016. We use the modified CDM model for the analysis, allowing estimating the investments dependence in researches and development (R&D) on productivity at each stage of an innovative cycle. This research Within this research two main levels of studying the influence of factors interfering productivity increase at the expense of innovations are emphasized: the level of creating the innovation and level of commercializing the innovation: contribution to development of the complex offer for the late majority, creation of an ecosystem of an innovation, after-sale support and focus on services, cooperation with consumers and partners at a stage of commercialization of innovations. Such an approach allowed us to carry out deeper analysis of the barriers interfering introduction of innovations and to analyze tools stimulating transition to the fourth industrial revolution. The received results have shown the following: 1) the barriers of innovative activity are various: at the level of creating the innovations the greatest negative effect spreads over the factors of insufficient liquidity, attraction complexity of investment resources for innovative activity financing, as well as the complexity of the commercialization, insufficient demand for innovative production and the lack of risk assessment procedures and return of investments, as for the stage of innovations commercialization the factors of experts shortcoming, capable to be engaged in innovative activity have the greatest value, a lack of experience of the heads in innovative projects implementation; 2) the assumption that the influence power of innovative activity barriers effects will be various in different sectors of manufacturing industry, is confirmed; 3) relations between innovation investments and productivity growth are not linear and have a steady positive interrelation only after a certain critical mass of investments in research and design and experimental works is reached; 4) the companies of low-technology branches have negative investments elasticity in innovations and productivity that is connected with the influence of unprofitability effect into investments innovations (appropriability effect), i. e. the additional investment profit is not really essential.

This paper deals with evaluation of creep damage of ~11 years service exposed primary hydrogen reformer tube made of HP-40 grade of steel in a petrochemical industry, which has been carried out in terms of Kachanav’s continuum damage mechanics (CDM) model (K-model) and Bogdanoff model (B-model) based on Markov process. Residual life of the tubes was estimated based on hot tensile, conventional creep deformation under identical test conditions, optical microscopy and fractography. Accumulation of damage due to creep has been quantified through microstructural studies. The as received tubes did not reveal any degradation in the material like creep cavitation or voids, but there was indeed loss of tensile strength from room temperature to 870°C for the bottom portion of the tube due to ageing and overheating. Scatter in creep deformation behaviour of the material is probably due to variation in mode of fracture and scatter in voids. From statistical point of view, Weibull distribution pattern for analysing probability of rupture due to void area shifts with increase in true strain towards the higher population of void. The estimation of mean time to reach a specific damage state from K- model and B-model is in close agreement with that of experimental data and can describe the sudden changes of the creep damage in the tertiary region as well. A remnant life of >10 years is estimated at the operating stress–temperature conditions of the top as well as bottom portion of the tube.

Having recognized the impact of innovation for the improvement of productivity in firms and for the growth of national economies, researchers have been exploring the innovation process and its underlying factors for over a decade now. Much of the empirical findings in this area have been based on national firm-level studies while research that encompasses several countries, particularly in transition economies, is still rare. This paper attempts to fill this gap by investigating the impact of innovation on firms’ productivity across a number of East and West European countries, using a structural model based on Crepon, Duguet and Mairesse (1998) and a firm-level dataset from the 2006 round of the Community Innovation Survey (CIS6). In contrast to previous studies that focused only on product innovation as the measure of innovation output, we distinguish between firms engaged in only one type of innovation activities (product or process) and those engaged in both types. The results of the investigation provide support for the relationship between different stages of the innovation process and confirm the impact of innovation output on productivity. In addition, we find differences in the productivity associated with the type of innovation activities undertaken.

This article shows that the innovation objectives of firms in the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) industry are multidimensional. These objectives translate into complex innovation modes that in turn condition firms' competitiveness. The ICT industry definition used in this article includes firms from the Content and Media sector, in line with modern delimitations of ICTrelated activities. This article reports the results of an empirical exercise that focused on Spanish ICT firms included in the PITEC database, the source for the Community Innovation Survey, for the period 2004-13. The analysis uses the well-known Cre' pon-Duguet-Mairesse model, which captures the linkages between R&D, innovation, and productivity. The main results indicate strong innovation complementarities, different from those found by previous contributions for manufacturing and service sectors. If these complementarities are not taken into account when analysing the relationship between innovation and productivity, one could conclude that the link between the two is weaker than it really is. This innovation complexity may be one explanation for the productivity advantage of ICT firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As for the academics and policymakers, more attention has been given to the issue on how to drive green development of the manufacturing through regulations and innovations. We construct the extended Crépon-Duguet-Mairesse (CDM) model and employ the panel data of Chinese manufacturing industries during 2003–2014 to examine the effects of environmental regulation on industrial innovation and green development. The findings reveal that (1) in the long term, environmental regulation has crowded out R&D investment. (2) Environmental regulation has inhibited patent outputs so that the “weak” version of Porter hypothesis is not underpinned. (3) In the short term, environmental regulation has promoted the improvements of labor productivity, energy efficiency and environmental efficiency in the manufacturing industry excluding green total factor productivity (GTFP), whereas in the long term, environmental regulation only has increased energy efficiency while it has obstructed labor productivity, which provides no support for the “strong” version of Porter hypothesis. (4) Different innovation outputs have distinct influences on labor productivity, energy efficiency, environmental efficiency and GTFP. Finally, this paper provides pertinent policy implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper investigates how the recent crisis of 2008 changed relations between innovation and firm performance in Western Europe. We apply a structural framework of CDM modelling, which incorporates different stages of the knowledge creation process and takes into account the complex nature of innovations. The study is based on a balanced panel data of 420 listed manufacturing firms from the U.K., Germany and France. All the information is gathered from common sources, thereby reducing subjectivity, a typical problem in the field. We found, the crisis resulted in appreciable changes in the model. The most important evidence is enhancement of the role of firm resources in the post-recession period. We also reveal larger barriers for innovations, increased uncertainty and lower state dependence in R&D engagement, product creation and economic performance. These results could indicate the ‘cleaning effect’ of the crisis, which has worsened the business environment and enhanced competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the labor productivity impact of manufacturing firms' innovation in Bangladesh, a region which has, to date, been understudied in this respect, is examined through World Bank Enterprise Survey data from 2003 to 2006. We apply the Cobb--Douglas production function, augmented with innovation-related inputs (and other expected sources of productivity) in a simultaneous three-equation system connecting R&D to its determinants, innovation output to R&D, and productivity to innovation output; and in a two-equation system connecting innovation output to its determinants and productivity to innovation output. Our results reveal that Bangladeshi firms' process innovation is an important factor for their labor productivity, whereas the significant effect of product innovation is not clearly established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary We investigate the association between perceived barriers to innovation and the allocation of public support for innovation in manufacturing and service industries in Colombia, as well as the potential heterogeneity of returns to innovation across the firm-level productivity distribution. Extending the CDM recursive system, we include an equation for the allocation of direct support and use quantile regression methods to estimate the productivity equation. We find some differences across manufacturing and service industries. Financing constraints are correlated with obtaining public support in manufacturing and in some services, but in knowledge-intensive services (KIS) barriers associated with regulations are more significant. The introduction of innovations increases mostly the productivity of firms below the median of the productivity distribution, especially in services. Increasing human capital would boost productivity of firms in all industries, providing support to the hypothesis that human capital is indeed a bottleneck for productivity growth across the board in Colombia. We conclude that addressing factors that hinder innovation by low-productivity firms in all service industries could significantly contribute to increasing productivity and reduce its dispersion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper uses company level data from the Eurostat's Community Innovation Survey 2008 and applies CDM model in order to estimate the links between R&D engagement, R&D intensity, innovation output and productivity in selected Central and Eastern European Countries - Bulgaria and Romania, and compares their performance with Germany. The results showed that different processes drive company's decision to engage in R&D in Bulgaria and Romania in comparison to Germany; R&D intensity is an important factor of product innovation in the observed CEE countries and product innovation leads to higher productivity in Bulgaria and Romania, while process innovation leads to higher productivity in Bulgaria, but not in Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We find a divergence in the literature regarding the treatment of how organizational innovation affects innovation and performance. One point of view suggests that organizational innovation impacts performance only, while the other suggests that it impacts technical innovationandfirm performance. We use the framework of Crepon-Duguet-Mairesse (CDM) to control for endogeneity; we also use two different measures for organizational innovation. Our contributions to the literature are: the CDM framework in this context is novel; prior research either did not/could not control for endogeneity whereas the CDM framework mitigates this. To discriminate between the direct and indirect approach, we implemented AIC and BIC tests. We find that for the innovation equations in all cases and regardless of which organizational innovation variable is used the direct model is preferable. In contrast, for the productivity equations, we find that in all cases the indirect model is preferable. Thus we do not have a definitive statistical test for which model is superior. Yet, it is our contention that organizational innovation is a new routine within the firm that should impact technical innovation. Furthermore, organizational design theories deduce that organizational innovationshouldimpact technical innovation-implying that the direct model is indeed preferable. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The failure prediction for forming of high strength complex shaped panel made of AA6082 aluminium alloy during the solution heat treatment cold die forming and quenching process (HFQ®), is presented. Experimental trails have been carried out to optimise the blank shape on the success of forming the complex-shaped aerospace panel component (wing stiffener part). Using the traditional set of uniaxial constitutive equations is difficult to predict the forming features in real hot stamping, especially taken the varied stress states during the forming process. A multi-axial viscoplastic constitutive model based on continuum damage mechanics (CDM) has been developed to describe the deformation behaviour of aluminium alloys under hot/warm stamping conditions. By linking such CDM-based constitutive equations into complete finite element solver, PAM-STAMP in this case, via external Subroutine, as a User Defined Material (UDM), the formability for any process conditions, cold or hot and low or high speed, could be predicted. In this paper the CDM model is verified using an experimental forming trail of complex aluminium component. The results show that the CDM model can be used to provide accurate formability and failure predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper integrates innovation input and output effects of R&D subsidies into a modified Crépon–Duguet–Mairesse (CDM) model. Our results largely confirm insights of the input additionality literature, i.e. public subsidies complement private R&D investment. In addition, results point to positive output effects of both purely privately funded and subsidy-induced R&D. Furthermore, we do not find evidence of a premium or discount of subsidy-induced R&D in terms of its marginal contribution on new product sales when compared to purely privately financed R&D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If the spacetime metric has anisotropic spatial curvature, one can still expand the universe as if it were isotropic, provided that the energy-momentum tensor satisfies a certain constraint. This leads to the so-called shear-free (SF) metrics, which have the interesting property of violating the cosmological principle while still preserving the isotropy of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. In this work, we show that SF cosmologies correspond to an attractor solution in the space of models with anisotropic spatial curvature. Through a rigorous definition of linear perturbation theory in these spacetimes, we show that SF models represent a viable alternative to explain the large-scale evolution of the universe, leading, in particular to a kinematically equivalent Sachs-Wolfe (SW) effect. Alternatively, we discuss some specific signatures that SF models would imprint on the temperature spectrum of CMB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The innovation factors at work at companies and the estimation of the effectiveness of innovation remain pressing topics in the study of the modern economy. The specific nature of the innovation process has led to the growing popularity of structural modeling under the CDM [Crepon, Duguet, and Mairesse, 1998—Ed.] approach in academic research. It allows us to study the effect of the company's innovative efforts on its bottom line. This article analyzes empirical research that has been carried out using the CDM approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eight Czech CIS waves between 2001-2014 were analyzed. An adjusted (incomplete) CDM model was used to estimate effects of characteristics of firms (firm size, government funding, market orientation, or foreign ownership) on the innovation process (decision to innovate, R&D intensity, sales from innovated goods). Public support had a very limited or even negative effect on innovation inputs and outputs. This analysis suggests that there is no relationship between R&D expenditures and sales of innovated goods. The coefficients are quite similar for new-to-the-market innovators and new-to-the-enterprise innovators. The orientation of the world market is a highly important factor of new-to-the-market innovators. The ability to capture sales of innovated goods is higher for smaller firms, but only for the new-to-the-firm innovators. The analysis also showed differences between innovators in service sector and manufacturing sector. Cooperation is a positive factor of innovation intensity in the manufacturing sector; however on average, there is zero effect of cooperation in the service sector. World market orientation is a key factor of service companies.

Following the Crépon-Duguet-Mairesse Model (1998), using a database with 2,078 Mexican manufacturing establishments from 2004 to 2006, adapting available proxy variables and proposing a different productivity estimation, this article sets out: Which is their innovation propensity? Which factors push on their innovation efforts? Are these efforts and the innovation favoring labor productivity? The main findings are: Mexican manufacturing establishments with a higher innovation propensity are the largest, with high technological intensity and market share. Advertising, knowledge appropriability, FDI, TT and access to credit have a positive effect on innovation efforts. Moreover, the innovation effort, together with export levels, FDI and access to technology have influenced the innovation of new processes and/or designs, particularly in local firms as compared to foreign firms. Finally, the variables: innovation, labour remunerations and capital intensity have a substantial effect on labor productivity and at a lower level market share, FDI and total quality control.

This research provides novel empirical evidence of the relationship between public support for R&D, firms’ R&D expenditure, innovation and productivity in the Food and Beverage (F&B) industry. The empirical framework relies on a modified version of the Crépon–Duguet–Mairesse (CDM) model, applied to a sample of 541 Spanish firms over the years from 2008 to 2011 (1910 observations). The first step in our model shows a great impact of public funding; firms receiving national funds invested 54% more in R&D than firms without this type of public support. The share of workers with a degree, and cooperation among firms are also relevant for engaging in R&D in the F&B industry. The second step points out the significant role of R&D expenditure for product and organizational innovation, while we did not find any significant effect for process innovation. The final step reveals that innovation output influences productivity with an elasticity of 0.29 for the innovation variable. Other significant factors affecting labour productivity are the size of the company, investment intensity, international competition, and having foreign participation of over 50% in the company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]